BIOCHEMISTRY  

Instructor: LE HONG PHU  

Date of submission: November 16, 2022 

HOMEWORK 8  

Student's Information: 
Name  ID Student 

Mai Lê Chí Bảo  BTBTWE21068

Biochemistry is a subject that is not only extremely interesting but also very important because
its knowledge can not only be read in books but can also be applied to our daily lives in general
and our bodies in particular. There are so many different reactions and processes going on in
our body every second, every hour and every day. And among them glycolysis is one of the
processes I learned in Biochemistry class last Wednesday. So what is Glycolysis? The answer í
that Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as
glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for
oxygen throughout the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and
anaerobic creatures experience it. The first stage of cellular respiration, which takes place in all
organisms, is called glycolysis. The Krebs cycle comes after glycolysis during aerobic
respiration. Small amounts of ATP are produced by the cells in the absence of oxygen as
fermentation follows glycolysis. Next, we will move to the pathway of glycolysis. The glycolysis
pathway occurs in the following stages:

Stage 1:

- Hexokinase, an enzyme, adds a phosphate group to glucose in the cytoplasm of the cell.
- This involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to glucose to create glucose,6-
phosphate.

Stage 2:
The enzyme phosphoglucomutase isomerizes glucose-6-phosphate into fructose,6-phosphate..

Stage 3:
The other ATP molecule uses the enzyme phosphofructokinase to transform fructose 6-
phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by adding a phosphate group to it.
Stage 4:

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is transformed by the enzyme aldolase into the isomers

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Stage 5:
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is transformed into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triose-
phosphate isomerase, which serves as the substrate for the following stage of glycolysis.

Stage 6:
This step undergoes two reactions:

• The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme converts nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide to NADH + H+ by transferring one hydrogen molecule from glyceraldehyde
phosphate.

• To create 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase adds a

phosphate to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate.

Stage 7:

With the aid of phosphoglycerokinase, phosphate is transferred from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to

ADP to create ATP. At the conclusion of this reaction, two molecules each of phosphoglycerate
and ATP are produced.

Stage 8:

The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase moves the phosphate of both phosphoglycerate molecules

from the third to the second carbon to produce two molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate.

Stage 9:

To create phosphoenolpyruvate, the enzyme enolase takes a water molecule out of 2-

phosphoglycerate.

Stage 10:

Pyruvate kinase transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to produce pyruvate

and ATP. The final products are two molecules of pyruvate and ATP.

Hence, we can conclude about the key Points of Glycolysis

• It is the procedure by which a glucose molecule is split into two pyruvate molecules.
• Animal and plant cells' cytoplasms are where the process occurs.
• The process involves six enzymes.
• The reaction produces two molecules of pyruvate, two of ATP, and two of NADH.