Q. 1) How greenhouse gases are related to global warming?

➔Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to a warming
effect known as the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases.
Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have
increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to a significant
warming effect. This is known as global warming.
When greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, they trap heat from the sun and
prevent it from escaping back into space. This causes the Earth's atmosphere to warm, leading to
a range of negative impacts, including:
1. Rising sea levels: As the Earth's temperature rises, glaciers and ice caps melt, leading to a rise
in sea levels.
2. More frequent and severe weather events: Global warming can lead to more frequent and
severe weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts.
3. Changes in ecosystems: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can cause shifts in
ecosystems and disrupt natural habitats, leading to species loss.
4. Economic impacts: Global warming can have significant economic impacts, such as damage to
infrastructure, increased healthcare costs, and reduced agricultural productivity.
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Q. 2) Why O2 or N2 are not considered as green house gases but CO2 and NO2 are green
house gases?

ANS - Oxygen and nitrogen are not greenhouse gases, because they have no net change in the
distribution of their electrical charges,when they vibrate and hence are almost totally unaffected by
infrared radiation.Nitrous oxide enhances the greenhouse effect just as carbon dioxide does by
capturing reradiated infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface and subsequently warming the
troposphere (lower atmosphere). It is chemically inert in the troposphere and stays in the
troposphere for about 120 years before moving into the stratosphere where it ultimately leads to
destruction of stratospheric ozone.
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Q.3) Write a short note on acid rain.

ANS - Acid rain is made up of water droplets that are extremely acidic due to pollution in the
atmosphere, most notably excessive sulphur and nitrogen emissions from automobiles and
industrial activities. Because it includes other types of acidic precipitation (such as snow), acid rain
is also known as acid deposition. There are two types of acid deposition: wet and dry. Any type of
precipitation that removes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the Earth’s surface is
known as wet deposition. In the absence of precipitation, harmful particles and gases adhere to
the ground via dust and smoke. Even though it is dry, this type of deposition is hazardous because
rain can carry pollutants into streams, lakes, and rivers.Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are
gases that naturally occur in the atmosphere of the Earth. Acidic compounds are formed when
these gases combine with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the environment, such as mild
sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Human activity, on the other hand, can increase the amount of acid-
forming substances in the air, which can be detrimental to both humans and the environment.
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Q. 4) Write a short note on ozone depletion.
ANS - Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning of the Earth's ozone layer, which is a layer of
ozone gas in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Ozone depletion is caused by the release of certain man-made chemicals, including
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS), into the
atmosphere. OZONE depletion reaction: Cl + O 3 -> ClO + O2
ClO + O -> Cl + O2 ,
Net: O + O3 -> 2O2
When these chemicals are released, they rise into the stratosphere where they break down the
ozone molecules, reducing the amount of ozone present. As a result, more UV radiation reaches
the Earth's surface, increasing the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems.

The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1987, aims to protect the ozone layer by
phasing out the production and consumption of ODS. Since the implementation of the Montreal
Protocol, the production and consumption of ODS have been significantly reduced, and the ozone
layer is slowly recovering.

OZONE depletion reaction : Cl + O 3 -> ClO + O2 , ClO + O -> Cl + O2 , Net: O + O3 ->

2O2
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Q. 5) Write a short note on baghouse filter.

ANS - Baghouse dust collectors are a fabric filter air-material separators employed for particulate
removal from manufacturing and other industrial operations to keep dust and solid particulates
from entering the workplace or being released into the atmosphere. Baghouses utilize fabric filter
bags or pleated filters arranged in rows and mounted vertically in a sheet metal housing. They are
designed to receive dusty gas from fugitive or process sources, capture the particulates, and
exhaust clean air. Typically, via an induced draft blower, the dusty gas stream is drawn into the
baghouse through a duct system. The gas stream then passes through the filters while particles
remain on the filter media surface, thus separating the particulates from the air. Over time, as the
dust begins to build up and form a filter cake on the filter surface, various cleaning systems are
used to remove the dust from the filters. Filter bags are very durable but are not suitable for wet or
moist filtration. Among dust collection systems, baghouses are the most widely used. The reasons
why are twofold: baghouses are both highly efficient and cost-effective. Baghouse systems are
engineered to collect, capture, and separate dust and particulates from the air.
Q.6) LAPSE RATE PROVE - __________________

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Q.7) SHORT NOTE ON EFFECT OF NOISE POLUTION: -

=> Noise pollution can have various negative effects on human health and well-being, including:
1. Hearing damage: Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss,
tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and other auditory problems.
2. Cardiovascular problems: Prolonged exposure to loud noise can lead to increased blood
pressure, cardiovascular disease, and other stress-related illnesses.
3. Mental health impacts: Exposure to constant noise can lead to irritability, anxiety,
depression, and difficulty concentrating. It can also disrupt sleep, which can have a negative
impact on overall mental health and well-being.
4. Communication difficulties: Loud noise can interfere with speech and make it difficult to
communicate effectively, which can lead to frustration and stress.
5. Reduced quality of life: Noise pollution can impact the enjoyment of daily activities and
reduce the quality of life in affected areas.
6. Environmental damage: Noise pollution can impact the environment and wildlife by
disrupting natural animal behavior, leading to negative impacts on breeding, feeding, and
migration patterns. It can also contribute to habitat destruction and ecosystem disruption.
Overall, addressing noise pollution is crucial to protecting human health, improving quality of life,
and preserving the environment. Measures such as noise barriers, building design, and
regulations on noise levels in different settings can help to mitigate the negative effects of noise
pollution.
Q.8) DESCRIBE PROCESS OF NOICE CONTROL -

Noise control refers to a set of methods, techniques, and technologies that allows obtaining
acceptable noise levels in a given place, according to economic and operational considerations.

Q.9) Noise in an area measure 90(dba) for 20 h, 80(dba) for 3 hours and 75 (dba) for 1 h.
=>
Noise levels (DBA) 90 80 75
Measured (hrs) 2 3 1
Permissible(hrs) 4 16 any period of time

Hence, 2/4 + 3/16 + 1/@ (Infinity) = 11/16

The exposure is thus, within limits.
Q.10) SHORT NOTE ON ROCK CYCLE :-

The rock cycle is a continuous process that describes how rocks are formed, changed, and
recycled over time. The rock cycle is driven by a combination of geological forces such as
weathering, erosion, heating, cooling, pressure, and chemical reactions. The following are the
main stages of the rock cycle:
1. Formation: Rocks are formed through a variety of processes, including solidification of magma
or lava, precipitation of minerals from water, and deposition of sediment.
2. Weathering and erosion: Rocks are exposed to the elements and begin to break down through
weathering and erosion. Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces,
while erosion is the transport of these pieces by wind, water, or ice.
3. Deposition and sedimentation: The smaller rock fragments produced by weathering and erosion
are transported and deposited in a new location. These deposits can build up over time to form
sedimentary rocks.
4. Compaction and cementation: Layers of sedimentary rock are buried and subjected to pressure
and heat, causing them to compact and cement together to form sedimentary rocks.
5. Metamorphism: Rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure, causing them to change
their chemical composition and structure, forming metamorphic rocks.
6. Melting and solidification: Rocks are subjected to extreme heat and melt, forming magma. The
magma then cools and solidifies to form igneous rocks.
The rock cycle is an important process that helps to create and recycle the Earth's crust. By
understanding the rock cycle, scientists can better understand how the Earth's surface has
changed over time and how it will continue to change in the future.
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Q.11) DESCRIBE PROCESS OF WASTE HANDLING:

Waste handling refers to the collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of waste
materials. Here is a general overview of the process:
1. Collection: Waste is typically collected from homes, businesses, and other sources and
transported to a centralized location, such as a transfer station or landfill.
2. Transportation: Waste is then transported from the collection point to the processing or
disposal facility. This may involve the use of trucks, trains, or other forms of transportation.
3. Processing: Depending on the type of waste, it may need to be processed before disposal.
For example, organic waste can be composted, while hazardous waste may need to be treated to
reduce its toxicity.
4. Disposal: Finally, the waste is disposed of in a landfill, incinerator, or other facility. This may
involve burying the waste in a landfill, burning it in an incinerator, or using other methods to safely
and effectively dispose of it.
Throughout the waste handling process, it is important to follow safety and environmental
regulations to protect workers and the environment. Recycling and waste reduction programs can
also help to minimize the amount of waste that needs to be handled and disposed of.
Q.12) How would you classify soil on basis of size, texture and water capacity?