POINT and LINE

A method of locating points in a plane

with the use of ordered pairs of numbers
is known as the Cartesian coordinate
system o rectangular coordinate system.

The system is set up by drawing

horizontal line, called the x-axis,
intersecting vertical line, called the y-axis,
at a point called the origin (0, 0).
The coordinate axes divides the plane into
four (4) equal compartments called
quadrants which are number I to IV in a
counterclockwise direction beginning
from the upper-right portion.
The plane has an infinite number of
points, denoted by P(x, y).

The x-coordinate is called the abscissa

and the y-coordinate is called the
ordinate.
The totality of all points whose
coordinates belong to a function or
relation is called the graph of the
function or relation.
 Line

Line Segment

Ray
The segment is said to be directed when
its length is positive in the direction from
A to B and negative if the direction is from
B to A.

A B
 The Pythagorean Theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the

hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the legs (perpendicular sides).
 Distance Between Two Points

The distance between two points and is

the number of units measured along the
line between the two points.
 Exercise
1. Find the distance between the points:
a. and
b. and
2. If the point is equidistant from and find .
3. Show that the points , , and are vertices of
a right triangle and find its area.
4. Find the perimeter of the polygon whose
vertices are the points , and .
 Midpoint of a Line Segment

If is the midpoint of the segment joining

and , then
 Exercise

1. Find the midpoint of the line segment

whose endpoints are:

a. and

b. and

2. Show that the diagonals of a parallelogram

with vertices , , and bisect each other.
 Linear Equation

Linear equation is the polynomial

equation of degree 1.

Linear equation in two variables (x and y)

is a straight line in the xy-plane.
Equation of a Horizontal Line

Equation of a Vertical Line

 Slope of a Line

The slope of a line describes the

steepness or orientation of the line.
 Slope of a Line

Given points and on the line,

 Different Forms of Linear Equation

1. General Form
2. Two-Point Form
3. Point-Slope Form
4. Slope-Intercept Form
5. Intercept Form
 General Form

where , and are constants

and are both non-zero
 Two-Point Form

where and
are points on the line
 Two-Point Form

Example:

Find the equation of the line passing

through and .
 Point-Slope Form

where is a point on the line

 Point-Slope Form

Example:

Find the equation of the line with slope

and passing through .
 Slope-Intercept Form

where is the y-intercept of the graph

 Slope-Intercept Form

Example:

Find the equation of the line with slope

and y-intercept .
 Intercept Form

where is the x-intercept of the graph

and is the y-intercept of the graph
 Intercept Form

Example:

Find the equation of the line whose x-

intercept is and y-intercept is .
 Parallel Lines

and are distinct lines

∥ if and only if
Perpendicular Lines

and are distinct lines

⊥ if and only if
 Directed Distance
From the Line to the Point

take the sign of

If , take the sign of A
 Directed Distance
From the Line to the Point

If , is above the line

or to the right of the line

If , is below the line

or to the left of the line
 Exercise
1. Find the equation of the line with slope
and y-intercept .
2. Find the equation of the line through and .
3. Find the slope and the y-intercept of the
line represented by .
4. Write the equation of the line with the
slope and passing through .
5. Write the equation of the line through and
parallel to the line through and .
 Exercise
6. Write the equation of the line with x-
intercept and y-intercept .
7. Find the x and y intercepts of the line .
8. Find the equation of the line through a)
parallel; b) perpendicular to the line .
9. Given the triangle with vertices , and . Find
the equation:
a. altitude through
b. median through the midpoint of
c. Perpendicular bisector of .
 Exercise
1. Are the given points collinear?
a.
b.
2. Show that the points , , and are the
vertices of a rectangle and find its area.
3. Find the point on the y-axis equidistant
from and .
4. Show that the point is on the
perpendicular bisector of the segment
whose endpoints are and .
 Exercise
5. In with vertices , and , find the slope of the
following:
a. median through
b. altitude through
c. Perpendicular bisector of
6. A line passing through makes an angle of
with the y-axis. Find the point where the
line crosses the y-axis.
7. Find the acute angle between the lines
having the slopes and .
 Exercise
8. Show that the line segment connecting the
midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side.
9. Find the distance between the parallel lines
and .
10. Find the equation of the line perpendicular
to and at a distance of from .
11. The front of a cottage is an isosceles
triangle. If the slope of the sides is and it is
meters high at the peak, what is the width
of the cottage?
 Exercise
12. Find the value of so that is on the line .
13. A manufacturer finds that the total cost to
manufacture 500 units of his product is
P57,000 while the total cost to manufacture
1,000 units is P97,500. He assumes that this
relationship between cost and number of
units made is linear. Find the relationship,
graph the equation and interpret the graph.
What is the total cost to produce 2,000
units?
 Exercise
14. Find the value of for which the line
a. passes through the point
b. is parallel to the y-axis
c. is parallel to the line
d. has equal x and y-intercepts
e. is perpendicular to the line
 Exercise
15. Given three points , and find the
a. Equation of the line through the points
and
b. Equation of the line perpendicular to
and through
c. Midpoint of , where is the point of
intersection of and
d. Distance from to