POPULATION GEOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT

By :

Name : Fitri Hana Sukma

NIM : 3211421054
No :8
Lecturer : Drs. Saptono Putro, M. Si.

GEOGRAPHY STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
2021
1. The Development of Birth Control in Indonesia
a. Old Order

In the 1950s the Family Planning program aimed to prevent high maternal and infant
mortality rates. In 1957, the Indonesian Family Planning Association (PKBI) was formed
which is a social organization engaged in the field of birth control known by R. Suharto. With
the existence of Criminal Code number 283 which prohibits the dissemination of ideas about
family planning, many birth control activities are hampered. In 1967, PKBI was recognized as
a legal entity by the Ministry of Justice. In the First National Congress of PKBI in Jakarta, it
was decided that PKBI would cooperate with government agencies to develop and expand the
KB program. In that year, President Suharto signed the Declaration of World Population which
contained awareness of the importance of planning the number of children and declaring birth
as a human right.

On October 17, 1968, the National Family Planning Institute (LKBN) was formed with
the status of a Semi-Governmental Institution. Pexisted in 1970, established the National
Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) chaired by Dr. Suwardjo Suryaningrat. In
1972, this institution officially became a Non-departmental Government Agency directly under
the President.

b. New Order
In the New Order era, the KB program was very successful because it received direct
support from President Suharto. The support of funds from abroad and the World Bank is also
very large. From 1970 to 1980, the national birth control program was known as "Management
for the People". In this period, the government took more initiative and public participation
was very low.

The implementation of a "top-down approach" program in the 1980s turned into the
Family Planning Movement. The policy pattern of the National KB program changed to
"Management with the People". The element of coercion is reduced and the public is freed to
choose the contraceptive they want to use.

The KB program in the New Order era managed to achieve national targets. Its success
was also recognized by the international community with the acquisition of the United Nations
(UN) Population Award by UNFPA in 1989.

c. Reform

Since the National Birth Control program was recognized internationally, many
developing countries have made Indonesia a model for building a strong National Birth Control
program. The reason is clear and measurable, because for many years, Indonesia has had the
strongest and most successful family planning movement in the world. The number of
contraceptive prevalence rates (CPR) doubled to 60% between 1976 and 2002. The total
fertility rate (TFR) has halved, from 5.6 to 2.6 children per woman. This achievement is the
basis for Indonesia's fairly stable economic growth rate, which is 5% per year since 1980.

However, this excellent progress has stagnated (congestion). The results of the
Indonesian Basic Health Survey (SDKI) from 2002-2012 show that Indonesia's total birth rate
is still 2.6 children per woman. The number of contraceptive users has increased only slightly,
at 1.5% per year and maternal mortality is still high at 190 deaths per 100,000 live births.

One of the things that play a big role in this stagnation is the decentralization of the KB
program from the national level to the region, which often results in confusion of roles and
responsibilities among its implementers until no activities are carried out at all.

The lack of funding and commitment from the government has slowed the program's
progress over the past 15 years. With the joining of Indonesia at the London Summit on July
11, 2012, it is hoped that the National Kb program can rise again.

This forum is a global community committed to the success of the National Birth
Control program. The main goal is to reduce the total birth rate through an increase in
contraceptive users.

In early 2016, President Joko Widodo inaugurated kb village in one of the villages in
West Java. Birth control services are provided free of charge through the national health
insurance program. Facilities and health workers are also improved in quality so that program
targets are achieved. The allocation of funds is one of the largest in the world for family
planning programs.

2. Types of Contraceptive Devices

a. Birth control pills

Excess:

• High degree of effectiveness

• Low failure rate
• Menstruation becomes smooth and cramps decrease during menstruation

Deficiency:

• Unable to prevent sexually transmitted diseases

• Can cause side effects, such as rising blood pressure
• Not suitable for women with certain medical conditions

b. Male condoms

Excess:

• Priced
• Practical and easy to use
• Can prevent sexually transmitted diseases
• Easy toreach and obtain

Deficiency:
 • Failure rate reaches 15%
• Can only be used once
• Hcurrent is replaced after ejaculation

c. KB Injection

Excess:

• More effective than birth control pills

• Practical in use
• The failure rate in 1-month birth control injections can be less than 1% if used correctly.

Deficiency:

• Relatively expensive price

• Need regular visits to the doctor or midwife every month
• Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases
• Can cause side effects, such as blood spots
• The menstrual cycle becomes irregular

d. Implant

Excess:

• Very effective
• The failure rate is very small
 • Durable up to 3 years

Deficiency:

• Relatively expensive cost

• The menstrual cycle becomes irregular
• The risk of bruising and swelling of the skin at the beginning of installation
• Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases

e. IUD (Intra uterine device)

Excess:

• Does not require complicated care

• Durable
• Effective and practical

Deficiency:

• IUD from copper can cause menstruation is not smooth

• Risk shifts and gets out of place
• Risk of side effects
• Expensive cost

f. Female condoms
Excess:

• Provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases

• Maintaining body temperature is better than a male condom
• Relatively cheap price

Deficiency:

• Less effective than male condoms

• Annoying sounds appear when used
• Disposable only
• Failure rate reaches 21%

g. Spermicide

Excess:

• Priced
• Easy to use
• Practical

Deficiency:

• The risk of irritation of intimate organs

• Its use needs to be accompanied by other contraceptives, such as condoms.
 • The failure rate reaches quite high

h. Diaphragm

Excess

• Priced
• Easy to get
• Practical

Deficiency:

• Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases

• Installation should be done by a doctor
• Must be removed during menstruation

i. Cervical cap

Excess:
 • Priced
• Can be used up to 2 times
• Easy to get

Deficiency:

• The failure rate reached 30% in women who already had children and 15% for those
who did not have children.
• Installation needs to be done by a doctor
• Must be removed during menstruation
• Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases

j. Koyo ortho evra

Excess:

• No need to bother remembering to take pills

• Menstruation becomes smoother and reduces cramps during menstruation
• Practical

Deficiency:

• Relatively expensive price

• Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases
• Can cause side effects similar to the side effects of birth control pills
k. Vaginal ring

Excess:

• It only needs to be replaced once a month

• The menstrual cycle becomes smoother
• Practical

Deficiency:

• Relatively expensive price

• Can cause irritation and side effects similar to birth control pills and koyo
• Does not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases

l. Intra uterine system (IUS)

Excess:

• Practical
• Can be used long-term
• Effective
Deficiency:

• Make menstruation shorter

• Reduce pain during menstruation

m. Permanent KB

Vasectomy and Tubectomy

Excess:

• This method is very effective in preventing pregnancy.

Deficiency:

• There are likely to be no long-term side effects.

• discomfort after surgery

Vasectomy

Excess:

• Vasectomy is 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.

• High level of accuracy

Deficiency:

• There are likely to be no long-term side effects.

• cannot prevent the transmission of venereal diseases

• relatively expensive cost

3. I think the Family Planning program in Indonesia is very important because this
program can reduce the rate of population growth, Indonesia has a high enough population
growth rate for it is necessary to conduct a Family Planning program to emphasize the rate of
population growth. The Family Planning Program can also optimize financial planning it can
be understood if the more children will be the more costs that must be incurred to meet the
needs and vice versa. Family Planning programs can also minimize the risk of health problems,
if the distance of pregnancy is too close between the first and the second can be bad for health
In addition, pregnancy at the age of over 30 to 40 years can also be bad for the health of the
uterus.