A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A PORTABLE SELF-SUSTAINING GARDEN

1
Gimel Gabriel A. Tenorio
2
Ar. Divina L. Rillera
School of Engineering and Architecture
University of Baguio

INTRODUCTION

Gardens have been a part of civilization since the time of creation, it was
important to have gardens in cultivation for the provision of food, according to Campbell
(2016), gardens were already being built in ancient Egypt not just because of its
cultivation value as a source of food but also because of its aesthetics, without knowing
the effects gardens could provide. They would incorporate plants on palace walls,
gardens were used for recreation, when hosting parties or any type of gatherings. But, as
technologies improve, population grew, and cities were developed. The demand of space
needed by human consumption has overwhelmed nature and its resources.

Urban development is expanding at a very fast rate all over the world and as it
grows, cities also expand, a study from Seto et al. (2012) shows that urban population
will increase by almost 45% in the year 2050 and that a total global urban area would
occupy at least 1.5 million square kilometers of natural land by the year 2030. According
to Brown and Corry (2020), urban development replaces natural environments with built
environments, resulting in limited access to outdoor environments that are critical to
human health and well-being. They also said that urban development replaces natural
environments and land covers with hard, dry surfaces, and the few natural elements that
remain must be well-designed so that they can provide attractive opportunities for people
to spend time outdoors and be self-sustaining. Zhu (2013) said that the changes in
environmental quality and the health of urban ecosystems are largely driven and
determined by concentrated human consumption of energy and natural resources. The
rapid growth of population in an urban area would clamor to the necessary needs of the
1
people, and in turn, causes strain to the natural resources and generate land, air, and water
pollution. Such will result in forcing nature to give in to the demands of a person's
essential needs. To lessen the negative environmental impacts and answer to the demands
of food, urban planners tried to incorporate urban gardens into homes. Sustainable
strategies are pivotal to guarantee this urban development-- urban agriculture, in
particular, may lead to the planning and management of a sustainable urban food supply,
thus “bringing positive impacts to local economics, environment, social equity and
culture preservation” (Fusté-Forné & Fusté-Forné, 2021).

The conversion of natural lands surfaces to urban uses is one of the most
irreversible acts of men to the environment, the loss of highly productive lands, alters the
climate, and even reduces biodiversity (Seto et al., 2017). To reduce the negative
environmental impacts of urbanization architects, urban planners, and agricultural
engineers tried to incorporate green spaces into buildings. Galhena et al. (2013) said that
the greatest environmental benefit for a garden are sustaining a bit of nature and restoring
ecology providing habitats for animals and other beneficial organisms, it could reduce
also soil erosion and enhance pollination. According to DeMuro (2013) gardens could
help reduce the negative impacts of the environment, it could reduce water runoff
surfaces in urban areas, promote sustainable agriculture, and could even improve air and
soil quality.

The negative environmental impacts of urbanization have also affected the

barangay of city camp proper. Gonzalez (2016) said that the decrease of green spaces in
the city of Baguio is a negative consequence of urban sprawl, he said that it becomes
difficult to recognize and assess the different space covered by urban green areas and
even forest-reserve within the city and the different variations in the land-use categories
used in the comprehensive land-use plan (CLUP) made it hard for urban green spaces to
be identified. Such rapid increase of population growth has also affected the community
of City Camp. The decrease in open space, congested buildings, and land pollution made
it difficult to build gardens or any green space in residential buildings.

In May of 2020, the local government unit (LGU) distributed over 20,000 various
vegetable seedlings to some of the barangays in Baguio, the City Veterinary and

2
Agriculture Office (CVAO) urged different barangays to build survival gardens so that
residents could sustain their supply of food, but since most barangay’s open lands are
paved with concrete or polluted with urban activities, the vegetable seeds were only
provided to people who could plant within the premises of their homes with yards or
people who could provide containers (plastic, metal, concrete, etc..) for planting, but the
containers provided by the residents has only room for a single seedling which could not
sustain enough supply of food needed for consumption, they would have collected more
containers just to accommodate enough plants to sustain their daily food needs but in
turn, would occupy space within their homes. This particular literature review aims to
reveal the potential value of a portable garden by looking into the advantages of
portability and identifying the social and natural environmental impacts of gardens in
urban areas.

Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored in portability which falls under the proposed design.
Portability can be describe as something that is easy to carry and moved, containers and
pots were already considered as a portable product used for plants or small gardens, but
according to Agase and Lundholm (2021) container gardens as a component of green
infrastructure seem to be unappreciated because individual containers are too small to be
recognized as a component of green infrastructure. Although portability is continuously
utilized to increase human experience a study on the systemic methods for portability in
products is not available and despite of the daily use of portable products and their
apparent benefits, the research conducted for its portable design is too little.

Figure 1 A study of Hwang and Park (2015) provided a set of heuristics for
portable products showing a three-step procedure : Searching for existing for patented
portable product inventions, clustering existing patented products into group to identify
relevant themes, and deriving portability design heuristics from the themes identified.

3
 Searching for existing
portable products and
patents describing portable
inventions

Clustering existing products

and patents into groups to
identify relevant themes

Deriving portability design

heuristics from the themes
identified

Figure 1. Three-step procedure in portable design

heuristics
In Hwang and Park’s published article, the three-step procedures are based on the
different approach to develop portable design heuristics. The first process: Searching for
existing portable inventions is to search for patented portable products could be used as a
source of data to this study and it means that the patented product is usable or workable,
according to the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) for inventions
to be patentable, it should meet the three criteria: it must be new, involves an inventive
step and is industrially applicable. This means that patented products adds credibility as a
basis to the conceptual design for portability. On the second step, the patented products
will be grouped to identify the similarities on the different types of portable heuristics
used in existing products. And on the thirds step, the organized heuristic design identified
in the existing products would help the research identify what is the possible portable
heuristic design that could be of use in the study.

Since, Hwang and Park’s article focused on the different portable heuristic design
by searching patented portable products, grouping existing patented portable products in
its similar design, and derive what type of portable heuristic is used, the study conducted
adapted this article as it is the most relevant to the research and the identified portable
heuristic design became an insight to assist in looking for solutions in portability.

4
Significance of the Study

A garden provides the opportunity to make a positive environmental impact. It

produces intangible benefits to people, such as health and well-being. It also decorates
our homes both inside and out, and it helps provide our production of food. The
Community of City Camp Proper are having difficulties to build their garden since most
topsoil’s are covered with concrete and if there are plot of lands available, most soils are
contaminated due to urban activities and it becomes unsuitable for plants to grow. The
community has a high number of boarding houses and even if they desire to have their
gardens and they decide to move out, they could not bring the garden with them. The
fundamental reason for this proposal is to create design of a portable garden that could be
used by residents in both indoor and outdoor spaces. A garden that would not need a plot
of land, could be moved indoors during strong winds and rain, and easy to carry when the
owner decides to move out.

Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study is to assess the importance of a portable garden, and to
draft a form of a movable, transportable and detachable garden. Specifically, the research
aims:

1. To identify the advantages and disadvantages of a portable garden.

2. To determine the effects of a portable garden to the community.

3. To design a workable and easy to manage portable garden.

METHODOLOGY

Study design

The research utilized a quantitative descriptive research method in conducting this

study in the interpretation and presentation of data. The study involves presenting,
analyzing, and interpreting data derived from the observation guide. The research study
will be guided by related literature such as journals, books, case studies, laws, and
guidelines as a secondary source of data to develop solutions for a portable self-

5
sustaining garden. Qualitative research is applied in gathering specific data about the
proposed project, the chosen method is most suitable for analysis to understand the
proper approach in designing a portable garden.

Context and Locale of the Study

The site of the study is located in Barangay City Camp Proper, Baguio City,
Benguet, The particular sites is a flood prone area as shown in figure 2, the three level of
flood hazard shown are categorized in colors: low level flood hazard is categorized as
yellow, the yellow level flood hazard indicates that water level reached a height of 0.1
meters to 0.5 meters, the medium flood hazard level is labelled with the color orange and
water levels reached a height of 0.5 meters to 1.5 meters, the high level flood hazard is
labelled with the color red, indicating that water levels could reach 1.5 meters and above.
(DOST-UP DREAM and Phil-LiDAR Program, 2017).

Figure 2. Flood Hazard Map

Data Gathering Tools

The study utilized the observation guide as the primary gathering tool, the data
collected includes architectural site analysis for on-site observation and ocular inspection.

6
The study included literature review of online books, articles or journals and government
websites.

Data Gathering Procedures

For the first objective, the advantages and disadvantage of a portable self-
sustaining garden will be based on the gathered data from books, research, articles, and
journals. Identifying the advantages and disadvantages are important to examine its
usefulness. An observation guide was used in the second objective as its primary data
gathering tool and enforced with related literature to identify the effects of the study
conducted. For the third objective, to come up with a workable design of a portable
garden, Hwang and Park’s article on their three-step procedure was used as a basis to
develop a feasible portable heuristic design. Architectural Programming such as site
analysis is included in the architectural solution's formulation to determine the proper
form or physical conceptual design of the portable self-sustaining garden. The different
data gathered from the previous objectives are also utilized to influence the conceptual
design of the study conducted. Literature reviews and heuristic concepts are analyzed to
further prove that the conceptual design is plausible.

Treatment of Data

All data and information gathered were treated, analyzed, interpreted, and
organized to any of the relevant function of the study. Data collected on the design
solutions of portability were integrated into the proposal. Data gathered on the first
objective to identify the advantages and disadvantages were thoroughly analyzed and
compared to different literature. All the data for the second objective were collected using
the observation guide to have a proper understanding on the current condition of the
community. For the third objective, data gathered from the previous objectives were
incorporated to be a part of the study’s possible solution. Data collected from Hwang and
Park’s article is the primary data used to the development of the design solution of the
study.

Ethical Considerations

7
 All data gathered and selected were used only for the study's academic purposes
and would be kept confidential. The research did not have any form of conflict or
misrepresentation. All data and information sources in this reserach were cited
accordingly and were only used to gather, present, analyze, and interpret the sole purpose
of the study. All pieces of information are objective, with statements from identified
related literature.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Portable Garden

Identifying the pros and cons of a portable garden could provide an insight to the
community in order to know if a portable garden is even worth the time and effort. Most
often, gardens are seen in a positive light and it seems that there are only few flaws or
faults in having a garden to an urban area. According to Basdogan and Cig (2016), there
are certain benefits of a garden and they divided it into three categories: Social,
Ecological and Environmental, and Economic impacts. Table 1 shows the advantages and
disadvantages of a portable garden using these three categories.

Table 1
Advantages and Disadvantages of a portable garden (see Figure 3)
Category Description Advantages Disadvantages
Social Impacts It presents the In psychological Takes up too much
relationship between impacts, human-plant space in an congested
the human behavior and relationship reduces urban area
activities. Social stress, fear, anger,
impacts include blood pressure and
Psychological, blood tension.
Aesthetic, and Health In Aesthetic impacts,
impacts urban gardening can
improve the
attractiveness of urban
areas.
In health impacts, it
reduces Volatile
Organic Compunds

8
 (VOC) and Sick
Building Syndrome
(SBS).
Portability is makes it
easier to work on
Ecological and It refers to the natural Reduces heat island Bioaccumulation of
Environmental Impacts events on living effect. toxic elements in
organisms and the improve air quality vegetables that could
surrounding increase biodiversity. cause serious health risk
environment. Improve soil quality in
urban areas.
Economic Impacts Profitability of a garden It could increase the Could reduce available
value of the building open space on a
and provide congested interior space
accessibility to fresh or exterior lot.
cheap food. High cost maintenance
Portability The ability of a product People renting homes in
to be transformed, urban areas could easily
carried or moved. bring their gardens with
them when they decide
to transfer or move to
other rentable homes.

Source: Brown, R. & Corry, R. (2020). Evidence-Based Landscape Architecture for Human Health and Well-
Being,Sustainability, 12(4), https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041360

Gardens could provide different benefits in urban areas, according to Korkolova et

al. (2018), urban gardening can be considered as an important tool in supporting social
sustainability as it implies features that promote health, well-being, and social integration.
A study of Chalmin-pui et al. (2021a) showed a significant improvement of wellness of a
person gardening daily, they said that out of 5418 respondents, most people gardened for
pleasure and enjoyement and that people who gardened frequently had a positive effect
on their well-being. Another study was conducted by Chalmin-pui et al. (2021b) on the
health impacts of a garden for residents living in high-density housing by testing their
cortisol level and in the span of two years the test showed a significant improvement in
the resident’s cortisol pattern. Studies show that having too much cortisol could result to

9
supressed immune system of the body, insomnia, depression, and even severe mood
swings. Not having enough cortisol could also result in muscles becoming unresponsive
to proteins and this decreased and unresponsiveness could lead to hypotension.

Gardens are also a big contributor to the improvement to the surrounding

environment and ecology, the conversion of natural open lands to urban uses is one of the
most irreversible acts of men to the environment, and the losses of highly productive land
altered the climate that even reduce biodiversity (Seto et al., 2017).But, architects, urban
planners and agricultural engineers tried to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization to
the environment by incorporating green spaces or gardens into buildings that resulted to a
minor improvement to the environment. Galhena et al. (2013) said that the greatest
environmental benefit for a garden in urban areas is the restoration of ecology for animals
and other beneficial organisms, sustaining biodiversity in an urban setting. Agase and
Lundholm (2021) said that gardens can contribute to the improvement of air quality: they
said that urban vegetation is known to trap airborne particles to its leaves by absorbing
contaminants such as nitrogen oxide. A study from Tresch et al. (2018) in urban gardens
showed an improvement of soil quality and they found that gardens indicated a higher
structural soil quality from biological measure, it showed that earthworm densities and
species richness have strongly increased. Having gardens in homes or buildings as a part
of its aesthetic could also increase its value, A study of Basdogan and Cig (2016) that
gardens could increase the value of the building due to their aesthetic and functional
properties

Although gardens have a lot of benefits or advantages there are also disadvantages
that need to be considered, according to Ferreira et al. (2018), pollution in urban areas
could contain a high bioaccumulation in vegetables causing a serious health risk to the
consumers. Plants ability to absorb pollutants could accumulate at a high concentration
that would risk the health of an individual.

Effects of Portable Garden to the Community

A study is needed to assess the condition of the community, identifying its current
conditions could give as a clear understanding on what could be the possible effects of

10
the portable garden. Table 2 shows the current conditions of the community using an
observation guide. The community has a large population of different local ethnic groups,
this means that there is also a big difference in culture. It only became possible since the
buildings within the area are mostly boarding houses that are three to four storey’s high.
City Camp Proper has an area of 0.04975 km2 and in an census conducted on the year
2020 it was recorded to have a population of 1,678 (National Statistics Office of the
Philippines & National Statistical Coordination Board).

Table 2
Observation Guide
Note: All observation are supplemented by documentary photographs

Excellent Condition
Moderate Condition
Severe Condition

Good Condition

Classification Remarks

Location

The existing building built in

Existing Buildings the location are atleast 60
years old or even more.

Pathways used are mostly

paved and wide enough to
Pathways accommodate two person
walkways but the arrangement
of pathways is confusing.

Atleast 30 meters away from

Access
public road.

Neighborhood Context
Existing Buildings uses Most buildings are for

11
 residential and rentable, out of
10 residential buildings there
are 7 boarding houses.
Conditions of buildings Most buildings are dilapidated.
Exterior Spaces Spaces are too small.
Most buildings are made out
Architectural Features of old panel wood and g.i. flat
sheet.
Most observed surface area in
Surfaces
the community are paved.
Human-made Features
Walls Walls are bare.
Setbacks are less than the
Setbacks minimum size provided by the
building code.
Most areas are paved, there are
Landscaping
no green areas.
No particular local
Surrounding Vernacular
architectural style
Location is located near a
Drainage
large drainage system.
Natural Features
There are atleast 2 small trees
Trees
seen in the area
The area is mostly filled with
Rocks
large rocks.
The natural arrangement of
Topography slope is a rise and fall of land
surface.
Sensory
Visual The area looks blighted.

12
 Area is 30 meters away from
Audible
public road.
The area is mostly cold since
Tactile Sensory the area is surrounded by large
buildings blocking sun light.
Weather Conditions
Climate conditions Cool, warm and temperate.
Sun path rays have a hard time
to penetrate since most of the
Sun path angles
areas are surrounded by large
buildings
The area is a high flood risk
Flood risk area
area
Human and Cultural
There is a high local diversity
Culture of people living in the
community.
Because of the high local
diversity there is a big cultural
Behavioral
conflict within the community,
the area is also.
Social interactions are rarely
Sociological Aspects seen unless they are of the
same local ethnic group.

Portable Garden could boost the community’s overall aesthetics, incorporating a

garden on buildings could influence the overall look of the barangay since a portable
garden could be moved, carried and transformed it can be placed anywhere with an open
space within the area, it could also give a positive effect to psychological conditions of
the community. Brown and Corry (2020) stated that landscape architects found scholarly

13
evidence that people wanted something that is more homelike, a garden-like view and
feel, rather than institutional spaces or concrete spaces. Matthies and Brieger (2016)
tested two corresponding studies about urban gardening for its aesthetics and value to the
public living within an urban area, they concluded that urban gardening can improve the
attractiveness of urban areas and that residents were more interested in the cultivation of
the vegetables than flowers, because of the advantageous value that vegetable could
provide. This means that gardens could help improve the social aspects of the community
using gardens as a social tool to attract people to participate, interact, and improve
relations in the community.

Portable Garden could also help improve the environmental condition of the
barangay, as identified in the observation guide the area is mostly paved this could result
to a warmer climate due to reflected heat from impervious surface and this phenomenon
is called Urban Heat Island Effect. Placing portable gardens could help reduce such
effects since plants could absorb direct heat from the sun and at the same time, when
plants absorbed sun light it produce oxygen that could improve the quality of air
(Basdogan and Cig, 2016).

Too have a better visual on the effects of a portable garden to the community, A
before and after photos are provided (see Figure 5) to compare if there were
improvements to the area.

Design solution of a Self-Sustaining Portable Garden

Creating a workable concept or a design of a portable garden is this study’s goal.

Data’s from the first two objectives would be considered and included as a part of the
design solution of this study. Portability is commonly identified with devices or gadgets,
but in this case we try to incorporate it with gardens. Hwang and Park (2015) proposed a
three-step procedure (see Figure 1) to identify the different approach employed to
develop portability. The data collected were then analyzed and the identified products
were then group according to their similarities, after grouping the products they then
examined the common underlying theme and heuristics. And with this they found a total

14
of 27 heuristics and 8 meta-heuristics for designing portable products. They are found in
table 3.

Table 3
Meta-heuristics and heuristics for portable product design

Source: Hwang, D. & Park, W. (2015). DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABILITY DESIGN HEURISTIC. In: Proceedings
of the 2th international conference on engineering design (ICED15), Milan, Italy,
15
 In definition, a portable product must be moved from one place to another without
causing excessive fatigue and resistant to damages during its use and transportation
(Hwang and Park, 2016). In the case for gardens, putting plants in containers or pots were
already identified as a definition for portable garden, but the sizes of container used are
often too small and are only made for a single seed of plants.

Self-sustaining garden

A self-sustaining garden have been a practice since the old times, a garden
becomes self-sustaining by using proper composting, fertilizers used, proper care and
maintenance. Surprisingly, in our developed and technologically advanced age there are
no comprehensive studies on the production of self-provisioning gardens (Codyre et al.,
2015), most studies conducted are the effects that an urban garden could provide to
communities and residences. This would only mean that the old practice done is still
being used in a self-sustaining garden, composting is a natural process of recycling
organic matters into a fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants, the process of composting
could help in the management of food waste in the community. Processed fertilizers are
also used for the enrichment of plants for a self-sustaining garden the amount needed to
use a fertilizer varies to the size of the pot or container being used but it is not
recommended for residential use because of the pungent smell it produce that might
displease surrounding neighbours, proper care and maintenance would refer to the use of
worms and other organisms that could help plant grow, Baguio City has an abundant
source of rain water with an average of at least 12 rainy days a month, the city also has a
high humidity percentage that reached at least 90% of humidity level at August 2020, that
could help sustain the growth of the garden.

Design Concept

The data collected from the previous objective were also used to influence the
form of the portable garden and for the design to adopt to the current conditions of the
community. The data provided from the article of Hwang and Park in identifying the
different portable heuristics design were also used as basis of the conceptual design of a
portable garden. The data in table 3 provided a proper understanding on how product

16
portability is utilized, and all are put into consideration to create a proper form of the
conceptual design of a portable garden. Particularly, The size of container use that could
supplement a good amount of vegetable, but considering also the spaces within the
community, for it not to be too large or big that would add to the congestion of space. Is
the portable garden easily moved or transported. It is also possible to gather water in thin
air, Moses West invented an Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) in 2015, harvesting
water vapor in thin air that could be incorporated in the garden. In consideration to this
the gardens self-sustaining feature an Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) is also added
to the conceptual design of a portable garden, an illustration of the concept is provided in
figure 4 and 5.

CONCLUSION

The Study’s main objective of is to design a portable garden that could have a
positive impact not just to the environment but to the people living within the
community. There are three specific objectives presented in the study:

The first objective is to identify the advantages and disadvantages that a portable
garden could provide, using different literatures in identifying the advantages that could
determine if having such a design worth it. It is determined that the advantages of a
portable garden outweighs the disadvantage it provides, not only does it have a positive
impact to the environment and ecology it also adds the aesthetic value of the community.

RECOMMENDATION

17
18
REFERENCES

Basdogan, G. & Cig, A. (2016). Ecological-Social-Economical Impacts of Vertical

Gardens in the City Model Sustainable

Brown, R. & Corry, R. (2020). Evidence-Based Landscape Architecture for Human

Health and Well-Being,
Sustainability, 12(4), https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041360

Campbell, G. (2016). A short History of Gardens: A Short History

Chalmin-Puia, L., Roeb, J., Griffiths, A., Smyth, N., Heatone, T., Claydena, A. &
Camerona, R. (2021a). “It made me feel brighter in myself”- The health and
well-being impacts of a residential front garden horticultural intervention, 205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103958.

Chalmin-Puia, L., Roeb, J., Griffiths, A., Smyth, N., Heatone, T., Claydena, A. &
Camerona, R. (2021b). Why garden? – Attitudes and the perceived health
benefits of home gardening, 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103118.

DeMuro, D. (2013). The Many Benefits of Community Gardens

Fusté-Forné, F. & Fusté Forné, M. (2021). Urban Gardens as Sustainable Attractions for
Children in Family Tourism, Resources 2021, 10(11), 111:
https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10110111

Galhena, D., Freed, R. & Maredia, K. (2013). Home gardens: a promising approach to
enhance household food security and wellbeing, 2 (8).
https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-2-8

Gonzales, L. (2016). URBAN SPRAWL: EXTENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES, (36).
https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1636007G

19
Hwang, D. &Park, W. (2015). DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABILITY DESIGN
HEURISTIC. In: Proceedings of the 2th international conference on engineering
design (ICED15), Milan, Italy,

Kandhalu, P., (2013). Effects of Cortisol on Physical and Psychological Aspects of the
Body and Effective Ways by Which One Can Reduce Stress, Berkeley Scientific
Journal, 18(1).

Koroļova, A., Treija, S. & Latvia, R. (2018). Urban Gardening as a Multifunctional Tool
to Increase Social Sustainability in the City, Architecture and Urban
Planning, 14(1).

Lindemann-Matthies, P. & Brieger, H. (2013). Urban forestry & Urban gardening: Does
urban gardening increase aesthetic quality of urban areas? A case study from
Germany, 17, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.03.010.

Nagase, A. &, Lundholm, J. (2021). Container gardens: Possibilities and challenges for
environmental and social benefits in cities, 8(2), 1-19.

Seto, K., Goldenb, J., Albertic, M. & Turner, B. (2017). Sustainability in an urbanizing
planet, 114 (34). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606037114

Smith, W. (2012). Air pollution and forests: Interactions between air contaminants and
forest ecosystems.

Tresch, S., Moretti M., Le Bayon, R., Mäder, P., Zanetta, A., Frey, D. & Fliessbach, A.
(2018). A Gardener’s Influence on Urban Soil Quality.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00025

Weber, F., Kowarik, I. &, Saumel, I. (2014). “Herbaceous plants as filters:

immobilization of particulates along urban street corridors.”, Environmental
Pollution, 186: 234-40.

Zhu, Y. (2012). Environmental impacts of rapid urbanization in China: a showcase of

recent research developments, Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
19, p.1351, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0961-6

20
Nabulo G, Black CR, Craigon J, & Young SD. (2012), “Does consumption of leafy
vegetables grown in peri-urban agriculture pose a risk to human health?” Environ
Pollution. 162:389-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.040

21
APPENDICES

22
APPENDIX

FIGURES

23