BTEC HIGHER NATIONALS- STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS - H2

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PASS CRITERIA

Assessment Criteria for a pass Achieved

• analyse two-dimensional stress systems making
Outcome 1 appropriate use of Mohr's stress circle
Investigate engineering
components which are
subjected to complex loading • carry out experimental strain analysis using
systems electrical resistance strain gauges

• apply the appropriate theory of elastic failure to loaded

components to determine operational factors of safety

• determine the support reactions, slope and

OUTCOME 2 deflection of simply supported beams
Investigate the effects of
loading on beams,
columns and struts • determine the distribution of stress in the materials
of reinforced concrete beams
• determine the stress distribution in columns and
walls which are subjected to asymmetrical bending
• determine the appropriate critical load for axially
loaded struts
• carry out tests to validate critical load calculations

• determine the strain energy stored in a member due to

OUTCOME 3
Investigate the behaviour of
loaded structural members
by considering strain energy
direct loading, shear loading, bending and torsion
• determine the elastic deflection of loaded members
making appropriate use of Castigliano's theorem
• carry out tests to validate deflection calculations
• predict the effects of shock loading on struts and ties
 MERIT

Descriptor Achieved
• identify and apply • effective judgments have been made
strategies to find • complex problems with more than one variable have been
appropriate solutions. explored
• an effective approach to study and research has been applied

• select/design and apply • relevant theories and techniques have been applied.
appropriate methods/
techniques • a range of methods and techniques have been applied.
• a range of sources of information has been used.
• the selection of methods and techniques/sources has been
justified
• the design of methods/techniques has been justified
• complex information/data has been synthesized and processed
• appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied
• present and communicate • the appropriate structure and approach has been used
the appropriate findings • coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for
intended audience
• a range of methods of presentation have been used and
technical language has been accurately used
• communication has taken place in familiar and unfamiliar
contexts
• the communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar
audiences and appropriate media have been used

DISTINCTION

• use critical reflection to • conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and
evaluate own work and have been justified
justify valid conclusions • the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria
• self-criticism of approach has taken place
• realistic improvements have been proposed against defined
characteristics for success
• take responsibility for • autonomy/independence has been demonstrated
managing and organising • substantial activities, projects or investigations have been
activities planned, managed and organised
• activities have been managed
• the unforeseen has been accommodated
• the importance of interdependence has been recognised and
achieved
• demonstrate • ideas have been generated and decisions taken
convergent/lateral/ • self-evaluation has taken place
creative thinking • convergent and lateral thinking have been applied

• problems have been solved

• innovation and creative thought have been applied
• receptiveness to new ideas is evident
• effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts
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 PART 1

MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRESS and FAILURE THEORY

INTRODUCTION

A certain material is stressed on the x and y planes with an accompanying shear stress. Each
student will be given allotted a set of values from the table below. The properties of the material are
as follows.

E = 205 GPa Poisson's ratio is ν = 0.27 The safe stress level determined in a tensile test is 400 MPa.

• Draw Mohr's Circle of stress and determine the principal stresses the maximum shear stress
and clearly state the position of the principal planes.

• Using the formula relating 2 dimensional stress and strain, calculate the principal strains
using the elastic constants below.

• Produce a sketch of the element showing the stresses acting on it. Show the principal planes
and indicate their relative positions to the x and y planes.

• Determine the safety factor based on

o The greatest principal stress theory.

o The greatest principal strain theory.
o The maximum shear stress theory.

Student Stress on x plane Stress on y plane Shear stress

on x
MPa MPa MPa
1 20 40 10
2 -20 40 10
3 40 -20 20
4 30 -10 15
5 20 20 -10
6 -40 -20 10
7 -30 20 -15
8 50 30 -30
9 20 -40 20
10 15 -15 -15
11 30 -20 20
12 20 -40 30
 PART 2
STRAIN GAUGE ROSETTE
DETAILS

In order to conduct experimental strain measurement on a structure subject to two stresses, special
apparatus is needed. A convenient way to produce a complex stress situation is to pressurise a thin
metal cylinder. Commercially available apparatus may be used but any canister designed to hold
pressure could be adapted. Care must be taken to ensure safety in the event of rupture. Use only liquid
and never gas. Provide a Perspex screen.

A 45o or 60o strain gauge rosette must be attached to the surface in the prescribed manner. Align the
rosette so that no gauge is pointing circumferentially nor longitudinally. Make an accurate
measurement of the angles relative to the length. When the cylinder is pressurised, it grows in
circumference and length producing tensile stress in both directions. You will need appropriate strain
gauge equipment for measuring the strains. Without proof it can be shown that the theoretical stresses
may be accurately predicted by the following formulae.

The circumferential stress is σC = pD/2t The longitudinal stress is σL = pD/4t

D is the mean diameter of the cylinder and t is the thickness of the wall. p is the gauge pressure.

The formulae for converting principal strains into principal stresses are given below.
E
σ1 = 2
(ε1 + νε 2 ) σ 2 = E 2 (ε 2 + νε1 )
1− ν 1− ν

Your task is to measure the strains when the cylinder is pressurised to pressure p and deduce the
principal stresses and the directions of the principal planes. You will need to know the value of E
(modulus of elasticity) for the material.

• Attach each strain gauge in turn to a strain measuring instrument following appropriate
guide lines.
• Pump up the pressure to an appropriate level and record the strains on A, B and C. You
should repeat it several times and take an average.
• With the results for each gauge, construct a strain circle and determine the principal strains.
• Show that the principal strains are longitudinal and circumferential in direction.
• Convert the principal strains into principal stresses.
• Compare the principal stresses with those predicted by the formulae.