DEMOGRAPHY

Demography :

Demography is the ”scientific study of human population in which includes study of changes in
population size ,composition and its distribution”

“Demo” means “the people” and “graphy” means “measurement”. • (Demos = population, Graphy =
picture

The elements of demography

Size: increase or decrease

Composition: sex and age group

Distribution: territory

Source of demography

POPULATION CENSUSES

NATIONAL SAMPLE

SURVEYS REGISTRATION

VITAL EVENTS

DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE(STAGE)

High stationary (first stage ): this stage is characterized by a high birth rate and high death rate ,no
any change in size and population .Indian was in this stage till 1920.

Early expending (second stage ): the death rate begins to decline (starts decreasing )and birth rate no
change . initial increase in population

Late expanding (third stage): the birth rate begins to decline while the death rate still decreases .
continue increase in population

Low stationary (fourth stage ) : This stage is characterized by a low birth rate & low death
rate .stability in population

Declining (fifth stage ):in the declining stage birth rate is lower then the death rate .fall in population

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Primary data collection :

 collection is done by the individual by using the methods such as :

.• Observation

• Interviews

.• Questionnaires

• Diaries

Secondary data collection :

• census

• National survey

• Registration of vital events

• Demographic studies

• Records

ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION OF DATA:

TABULATION:

 after collecting the data, it has to be rganized for analysis and

interpretation. first step is tabulation literally means organize the collected data in
a table

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING TABLES:

 Each colum and row should have clear and short headings
 presentation of data must have a logical sequences such as size of
importances or chronological order or alphabetical order or rank order etc.
 crowded data is a big table will not encourage readers or audiences

charts:

 charts and diagram are powerful media for expressing statistical data.

bar charts:

 simple bar charts are separate by appropriate space to given neat appearances and to make
readers at ease.
multiple bar charts:
in this two or more grouped together based on the data. it is very helpful to compare the
differences

component chart:

in this type of charts bars may be divided into two or more parts of each of which
representing the proposition of the items of concern

line diagram:

line diagram are used to depict the trends of events over a time.

histogram:

a histogram is a graphical representation of shape of a distribution. the class intervals are

placed in horizontal axis and the frequencies along the vertical axis

frequency of polygon:

it is also mostly representing similar to a histogram and is used for representing

continuous data

pie charts:

pie charts can easily convey the proposition at one glances. easily undestansandable

pictogram:

it is simply an icon that carries meaning through its pictorial alikeness to a physical
object

Statistical maps

Statistical maps are used to show the difference in values (frequency of an event,

probability of an event etc.) 

scatter diagram

The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one variable on each axis,
to look for a relationship between them.

statistical averages:

Averages In statistics, an average is defined as the number that measures the central
tendency of a given set of numbers.
 mean
In statistics, the mean is one of the measures of central tendency, apart from the mode and
median.
 mode:
the mostly repeatedly occurring number in a set of data points is the mod

median:

the median is the middle value in a set of hierarchical data

percentile:

is a measure that tells us what percent of total frequency are found to lie at or below that measures

measures of variability:

range

mean or average deviation

standard deviation

range:

is the differences between the largest value and the smallest value.

mean deviation:

mean deviation is the average of the deviation from the arthimetic mean