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AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
(A PLACE TO LEARN)
9000687600
Mathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL
1. If f : A B, g : B C are two bijection, 2. If f: A B, g : B C are bijection, then
then prove that gof: A C is also a prove that (gof) -1 = f -1og-1.
bijection. A: Given that
f: A B is a bijection.
A: Given: f: A B, g: B C are bijection. g: B C is a bijection.
f -1 : B A is a bijection.
Part 1: g -1 : C B is a bijection.
To prove that gof: A → C is one-one. gof: A C is also a bijection.
Part 2:- To prove that gof: A C is onto. Since f: A B is onto, there exists atleast
one element a A such that f (a) = b.
Now f: A B, g: B C are onto functions. a = f -1(b) f is a bijection
gof: A C is a function.
Let c C; Since g:BC is onto, there Consider (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
exists at least one element b B such that = g(b)
g(b) = c. (gof) (a) = c.
Since f: A B is also onto, there exists at a = (gof) -1 (c) gof is a bijection
least one element aA such that f(a) = b
Now (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
= g(b)
=c
For c C, there is an element a A such
that (gof) (a) = c. Consider (f-1og-1) (c) = f- 1 [g -1(c)]
so gof : A C is onto.....(2) = f- 1 (b)
Since gof: A C is both one-one and onto =a
From (1) & (2) (gof) -1 (c) = (f- 1og-1) (c) ∀ c C.
(gof) -1 = f -1og-1
gof: A C is a bijection.
f: A B, g : B C are given by
Part 1: - To prove that f is one-one.
Let a1, a2A f(a1), f(a2) B
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}
Consider f(a1) = f(a2)
f -1 = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2)} and
g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
(gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}
IA (a1) = IA(a2) gof = IA
a1 = a2 g -1 = {(q, a), (r, b), (p, c)}
Thus f: A B is one-one.
f g gof (𝒈𝒐𝒇)−𝟏
(1, 𝑎) ⇾ (𝑎, 𝑞 ) (1, 𝑞 ) (𝑞, 1)
Part 2:-To prove that f is onto.
(2, 𝑐 ) ⇾ (𝑐, 𝑝) (2, 𝑝) (𝑝, 2)
Let b B
g: BA, there exists a unique element a A (3, 𝑏) ⇾ (𝑏, 𝑟) (3, 𝑟) (𝑟, 3)..... (1)
such that g(b) = a.
Now f(a) = f[g(b)]
= (fog) (b)
= IB (b) fog = IB 𝑔−1 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1 𝑜𝑓 −1
=b (𝑞, 𝑎) ⇾ (𝑎, 1) (𝑞, 1)
So f: A B is onto. (𝑟, 𝑏) ⇾ (𝑏, 3) (𝑟, 3)
Since f is one-one and onto, so f is a bijection. (𝑝, 𝑐 ) ⇾ (𝑐, 2) (𝑝, 2) ... (2)
f -1 : B A
Also g: B A
From (1) and (2) (f -1og-1) = (gof) -1.
Thus both the functions f-1 and g have the same
domain B and same co domain A.
g = f -1.
3
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
1. Using mathematical induction, Show that 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + ⋯ … … . . +𝒏𝟐 = .
𝟔
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Sol:𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑛2 = .
6
Step-1:T0 P.T P(1) is true (put n=1)
L.H.S R.H.S 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
𝑛2 .
6 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘 2
1.2.3
= (1)2 = 6
𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)2
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) (𝑘+1)2
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑘 2 + (𝑘 + 1)2 = +
6 1
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)+6(𝑘+1)2
=
6
(𝑘+1)[𝑘(2𝑘+1)+6(𝑘+1)]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +𝑘+6𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +7𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+3𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘(𝑘+2)+3(𝑘+2)]
=
6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
=
6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)[2(𝑘+1)+1]
=
6
𝒏𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
2. Using mathematical induction, Show that 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ … … . . +𝒏𝟑 = .
𝟒
Sol: let
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
p (n) =13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑛3 = .
4
Step-1: put n=1 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛3
L.H.S R.H.S
= 𝑛3 =
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘 3
4
1.22
= (1)3 = 4 𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)3
=1 =1 AIMS
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2 +4(𝑘+1)3
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 {𝑘 2 +4(𝑘+1)}
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 {𝑘 2 +4𝑘+4}
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)2
=
4
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)(𝒏+𝟑)
3. S.T 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+………..up to n terms = .
𝟒
Sol: let
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑝(𝑛) = 1.2.3 + 2.34 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = .
4
𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3) (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
= +
4 1
𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)+4(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
=
4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3){𝑘+4}
=
4
𝒏(𝒏𝟐+𝟔𝒏+𝟏𝟏)
4. S.T 2.3+3.4+4.5+…up to n terms = .
𝟑
𝑛(𝑛 2+6𝑛+11)
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = .
3
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛 2+6𝑛+11)
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
3
1.(1+6+11)
=2.3 = 3
18
=6 = =6
3
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1. AIMS
𝒏[𝟐𝒂+(𝒏−𝟏)𝒅]
5. S. T 𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + ⋯ . +𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = .
𝟐
𝑛[2𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ . +𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = .
2
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛[2𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 2
1.[2𝑎+0] 2𝑎
=a+0 = =
2 2
=a =a
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p(1) is true for n=1.
AIMS
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ + {𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑 } + (𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑 )
𝑘
= {2𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑}+(𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑)
2
𝑘{2𝑎+(𝑘−1)𝑑} {𝑎+𝑘𝑑}
= +
2 1
2𝑎𝑘+𝑘 2 𝑑−𝑘𝑑+2𝑎+2𝑘𝑑
=
2
2𝑎(𝑘+1)+𝑘 2 𝑑+𝑘𝑑
=
2
2𝑎(𝑘+1)+𝑘𝑑(𝑘+1)
=
2
(𝑘+1){2𝑎+𝑘𝑑}
=
2
(𝑘+1){2𝑎+(𝑘+1−1)𝑑}
=
2
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) Is true for all n∈ N.
(𝒓𝒏 −𝟏)
6. S.T 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂r2+ ⋯ 𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝒂 (𝒓−𝟏)
(𝑟 𝑛−1)
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
(𝑟 𝑛−1)
𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
𝑟−1
=a.r0 = 𝑎 𝑟−1
=a =a
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
AIMS
(𝑟 𝑘 − 1)
=𝑎 + 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘
(𝑟 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑘 −1) 𝑟𝑘
=a { (𝑟−1) + }
1
𝑟 𝑘 −1+𝑟 𝑘 .𝑟−𝑟 𝑘
=𝑎 ( )
𝑟−1
𝑟 𝑘+1 −1
= 𝑎( ).
𝑟−1
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏+𝟐)
7. S. T 12+(𝟏𝟐 +22) +(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 +32)+ …up to n terms = .
𝟏𝟐
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Sol: let p (n) = 12+(12 +22) +(12 + 22 +32) + …..…+ 6
𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
= .
12
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
.
6 12
1.2.3 1(1+1)2 (1+2) 12
= = =12
6 12
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1. AIMS
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
AIMS
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑘+1)2 𝑘
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑛 ) = + + +⋯+ = 24 (2𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 13).
1 1+3 1+3+5 4
2𝑘 3 +15𝑘 2 +37𝑘+24
=( )
24
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +13𝑘+24)
=
24
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+2+9𝑘+9+13)
=
24
(𝑘+1){2(𝑘+1)2 +9(𝑘+1)+13}
=
24
∴P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is
true for all n∈ N.
8
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 49𝑘+1 + 16(𝑘 + 1) − 1
= 49𝑘 . 49 + 16𝑘 + 16 − 1
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 48 + 64
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 12 × 4 + 64
= 49.64𝑘 − 12𝑘. 64 × 4 + 64
=64{49m-12k+1}
10
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑘 + 1) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1
=3.52𝑘+1. 52 + 23𝑘+1. 23
=25.17m-17. 23𝑛+1
=17(25m-23𝑛+1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑘 + 1) = 2.42(𝑘+1)+1 + 33(𝑘+1)+1
=2.42𝑘+1. 42 + 33𝑘+1. 33
=11(26m-33𝑛+1)
12
= 𝑘. 2𝑘 + (𝑘 + 2)2𝑘
=2𝑘 (𝑘 + 𝑘 + 2)
=2𝑘 (2𝑘 + 2)
=2𝑘 . 2(𝑘 + 1)
=2𝑘+1. (𝑘 + 1)
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
= 2| 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
= 2| −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎 |
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|
= 2 −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎|
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2(−)(−) |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| R.H.S
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐
2. |𝒃 𝒄 𝒂| = | 𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 |
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝟐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 | = |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| (𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 )
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| (−) | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑐
= |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
2𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑏2
= | 𝑐2 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 𝑎2 | … . (1)
𝑏2 𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2
𝑛𝑜𝑤 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
= (3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 − 𝑐 3 )2
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏
3. 𝑰𝒇 |𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒃𝟑 | = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 |𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝟏| ≠ 𝟎,
𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏
𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒄 = −𝟏.
𝑎 𝑎2 1 + 𝑎3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 |𝑏 𝑏2 1 + 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 + 𝑐3
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1| + | 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑎 𝑎2 1 1 𝑎 𝑎2
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1 | + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 1 𝑏 𝑏2 | = 0 {𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶2 }
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 1 𝑎2
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1| − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑏 1 𝑏2 | = 0 {𝐶2 ↔ 𝐶3 }
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 1 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 1
⇒|𝑏 𝑏2 1 | + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑏 𝑏2 1| = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2 1
𝑎 𝑎2 1 a a2 1
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1| (1 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0 [ ∴ |b b2 1| ≠ 0 ]
c c2 1
𝑐 𝑐2 1
∴ (1 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = −1.
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
4. 𝑺. 𝑻 | 𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 |
𝒄 𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃
= 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑏
= |2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |1 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
1 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 |
0 0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 0
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)1 | |
0 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )1 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )2
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃
5. 𝑺. 𝑻 | 𝟐𝒃 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒃 |
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃
= (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝑠
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
=| 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
1 1 1
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 : 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
1 0 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 |
2𝑐 0 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
−(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)1 | |
0 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )1 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )2
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
6. 𝑺. 𝑻 |𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒃 − 𝒄) (𝒄 − 𝒂) (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂).
𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 0 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
= |0 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 3
𝑏 −𝑐 3| = |
0 (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) |
1 𝑐2 𝑐 3
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
0 (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 :
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑐 − 𝑎) 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2
= 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏
⇒ 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑎) + (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑎) ⇒ (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)|
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) |0 1 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 | 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶1
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎){𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐
−𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 }
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎).
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
7. 𝑺. 𝑻 |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | = 𝒂𝒃𝒄 (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒃 − 𝒄) (𝒄 − 𝒂)
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑺𝒐𝒍: |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2|
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
1 1 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐|
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 : 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶3
0 0 1
|
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐|
𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 𝑐2
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐|
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 2
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) | 1 1 𝑐|
(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 2
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝒙−𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
8. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 |𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔| = 𝟎.
𝒙−𝟖 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
𝑠𝑜𝑙: |𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 9 3𝑥 − 16| = 0
𝑥−8 2𝑥 − 27 3𝑥 − 64
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
⇒ | −2 −6 −12 | = 0.
−6 −24 −60
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
⇒| 1 3 6 | = 0.
1 4 10
⇒ 6𝑥 − 12 − 8𝑥 + 12 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇒𝑥−4=0
∴ 𝑥 = 4.
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
9. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒙,
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 .
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] . [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1 𝑎1 𝐴2 + 𝑏1 𝐵2 + 𝑐1 𝐶2 𝑎1 𝐴3 + 𝑏1 𝐵3 + 𝑐1 𝐶3
= [ 𝑎2 𝐴1 + 𝑏2 𝐵1 + 𝑐2 𝐶1 𝑎2 𝐴2 + 𝑏2 𝐵2 + 𝑐2 𝐶2 𝑎2 𝐴3 + 𝑏2 𝐵3 + 𝑐2 𝐶3 ]
𝑎3 𝐴1 + 𝑏3 𝐵1 + 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝑎3 𝐴2 + 𝑏3 𝐵2 + 𝑐3 𝐶2 𝑎3 𝐴3 + 𝑏3 𝐵3 + 𝑐3 𝐶3
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 0
=[ 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 ]
0 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
1 0 0
= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 [0 1 0] = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴. 𝐼
0 0 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 𝐼
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴−1 = .
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
1 −2 3
10. If A=[ 0 −1 4], then find (A’)-1.
−2 2 1
1 −2 3
Sol: A=[ 0 −1 4]
−2 2 1
1 0 −2
⇒A’= [−2 −1 2]
3 4 1
−1 2 −2 2 −2 −1
|A’|=1 | | + 0| | +3| |
4 1 3 1 3 4
=1(−1 − 8) + 0(−2 − 6) + 3(−8 + 3)
=−9 +0 +10=1
−1 2 −2 −1
Adj (A’) = [ 4 1 3 4]
0 −2 1 0
−1 2 −2 −1
(−1 − 8) (6 + 2) (−8 + 3)
=[(−8 + 0) (1 + 6) (0 − 4) ]
(0 − 2) (4 − 2) (−1 − 0)
−9 8 −5
=[−8 7 −4]
−2 2 −1
−9 −8 −2
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
−9 −8 −2
1 1
A-1= |𝐴′ | 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴′ ) = 1 [ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
−9 −8 −2
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
3 4 5
−1 8 2 8 2 −1
∆= |2 −1 8| = 3 | | − 4| | + 5| |
−2 7 5 7 5 −2
5 −2 7
= 3(−7 + 16) − 4(14 − 40) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 3(9) − 4(−26) + 5(1)
= 27 + 10 + 5
= 136 ≠ 0 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
18 4 5
−1 8 13 8 13 −1
∆1 = |13 −1 8| = 18 | | − 4| | +5| |
−2 7 20 7 20 −2
20 −2 7
= 18(−7 + 16) − 4(91 − 160) + 5(−26 + 20)
= 18(9) − 4(−69) + 5(−6)
= 162 + 276 − 30
= 408
3 18 5
13 8 2 8 2 13
∆2 = |2 13 8| = 3 | | − 18 | | + 5| |
20 7 5 7 5 20
5 20 7
= 3(91 − 160) − 18(14 − 40) + 5(40 − 65)
= 3(−69) − 18(−26) + 5(−25)
= −207 + 468 − 125
= 136
3 4 18
−1 13 2 13 2 −1
∆3 = |2 −1 13| = 3 | | −4| | + 18 | |
−2 20 5 20 5 −2
5 −2 20
= 3(−20 + 26) − 4(40 − 65) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 3(6) − 4(−25) + 5(1)
= 18 + 100 + 18
= 136
∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
2 −1 3 𝑥 9
12. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [1 1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
∆= |1 1 1| = 2 | | +1| | +3| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 −1 1
9 −1 3
1 1 6 1 6 1
∆1 = |6 1 1| = 6 | | + 1| | + 3| |
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
2 −1 1
2 9 3
6 1 1 1 1 6
∆2 = |1 6 1| = 2 | | −9| | +3| |
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1
2 −1 9
1 6 1 6 1 1
∆3 = |1 1 6| = 2 | | + 1| | + 9| |
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
1 −1 2
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3.
1 1 1 𝑥 9
13. 𝐴 = [2 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
1 1 1
5 7| 2 7
∆= |2 5 7 | = 1| −1| | + 1 |2 5|
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1 −1
9 1 1
5 7| 52 7| 52 5|
|
∆1 = 52 5 7 | = 9| −1| +1|
1 −1 0 −1 0 1
0 1 −1
1 9 1
52 7| 2 7
= ∆2 = |2 52 7 | = 1 | −9| | + 1 |2 52|
0 −1 2 −1 2 0
2 0 −1
1 1 9
5 52| 2 52| 2 5|
∆3 = |2 5 52| = 1 | −1| +9|
1 0 2 0 2 1
2 1 0
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
2 −1 3 𝑥 8
14. 𝐴 = [−1 2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4]
3 1 −4 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
∆= |−1 2 1 | = 2| |+ 1| | + 3| |
1 −4 3 −4 3 1
3 1 −4
8 −1 3
2 1 4 1 4 2
∆𝟏 = | 4 2 1 | = 8| | + 1| | +3| |
1 −4 0 −4 0 1
0 1 −4
2 8 3
4 1 −1 1 −1 4
∆𝟐 = |−1 4 1 | = 2 | | − 8| |+3| |
0 −4 3 −4 3 0
3 0 −4
= 2(−16 − 0) − 8(4 − 3) + 3(0 − 12)
= 2(−16) − 8(1) + 3(−12)
= −32 − 8 − 36 = −76
2 −1 8
2 4 −1 4 −1 2
∆𝟑 = |−1 2 4| = 2 | | +1| | + 8| |
1 0 3 0 3 1
3 1 0
= 2(0 − 4 + 1(0 − 12 + 8(−1 − 6)
= 2(−4) + 1(−12) + 8(−7)
= −8 − 12 − 56 = 76
∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2.
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 −1 8 ̇ 2 −1
(−2 7 5 −2)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑑 A-1= ⇨ 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 4 5 3 4
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
−1 8 2 −1
9 26 1
= [−38 −4 26 ]
37 −14 −11
9 −38 37
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1
2(9) − 4(−26) + 5(1)
= 136
9 −38 37
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
𝐴 − 1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 136 [26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
-1
⇒ 𝑋 =A . 𝐵
9 −38 37 18
1
= 136 [26 −4 −14] [13]
1 26 −11 20
408
1
= 136 [136] ∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
136
2 −1 3 𝑥 9
(𝑏). 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [1 1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑑 A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |1 1 1| = 2 | |+ 1| |+ 3| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 −1 1
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)
= 2(2) + 1(0) + 3(−2)
= 4 − 6 = −2 ≠ 0 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 1 1 1 1
[
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 2𝐴 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] (−1 1 1 −1)
−1 3 2 −1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
1 1 1 1
(1 + 1) (1 − 1) (−1 − 1)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [(−3 + 1) (2 − 3) (−1 + 2)]
(−1 − 3) (3 − 2) (2 + 1)
2 0 −2
= [−2 −1 1 ]
−4 1 3
2 −2 −4
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [ 0 −1 1 ]
−2 1 3
2 −2 −4
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = −2 [ 0 −1 1 ]
−2 1 3
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
2 −2 −4 9
1
= −2 [ 0 −1 1 ] [6]
−2 1 3 2
18 − 12 − 8 −2
1 1
= −2 0 − 6 + 2 = −2 −4]
[ ] [
−18 + 6 + 6 −6
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3
1 1 1 𝑥 9
16. 𝐴 = [2 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
1 1 1
5 7| 2 7
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |2 5 7 | = 1 | − 1| | + 1 |2 5|
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
= 1(−12) − 1(−16) + 1(−8)
= −12 + 16 − 8 = − 4 ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 5 7 2 5
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] ( 1 −1 2 1)
1 1 1 1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
5 7 2 5
−12 16 −8
=[ 2 −3 1]
2 −5 3
−12 2 2
]𝑇
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = [ 16 −3 −5]
−8 1 3
−12 2 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = −4 [ 16 −3 −5]
−8 1 3
⇒ 𝑋 =A-1. 𝐵
−12 2 2 9
1
= [ 16 −3 −5] [52]
−4
−8 1 3 0
−108 + 104 + 0
1
= −2 [ 144 − 156 + 0 ]
−72 + 52 + 0
−4
1
= −2 [−12] ∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
−20
2 −1 3 𝑥 8
17. 𝐴 = [−1 2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4]
3 1 −4 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |−1 2 1 | = 2| | + 1| | +3| |
1 −4 3 −4 3 1
3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)
= 2(−9) + 1(1) + 3(−7)
= −18 + 1 − 21
= −38 ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 =
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 2 1 −1 2
[𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] , 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = ( 1 −4 3 1 )
−1 3 2 −1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
2 1 −1 2
(−8 − 1) (3 − 4) (−1 − 6)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [ (3 − 4) (−8 − 9) (−3 − 2)]
(−1 − 6) (−3 − 2) (4 − 1)
−9 −1 −7
= [−1 −17 −5]
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [−1 −17 −5]
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
𝐴-1= = −38 [−1 −17 −5]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
−7 −5 3
⇒ 𝑋 =A-1. 𝐵
−9 −1 −7 8
1
= −38 [−1 −17 −5] [4]
−7 −5 3 0
−72 − 4 + 0
1
= −38 [ −8 − 68 + 0 ]
−56 − 20 + 0
−76
1
= −38 [−76] ∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2.
−76
17. Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it
completely.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3,2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: the augmented matrix is
1 1 1 3
[𝐴𝐷] = [2 2 −1 3]
1 1 −1 1
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3]
0 0 −2 −2
1 1 1 3
[
~ 0 0 −3 −3] ….. (1)
0 0 0 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ……. (2)
−3𝑧 = −3…….. (3)
𝑍=1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑘, 𝑧 = 1, k ∈ 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡.
18. Apply the test of rank to examine whether the following equations are
consistent.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8, −𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: the augmented matrix is
2 −1 3 8 2 −1 3 8
[𝐴𝐷] = [−1 2 1 4] ~[−1 2 1 4]
3 1 −4 0 3 1 −4 0
𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
−1 2 1 4
[
~ 0 3 5 16]
0 7 −1 12
−1 2 1 4
~[ 0 3 5 16 ] …… (1)
0 0 −38 −76
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 1
= [2 − 2 2−2 3 − 2 6 − 2]
1−1 4−1 9−1 3−1
1 1 1 1
=[0 0 1 4] 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
0 3 8 2
1 1 1 1
=[0 3 8 2] 𝑅1 → 3𝑅1 − 𝑅2
0 0 1 4
3 0 −5 1
=[0 3 8 2]
0 0 1 4
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 5𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 8𝑅3
3+0 0+0 −5 + 5 1 + 20
= [0 − 0 3−0 8−8 2 − 32]
0 0 1 4
3 0 0 21
𝑅 𝑅
=[0 3 0 −30] 𝑅1 ↔ [ 31 ], 𝑅2 ↔ [ 32 ]
0 0 1 4
1 0 0 7
=[0 1 0 −10] ∴𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = −10, 𝑧 = 4
0 0 1 4
20. 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟎, −𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟓;
Sol: the augmented matrix is
1 −1 3 5 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [ 4 2 −1 0 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
−1 3 1 5 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −1 3 5
=[ 4−4 2+4 −1 − 12 0 − 20]
−1 + 1 3−1 1+3 5+5
1 −1 3 5
𝑅
=[0 6 −13 −20] 𝑅2 ↔ [ 23 ]
0 2 4 10
1 −1 3 5
=[0 6 −13 −20] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 5𝑅3
0 1 2 5
1 −1 3 5
=[0 − 0 6−5 −13 − 10 −20 − 25]
0 1 2 5
1 −1 3 5
=[0 1 −23 −45] 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 1 2 5
𝑅3
𝑅3 ↔ [ ]
25
1 0 −20 −40
=[0 1 −23 −45] 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 20𝑅3 ; 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 23𝑅3
0 0 1 2
21. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐;
Sol: the augmented matrix is
2 −1 3 9 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [1 1 1 6 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
1 −1 1 2 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅1− 𝑅2
2−1 −1 − 1 3−1 9−6 1 −2 2 3
=[ 1 1 1 6 ] = [1 1 1 6]
1 −1 1 2 1 −1 1 2
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 −2 2 3 1 −2 2 3
= [1 − 1 1+2 1−2 6−3 ] = [ 0 3 −1 3]
1−1 −1 + 2 1−2 2−3 0 1 −1 −1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅3
1 −2 2 3 1 −2 2 3
= [0 − 0 3−2 −1 + 2 3 + 2 ] = [0 1 1 5]
0 1 −1 −1 0 1 −1 −1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1+0 −2 + 2 2+2 3 + 10 1 0 4 13
=[ 0 1 1 5 ] = [0 1 1 5]
0−0 1−1 −1 − 1 −1 − 5 0 0 −2 −6
𝑅
𝑅3 ↔ [ 23 ]
1 0 4 13
= [0 1 1 5]
0 0 1 3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 4𝑅3 ; 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 −𝑅3
1 0 4−4 13 − 12 1 0 0 1
= [0 1 1−1 5 − 3 ] =[0 1 0 2] ∴𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
= 2sin A+B
2
cos A-B - 2sin C cos C
2 2 2
= 1-cos(A+B) cos(A-B) + 1 - cos2 C
= 2 - cos(- C) cos (A-B) - cos2C
2
= 2sin -C cos A-B - 2sin C cos C = 2 + cosC cos(A-B) - cos2C
2 2 2
2
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B
C = 2 + cos C [cos (A-B) - cos C]
- 2sin C cos C
2 2 = 2 + cosC [cos (A-B) - cos{ - (A+B)}]
2
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B + cos C
C = 2 + cos C [cos (A-B) + cos(A+B)]
2
= 2 + cosC 2cosA cosB
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B
C
2
+ cos - A+B
2 = 2 + 2cosA cosB cosC.
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B
C + cos A+B 8. If A+B+C = , then show that
2 2
sin A + sin B + sin C = 1+ 4sin π - A sin π - B sin π - C
2 2 2 4 4 4
= - 2sin C
2
.2cos A cos B
2 2 A: Given A+B+C =
= - 4cos A cos B sin C . A B C
2 2 2 1 4 sin sin sin
4 4 4
6. If A+B+C = 1800, prove that
A B C
cos
2
A2 + co s B2 + co s C2 = 2 1 + sin A2 sin B2 sin C2
2 2
1 2 sin
4
sin
4
sin
4
A: Given A+B+C = 1800
A B A B B
cos A + cos B + cos C 1 2 cos cos sin 4
2 2 2
2 2 2 4 4
= cos A
2
+ 1- sin B + cos C
2 2 2sin A2sinB cos A B cos A B
2 2 2
2 A 2 B 2 C
A B A B A B
= 1+ cos 2 - sin 2 + cos 2 1 2 cos cos sin
4 2 4 4
= 1+cos A+B
A-B 2 C
2 cos 2 +1-sin 2 A -B
= 1+ 2 cos
A + B
- sin
A +B
sin
4 4 4
2 cos 2 -sin 2
= 2+sin C A-B C 2
A +B A -B 2 A + B
= 2 s in c o s 4 + 1 - 2 s in 4
4
=2+sin C
2 2
cos A-B - sin C ∵ cos A + B = sin C
2 2 2
A B A B A B A B A B
2cosAcosB cos A B cos A B cos cos sin2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
A B A B A B A B A B
2 cos cos cos cos cos sin
2 4 4 4 2 2
2
A B A B A B c os
A B C
cos cos .
2 sin cos cos
4 4 4 2 2 2
A B A B
= cos cos sin
2 2 2
A B C
= cos cos cos .
2 2 2
A B B D B C
2cos A B 2cos 1800 A C cos 1800 A D
4cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2cos A B 2 cos A C cos A D
A B BD B C
4 cos sin cos 4 cos(A B)cos(A C)cos(A D)
2 2 2
RHS
A B 2 A C 2 A D
4cos sin cos Hence proved.
2 2 2
A B A C A D
4 cos sin cos
2 2 2
C A B A B C A B C
2 cos cos cos 1 sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
C A B C A B A B
2 cos .2 sin sin 1 sin cos cos
2 2 2
2
2 2
A B C
= 4 sin sin cos . C A B
2 2 2 1 2 sin 2 cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
1 4 cos cos sin .
2 2 2
17.If A + B + C = 00, then prove that 19. If A+B+C = 2S, then prove that
s i n ( S - A ) + s i n ( S - B ) + s i n
cos2A + cos2B +cos2C = 1 + 2cosAcosBcosC.
A: Given A + B + C = 00. C=4cos S-A
2
cos S-B sin C .
2 2
cos2 A + cos2B + cos2C. A: Given: A+B+C = 2S
= cos2A + (1 - sin2B) + cos2C.
Now sin(S-A) + sin(S-B) + sinC
= 1 + (cos2A - sin2B) + cos2C
= 1 + cos (A + B) cos(A - B) + cos2C 2
= 2sin S-A+S-B cos S-A-S+B + sinC
2
2
= 1 + cosC [ 2cosA cosB]. 4cos S-A cos S-B sin C .
2 2
= 1 + 2 cosA cosB cosC.
3π
18.If A + B + C = , then prove that
2
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = - 4sinA sinB cosC.
3π
A: Given A + B + C = .
2
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C
= 2 sin(A + B) cos(A - B) - 2 sin C cosC.
= 2 sin (2700 - C) cos(A - B) - 2sinC cosC.
= - 2 cosC cos(A - B) - 2 sin C cosC.
sin (2700 - ) = - cos.
= - 2cosC [cos(A - B) + sinC].
= - 2 cosC {cos(A - B) + sin {2700 - (A + B)}].
= - 2cosC[cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)].
= - 2cosC. 2 sinA sinB.
= - 4sinA sinB cosC.
1. Find the shortest distance between the skew 2.If A = (1, -2, -1), B = (4, 0, -3), C = (1, 2, -1) and
D = (2, -4, -5), find the shortest distance
lines r = 6 i + 2 j + 2k + t( i - 2 j + 2k) and
between the lines AB and CD.
A: Given points are A (1, -2, -1) B (4, 0, -3)
r = - 4i -k+s(3i - 2j - 2k) . C(1, 2, -1) D (2, -4, -5).
Given two skew lines are Equation of the line passing through the
points A (1, -2, -1) and B (4, 0, -3) is
r = 6 i + 2 j + 2k + t( i - 2 j + 2k) ,
r = i - 2 j - k + t[4 i + 0 j - 3k - ( i - 2 j - k)]
r = - 4 i - k + s(3 i - 2 j - 2k)
We know that the shortest distance between the = i - 2 j - k + t(3 i + 2 j - 2k)
skew lines r = a + tb and r = c + sd is comparing this with r = a + tb
|[a c b d]|
a i 2 j k, b 3 i 2 j 2k
|b x d|
Equation of the line passing through the points
Here a = 6 i + 2 j + 2k , b = i - 2 j + 2k , C(1, 2, -1) and D (2, -4, -5) is
= 10(2 i j 2k)
| b x d | 10 22 ( 1)2 22 = 10 x 3 = 30
Shortest distance between the skew
40 4
lines = units .
30 3
c = c1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k
i - 2 j + k . i + 2 j - k b -
a x b = a1 i x(b1 i + b 2 j )
i - 2 j + k . 2 i + j + k c
a1 b1 i x i + a1 b 2 i x j
= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k - (2 - 2 + 1) i + 2 j - k
0 + a1 b2k
= (-4) 2 i + j + k - 1 i + 2 j - k
= a1 b2k.
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - i - 2 j + k
Now (a x b) x c = a1b 2k x(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3k )
= = -9 i - 6 j - 3k
1 -2 1 2 j 2k
[b c d] -1 1 -4 i j k
1 1 1
Now a x b x c = 2 3 4
= 1(1 + 4) + 2 (-1 + 4) + 1(-1 - 1) 0 2 2
=5+6-2
=9 i 6 8 j 4 0 k 4 0
axb x cxd 2 i 4 j 4k
Now consider
= [a c d] b - [b c d] a
a x b x c .a 2 i 4 j 4k . 2 i 3 j 4k
= 13 i - 2 j + k - 9 2 i + j - 3k
= 4 + 12 - 16
= 13 i - 26 j + 13k - 18 i - 9 j + 27k = 16 - 16 = 0
= 5 i - 35 j + 40k
a x b x c .a 0
= 5 - i - 7 j + 8k
a x b x c is perpendicular to a .
Hence proved.
a x b x c x d = 5 1+ 49 + 64
= 5 117
)
(
)
A: Given : B(4, 5, 2) and C(3, 6, 5).
a = i - 2 j - 3k, b = 2 i + j - k and c = i + 3 j - 2k A: Let O be any origin.
a x b x c = a . c b - a .b c Let r = x i + yj + zk be the position vector of any
(
)
(
)
(
)
point in the plane of ABC.
= { i - 2 j - 3k).( i + 3 j - 2k)} (2 i + j - k)
AP = OP - OA
- { i - 2 j - 3k).(2 i + j - k)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
= (x - 2) i (y - 3) j + (z +1) k
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
AB = OB - OA
= -{1(2)-2(1)-3(1)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
= 2 i + 2 j + 3k
= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2-2+3) ( i + 3 j - 2k)
AC = OC - OA
= 2 i + j - k - 3 i - 9 j + 6k = i + 3 j + 6k
= - i - 8 j + 5k ..........(1) The vectors AP, AB, AC are coplanar..
a x b) x c = a . c b - b . c a AP AB AC = 0
(
)
(
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
x-2 y-3 z+1
= -{2(1) + 1(3) -1(-2)} ( i - 2 j - 3k) 2 2 3 =0
1 3 6
= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2+3+2) ( i - 2 j - 3k)
(x - 2) (12 - 9) - (y - 3) (12 - 3) + (z + 1) (6 - 2) = 0
= 2 i + j - k - 7 i +14 j + 21k
3x - 6 - 9y + 27 + 4z + 4 = 0
= 5 i +15 j + 20k .........(2) 3x - 9y + 4z + 25 = 0.
From (1) and (2)
9. Find the equation of the plane passing through
a x ( b x c) (a x b) x c . the point A = (3,-2-1) and parallel to the vector
b = i - 2 j + 4k and c = 3 i + 2 j - 5k .
A: Let P be any point on the plane with position vector
r = x i + y j + zk .
Vector equation of the plane passing through the
point A = (3,-2,-1) and parallel to the vectors
b = i - 2 j + 4k and c = 3 i + 2 j - 5k is
[AP b c] = 0
Its cartesian equation is
x - 3 y + 2 z +1
1 -2 4 =0
3 2 -5
(x - 3) (10 - 8) - (y + 2) (-5 - 12) + (z + 1) (2 + 6) = 0
2(x - 3) + 17 (y + 2) + 8 (z + 1) = 0
2x - 6 + 17y + 34 + 8z + 8 = 0
2x + 17y + 8z + 36 = 0.
4 -2 -2
a2 b 2 = 0
Now [ AB AC AD] = -2 4 -2 [a b c ]
(a + b).(a - b ) = 0 -2 -2 4
𝟔𝟓 𝟐𝟏
1. 𝑰𝒇 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓 , 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑹 = , 𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝒓𝟏 = ,
𝟖 𝟐
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒
=√(21)(8)(7)(6)
=√7.3.4.2.7.3.2
=√(7.3.4)2 =84
𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑹=
𝑹=
𝒂𝒃𝒄
=
13.1.4.15
=
65 𝟒∆
𝟒∆ 4.84 8
∆ 84
𝒓= = =4
𝒔 21
∆ 84 84 21
𝒓𝟏 = (𝒔−𝒂) = = =
21−13 8 2
∆ 84 84
𝒓𝟐 = (𝒔−𝒃) = = = 12
21−14 7
∆ 84 84
𝒓𝟑 = (𝒔−𝒄) = = = 14
21−15 6
1
2. If r=1, 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄.
We know that
∆= √𝑟. 𝑟1 . 𝑟2 . 𝑟3
∆
𝑆=
𝑟
6
S=1 = 6
6
= 1 =6 ∆
𝑎=𝑠−
𝑟1
6
𝑎 =6−2 =6−3 =3
∆
𝑏=𝑠−
𝑟2
6
𝑏 = 6 − 3 = 6 − 2 = 4.
∆
𝑐 =𝑠−𝑟
3
6
𝑐 = 6 − 6 = 6 − 1 = 5.
3. If 𝑟1 = 8, 𝑟2 = 12, 𝑟3 = 24 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
1 1 1 1
We know that 𝑟 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
= 8 + 12 + 24
𝑟
1 3+2+1 6 1
= = 24 = 4 ⇨ 𝑟 = 4
𝑟 24
∆= √𝑟. 𝑟1 . 𝑟2 . 𝑟3
= √4.8.12.24 = √4.4.2.12.12.2
96
⇨ 𝑆 =𝑆 =
4
∆
𝑟
96
= =24 ∆
4 𝑎=𝑠−
𝑟1
96
𝑎 = 24 − = 24 − 12 = 12
8
∆
𝑏=𝑠−
𝑟2
96
𝑏 = 24 − = 24 − 8 = 16.
12
∆
𝑐 =𝑠−𝑟
3
3
96
c= 24 − 24 = 24 − 4 = 20
𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟1 1 1
4. S. T + + = −
𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑟 2𝑅
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Sol: 𝑏𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑏1 =∑ 𝑏𝑐1 a=2𝑅 sin 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
𝑎𝑟1 2𝑅 sin 𝐴.𝑆 .tan 𝑟1 = 𝑠 . tan
2 2
= ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴 sin 𝐴/2
𝐴 𝐴 tan =
2𝑅𝑆 𝐴 𝐴 sin 𝐴/2 2 cos 𝐴/2
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∑(2 sin 2 cos 2 ) cos 𝐴/2 sin 𝐴 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝑆 1
4𝑅 𝑆 =
4𝑅𝑆 𝐴 𝑆 1−cos 𝐴 = ∆ 𝑟
𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∆
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∑(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ) =∆ ∑( )
2
1 𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴
= 2𝑟 [1 − cos 𝐴 + 1 − cos 𝐵 + 1 − cos 𝐶] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 =
2 2
1
=2𝑟 [3 − (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶)] 𝐴 𝐵
(cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶) =1 + 4 sin sin sin
𝐶
2 2 2
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=2𝑟 [3 − (1 + 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 )]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 4𝑅 sin sin sin
2 2 2
= [2 − ] 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin
𝐴 𝐵
sin sin
𝐶
2𝑟 𝑅
2 2 2
1 𝑟 1 1 𝑟
=2𝑟 [2 − 𝑅] =2𝑟 . 2 − 2𝑟 . 𝑅
1 1
= 𝑟 − 2𝑅
4
5. S.T 𝑟 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Sol: W.K.T 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 ,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟1 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 ,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟3 = 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟 + 𝑟3 = 4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 + 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
= 4𝑅 sin {sin sin + cos cos } cos
2
= cos cos + sin sin
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
= 4𝑅 sin 2 {cos } ….. (1)
2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 − 4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 sin = sin cos − cos sin
=4𝑅 cos 2 {sin 2 cos 2 − cos 2 sin 2 } 2 2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
=4𝑅 cos 2 {sin }…..(2)
2
L.H.S ⇨ 𝑟 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝐶 𝐴+𝐵 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
= 4Rsin 2 {cos } + 4𝑅 cos {sin }
2 2 2
𝐴−𝐵+𝐶
=4𝑅 [sin ]
2
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶= 𝜋
𝜋
=4𝑅 [sin ( 2 − 𝐵)]
5
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cot +cot + cot
2 2 2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
6. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, =
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵+cot 𝑐 𝑎 2 +𝑏2+𝑐 2
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑟⇨cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2
𝑠
= (𝑠 − 𝑎 + 𝑠 − 𝑏 + 𝑠 − 𝑐)
∆
𝑠
= (3𝑠 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2𝑠
∆
𝑠
=∆ (3𝑠 − 2𝑠)
𝑠 𝑆2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
=∆ ( 𝑠 ) = =
∆ 4∆
1
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2 −𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2+𝑏2 −𝑐 2 ∆= (𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴)
= 1 + 1 + 1 2
4( 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴) 4( acsin 𝐵) 4( absin 𝐶)
2 2 2
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 +𝑎 2 −𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑎 2+𝑏2 −𝑐 2
= 4∆
𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
= 4∆
(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
4∆ (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
Now Nr/Dr 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2
=
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
4∆
6
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cot 2 +cot2 + cot2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
∴ =
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵+cot 𝐶 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
1 1 1
Sol: ∆= 2 𝑎𝑃1 , ∆= 2 𝑏𝑃2 , ∆= 2 𝑐𝑃3
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
⇨𝑃1 = , 𝑃2 = , 𝑃3 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖 ) + 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 2∆ + 2∆ + 2∆
𝑃1 2 3
𝑠 1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 2𝑠 1 =
= = 2∆ = 𝑟 ∆ 𝑟
2∆
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 2∆ + 2∆ − 2∆
𝑃1 2 3
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 8∆3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )𝑃3 . 𝑃3 . 𝑃3 = . . = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐
∆=
4𝑅
𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
8( ) 8(𝑎𝑏𝑐)2 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2
4𝑅
= = =
𝑎𝑏𝑐 64𝑅3 8𝑅3
Sol: 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − [4𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ] (2 sin 2 cos 2 ) (2 sin 2 cos 2 )
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − [4𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ] (sin 𝐴)(sin 𝐵 )
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ]
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
𝐶
𝑎𝑏−𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟3 4𝑅 cos cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅 2 (2 sin cos )(2 sin cos )[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
2 2 2 2 2
= 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅 cos cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 𝑟
𝑏𝑐−𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑎𝑏−𝑟3 𝑟1
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 = =𝑟
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ∆
9. a𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 =S +𝑅
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S⇨ acos 2 + 𝑏 cos 2 + 𝑐 cot 2
𝐴 1+cos 𝐴
⇨ ∑ 𝑎 cos 2 = ∑ 𝑎( )
2
1
⇨ 2 ∑(𝑎 + acos 𝐴)
1 1
⇨ 2 ∑(𝑎) + 2 ∑(acos 𝐴)
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 1
⇨ + 2 ∑ (2RsinAcos 𝐴)
𝟐
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 ∑ (sin2A)
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 (sin2A +sin2B + sin2B)
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 (4sinA sinBsinC)
∆
⇨ 𝒔 + 𝑅 R.H.S
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑟
10. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 = 1 − 2𝑅 .
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
1
⇨2 [3 − (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶)]
1 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
⇨2 [3 − (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + cos 𝐶)]
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴
⇨2 [3 − (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 )]
2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴
⇨2 [3 − 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
⇨2 [2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )}]
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
⇨2 [3 − 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨2 [2 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 4𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
⇨2 [2 − ]
𝑅
1 𝑟
⇨2 [2 − 𝑅 ]
2 𝑟
= 2 − 2𝑅
𝑟
= 1 − 2𝑅
R.H.S
10
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Or ⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨1 − {𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 } + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )}]
2 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
⇨[1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
2 2 2
⇨1 − = 1 − 2𝑅
2𝑅
11
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝐵 ) + sin(2𝐶 )]
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 2sinCcosC]
= 𝑎2 ∑ [(𝑏)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + (C)cosC]
=𝑎𝑏𝑐
12