MODULE 1M: INTRO TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Indigenous Microbiota

AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY > Resident Microbes

Microbiology
> Study of microbes
Microbes
> very small living and nonliving entities
> need to use various types of microscopes to be
seen and studied (Not all but majority)
> ex. of microbe that doesn’t need: fungi
• Lives within the body
• Are beneficial because:
o Inhibits growth of pathogens in
areas they reside by occupying space
o Deplete the food supply
o Secrete materials that may prevent
or reduce pathogen growth
• Ex. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
o Normally found in the skin

2 Categories of Microbes > Opportunistic Pathogens

• Usually don’t cause any problems
> Acellular Microbes • Causes disease when host is stressed
• Also called infectious particles (especially w/ surgery), weakened or
• Absence of cells immunosuppressed
• Include viruses and prions • Microbes waiting for opportunity to cause
disease
> Cellular Microbes • Potentially harmful if given access to areas
• Has cells they don’t belong
• Include all bacteria, archaea, protozoa, o Escherichia coli (E. coli)
algae, fungi - Synthesizes vit. K
- normal in colon
Prokaryotic - causes sepsis if reaches the
> unicellular blood stream
> going to be very small o Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
> bacteria - Normal in skin
- Causes infections when
Eukaryotic enters the blood stream
> multicellular 2 Categories of Diseases
> protists and fungi > Infectious Disease
• When a pathogen colonizes the body and
Pathogens subsequently causes disease
> disease-causing microbes • When inside, they can release toxins that
> only 3% of microbes will then cause harm

Non-pathogens > Microbial Intoxication

> do not cause diseases • When a person ingests a toxin that been
> beneficial or useless pre-formed by a microbe
> 97% of microbes o Vestibulum botulinum
1. Spore forming microorganism
Importance of Microbiology 2. Found in spoiled canned food
> Allows us to acknowledge which microbes we 3. Toxin is already formed within the
should look out for and which ones we should take can, you’re just ingesting it
care 4. Causes botulism
> knowing the difference allows optimum patient - Infection causing paralysis
care
Microbial Cell Structure • Golgi Apparatus
> Eukaryotes o Packages the proteins formed in the
- Multicellular organism ER into small vesicles for storage and
- Eu = true export
- Karyo = nut or nucleus • Lysosomes
- TRUE nucleus o Type of vesicle
- DNA is enclosed by nuclear membrane o Contains lysozyme and other
- 10x larger than most prokaryotes digestive enzymes
o In charge of phagocytosis
Parts of the Eukaryote - Digesting pathogens and
• Nucleus worn-out cells
o Command center of the cell • Peroxisomes
o Most products manufactured within o Type of vesicle
nucleus and then transported out to o Breaks down H2O2 (hydrogen
be finalized peroxide) into H and H2O
o Pink center o Uses catalase enzyme
o Chromatin / chromosomes • Mitochondria
- Contain genetic material o Powerhouse of the cell
o Nucleoplasm o ATP production
- Works like the cytoplasm
o Nuclear envelope Not Present in all Eukaryotes
- Works like cell membrane of • Cell wall
nucleus o In plant cells
• Cell Membrane o Provides rigidity, shape & protection
o Separates cell from external o Much simpler in prokaryotes
environment • Flagella
o Regulates passage of different o Long thin filament
materials in and out of the cell o Motility
o Selectively permeable o Whip-like structure
o Blue outer layer • Cilia
• Cytoplasm o Shorter, thinner
o Semifluid gelatinous matrix where o For locomotion
organelles are immersed o Not whiplike, moves like wiggling to
• Endoplasmic reticulum and fro
o Convoluted membranes
o Transport network
o Right beside the nucleus
o Rough ER
- Formation of proteins
because of ribosomes
o Smooth ER
- No ribosomes
- Transports lipids and carbs
• Ribosomes
o Assist in protein formation
o Forms peptide bonds between
amino acids
o Translation occurs
> Prokaryotes • Flagella
- Unicellular organisms o For locomotion
- Pro = Before o Flagellin: 3 or more protein threads
- Karyo = Nut or nucleus - Twisted like a rope
- NO TRUE nucleus o 4 Types of Flagella → picture
- DNA not enclosed by nuclear membrane - Based on location & number
- DNA is squiggly & scattered all around cell
- Smaller in size

Parts of the Prokaryote

• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• Chromosome
o Only single, long, supercoiled
circular DNA
o Control center of bacterial cell
• Ribosomes
• Plasmid
o Small, circular molecule of double- • Pili / Fimbriae
stranded DNA o Hair-like structures
o AKA Extrachromosomal DNA o Arise from cytoplasm
because it’s found outside the main o Made up of pilin
chromosome / like an extra - Proteins
chromosome - Shorter and thinner than
• Cell wall flagella
o Defines shape of cell, provide - Not for motility
rigidity, strength, and protection - Function: attachment
o Main component: Peptidoglycan • Pili (fimbriae) Vs Flagella
o Polysaccharide
• Glycocalyx layer Pili (fimbriae) Flagella
o Present in some bacteria hair-like rope like
o Layer found outside cell wall (The Structure
capsule / orange in the picture) shorter, thinner longer, thicker
o Slimy, gelatinous material produced
by cell membrane & secreted Component Pilin flagellin
outside cell wall
o Prokaryotes have a more complex
outer layering → Allows them to Function Attachment locomotion
survive most of the immune
mechanisms of the body