Sp e c u l a t io ns

a bou t t h e Past

WP lN
h ck the correct onsw r.
Th question under the photograph asks
i it w as possibl e t h a t som e t hing h a pp e n d .
s ls t - oC :o u l d v is i t o rsf o m a n o t h e rp l a n e t
ir p e opl e h a d p e rmission to do som e t hing . hav b u i l t t h s q i a n t s t a t u s?

Il R I |E Kl s AT lvlEN s
ircl T (True) or Moo l . / IP s
F ( F a ls e ) . Su H o o H vt l P l lpl.
F The form of may (not)
t h m od a l do es might (not)
not hange
for diff er nt can't
hav seen th statu s.
su b j e ts. I / H e /Sh e / W / You / T h e y ould (not)
must (not)
had to

lI R IIE I(
2 YEs/ No QU s loNS:CoUt.D S } I ORTANSW ERS
h e k th corr ct l lH | o l''l Su ;
I Moo l. / l
o nsw r . Couto l Su . | v | P l. | H o o I H v '
Whi h modal an b Could h l hav s e e n a | i ns? may (not)
used in both questi ns might (not)
and short answ ers for
sp e ul a tions a bou t can't
H hav .
t h e p ast? ould (not)
r- must (not)
LJ on
had to
[l ould
1 might

E PREss
ircl the corr ct words to ompl t thes s nt nc s.

Could they arv d / have arved the statu s? Th y might / might hav .

1 , 66
 Sp e ul tions about the Past f | 67

Gram * r x p l a n e t i i ts xampl s
1 . W o f t n sp u l a t , or m a k e , , b estg u ess s, , , 100 % ertain

1
a bo u t p ast si t u a t io nsb as e d o n t h f a ts t h a t w e l tv N lv
h a v e .T h m o d a | t h a t w h o os e d p e n d so n must h a v G a n't h a v e

It
h o w e r t a i nW e a r a b o u t o u r s p U l a t i o n s . had to have ouldn,t have
may hav must not h a v e
might have may ot have
ould have might not hav
0olo ertain

2 . W h n y o u a r a | m os t1 0 0 p e r e n t e t a i nt h a t
so m t h in g w as possib | e , us m ust h a v or
hod to hove .
W h e n yo u a r e | ss e rt a in ,Us e ,''oy h ov e ,
might hov , or ould hove ,
h s t a t u e sa r e v e y b i g .
Sp u t- lo
r h y m ust h a v b e e n h a dto mov .
h is l a n d rsW r a b l t o a r v t h s t o n .
Sp u lo
r h st o n m a y h a v e b e n q u i t e so f t .

3 . W h e n y o u a r a | m os t1 0 0 p r
n t r t a i nt h a t l T h e is I a n d e rs ou ld n , t have moved the stone!
so m t h in g w as im possibl , us e Go , l , t h ov e or | t w as too h avy.
couldn't have .
W h e n yo u a r e s | ig h t lyI ss e t a in ,us ,'UJt n o t . T T h y must not h a v mov ed it withouth | p.
Use m y not hov or might not have wh n I h is l a n d rsm i g h t n o t h a v m o v d t h
yo u a r l ss rt a in . s t a t u e so v r | a n d . h y o u l d h a v u s e d b o a t s .
B u l! W do n o t usu a | lyus h od t o h ov e
f o r n g a t i v es p e u I a t i o n s .

4 . Us e o u ld h ov e in q u st io ns a bo t l C o u I d t h is | a n d rsh a v e m o v e d t h s t o n ?
possibili t y or u 5 q u st io nsw i t h o u t m od a ls. OR
r Do you thinkth y mov dth ston ?

5 . Us e b e n in sh ort a nsw e rs t o q u st io nst h a t A : Co u ld vo n D d n i k e n h a v b e e n w ro n g?

i n | u d ea f o r m o f b e , OR

W os h e w ro n g?
B: H rtainly ould have be n.
Us e o n | y t h m od a | + h ov e in sh ort a nsw rst o A : D i d t h is | a n d w
s o r k o n t h i ro w n ?
q u e s t i o n sw i t h o t h e r v e b s . B : hey ould hav .

o u l lo No r
ln in f orm a lsp e h , h ov e in m od a l p h as sis o f t n pro n o u n d li k t h e w o d o f .
F or e x a m p | e , m ust h a v e so u n ds li k , , m usto f . , , D o n o t w ri t e m ust o f .
168 r unit Be

lfl lto och foct go s with o speculotion. Mot h och foct with th corr ct
sp u l t io n bo u t o u t h or ric h vo n D iin i k n ,

Fa t Sp ulation

1 . The original title of Ch riots of th a. H e m ust h a v e tr a v e l e d a lot .

Gods? w as Brin n ru ng n a n
b. T h e y m ust not h a v b e li v e d
di e Z u k u n f t .
his t h ori es.
2 . Von Dinik e n visit e d e v e ry pl a e h e
C. H e ould h a v e l e a rn e d a bou t t h e
d es rib d in his book .
sub j e t on his o w n .
3 . I n 1973 , h e wrot e I n S a rch of
d . He must have made a l t
n ci n t Gods.
of mon e y .
4. H do sn't h a v e a d e g e e in
e. He must have written it
ar ha eolog .
in G rm a n .
5 . Von D flnik e n's books sold millions
f. He might have written other
of opi es.
books to .
As soon as von D e nik e n publish e d
his books. s i e n tists a t t a k e d him .

ANSWER o Some orchoeology students r sking qu stionsin closs. Use th modols in

por e n t h esesto writ short onsw e rs.

1. A: Do you t hin k t h e p e opl e on E ast e r Isl a nd built t h e gi a n t st a t u es t h e ms lv es?

B: h e y co u \ d h a v e . T h e y h a d t h e k no w l e dg e a nd t h e tools.
( ouId)
A: W , e r e m a n y p e opl e impr sse d by von D nik e n's t h e ori es?
B: . His books w ere r ad all over th w rld.
(must)
3. A: Von D nik en says that many an i nt artifa ts show pi tures of astronauts. Could
t h ese pi t ur es h a v e illustr a t d a n y t hing lose r to a rt h?
B: I t's possibl e t h a t t h e pi t ur es sho w
(m y)
p pl dr esse d in lo a l ost u m es.

4. A: W as von D nik e n upse t by a ll t h e riti ism h e r e e iv e d?

B: . Af t e r a ll , it h e lp e d his book sa l es.
(might not)
5. A: Do you think von D nik n helped in re ase general interest in ar ha eology?
B: . Just look a t t h e siz e of t his l ass!
(must)
 Sp e u l a t i o ns a b u t t t r e P a st l 1'6 9

O I | PLE R od port of o r e vi e wof rich von Diinik e n ,sbook Ch a riots of t h Gods?

ompl te it with th verbs in porenth ses.

Who aould havemade t h e E ast e r Isl a nd st a t u es? A ording

1 . ( o u | d/ m k )
to Eri h von D nik n . our a n stors t h es
2 . ( o u | dn o t / b u i | d )
stru t ur es on t h ir o w n b e a us t h ir ult ur s W r e too primitiv e . His solu tion :
They h e lp from Sp a e visitors. W h e n h
3. (had to / g t)
wrot e his popul a r book . von DAnik e n a bou t
4. (must not / know)
t h e E ast e r Isl a nd e xp e rim e n ts t h a t prov e d t h a t t h e a n i n t isl a nd rs

a nd th se
5 ( o u I d/ arv ) 6 (t nsport)
statues without any help fr m a li e n visitors. Not only t h a t , t h e isl a nd's popul a tion

m u h l a rg e r t h a n von D nik n b li e v es. on

7. (might / b )
s i e n t is t sp e u l a t e s t h a t a s m a n y a s 2 0 , 0 0 0 p e p l e
8. (m y / |iv )
on ast e r Isl a nd- e nough p opl e to h a v e don e t h e job . Visitors from a not h e r pl a n e t?

A mor e logi a l a nsw e r is to t hin k t h a t our a n estors

9. (must / hav )
g e a t sk ill , in t e llig e n e , a nd str e ng t h to r e a t e t h ese w ond e rf ul t hings.

E D I T .R od p rt of o st ud n t ,s sso ,F ind ond orr c t six mistok esin t h e use of modols

for speculotionsobout th post, The first mistok e is olreod corrected.

have b en
I n 1927, Toribio Mexta esspe of Peru must bave y su pris d to se e lin es in th

shap s of huge animals on th e $ ound b 1ow his airpJ. an . Cr a t ed by th e an ie nt

Naz a ulture , th ese forms are too big to e oEpriz e from th e g ound. How eve at

about 600 f e t in th e ai th e giant forms ta k e

shape . T I ithout airplan s, how ou1d an an ie nt

ulture had made them? \ hatpurpos ould

th y hav had? Autho E i h von D ,nik n

beiiev s that the drawin$s mi$ht have mark a

landing st ip fo th e spa r ra ft of astronauts

from anoth er plan t. A ha eolo$ists, how ev

now believe tha t th e an i nt Naz an iviliza tion mi$ht dev lop flight.

T h ey ou]d of built hot-air ba } lons and desi$n th e pictures from th ai .