SOLUTION

SET ODL 1 EXAM

QUESTION 1 [1(a) C2 5 marks] [1(b) C4 10 marks] [1(c) C6 5 marks]

a) FBD is a diagram (or sketch) that represents the body or combination of bodies as being isolated or
free from all surrounding bodies showing all forces exert by the surrounding bodies
2M
Ay
MA
Ax
A 3M
B
r
 P
O C

b) If the quarter circular rod ABC in Figure Q1 has a diameter of 20 mm and radius, r = 1.5 m determine
the normal stress and shear stress at section B due to the normal and shear force P = 8 kN, when =
40o.
NB
MB
P B
o
VB 40
 P
O C

N B  8 sin 40 o  5.14 kN
V B  8 cos 40 o  6.13 kN
AB  r 2   0.01  3.14  10  4 m 2
2

N B 5.14  10 3
B   16.4 MPa
AB 3.14  10  4
VB 6.13  10 3
B    19.5 MPa
AB 3.14  10  4

c)

N  8 sin  , where 0    90 o
1M
V  8 cos  , where 0    90 o

Normal stress,  = Nomal force/ Area = N/A

1M
Shear stress,  = Shear force/Area = V/A
Crossectional area A is constant throughout circular rod ABC, hence both normal and shear
stresses depend on the changes of normal force and shear force respectively. 1M

1M

Normal stress is zero at C and increases following sine function up to maximum at A, meanwhile
shear stress will maximum at C and decreases following cosine function to zero at point A.
1M
QUESTION 2 [2(a) C2 5 marks] [2(b) C4 10 marks] [2(c) C6 5 marks]

a) Sketch a typical stress-strain curve of a ductile material. List and label three (3) mechanical properties
that can be obtained from the curve.

Properties:
 Young’s Modulus, E
 Yield strength, 𝜎𝑦 3M
 Ultimate strength, 𝜎𝑈

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c) Explain the differences between statically determinate and statically indeterminate structures.

a) Statically determinate (SD) structure is structure that can be analyzed using statics equations
only (equilibrium), while statically indeterminate (SID) structures cannot be analyzed using 3M
equilibrium equations alone, they require other properties such as deformations diagram in
order to analyze them.
b) If the number of unknowns exceeds the number of equations, the structure is said to be SID,
otherwise, it is statically determinate problems. 2M

QUESTION 3 [3(a) C2 5 marks] [3(b) C4 10 marks] [3(c) C6 5 marks]

a) What is torsion? Write the equation of torsional deformation of a circular bar and list two (2)
assumptions made in deriving that equation.

Torsion : twisting of a structural member, when it is loaded by couples will produce rotation about
its longitudinal axis. 2M
𝑇𝐿
Deformation: ϕ = 𝐽𝐺
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Assumptions;
1) Linear-elastic material
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2) Radii remain straight and the cross-section remains circular (no distortion)

b) A steel shaft of either solid bar or circular tube as shown in Figure Q3(b) has an external torque, T
of 1000 N.m applied on the structure. The design specification requires that the maximum shearing
stress and angle of twist, Ø are not to exceed 40 MPa and 0.7o, respectively. Given the length, L of
the shaft is 1 m, and the modulus of rigidity, G of the steel is 80 GPa.

(a) for solid; 𝑇𝐿

𝜙 = 0.7𝑜 = 0.5 M
16𝑇 𝐽𝐺
6
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 40 × 10 = 0.5 M
𝜋𝑑𝑜3 π 1000(1)
0.7 =
16(1000) 180 80 × 109 (0.5904𝑑24 )
𝑑𝑜3 =
40 × 106 𝜋 𝑑24 = 1.76768 × 10− 5
𝑑𝑜 = 0.0503 𝑚 = 50.3 𝑚𝑚 1 M 𝑑2 = 0.0648 𝑚 = 64.8 𝑚𝑚 1 M

𝑇𝐿 0.5 M 1M
𝜙 = 0.7𝑜 = Final answer: 𝑑2 = 64.8 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 65 𝑚𝑚
𝐽𝐺
(c) the ratio of the outer diameter of the tube
and solid bar.
 𝜋 1000(1)
0.7 = 𝜋 𝑑2 64.8
180 𝑑4 80 × 109 =
32 𝑜 𝑑𝑜 56.8
1000 1M
𝑑𝑜4 = 𝜋 = 1.14
6 (0.0122)
32 80 × 10 The diamater of tube is 1.14 times greater than
𝑑𝑜 = 0.0568 𝑚 = 56.8 𝑚𝑚 1 M the solid bar.

Final answer: 𝑑𝑜 = 56.8 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 60 𝑚𝑚 1 M

(b) for hollow;

𝑑2 − 𝑑1 = 2𝑡
𝑑2
𝑑1 = 𝑑2 − 2𝑡 = 𝑑2 − 2 ( )
10
𝑑1 = 0.8𝑑2 0.5 M

𝜋 4 𝜋 4
𝐽2 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑14 ) = (𝑑 − (0.8𝑑2 )4 )
32 32 2
𝜋
𝐽2 = 0.5904𝑑24 0.5 M
32
𝑑
𝑇. 22 0.5 M
6
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 40 × 10 = 𝜋
(0.5904𝑑24 )
32
500
𝑑23 = 𝜋
(0.5904)40 × 106
32
𝑑2 = 0.0599 𝑚 ≈ 59.9 𝑚 1M

c) Discuss why the solid shaft produces higher power compared to the hollow shaft. Assume that the
speed, torque, outer diameter as well as maximum allowable shearing stress are similar for both
cases.

From Power transmission eqn; 𝑃 = 𝑇. 𝜔 1M

𝑇𝑐 𝜏.𝐽
Note from shear stress; 𝜏 = 𝐽
→𝑇= 𝑑2
2 2M
Therefore; 𝐽𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 > 𝐽ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 1M
So, solid shaft produced higher torque
Finally; 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 > 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 1M