2.

3 Transition options towards 100% sustainable energy

2.3.1 Electric generation scooter

In recent years, Sweden has launched various start-ups indicating the start of a new

generation involving the use of renewable energy. There has been a trend going on across Europe

involving e-scooters. The founders of the start-ups have ensured the energy used by the scooters

is ideal, as they have already conducted a field study on the data generated by such scooters

(Aurora et al., 2021, p.12). Many leaders in the energy industry of Sweden have taken several

initiatives including the introduction of e-scooters, which ensures an optimal solution to integrate

the entire public transport system within the country. The e-scooters are also considered as a

widely used sustainable mobility device. Various investigations have been conducted to measure

the energy efficacy of e-scooters within the country (Wang et al., 2021, p.100022). Multiple

algorithms were used in this research studies along with considering the influencing factors that

ensure such energy consumption. Apart from these various regression models were also being

used including the Monte Carlo simulation framework just to measure the energy consumption in

various scenarios.

The result of such an experiment shows that there is a 53% chance to save non-renewable

energy by the use of e-scooters in the streets of Sweden. It has also concluded that in future the

buses of the public transport system can be integrated with the e-scooters (Sokolowski, 2020,

p.59). This is going to increase the usage of e-scooters, which is a significant reduction in

comparison with the length of the buses in Sweden. “STILRIDE” which is a start up in Sweden

have already launched a new generation of sustainable scooter that tends to run on renewable

energy (Kersten et al., 2021, p.3301). The company has already raised $3.3 million for the
production of e-scooter and e-motorbikes using the “steel origami” technology. On the other

hand, Voi, which is also a start up in Sweden, have already started manufacturing e-scooters and

placing them on the streets of Stockholm and UK and every other major city in Europe.

2.3.2 Heating and cooling sector

Sweden being a part of Europe tends to play a vital role in the field of green transition.

The government of Sweden has already provided solutions that will help in implementing

sustainable energy in major industries of the country including the heating and cooling sector.

However, the heating and cooling market is considered a competitive market nowadays. Sweden

has shown a rapid growth trajectory in the particular industry. The government of Sweden has

also launched a program known as “Sustainable Heating & Cooling”. This particular

programme tends to ensure the growth and development of the heating and cooling industry in

Sweden (Werner, 2017, p.617). The programme will also ensure the high utilisation of district

heating in the building structures of Sweden. This will also help in sending a strong message to

the European definition of efficient district heating. The effective and efficient heating and

cooling industry in Sweden will be also considered as a strong national driving force, which will

ensure the reduction in fossil fuel prices.

The program launched by the Sweden government holds the potential for changing the

entire heating and cooling industry of the country by adopting sustainable energy. According to

the European Union, a smart city environment is considered a priority. The aim of the program is

to improve the domestic, commercial as well as the industrial environment so they are able to

provide a more effective and efficient heating and cooling. Sweden has the world’s largest share

of heat pumps, which are used for heating detached houses within the country (Ntakolia et al.,
2021, p.1). Apart from this, the cooling district cooling network is already established in major

parts of Sweden. However, it can be also concluded that the use of fossil fuels within the country

have almost been removed from the heating and cooling industry of Sweden.

2.3.3 Transportation sector

Sweden is considered to be in the second position of using renewable energy in the transport

industry. The Swedish government has already established the terms and conditions that will

completely transform the transport industry. Sweden aims to reduce the use of fossil fuels by

90% within the transport industry at the end of the year 2030 (Rutz et al., 2019, p.3293). The

country also aims to completely replace fossil fuels with carbon neutral systems in all available

modes of transport in the country by the end of the year 2050. The growth and development of

the economy of Sweden is apparently interlinked with the development of the European Union.

In this case, the EU is going to help the country to initiate a transition period by providing all

kinds of required resources to transform the Swedish transport industry (Ortega-Izquierdo,

Paredes-Salvador & Montoya-Rasero, 2019, p.175). According to the initiative taken by the

Swedish government, the country aims to use renewable energy in all end use including the

transport industry.

The transportation industry in Sweden has received an increase by the government

officials in the past few years. Several agreements have also been established nationally as well

as internationally. These agreements with the European Union tend to reduce the environmental

footprint of fossil fuels within the transportation industry and increase the use of sustainable

energy (Connolly, 2017, p.580). The European Union have already supported the initiative taken

by the Swedish government as it holds the potential for transformation of every major sector
within the country. More specifically, long-term targets have been established on behalf of the

European Union that tends to indicate the reduction in the use of fossil fuels by 90% at the end of

the year 2030. However, the transportation industry of Sweden would ensure use of sustainable

energy in maximum quality, which tends to make it eco-friendly.

Sweden is one of the countries in the European Union, which tends to use low carbon

intensity within the transportation industry along with ensuring an increase in the use of

renewable energy sources. In present days, the Swedish government is aiming to drastically

transform the transport industry by adopting strong and reliable sources of energy (Börjesson,

Hansson & Berndes, 2017, p.17). The Swedish transportation sector has also ensured the

establishment of a zero net GHG emissions by the end of the year 2030.

2.4 Current characteristics of electricity grid and opportunities for smart grid technologies

2.4.1 Current characteristics of electricity grid

The entire electricity grid of Sweden is based on an alternating grid. However, such

sources of electricity in the entire country have been considered as the dominant technology in

all of the available stages of electricity supply. 400kv power lines had been set up over the major

cities in Sweden including Stockholm to reinforce then tire grid system of the country (Overcool

et al., 2018, p.532). This has been operational since 2015. Such initiative is being taken by the

Swedish government as it ensures the fulfilment of every essential requirement that seems to be

cost effective as well as time efficient. Such electric grind present within the entire country is

also considered as operational, reliable and environmentally friendly. The environment seems to

adapt to the electric emissions generated by the electric grid present in major cities in Sweden.
The entire electric grid in Sweden is the backbone of the country, which is also considered a

reliable and secure establishment within the country.

Svenska Kraftnat is a nationalised electric grid established on behalf of the government.

This electric grid i9s responsible for generating the country's electric supplies. The network of

this particular electric grid extends up to 17000 km lines carrying 40Kv and 220 Kv in local

stations and foreign links respectively. This operation is entirely managed by the government of

Sweden. The job of the government commission to the authority is to manage, develop as well

as operate the entire system and ensure up gradation of the entire electrical system when

necessary (Hansson et al., 2017, p.11). They also aim to develop and generate cost effective

electricity within the country. The goal of the government is also to adapt the electricity

transmission system in such a way it establishes a sustainable nature within the economy.

However, Svenska Kraftnat is responsible for developing the entire electricity network of the

country and building new power lines throughout the country, which uses sustainable sources of

energy to generate electricity.

2.4.2 Opportunities for smart grid technologies

The Smart grid technologies based in Sweden possess an opportunity to keep the entire

economy filled with new innovative technical solutions that will tend to ensure the

transformation power using digital systems. By developing, the hydroelectric power system

Sweden has been able to ensure the development of the transmission grid and supply the entire

country with power (Borén et al., 2017, p.62). By doing so in the future there would be an

increase in flexibility and capacity in storage including the development of the smart grid sector

within the country. In order to initiate such a process there should be changes in production
process and usage. However, there is always a solution of using the electrical power supply top

energy in local centres using the advanced new mechanisms.

2.5 Economic feasibility of sustainable energy system

The governmental agencies in Sweden hold the potential to regulate all the industrial

processes and ensure a net zero energy building from 2030. However, the only way to reach this

goal is to install solar photovoltaic systems on the top of every building. In these way

commercial buildings in the country, such offices can get electricity on a daily basis. The process

of electricity generation will also be simplified by using a solar PV system (Gentry, 2019,

p.191). The use of equipment within the economy will ensure the increase in the use of

sustainable energy in every major sector of the country including the transport industry, heating

and cooling sector as well as the manufacturing industry.

2.7 Conclusion

In this study it can be concluded that Sweden is one-step ahead in the field of using energy that

the rest of the countries of Europe. The renewable energy used in the manufacturing sector as

well the transport industry will ensure an eco-friendly environment. Apart from the integration of

e-scooters with the buses in Sweden will be considered as an excellent mode of transport in the

coming years.
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