Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

TOPIC OUTLINE D. Neuman’s System’s

1. The Curriculum Mode

WEEK 4
2. The Discipline of Nursing E. Roy’s Adaptation Model
➢ Different Stages F. Johnson’s Behavioral
3. Significance of Nursing Theories System Model
4. Defining Characteristics
5. The Structure of Nursing A. Nursing Theories
Knowledge 1. Peplau’s Theory of
➢ Metaparadigm Interpersonal

WEEK 5
6. The Fundamental Components Relationship
of Nursing 2. Orlando’s Theory of
➢ Person Deliberative Nursing
➢ Health Process
➢ Environment
➢ Nursing 3. Travelbee’s Human
A. Philosophy to Human
WEEK 6 Relationship
B. Concept
C. Nursing Theory 4. Hall’s Core, Care,
7. Types of Theories Cure Theory
THE CURRICULUM
➢ This course deals with the meta- 5. Abdellah’s 21 Nursing
Problems
WEEK 7

concepts of a person, health,

environment, and nursing. 6. Henderson’s Need
Likewise, it includes other Theory
theories relevant to nursing. The
learners are expected to use 7. Pender’s Health
theses theories as basis and Promotion Model
WEEK 8

guide in nursing practice. Nursing Theories

WEEKLY GUIDE 8. Leininger’s Theory of
1. Nursing Theorists and Culture Care
their Works.
2. Nursing Philosophy
WEEK 9

3. Nightingale’s MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Environmental Theory
WEEK 2

4. Watson’s Theory of
Human Caring 9. Newman’s Theory of
5. Benner Benner’s Stages Health as Expanding
WEEK 10

of Nursing Expertise Consciousness

Nursing Philosophies 10. Parse’s Theory of
Human Becoming
1. Eriksson’s Caritative
Caring Theory 11. Watson’s Theory of
Human Caring
WEEK 11

2. Nursing Conceptual Models

A. Roger’s Science of 12. Orlando’s Nursing
Unitary Human Beings Process
WEEK 3

Nursing
B. Orem’s Self-care Deficit Theories Relevant to Nursing
Model Practice:
WEEK 12

C. King’s General Systems 1. Maslow’s Human Needs

Framework Nursing Theory
Conceptual Model 2. Sullivan’s Transactional
Analysis

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

3. Von Bertalanffy’s CORE COMPETENCIES UNDER THE 11

WEEK 13
General System Theory KEY AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITIES
4. Lewin’s Change Theory CMO 14 s. 2009, CMO 15 s. 2017
• Safe Quality

Competencies
5. Erikson’s Psychosocial Care

Patient Care
• Communication
WEEK 14

Development
6. Kohlberg’s Moral • Collaboration
Development • Health
Education
Local Theories and Models of
Nursing Intervention (Philippine • Research

Enhancing
Setting) • Quality
1. Locsin’s Improvement
WEEK 15

Technological as
Caring model • Legal
2. Agravante’s Responsibilities
CASAGRA Empowering • Ethico-moral
Transformative Responsibilities
Leadership Model • Personal and
Professional
3. Divinigracia’s Development
COMPOSURE Model
4. Kuan’s Retirement • Management of
WEEK 16

and Role Resources and

Enabling

Discontinuity Model Environment

5. Abaquin’s PREPARE • Records
ME Holistic Nursing Management
Interventions

6. Laurente’s Theory of CARE ENHANCEMENT QUALITIES

Nursing Practice and INCLUDING CORE VALUES
Career
WEEK 17

7. Synchronicity in Love of God

Human-Space-Time:
A Theory of Nursing
Engagement in a 1. Compassion
Caring and

Global Community
the 5 Cs

2. Conscience
3. Competence
4. Confidence
WEEK 18

FINAL EXAMINATION 5. Commitment

Respect for the Dignity of Each

Love of
People

person Regardless of Race,

➢ FUN FACT Creed, Color and Gender

1. Patriotism
2. Preservation and
Country`

The CMO 14,

Love of

Enrichment of the
s.2009, and CMO
Environment and
15, s.2017 is
cultural Heritage
considered the
“New Curriculum
for today’ s
Nursing students

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

THE DISCIPLINE OF NURSING DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE

➢ Nursing has always been known NURSING TIMELINE
and accepted as a form of STAGE OF PRACTICE
community service. Its goals are ➢ During this stage of
to keep people healthy and to practice, the mission of
provide comfort, care and nursing was defined as
assurance to the sick. providing care and
➢ The general goals of nursing comfort to enhance
have remained relatively the healing and a sense of
same over the centuries, but its well-being and to create
practice has been influenced by a healthy environment
society’s changing needs. Thus, that helps decrease
over the years, nursing has suffering and
gradually evolved into a modern deterioration. Nurse
profession. defined their domain to
➢ Nursing is as old as medicine. include the patient and
Throughout history, nursing and the environment in which
medicine have been the care is given. Since
interdependent. In ancient Nightingale’s time, the
cultures, religious beliefs and development of the
myths were the bases for health discipline of nursing has
care and medical practice and progressed by leaps and
nurses held a role subservient of bounds especially during
religious leaders and doctors. the last thirty years.
➢ Today, nursing is defined as an From the early focus on
art and a science, a highly practice an
regarded profession with a apprenticeship and
practice that is based on theory. service, the development
The nursing discipline is now of theoretical nursing
considered distinctly from but progress to the…
supportive of medicine. STAGE OF EDUCATION AND
ADMINISTRATION
Historically, professional nursing CURRICULUM ERA
took its root in the mid-1800’ s ➢ There are now questions
Florence Nightingale, the first related to what
among the numerous nursing curriculum to develop
theorist, wrote her “Notes of and what training
Nursing: What Is and What it is programs to offer to
Not” (Meleis, 1997). In speaking teach nursing practice.
about the discipline of nursing, This stage is significant
she affirmed that the “nature of for the theoretical
nursing as a profession development of ideas
required knowledge distinct and to ask questions
from medical knowledge“ regarding the domain of
(Nightingale, 1969). nursing. Nurse began to
Nightingale’s writings mark the all questions such as
beginning of the development of “What is Nursing?”
theoretical nursing or what “What educational
Meleis describe later as the… programs are best for
Stage of Practice. prospective nurses?”
“Should nurses be
educated in the
university or in the
hospital?”

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing
STAGE OF RESEARCH
➢ From a former focus on
education, curriculum, teaching,
administration, an interest in
research followed. Nurses
recognize that without research,
education and the practice of
nursing cannot be improved.
The stage of research made
major contributions in nursing
theory development because
nurses began to engage in
nursing inquiries and scientific
endeavors. It was also during
this stage when nurse
researchers started to give
emphasis syntax (process)
rather than to content.
➢ The research era and graduate
education era developed in
tandem.
STAGE OF THEORY
➢ focuses on the fundamental
questions about the essence of
nursing, its mission and its
goals. Theory development at
this time was influenced by
many factors: paradigm of
related disciplines, by the
educational background of
stem from existentialism,
pragmatism, psychoanalysis, as
well we from humanism.
➢ Questions being asked included:
“What fundamental process
does nursing represent? What
really are the goals of Nursing?”
“How do nursing interventions
relate to desired outcomes?”
According to Meleis (1997),
three themes in nursing evolved
during this stage.
STAGE OF PHILOSOPHY
➢ the focus was on raising and
answering questions about the
nature of nursing knowledge. It
was during this philosophical
age when nurses ask questions
related to values, meanings,
realities.
STAGE OF INTEGRATION
➢ is characterized by dialogues
and discussions related to
structures such as nursing,
science, theories, philosophy,
GAHOL, Charles Matthew BSN 1-A 2021-2022
clinical knowledge, nursing
specialties.
➢ A characteristic of this stage is
the attention that members of
the discipline give to the
strategies of knowledge
development that are
congruent with the discipline’ s
shared assumptions. It is during
this stage that members of
specialty areas develop theories
related to their fields.
➢ Each of these stages has
helped nurses come close to
identifying the domain of
nursing, to defining its mission,
and defining its theoretical
base. One can see that the
development of the discipline of
nursing is tied to its theoretical
development. Without
development its theoretical
base, the practice of nursing
would remain to where
Florence Nightingale left it – in
the stage of practice.
SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING
THEORIES
➢ Discipline
➢ Specific to academia and refers
to a branch of education, a
department of learning or a
domain of knowledge.
➢ Profession
➢ Refers to a specialized field of
practice, founded on the
theoretical structure of the
science or knowledge of that
discipline and accompanying
practice abilities.
➢ They provide a foundational
knowledge of care concepts that
enable those in the profession to
explain what they do for
patients and the reasons for
their actions.
➢ This is particularly important
because it helps nurses
articulate evidence that justifies
the methodologies behind their
practice. It is also vital to the
practice of professional nursing.
4
Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS sensory

ACCORDING TO MELEIS (1997) , experience (i.e.,
HOLMES (1990) seeing, feeling,
1. The science underlying the hearing facts) .
discipline of nursing is a human
science. In other words, nursing 2. Nursing is a practice-oriented
focuses on the human being: the discipline. Its primary mission is
person and his/her totality. This related to practice, which is the
includes health, illness, practice of providing nursing
experiences, responses, care. To provide a theory-based
interactions, behaviors, nursing practice, members of
concerns, problems, his the nursing profession seek
environment, all the other things knowledge, engage in research
that shape the actions and and develop theories, not for the
reactions of the human being. sake of knowledge alone, but
The goal of nursing is to assist primarily to improve nursing
individuals to adapt to their practice. Nursing as a discipline
illness and to the environment. requires knowledge content and
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF process.
SCIENCE 3. Nursing is a caring discipline.
• Nursing Science Caring is a central concept of
• Characterized by two nursing and it’s considered the
branching philosophies of profession’s essence. The art of
knowledge as the discipline nursing has been historically
developed. considered synonymous for
a) empiricist, mechanistic, caring, more often with caring
quantitative and deductive women, mothers, the religious.
b) interpretive, holistic, qualitative 4. Nursing is a health-oriented
and inductive discipline. Health is integral to
DEFINITIONS nursing. It is through their
Rationalism Rationalist perspectives of health that
epistemology nurse make their assessment of
(scope of patient’s condition, plan for
knowledge) interventions evaluate
emphasizes the interventions, make changes in
importance of a interventions.
priori reasoning as THE STRUCTURE OF NURSING
the appropriate KNOWLEDGE
method for What is Theory?
advancing ➢ Theory is perceived by some to be
knowledge. quite abstract, however it becomes
An example in more concrete when you learn
nursing is to about its role in everyday activities
reason that a lack and events. (Johnson & Weber,
of social support 2001)
(cause) will result ➢ In layman’s term, if something is
in hospital said to be “just a theory,” it usually
readmission means that it is a mere guess or is
(effect). unproved.
➢ Literally means “a vision” or “a
Empiricism ➢ The empiricist view beholding scene.”
is based on the ➢ Greek word “theoria“ = which
central idea that means to speculate
scientific
knowledge can be
derived only from

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

➢ In scientific terms, a theory • Person

implies that something has been • Health
proven and is generally • Environment
accepted as being true. • Nursing
➢ It means as an organized THE FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF THE
information about related METAPARADIGM OF THE DISCIPLINE
concepts pertaining to OF NURSING
phenomena occurring within a • May represent one
particular discipline (Johnson & individual, a family,
Weber, 2001) e.g., nursing a community, or all
theory represents organized of mankind.
information about phenomena • In these contexts,
unique to nursing. person is the
➢ It is generally an attempt to recipient of nursing
make sense of what we care.
observed and experienced. • He is the focus of
➢ It is an organized, coherent, and nursing practice.,
systematic articulation of a set nurse’ s attention.
of statements related to • Refers to a being
significant questions in a
PERSON
composed of
discipline that are physical,
communicated in a meaningful intellectual,
way. biochemical and
KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE LEVELS psychosocial
➢ METAPARADIGM- Is defined as needs; a human
the core content of a discipline, energy field; a
stated in the most global or holistic being in the
abstract of terms. world; an open
➢ Its functions are to summarize system; an
the intellectual and social integrated whole;
missions of a discipline and an adaptive system
place a boundary on the subject and being who is
matter of that discipline greater than the
(Kim,1989). sum of his parts
FOUNDATIONAL COMPONENTS OF (Wagner,1986).
NURSING
The foundational components of
the discipline of nursing are also
the key concepts common to all
nursing models. These concepts
are patient or client (individual
person), health, nursing,
environment. Each
theory/model has its own
definition of these terms, but the
underlying concepts are similar.
To understand the
presentations of nursing
theories, it will be of critical
importance to look at the
definitions of the concepts, only
until recently, with the general
agreement that the
metaparadigm of the discipline
of nursing consisted of four
major concepts:

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

• Ability to function • is a science, an art

independently; and a practice
successful discipline and
adaptation to involves caring.
life’ s stressors; Goals of nursing
achievements of include care of the

NURSING
one’ s full life well, care of the
potential, and sick, assisting with
unity of mind, body self-activities,
HEALTH

and soul. (Wagner, helping individuals

1986) attain their human
• Represents the potential and
state of well-being discovering and
mutually decided using nature’s laws
on by the client and of health.
the nurse.
• Health has been a
phenomenon of TERMS TO REMEMBER
central interest to PHILOSOPH • It is concerned
nursing since its Y with the
inception. purpose of
human life, the
• May represent the nature of being
immediate and reality, and
surroundings, the the theory and
community, or the limits of
universe and all it knowledge.
contains. intuition,
• Typically refers to reasoning
the external • A study of
elements that problems that
ENVIRONMENT

affect the person; are ultimate,

internal and abstract and
external conditions general. These
that influence the problems are
organisms; concerned with
significant others the nature of
with whom the existence,
person interacts; knowledge,
and an open morality,
system with reason and
boundaries that human
permit the purpose.
exchange of • It tries to
matter, energy and discover
information with knowledge and
human beings. truth and
(Wagner, 1986) attempts to
identify what is
valuable and
important.

NURSING • a statement of
PHILOSOPH foundational
Y and universal
assumptions,

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

beliefs and among them.

principles about Concepts are
the nature of abstract
knowledge and impressions
thought and from
about the environment.
nature of the (Taylor, 1996).
entities Examples of
represented in concepts are
the man, woman,
metaparadigm. environment,
• It also refers to health, nursing,
the belief and just about
system of the anything and
profession and everything.
provides • It can be
perspectives for empirical or
practice, abstract.
scholarship and • Empirical –
research when they can
Gortner,1990) be observed
E.g., and
Nightingale, experienced
Watson, through the
Benner, Erikson senses.
CONCEPT • The first unit to • Abstract – are
consider in the those that are
language of not observable,
theoretical such as caring,
thinking is the hope and
concept. infinity.
• Latin concipere
– to conceived, CONCEPTU • ADDRESS
a new idea AL MODELS PHENOMENA
• It is an idea, CENTRAL TO
thought or NURSING –
notion OREM, Roy,
conceived in the Johnson
mind. • They are
• Concept is a schematic
term to representations
describe a of some aspect
phenomenon or of reality.
a group of • E.g., three-
phenomena. dimensional
Concepts are objects,
ideas, mental diagrams,
images, geometric
generalizations formulas, or
formed in the words Empirical
mind. They models are
describe replicas of
objects, observable
properties, reality. E.g.,
events, plastic model of
relationships,

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

a uterus, of an as a
eye conceptualizati
• According to on of some
Artinian (1982), aspect of
models help reality
illustrate the pertaining to
processes nursing
through which communicated
outcome occurs for the purpose
by specifying of describing
the phenomena,
relationships explaining
among the relationships
variables in between
graphic form phenomena,
where they can predicting
be examined consequences,
for or prescribing
inconsistency, nursing care.
incompleteness Nursing
or errors. theories are
used to specify
• An articulated approaches,
NURSING and actions,
THEORY communicated outcomes of
conceptualizati nursing
on of invented practice.
or discovered • nursing theory
reality (central represents
phenomena organized
and information
relationships) about
in or pertaining phenomena
to nursing for unique to
the purpose of nursing.
describing,
explaining,
predicting, or THEORICAL PROCESS
prescribing
nursing care
(Meleis 1991)
• Barnum (1994)
states that a
complete
nursing theory
is one that has
context,
content, and
process. The
nurse acts on,
with, or through
the content
elements of the
theory.
• Nursing theory
can be defined

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Introduction to the Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

PURPOSES OF NURSING THEORY LEVELS OF NURSING THEORY

(Johnson and Webber, 2001)
➢ The basic purpose of theory is
to provide us with valid and
reliable knowledge for
answering diverse questions,
solving complex problems,
explaining unique phenomena
and stimulating new theory.
➢ In nursing and other health-
related disciplines, it is
necessary to have the flexibility
to draw on a diverse theory
base to be effective in today’ s
health care delivery system.
➢ Nursing theories intent to justify IN SUMMARY
nursing knowledge and ➢ theory helps to identify the
distinguish it from other focus, the means, and the goals
disciplines. of practice. It helps improve
➢ To facilitate an understanding communication, enhances
of nursing knowledge. accountability to care and
➢ To contribute to the nursing provides autonomy to the
knowledge base. professions.
➢ To improve nursing practice.
TYPES OF THEORIES
• Theories may be described in
terms of their levels of
abstraction or in terms of their
goals. In Nursing, the three
levels of theory are: grand
theories, mid-range theories,
and situation-specific theories.
TYPES:
1. GROUND THEORY- are
systematic construction of the
nature of nursing, the mission of
nursing and the goals of nursing
care.
E.g., Boykin and Schoenhoffer,
Pender, Leininger
2. MID-RANGE THEORIES- are
limited in scope, have less
abstraction, address specific
phenomena or concepts. They
reflect practice (administrative,
clinical, teaching). The
phenomena or concepts maybe
applicable to different nursing
fields and reflect a wide variety
of nursing care situations. These
theories can often attempt to
describe, explain, or predict
certain phenomenon in clinical
practice. E.g., Behavioral
Systems Model - Dorothy
Johnson

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