● State of being well and using every power the individual
possesses to the fullest extent (Nightingale, 1860/1969)
FNP-Lecture
Mrs. Milagros Maghinay
___________________________________________________________
I. The Study of Man
A. The Atomistic Approach
● Studies the structure of the cell and the component parts.
● It is the detailed study of man.
● Views man as an organism composed of different systems,
each system composed of organs and each organ made up of
tissue cells.
B. The Holistic Approach
● It provides a fundamental framework on which one can base
his perception or observation of the total behavior of man in
relation to society.
● Traces the patterns of man's
● relationship with other beings in the suprasystem of society.
● Views man as a whole organism with interrelated and
interdependent parts functioning to produce behavior
unacceptable to him or to society.
● Established the Visiting Nurse Service of Phoenix Arizona.
● For 21 yrs. she was a Professor and Head of the Division of
Nursing at New York University
C. Man as a Biological Being
● Man is a living organism who from birth is destined to die.
● Because the cells, organs, and systems are found within the
individual, they comprise the subordinate system of man;
while.
● The family, community and society consist of bigger units of
man called the superordinate system.
● The subordinate system of man is important in carrying out
daily activities which are vital to survival.
● The superordinate system provides man with the necessary
framework of relationships which links him to the family,
community and the society
D. Organismic Behavior
● First belief is that Man normally responds as a unified whole.
● Second belief is that Man as a whole is different from and
more than the sum of his component parts.
E. Man as a System
● Man is an open system.
● He is composed of subsystems which acts as unified whole;
therefore, what affects one subsystem affects the other
subsystem/s within the set.
F. Man as a Psycho-Social Being
● Man is "a unique irreplaceable individual, a one-time being
in
this world.
● Man, the psychosocial being is capable of rational, logical
● thinking most of the time but can become irrational and
illogical when provoke
II. Concepts of Health, Wellness and Well-being
A. Health
● The presence and absence of disease.
● A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,
●
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)
A dynamic state of being in which the developmental and
behavioral potential of an individual is realized to the fullest
extent possible. (ANA, 1980)
B. Wellness
A state of well-being.
C. Well-Being
Is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling < well...can
be described objectively, experienced, and measured...and
can be plotted on a continuum.
D. Dimension of Wellness
BIOLOGIC DIMENSION
● Genetic makeup, gender, age and developmental level all
significantly influence a person's health.
EMOTIONAL DIMENSION
● How the mind and body interact to affect body function and
to respond to body conditions also influences health.
● Long term stress affects the body systems and anxiety affects
health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can
actually change body response to illness.
INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION
● Encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background and
past experiences.
● These influence a client's responses to teaching about health
and reactions to health care during illness.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
● The environment has many influences on health and illness.
● Housing, sanitation, climate and pollution of air, food and
water are aspects of the environment.
SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION
● Health practices and beliefs are strongly influenced by a
person's economic level, like style, family and culture.
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
● Spiritual and religious beliefs and values are important
components of the ways the person behaves in health and
illness.
E. Health Illness Continuum
● Can be used to measure a person's perceived level of
wellness.
● Health and illness/disease can be viewed as the opposite ends
of a health continuum.
● From a high level of health a person's condition can move
through good health, normal health, poor health and
extremely poor health, eventually to death.
F. Illness
● It is a highly personal state in which the person's physical,
emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is thought to be diminished.
● Is highly subjective; only the individual person can say he or
she is ill.
G. Disease
● An alteration in the body functioning resulting in a reduction
of capabilities or a shortening of the normal life span.

H. Classification of illness
ACUTE ILLNESS
● Characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short
duration.
● The symptoms often appear abruptly and subside quickly
and, depending on the cause, may or may not require
interventions.
CHRONIC ILLNESS
● One that lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or
longer, and often for the person's life.
I. 5 Stages of Illness Behavior
Stage 1: Symptom Experiences
● Person comes to believe that something is wrong.
● The unwell person usually consults others about the
symptoms or feelings, validating that the symptoms are real.
Stage 2: Assumption of the sick Role
● The individual now accepts the sick role and seeks
confirmation from family and friends.
● Person may be excused from normal duties and role
expectations.
Stage 3: Medical care Contact
● When symptoms of illness persist, the person is motivated to
seek professional help.
● The person asks for:
•Validation of real illness
•Explanation of the symptoms
•Reassurance that they will be all right or prediction of what
the outcome will be.
Stage 4: Dependent Client Role
● After accepting the illness, the client becomes dependent on
the professional for help.
Stage 5: Recovery and Rehabilitation
● During this stage, the client is expected to relinquish
dependent roles and resume former roles and responsibilities.
III. Man
In the development of human beings, all three factors are
very important.
Man is incomplete if one of the above mentioned factors is
missing.
“Man as psychological, biological and social being.”
A. MAN as Biological Being…
● Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to
the (Latin: “wise man” or “knowing man").
● Humans have a highly developed brain capable of abstract
reasoning, language, and introspection.
● Brain is the central part of the human body.
● Hypothalamus controls different mechanisms like secretion
of hormones, motivation and moods and other activities
within the body.
● Biological factors include the inherited characters that help
in the development of human beings.
● Some characteristics are inherited in humans like aggression,
feelings, attitudes, behavior, emotions, height, color and so
on…
B. MAN as Psychological Being…
The human brain perceives the external world through the
senses, and each individual human is influenced  greatly by
his or her experiences, leading to a subjective views of
existence and the passage of time.
Humans are variously said to possess consciousness,
self-awareness and a mind, which correspond roughly to the
mental processes of thoughts.
C. MAN as Social Being…
Humans are social by nature; however, humans are
particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication for
self-expression, the exchange of ideas and organization.
Humans create complex social structures composed of
cooperating and competing groups, ranging in scale from
small families and partnerships to species-wide political,
scientific and economic unions.
Social Interactions between humans have also established
an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics,
values, social norms, and laws which form the basis of
human society.
Man co-operates with the social nexus and gives a certain
measure of his own efforts to fulfill the needs of others; in
return he benefits from the efforts of others in order to fulfill
his own.
CONCLUSIONS:
Human’s personality is basically the combination of all three
factors, all go PARALLEL to each other, any phenomena cannot
occur separately.
D. 7 Components of Wellness
Environmental
● The ability to promote health measures that improve the
standard of living and quality of life in the community.
● This includes influences such as food, water, and air.
Social
● The ability to interact successfully with people and within
the environment of which each person is a part.
● To develop and maintain intimacy with significant others,
and to develop respect and tolerance for those with different
opinions and beliefs.
Emotional
● The ability to manage stress and to express emotions
appropriately.
● Involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings
and to accept one’s limitations.
Physical
● The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g.,
pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain
adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs
and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice
positive lifestyle habits.
Spiritual
● The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a
higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide
meaning and purpose to life.
● It includes a person’s own morals, values, and ethics.
Intellectual
● The ability to learn and use information effectively for
personal, family, and career development.
● Intellectual wellness involves striving for continued growth
and learning to deal with new challenges effectively.
Occupational
● The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure
time.
● A person’s beliefs about education, employment, and home
influence personal satisfaction and relationships with others.
IV. Models of Health and Wellness
A. CLINICAL MODEL
● Health is the absence of disease or injury.
● Health is considered the state of not being sick.
● In this model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.
● When the signs and symptoms are no longer present, the
medical practitioner considers the individual’s health
restored.
B. ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
Health is defined in terms of an individual's ability to fulfill
societal roles, that is, to perform work.
With this model, people who can fulfill their roles are healthy
even if they appear clinically ill.
Sickness is the inability to perform one’s work.
C. ADAPTIVE MODEL
● Its focus is adaptation
● Health is a creative process; Disease is a failure in adaptation
or mal-adaptation.
 ● The aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the person to
adapt, to cope.
● In this model, extreme good health is flexible adaptation to
the environment and interaction with the environment to
maximum advantage.
● The focus of this model is stability.
● By Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing.
D. EUDEMONISTIC MODEL
● Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of
a person’s potential.
● Actualization is the apex of the fully developed personality,
described by Abraham Maslow.
● The highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete
development, which is actualization.
● Illness is a condition that prevents actualization.
E. EUDEMONISTIC MODEL
● Also called the ECOLOGIC model.
● The model is used primarily in predicting illness rather than
in promoting wellness.
● But identification of risk factors that result from the
interactions of agent, host and environment are helpful in
promoting and maintaining health.
● 3 dynamic interactive elements:
● AGENT: any environmental factors or stressor that by its
presence or absence can lead to illness or disease.
● HOST: Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring
a disease. Family history, age, lifestyle habits influence the
host’s reaction.
● ENVIRONMENT: all factors external to the host that may or
may not predispose the person to the development of disease.
F. HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUA
● Can be used to measure a person’s perceived level of
wellness.
● Health and illness/disease can be viewed as the opposite ends
of the health continuum.
● From a high level of health a person’s condition can move
through good health, normal health, poor health, and
extremely poor health.
DUNN’S HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS GRID
● Describes a health grid in which a health axis and an
environmental axis intersect.
● It demonstrates the interaction of the environment with the
illness-wellness continuum.
● The health axis extends from peak wellness to death, and the
environmental axis extends from favorable to very
unfavorable.
G. Variables Influencing Health Status, Beliefs, and
Practices
Biologic Dimension
● Genetic make up, sex, age, and developmental level all
significantly influence a person’s health.
Psychologic Dimension
● Psychologic (emotional) factors influencing health include
mind-body interactions and self-concept.
● Self-concept is how a person feels about self and perceives
the physical self, needs, roles and abilities.
Cognitive Dimension
● Cognitive intellectual factors influencing health include
lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs.
● Lifestyles refers to a person’s general way of living,
including living conditions and patterns of behavior.
● Spiritual and religious beliefs
H. External Variables
Environmental
● Geographical location determines climate, and climate
affects health.
● Another environmental hazard is radiation and greenhouse
effects.
● Pesticides and chemicals used to control weeds and plant
diseases are harmful to health.
Standards of Living
● It reflects occupation, income and education.
● It is related to health, morbidity and mortality.
● Hygiene, food habits, and tendency to seek health care
advice and follow health regimens vary among high-income
and low-income groups.
Family And Cultural Beliefs
● The family passes on patterns of daily living and lifestyles to
offspring.
● Cultural & social interactions also influence how a person
perceives, experiences and copes with health and illness.
Social Support Network
● Having a support network (family, friends or a confidant) and
job satisfaction help people avoid illness.
● Support people also help the person confirm that illness
exists
.
I. Health Care Delivery System
● Is the totality of services offered by all health disciplines.
● Major purpose: to provide care to people who were ill or
injured.
Types of Health Care Services:
Primary Prevention
● Consists of health promotion and illness prevention.
● WHO developed a project called Healthy People.
● The current US DOH and Human Services (2020) that
evolved the original work is called “Healthy People 2020”
and has four overcharging goals:
⮚ Increase quality and years of healthy life.
⮚ Achieve health equity and eliminate health
disparities.
⮚ Create healthy environments for everyone.
⮚ Promote health and quality life across the life span.
● Primary prevention programs address areas such as:
⮚ Adequate and proper nutrition.
⮚ Weight control and exercises.
⮚ Stress reduction
● Health promotion activities emphasize the important role
clients play in maintaining their own health and encourage
them to maintain the highest level of wellness they can
achieve.
● Illness prevention programs may be directed at the client
or the community and involves such practices as:
⮚ Providing immunizations,
⮚ Identifying risk factors for illnesses
⮚ Helping people take measures to prevent these
illnesses from occurring: smoking cessation.
⮚ Environmental programs: decrease air pollution.
Secondary Prevention
● Consists of diagnosis and treatment.
● Is the largest segment of health care services.
● Hospitals and physicians’ offices have been the major
agencies offering these services.
● Hospitals continue to focus significant resources on clients
who require emergency, intensive, and around-the-clock
acute care.
 ● There are freestanding diagnostic and treatment facilities
evolved and served: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
radiologic diagnostic procedures.
● Early detection of diseases through routine screening of
population, services include:
o Regular dental exams from childhood throughout
life.
o Bone densities studies of women at menopause to
evaluate early osteoporosis.
o Clinics to provide mammograms and education for
early detection of breast cancer
o Voluntary HIV testing and counseling.
o Screening for cholesterol and high blood pressure.
Tertiary Prevention
● Consists of rehabilitation, health restoration and palliative.
● The goal is to help people move to their previous level of
health or to the highest level they are capable of given their
current health status.
● Rehabilitative care emphasizes the importance of assisting
clients to function adequately in the physical, mental, social,
economic and vocational areas of their lives.
● Rehabilitation may begin in the hospital, but will eventually
lead clients back into the community for further treatment
and follow up.
● Included is the tertiary mental health prevention, an
outreach program that follows individuals with mental
disorders in the community.
● Palliative care - providing comfort and treatment for
symptoms, end-of-life care may be conducted in many
settings, including the HOME.
V. Nursing as a Profession
A. Profession
● An occupation that requires extensive education or a calling
that requires special knowledge, skills, and preparation.
B. Professionalism
Refers to the professional character, spirit or methods.
A set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility
and commitment.
C. Professionalization
● Is the process of becoming professional, that is, of acquiring
characteristics considered to be professional.
D. CRITERIA
A profession is distinguishing from other kinds of occupation
by:
A. Specialized Body Education
o Its requirement of prolonged, specialized training to acquire
a body of knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed.
⮚ A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical
services that are vital to human welfare, and especially suited
to the tradition of seasoned practitioners shaping the skills of
newcomers to the role.
⮚ It constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and
subsequently imposes on its members a lifelong obligation to
remain current in order to “do no harm”.
⮚ A profession functions autonomously (with authority) in the
formulation of professional policy and in monitoring its
practice and practitioners.
⮚ It utilizes its practice as a well-defined and well-organized
body of knowledge that is intellectual in nature and describes
its phenomenon and practitioners.
⮚ A profession has a clear standard of educational preparation
for entry into practice.
⮚ A profession is distinguished by the presence of specific
culture, norms and other values that are common among its
members.
E. NURSING
● From LATIN word “Nutrix” means TO NOURISH.
● According to Nightingale, F. “Nursing is the act of utilizing
the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery."
● According to Religious View
o Nursing is a calling or God’s work.
● According to AMERICAN NURSING ASSOCIATION
(ANA)
o Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of
human responses to actual or potential
health problems.
● According to International Council of Nurses (ICN)
o Nursing encompasses autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all
ages, families, groups and communities,
sick or well and in all settings.
o Nursing includes the promotion of health,
prevention of illness, and the care of ill,
disabled and dying.
● According to Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges
of Nursing (ADPCN)
o Nursing is a dynamic discipline.
o It is an art and a science of caring for individuals,
families, groups and communities geared toward
the promotion and restoration of health, prevention
of illness, alleviation of suffering and assisting the
client as he or she responds to health-illness
situations, utilizing the nursing process and guided
by ethico-legal moral principles.
NURSE - is a person who nourishes, fosters and protects. A person
prepared to take care of the sick, injured and aged
Too often we underestimate the power of touch, a smile, a kind word,
a listening ear, an honest accomplishment or a smallest act of caring,
all of which have potential to turn a life around.
● It is an art and a science.
o This means that a professional nurse learns to
deliver care artfully with compassion, caring and
respect for each client’s dignity and personhood.
o As a science, nursing is based upon a body of
knowledge that is always changing with new
discoveries and innovations.
F. Recipient of Nursing Care
A. CONSUMER
● An individual, a group of people, or community that uses a
service or commodity.
o *People who use health care products or services
are consumers of healthcare
.
B. PATIENT
● A person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment
or care.
C. CLIENT
● A person who engages the advice or services of another who
is qualified to provide this service.
G. Scope of Nursing
A. Promoting Health and Wellness
● Nurses promote wellness in clients who are both healthy and
ill.
● Involves individual and community activities to enhance
healthy lifestyle, such as improving nutrition and physical
fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, restricting
smoking, and preventing accidents and injury in home and
workplace.
B. Preventing Illness
C. Restoring Health
✔ Activities include:
o Teaching clients about recovery activities such as
exercises that will accelerate recovery after a
stroke.
o Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional
level following physical or mental illness, injury or
chemical addiction.
D. Care of the Dying
● Involves comforting and caring for people of all ages who
are dying.
● Includes helping clients live as comfortably as possible until
death and helping support cope with death.
H. Personal and Professional Qualities of a Nurse
Professional Preparation:
✔ License to practice nursing
✔ BSN degree
 ✔ Physically and Emotionally fit
Personal Qualities:
✔ Interest and willingness to work and learn with
individuals/groups in a variety of settings.
✔ Warm personality and concern for people.
✔ Resourceful and creative, emotionally well-balanced.
✔ Has the capacity and ability to work cooperatively with
others.
✔ Take action to improve self and service.
✔ Has competency in performing work through the use of the
nursing process.
✔ Skilled in decision-making, communicating and relating with
others; is research-oriented.
✔ Participates actively in issues confronting nurses and
nursing.
What is a nurse?
“To go above and beyond the call of duty. The first to work
and the last to leave. The heart and soul is caring.”
-Anonymous
VI. Periods of Nursing History
● Traditional female roles of wife, mother and sister have
always included the care and nurturing of family members.
● Women have cared for infants and children.
● Nursing could be said to have its roots in the "home"
I. Period of Intuitive Nursing
● Intuitive nursing was practiced since prehistoric times among
primitive tribes and through the early Christian era.
❖ Beliefs and practices of prehistoric man
✔ He was a NOMAD
✔ His philosophy was "the best for the most"
✔ Nursing was a function belonging to women.
❖ Nomad
✔ He believed that illness was caused by the invasion
of the victim's body and evil spirit through the use
of black magic or voodoo.
✔ He believed that the medicine man was called
"SHAMAN" or witch doctor who had the power to
heal by using white magic.
✔ Among others, the SHAMAN used hypnosis,
charms, dances, incantations, massages, fire, water
and herbs as a means of driving illness from the
victim.
✔ He also practices "TREPANNING" - drilling a
hole in the skull with a rock or stone without the
benefit of anesthesia as a last resort to drive evil
spirits from the body of The attacker.
❖ Nursing in the near East:
✔ Beliefs and practices:
o Man's mode of living changed from an
agrarian society to an urban community
life.
o Man developed a means of
communication and the beginnings of
scientific knowledge.
o Nursing remained the duty of slaves,
wives, and sisters or mothers.
✔ Beliefs and practices:
o Care of the sick is closely related to
religion, superstition and magic.
o The place saw the birth of three great
religious ideologies: Judaism, Christian
and Islam.
❖ Contributors of Medicine and Nursing
✔ BABYLONIA:
⮚ Code of Hammurabi
o Provided laws that covered every facet of
Babylonia life including magical practice
o The medical regulations established fees,
discouraged experimentation,recommended specific
doctors for each disease and gave each patient the
right to choose between the use of charms,
medications or surgical procedures to cure his
disease.
o No mention of nurses or nursing.
❖ Contributors of Medicine and Nursing
✔ EGYPT:
o Introduced the art of embalming that enhanced
human anatomy
o Recorded 250 recognized diseases
o NO mention of nurses, hospital personnel
o Slaves and patient's families nursed the sick
❖ Contributors of Medicine and Nursing
✔ ISRAEL:
o Moses was Recognized as "The Father of
Sanitation"
o He wrote the five books of the Old Testaments
which emphasized:
▪ The practice of hospitality to strangers
and acts of charity (book of Genesis)
❖ Nursing in the Far East
✔ CHINA:
▪ Strongly believed in spirits and demons
▪ Practiced ancestor worship which
prohibited the dissection of dead human
body
▪ Gave the world knowledge of material
medical (pharmacology) which prescribed
methods of treating wounds, and
infections Assumed that care of the sick
was done by female members of the
household
✔ INDIA:
▪ Men of medicines-built hospitals
▪ Practiced an intuitive form of asepsis
▪ Proficient in the practice of medicine and
surgery
⮚ SUSHRUTA
▪ made list of function and qualifications of
nurses.
▪ First time in record history, there were
reference to nurse's taking care of
patients.
❖ Nursing in Ancient Greece
o Nursing was the task of the untrained slave
o Greek introduced the CADUCEUS, the insignia of
the medical profession today
o HIPPOCRATES - is the FATHER of
SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE.
✔ Rome
▪ Transition from pagan to Christian
philosophy took place
▪ Attempted to maintain vigorous health
because illness was a sign of weakness ☐
Care of the ill was left to the slaves or
Greek physicians
▪ FABIOLA - beautiful Roman matron who
was converted to Christianity by her
friends MARCELLA and PAULA, the
WEALTHY MATRONS.
II. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
✔ This period extends from the founding of religious nursing
orders in the crusaders.
✔ Began in the 11th century and ended in 1963 when PASTOR
FLIEDNER and his wife established the KAISERSWERTH
INSTITUTE for the training of Deaconesses.
✔ It was called the period of "ON-THE-JOB" Training
✔ Nursing care was performed without any formal education
✔ Religious orders of the Christian Church were responsible
for the development of this kind of nursing.
❖ CRUSADERS
▪ Were holy wars waged in an attempt to recapture
the Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christ's
pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher.
▪ Military religious orders established hospitals
staffed with men.
❖ MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR
WORKS
o Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Knights of Hospitalers)
▪ Devoted to religious life and nursing
▪ Discipline was strict
 ▪ Established an organization of ranks and advocate
principles of complete and unquestioned devotion
to duty and traditional obedience to superiors
❖ MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR
WORKS
▪ Teutonic Knights (German)
- Established tent hospitals for the wounded
▪ Knights of St. Lazarus
- founded for the nursing care of lepers in
Jerusalem after the Christians had
conquered the city Also cared for people
with syphilis and chronic skin conditions.
❖ MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR
WORKS
o The Alexian Brothers
▪ Were members of monastic order founded in 1934
▪ Established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School
of Nursing, under the religious order
▪ Operated exclusively for men.
▪ School closed in 1969
▪ There was also the rise of Religious Nursing orders
for women
▪ Religious taboos and social restrictions influenced
nursing and the fine of the religious Nursing
Orders.
▪ Hospitals were poorly ventilated
▪ Practice of environmental sanitation and asepsis
were non-existent
▪ Older nuns prayed with and took care of the sick
▪ The younger nuns washed soiled linen.
❖ SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED IN THIS PERIOD
o Orders of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-present)
▪ Believed in devoting their lives to poverty and service to
the poor
▪ First Order - founded by St. Frances
▪ Second Order (Poor Clares) - founded y St. Claire of
Assisi
▪ Third Order (Tertiary Oder) - composed of members
who devoted their time to performance of acts and
mercy in their communities, most provided nursing care
in homes and hospitals.
❖ SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED IN THIS PERIOD
o The Beguines
▪ Composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to the
service of suffering communities
▪ Founded in 1770 by a priest, LAMBERT LE BEGUE
❖ IMPORTANT NURSING PERSONAGES DURING
THIS PERIOD
o St. Clare
▪ Founder of the second order of St. Francis
▪ Took vows of poverty, obedience, service and chastity, gave
nursing care to the sick and the afflicted.
❖ IMPORTANT NURSING PERSONAGES DURING
THIS PERIOD
o St. Elizabeth of Hungary - known as "PATRONESS OF
NURSES"
▪ Daughter of the Hungarian King
▪ Lived in frugality despite of wealth
▪ Use all her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy
and useful.
▪ Built hospitals for the sick and the needy
❖ DURING THIS PERIOD
o St. Catherine of Siena
▪ The "First Lady with a Lamp"
▪ Pledge her life to service at the age 7 and referred as
"The Little Saint"
▪ A hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher and reformer of
society and the church
▪ In the 16th century, hospitals were established for the
care of the sick.
▪ Hospitals were gloomy, cheerless and airless and even
unsanitary
▪ There was little employment and education was for the
rich and titled.
▪ ST. VICENTE DE PAUL saw the pervading poverty
and the generally poor conditions organized the group
called "LE CHARITTE"
III. THE DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
▪ This extends from the 17th to the 19th century from the
PERIOD OF REFORMATION until the US Civil War
▪ The religious upheaval led by MARTIN LUTHER
destroyed the unity with the Christian faith.
▪ The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected
with Roman Catholicism
▪ Properties of hospitals and school were confiscated
▪ Nurses fled for their lives and hundreds of hospitals were
closed.
▪ NO provision of the sick, no one to take care of the
▪ Nursing become the work of the east desirable women
❖ SEVERAL LEADERS SOUGHT TO BRING ABOUT
REFORMS
o John Howard
▪ A prison reformer, helped improved the living
conditions in prisons and gave prisoners renewed
hope
o Mother Mary Aikenhand
▪ Established the Irish Sister of charity to bring back
into nursing the dedication of the early Christian
era
❖ SEVERAL LEADERS SOUGHT TO BRING ABOUT
REFORMS
o Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster
Fliedner
▪ Established the institute for the Training of
Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth, Germany, the first
organized training school for nurses.
❖ NURSING AMERICA
▪ people began to settle in the North America
continent to seek adventure, new conquests and
new trade routes.
o Mdme. JEANNE MANCE
▪ First laywoman who worked as a nurse in North
America
▪ Founded the Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin
❖ NURSING AMERICA
▪ PRE-CIVIL WAR NURSING - in the USA and Canada,
both Catholic and Protestant carried out nursing.
▪ Many others help found and staff hospitals
▪ MRS. ELIZABETH SETON - founded the sisters of
charity at Emmitsberg, Maryland
▪ American Reform in Nursing:
✔ The NURSE SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA
✔ Women's Hospital
❖ NURSING DURING THE CIVIL WAR
▪ The American Medical Association during the Civil War
created the Committee on Training of Nurses
▪ Some important personages at this time were:
✔ DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX
▪ Appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses for
the US government.
▪ Directed the nursing of the injured
✔ CLARA BARTON
▪ Founded the American Red Cross
IV. THE DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
▪ This period began on June 15, 1860 when
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL OF
NURSING opened at St. Thomas Hospital in
London (Facts about F. Nightingale)
▪ Development of nursing during this period was
strongly influenced by trends resulting from wars,
social consciousness and increased educational
opportunities offered to Women.
A. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
❖ Recognized as the "MOTHER OF MODERN NURSING"
▪ Also known as the "Lady with the Lamp"
▪ Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
▪ Raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and
affluence; learned languages, literature,
mathematics and social graces.
 ▪ Her Education was rounded out by a continental
tour.
▪ Not content with social custom imposed upon her
as a Victorian lady.
▪ She developed her self-appointed goal: "To change
the profile of nursing."
▪ She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and her
observations of the sanitary facilities, social
problems of the places she visited.
▪ Noted the need for preventive medicine and good
nursing.
▪ Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases
caused by lack of hygienic practices.
▪ At the age of 31, she overcame her family's
resistance to her ambitions. She entered the
Deaconess School at Kaiserworth, Germany
▪ Worked as a superintendent for the Gentlewomen
during illness
▪ Disapproved of the restrictions on admission of
patients and considered this unchristian and
incompatible with healthcare.
▪ Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing
an honorable profession for gentlewomen.
▪ Lead the nurses that took her ideas in two published
books
✔ Notes on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals
- The development of nursing during this period was
strongly influenced by:
✔ LINDA RICHARDS
- First graduate nurse in the US, graduated on Sept.
1, 1873
✔ DR. WILLIAM HALSTED
- Designed the first rubber gloves
✔ CAROLINE HAMPTON ROBB
- The first to wear rubber gloves while working as an
operating room nurse.
✔ American Nurses Association
- The development of nursing during this period was
strongly influenced by:
⮚ American Nurses Association and the
⮚ National League for Nursing Education
✔ ISABEL HAMPTON ROBB
- First Principal of the John Hopkins Hospital School
of Nursing
- The most influential in directing the development
of nursing during this period
The development of nursing during this period was strongly
influenced by:
✔ CLARA LOUISE MAAS
- Engaged in medical research on yellow fever
during the Spanish American War
✔ Development of Private Duty Nursing, Settlement House
Nursing & Maternal Health Nursing
The development of nursing during this period was strongly
influenced by:
✔ Age of Specialization
- Began in the first decade in the 20th century
✔ Preparation of Standard Curriculum based on
educational objectives for schools of nursing
- Designed the first rubber gloves
✔ EDITH CAVELL
- KNOWN AS "Mata Hari" served the wounded
soldiers during WW1
✔ American Nurse's Association and the
✔ National League for Nursing Education
V. PERIOD OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING
Covers the period after WWII to the present scientific and
technological developments as well as social changes mark
this period.
❖ EVENTS and TRENDS
▪ Establishment of the World Health Organization by
the United Nations
✔ to assist in fighting the diseases by providing health
information and improving nutrition, living
standards and environmental conditions.
▪ Use of Atomic energy
✔ for medical diagnosis and treatment
▪ Utilization of computers
✔ For collecting data, teaching, establishing
diagnosis, maintaining inventory, making payrolls,
record keeping and billing.
▪ Use of sophisticated equipment
✔ for diagnosis therapy.
▪ The advent of space medicine
✔ Also brought about the development of aerospace
nursing Colonel Pearl Ticker developed a
comprehensive 1-year course to prepare nurses for
aerospace singing at Cape Kennedy.
▪ "Health is perceived as a fundamental human right.
✔ Laws were legislated to provide such right
▪ Nursing involvement in community health
▪ Technological advances
✔ Such as the development of disposable supplies and
equipment have relieved the nurse from numerous
tedious tasks.
▪ Development of expanded role of the nurse
✔ The nurse is constantly assuming responsibilities in
patient care which were formerly the sole
prerogative of the physician.
Early Beliefs and Practices
▪ Diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with
mysticism and superstitions.
✔ Beliefs about causations of disease:
✔ Another person (an enemy or a witch)
✔ Evil spirits
▪ Diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with
mysticism and superstitions.
✔ Beliefs that evil spirits could be driven away by
persons with powers to expel demons
✔ Beliefs in special gods of healing, with the
priest-physician (called "word doctors") as
intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were
called herb doctors ("herbolarios")
Early Care of the Sick
▪ The early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and
practices in relation to health and sickness.
▪ Herbmen were called "herbicheros" meaning one who
practiced witchcraft.
▪ Persons suffering from diseases (called "pamao") were
attributed to "nono".
▪ Midwives assisted in childbirth.
▪ During labor the "mabuting hilot" (good midwife) was called
in.
▪ If the birth became difficult, witches were supposed to be the
cause. To disperse their influence gunpowder was exploded
from bamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer.
Health Care During the Spanish Regime
▪ The religious order exerted their efforts to care for the sick
by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines.
▪ The earliest hospitals were.
1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577)
2.San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
3. Hospital de Indios (1586)
4. Hospital de Aguas Santas