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Analysis of the influence of Renewable Energy Sources on the power system

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EMERG, Volume VIII, Issue 2/2022 ISSN 2668-7003, ISSN-L 2457-5011

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY SOURCES ON THE POWER SYSTEM
OPERATION

ANALIZA INFLUENȚEI SURSELOR REGENERABILE

DE ENERGIE ASUPRA FUNCȚIONĂRII SISTEMELOR
ENERGETICE
Murtadha SAMI 1, Stefan GHEORGHE1, Lucian TOMA1

Abstract: In recent years, the growth of the electric energy market of

renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems have brought new challenges
in the power system planning and the operation of the power system will face
many variables as renewable energy continues to grow, so it is necessary to
investigate and analysis properly the effects of integrated Renewable Energy
sources on the power system. In this paper, we will study the influence of
Renewable energy sources on the power system operation and incorporate
renewable energies (RES) into the NORDIC 32-Bus power system, including
wind turbines (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) farms. and make several scenarios
that take into consideration the variation in consumption and generation during
the day. As some system voltages are outside the permissible limit, as well as
the percentage of losses in the system is high. The work methodology will be by
distributing renewable energies within regions with high consumption and low
generation, and this work leads to an improvement in the voltage level and
made it within the permissible limit, and we will use the MATPOWER within
the Matlab environment to simulate the Nordic32 power system.

Keywords: Voltage regulation, RES, power system operation.

Abstract: În ultimii ani, creșterea pieței de energie electrică din surse
regenerabile de energie (SRE) în sistemele de energie electrică au adus noi
provocări în planificarea sistemului de energie electrică și funcționarea
sistemului de energie electrică se va confrunta cu multe variabile pe măsură ce
energia din surse regenerabile continuă să crească, astfel încât este necesar să
se investigheze și să se analizeze în mod corespunzător efectele surselor
integrate de energie din surse regenerabile asupra sistemului de energie
electrică. În această lucrare, vom studia influența surselor regenerabile de
energie asupra funcționării sistemului energetic și vom încorpora energii
regenerabile (RES) în sistemul energetic NORDIC 32-Bus, inclusiv turbine
eoliene (WT) și ferme fotovoltaice (PV) și vom realiza mai multe scenarii care

1
Eng., Dept. of Power Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania, e-
mail: msr82_2004@yahoo.com
78 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

iau în considerare variația consumului și a producției în timpul zilei, deoarece

unele tensiuni ale sistemului sunt în afara limitelor admise, precum și procentul
de pierderi din sistem este ridicat. Metodologia de lucru va fi prin distribuirea
energiilor regenerabile în regiunile cu un consum ridicat și o producție scăzută,
iar această lucrare duce la o îmbunătățire a nivelului de tensiune și îl face să se
încadreze în limita admisibilă, iar noi vom folosi MATPOWER în cadrul
mediului Matlab pentru a simula sistemul energetic Nordic32.

Keywords: Reglarea tensiunii, SRE, funcționarea sistemului energetic.

1. Introduction

In the age of civilized technology, development and industrialization,

the rapid and increasing growth of electric energy is saturated with fossil fuels
[1], which are expensive, which are rapidly depleting and pollute the
environment (the atmosphere). Reducing carbon dioxide emissions and
increasing the efficiency of renewable technologies is one of the reasons for
their incorporation into electric power systems [2]. This leads to a shift to
clean, cheap, and carbon-free renewables [3] which have also been divided
into controlled Renewables (hydro, geothermal, biomass) and variant
Renewable Energy Sources (VRES), represented by (wind turbines and
photovoltaic). Variable renewable energy sources (VRES) show an increasing
growth in the supply of electric energy over the past decade, specially in
Europe, USA, and China. In the recent period, The China has become a world
leader in Renewable Energy Sources generation as it has surpassed the United
States of America as well as Europe and aims to consume 35% of electricity
by 2030 [4]. However, these RES are semi-variable due to their dependence
on climate and location. It brings uncertainty which causes system instability
and may lead to successive failures [5].
At the beginning, in the power systems, the flexibility is defined as the
ability of a system's generators to respond to sudden changes whether they are
in load or system components [6, 7]. As explained by the International Energy
Agency (IEA) that the power system is flexible if, within economic limits, it
can respond quickly to big variations in production and consumption,
resulting in lower generation when consumption lowering, and increases when
it increases for scheduled and unexpected accidents [6].
There has been a fundamental change in electrical power systems in
terms of modeling, planning and operation due to the variability of renewable
energy sources (RES). [8, 9]. Over the past years, the problems of the stochastic
power system have been studied extensively, including the probabilistic power
flow and the stability of the small probabilistic signal [9, 10]. The safe and
 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 79

reliable operation of electric power systems with high renewable energy sources
(wind turbines and photovoltaic) requires flexibility system [11].
Through studies, it has been shown that the stability may be
significantly influenced by high photovoltaic (PV) penetration considering
total power rating, voltage drop, analysis of faults, and transient stability [12].
The increasing integration of RES increases the complexity of controlling in
voltage in transmission networks due to uncertainty in weather-based
forecasting of power generation [13-15].
Among the significant effects on the operation of electric power
systems is the increase in the proportion of renewable energy (RES) in the
total energy admixture. Determining the grade of effects is through: The
generating power of the sources and the operational characteristics of these
sources, features of the power network to which these sources are linked and
operational features of conventional fueled plants. [16]
When linking renewable energy sources (RES) to the power system,
we need to do an analysis that focuses on three axes:
– Analysis of the possibilities, variants and circumstances of regime
integration, a locally analyzing for the site region that includes demarcation of
the site region and verification of operating conditions in the steady-state
system
– Analysis of the network operating conditions after linking new
renewable energy sources (RES) - local region analysis that includes the study
of the region of the power system where the new renewable energy sources
(RES) are linked.
– Ensuring suitability in the situation of high bandwidth difference
within significant boundaries of the energy generated by the sources starting
from zero and ending with maximum power. in order to assess the operating
conditions for 1 year, is through the analysis of the instantaneous generated
powers in relation to the expected values during short periods of time.
The goal of the paper is to study the effect of renewable energy
sources (RES) on power systems in terms of planning, operation and
improving the voltage level of the NORDIC 32-Bus power system, which
suffers from problems in the voltages of some buses, as well as the high
percentage of power losses.

2. The subject of investigations

In this paper, we will analyze the Nordic system to find out the
merits of the system and what are the problems of the system, in order to
solve the problem of voltage regulation that seems clear to some of the
80 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

busses by knowing the consumption and production in each region within

the Nordic32 system.
As is known, the load Flow is essential for planning and system
operation, power exchange between facilities, also the studies of load flow
are essential for other analyzes such as dynamic stability, transient stability,
contingencies [17-19]. So, we will start in the first step is the power flow of
the system.

3. Initial conditions and input data

Nordic 32 power system has been established on the transmission

network of Swedish from 1995. The power system is designed to simulate
large transfer of electrical energy from hydroelectric power plants in the
north to the high load region in southern Sweden. so, the system consists of
two regions with different production and consumption characteristics [20],
as shown in table 1:
• North region: with mainly hydro generation and few load.
• South region: with a few thermal power generation units and much
load.
Table 1. The production and consumption in each region
in the original Nordic 32 system

Area Production in MW Consumption in MW

NORTH 6928.46 3480
SOUTH 4440 7460
TOTAL 11368.46 10940

The transmission system consists of the main transmission network

operating at 400kV (19 Buses) 130kV (11 Buses) and 220kV (2 Buses).
Fig. 1 illustrates a single-line diagram of the power system model [20 -21].

4. Outline of the practical part

A. Initial case: contains a study of the power flow in the system and the
results of the voltages in the buses and the total losses (analyze and explain the
results)
B. Case 1: Incorporating renewable energies (RES) into the NORDIC 32-
Bus power system, including WT and PV. and make several scenarios that show the
variation in consumption and generation during the day.
At last, Presents the conclusions.
 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 81

XL31

31 1 14 3

15 2 4
32

XL31

C20
NORTH Synchronous
5 6 17 16
Generator

Consumer

13 12 18 19 Capacitors
C20

21 Compensation
coil XL31

Synchronous
20 Compensator CS
C20 CS
23 22 25
C20 C20
C20

28 9 10

C20
8
SOUTH C20

7 11
C20

29 24

30 27 26
Murtadha
400 kV 220 kV Sami
C20
130 kV
C20

Figure 1. Single line diagram of NORDIC 32-Bus power system.

A. Initial case = Base case: In this case, we simulated the Nordic32 power
system with the DIgSILENT and MATLAB programs. The results DIgSILENT
PowerFactory (15.1) and MATLAB were completely similar, the results are similar
in all respects in terms of voltages and angles at all buses, as well as the total losses.
Results. Base case. In this case, the network operation is in its steady state.
Fig. 2. below shows (in North Region) the voltages are normal (i.e.,
within the allowable and the recommended range) for some buses and the
other buses having significant increase.
As for the South Region, the voltages are all within the permissible
limit, but some buses are less than 1 p.u, as shown in Fig.3 below.
82 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

Figure 2. Voltage Profile in North region (Base case).

Figure 3. Voltage Profile in South region (Base case).

Fig. 4 shows in the North region that the total generation is high
(6928.46 MW) while the consumption is small (3480 MW). also, in the
South region that the total generation is low (4440 MW) while the total load
(7460 MW) is high, the system is heavily loaded with large transfers
essentially from the North region to the South region.

Figure 4. Production and Consumption in each region (Base case)

 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 83

The total losses of active power in the system (428.46 MW), It

represents 3.77% of the total active generation and is within the permissible
limit as shown in Figure 5. whereas the total losses of reactive power in the
system is (3607.9 MVAr), It represents 49.37% of the total generation of the
reactive system, which is very high and above the permissible percentage as
shown in Figure 5

Figure 5. Total power losses in the system (Base case)

B. Case 1 - Incorporating renewable energy sources and doing

scenarios. In this case, we are incorporating renewable energies (RES) into
the NORDIC 32-Bus power system, including wind turbines (WT) and
photovoltaic (PV) farms. and make 3 scenarios that consider the variation in
consumption and generation during the day, as shown in the tables 2 and 3
below. In all scenarios, we will update the voltages associated with
generation in the system that are higher than the permissible limit (1.05
P.U.), which is bus voltages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 13 and make it 1.05 P.U, and
the results from MATPOWER of Matlab.

I. First Scenario - The Noon Scenario. In this scenario, we will

take 90% of the total system production and 90% of the total system loads,
the generation in this scenario is (70% classic generation + 30% Renewable
energies), Renewable energy sources (RES) are 75% photovoltaic (PV) and
25% Wind Turbine (WT).
The renewable energies were added to the South region because
the loads in this region are high and the generation is low compared to the
loads.
84 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

Table 2. Scenarios in percentage

Table 3. Scenarios in Values

Table 4. The location and capacity of Renewable Energies S

Bus Nr. RES [MW] The area
11 550
WT
20 300
7 700
10 500 South Region
PV
22 750
28 300
Total 3100
 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 85

Table 5. The production and consumption in each region S1

after adding
Consumption in
Region Production in [MW]
[MW]
NORTH 4364.93 3132
SOUTH 2797.2+3100 (RES) 6714
TOTAL 10262.13 9846

From the figures above (6 and 7), We note that the voltages
improved for all Buses Except for the bus voltage 14 (The voltage on this
bus can be regulated by the tap-changer of transformer between buses (1-
14)), it remained high at 1.12 P.U, because it is related to loads, not
generation, and it cannot be controlled. The high voltages decreased to 1 p.u
because the generation voltages were updated, as shown in fig.6.

Figure 6. Voltage Profile in North Region S1.

We note that the voltages have improved in most buses in the South
region, due to the addition of renewable energies to this region, as well as
the 10% reduction in loads, as shown in figure 7.
Figure 8. It shows that the total losses were less than the base case.
This improvement in voltages and reduced losses, is due to the
modernization of system voltages (generation voltages) and the most
important reason is because of the addition of renewable energies (PV and
WT) to the SOUTH region, Where, in the basic case, the south region was
86 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

characterized as having high loads and low generation, while after adding
renewable energies, the load became close to a generation.

Figure 7. Voltage Profile in South Region S1.

Figure 8. Total Losses in the System S1.

II. The Second Scenario - The Evening Scenario. In this scenario, we

will take 100% of the total system production and 100% of the total system
loads, the generation in this scenario is (70% classic generation + 30% RES),
we added renewable energies to the system and renewable energies (WT only)
were added to the SOUTH region because the Consumption in this region is
high and the Production is low compared to the loads.
 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 87

Table 6. The location and capacity of RES S2

Bus Nr. RES [MW] The region
7 700
10 500
11 550
WT South
20 500
Region
22 750
28 410
Total 3410

Table 7. Production and Consumption in each region in MW S2

Region Production in MW Consumption in MW
NORTH 4850 3480
SOUTH 3108+3410(RES) 7460
TOTAL 11368 10940

Figure 9. shows that the voltages improved for all Buses in North
region, except for the bus voltage 14, it remained high at 1.12 P. U, because
it is related to loads, not generation, and it cannot be controlled (as
mentioned, the voltage on this bus can be regulated by the tap-changer of
transformer between buses (1-14)), the high voltages decreased to 1.05 p. u
because the generation voltages were updated, as for the rest of the bus’s
voltage, they improved due to the addition of RES.

Figure 9. Voltage profile in North region S2.

Figure 10. shows that the voltages have improved in all buses in the
South region, due to the addition of renewable energies to this region.
88 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

Figure 10. Voltage profile in South region S2.

From figure 11, We note that the losses have decreased very
dramatically (less than the Base case). This is due to adding renewable
energies (WT), as I mentioned earlier. Thus, production and consumption
became close in each region, as shown in table 7.

Figure 11. Total Losses in the system S2.

III. Third Scenario - The Night Scenario. In this scenario, we will

take 75% of the total system production and 75% of the total system
Consumption, the generation in this scenario is (70% classic generation +
30% Renewable energies), Renewable energy source (RES) is Wind Turbine
only (WT), the Wind Turbine (WT) farms with a capacity of 700, 500, 500,
250, 250 and 358 MW at buses 7, 10, 11, 20, 22, 28 respectively (in South
region).
 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 89

From Figure 12, we note that the voltages improved for all Buses
Except for the bus voltage 14, it remained high at 1.12 P.U, because it is
related to loads, not generation, and it cannot be controlled. The high
voltages decreased to 1.05 p.u because the generation voltages were updated
and the rest of the buses improved due to the addition of renewable energies
as well as the reduction 25% of the loads.

Figure 12. Voltage Profile in North region S3.

We note that the voltages have improved in all buses in the South
region, due to the addition of renewable energies to this region, as well as
the 25% reduction in loads, as shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Voltage Profile in South region S3.

We also note that the losses have decreased dramatically from the
base case, as in shown figure 15. This is due to a 25% decrease in load and
90 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

the addition of renewable energies (WT) to the SOUTH region, which is

characterized by high loads and low generation, as I mentioned earlier, Thus,
production and consumption became close in most regions after adding
RES, as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Production and Consumption each region S3.

Figure 15. Total power losses in the system.

Clarification for all scenarios

If we look at figures 16 and 17, we can see that the voltages
improved in all scenarios, In the scenarios (Noon S1, Evening S2, and Night
S3) in which renewable energies were added to the system, the voltages
improved in all buses, especially in the south region, and this is due to the
addition of renewable energies.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 91

Figure 16. Voltage profile in North region for all Scenarios.

Figure 17. Voltage profile in South region for all Scenarios.

Figure 18. Total losses in the system for all Scenarios.

92 M. Sami, S. Gheorghe, L. Toma

From the Figure 18:

– we notice that the losses in the at Noon - first scenario were
significantly reduced due to the addition of renewable energies to the south
area with low generation, also due to the reduction of loads by 10% of the
system, because the loads are concentrated in the South region.
– In the Evening - first scenario, the losses decreased significantly
despite the fact that the loads remained constant, because we reduced the
classic generation by 30%, and replaced it with the renewable energy source,
which is only wind Turbine, and Wind Turbine was added to the SOUTH
region, which is characterized by its low generation and loads high, so the
losses decreased dramatically.
– In the Night - the first scenario, the losses decreased dramatically,
and it is considered the best among the scenarios as well as the best
operating condition of the system and this is due to two reasons, the first is a
decrease in consumption by 25% of the system loads and the second is to
add renewable energies in the South area, where in the previous case the
SOUTH region was few Productions and a lot of consumption and
generation come to it from the North.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we studied the voltage regulation, including the RES,

on the Nordic 32-Bus power System. And we simulated the system with
several software tools for analysis, such as DIgSILENT Powerfactory and
MATPOWER of Matlab environment by using use the Newton-Raphson
method.
We analyzed several scenarios during the day in order to illustrate
the variation in loads and generation, and how renewable energies can be
exploited to improve system operation. Before incorporating new power
plants into the power system, it is necessary to assess work adequacy over
long time scales and implications for system balancing and dynamic stability
in the shortest timescales. wind turbines and photovoltaic power
implementation affect power system management and efficiency. The
optimal conventional generation mix may fluctuate with larger shares of
wind turbines and photovoltaic. To ensure the security of operational and the
reliability at an acceptable level.
We have observed the effect of renewable energies on the system and
its usefulness on the entire system in improving voltages and minimizing
losses
 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES… 93

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