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 Name:
Lucas Fisher
Year 12 IB Physics
Binding Energy Questions
1. A neutral atom of a nuclide of tin has the following nuclear symbol, !"#
!"!" . The total mass of the
atom is not equal to the mass of all its constituent protons, neutrons and electrons. State which is
larger, the mass of the atom or the mass of all of its constituent particles, and explain why there is this
small but important difference.

2. Calculate the energy released by the following reaction: !!! + !!! → !!!" + !!!

Mass of !!! = 3.344 × 10-27 kg

Mass of !!!" = 5.008 × 10-27 kg

Mass of !!! = 1.675 × 10-27 kg

3. When a high speed α-particle strikes a stationary nitrogen nucleus, it may cause a nuclear
reaction in which an oxygen nucleus and a proton are formed as shown in the following equation.
!"
!! + !!!" → !"
!! + !!!

The masses of the nuclei are given below.

Nitrogen-14 13.99922 u

Helium-4 4.00150 u

Oxygen-17 16.99473 u

Hydrogen-1 1.00728 u

Explain quantitatively how mass and energy are balanced in such a nuclear equation.

4. When α-particles are projected at a thin metal foil in an evacuated enclosure they are scattered
at various angles.

a) In which direction will the maximum number of α-particles coming from the foil be detected?

b) Describe the angular distribution of the scattered α-particles around the foil.

c) What do the results suggest about the structure of the metal atoms?

d) Explain why the foil used must be thin.

e) Explain why the incident bean of α-particles should be parallel and narrow.

f) Explain why the experiment is conducted in a vacuum.

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of the nuclear Ys
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 Fission and Fusion Questions

1. In 2010 The National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California began experiments to produce
viable fusion. They used an extremely powerful laser to fuse hydrogen nuclei.

The following “recipe for a small star” was found on the NIF website:
• Take a hollow, spherical, plastic capsule about 2 mm in diameter.
• Fill it with 150 μg of a mixture of deuterium and tritium, two heavy isotopes of
hydrogen.

•
• Wait at least 10 ns.
o
• Take a laser that for about 15 ns can generate 500 × 1012 W.
Focus all this laser power onto the surface of the capsule.

Result: one miniature star.

(a) Give one similarity and one difference between the nuclei of deuterium and tritium. [2]
(b) Show that the energy supplied by the laser in a time period of 15 ns is about 8 MJ. [2]
(c) The diagram represents the fusion of deuterium, D, and tritium, T, to form helium, He.

i) Complete the nuclear equation to represent the fusion of deuterium and tritium to form
helium. [2]
ii) Use the data in the following table to show that about 20 MeV of energy is released when
this fusion reaction takes place. [2]

iii) Estimate the number of fusions that need to take place in 15 ns if the “miniature star” is to
produce the same amount of energy as the laser supplies. [2]

2. a) State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus. [2]

b) i) When "#$
!"! nucleus absorbs a slow-moving neutron and undergoes fission
possible pair of fission fragments is technetium &&" &""
%#"# and indium %!$%.
Complete the following equation to represent this fission process.
 "#$
ii) Calculate the energy released, in MeV, when a single !"! nucleus undergoes fission in this
way. [3]

binding energy per nucleon of "#$ !"! = 7.59 MeV

&&"
binding energy per nucleon of %#"# = 8.36 MeV
binding energy per nucleon of &"" %!$% = 8.51 MeV
iii) Calculate the loss of mass when a "#$
!"! nucleus undergoes fission in this way. [2]

la They are both isotopes of hydrogen

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 Half life from Decay Curve
radioactive decay is a stochastic random process meaning

that if we only had one atom it would be impossible to

predict its decay

Spontaneous cannot be forced to happen

Large samples can be predicted with half life

The time for the decayps of a sample to reducebyhalf

É
 Solving problems with the decay law

n
II
a

random process

If AN this is a proportioned

the negative sign

to N
shows a
decent happened

É the constant
between the
of
rate
proportionality

of decay
A XN and the number of nuclei is called
t
A AN e constant x

The number of radioactive disintergations per unit time

find decay constant

INN N No eat
t
Inn In No Ine
In N at Ince
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t
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In InNoeX

TUN Inno Xt

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WITH
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21.9.22

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7
massnumber N 2.326.02
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molarmass oppolecules II 4
 Activity A XN

If the half life is very long then activity

is almost constant

Analysis decay curve cannot give

ay half life

If the mass of the substance is measured

then Activity 2N therefore a look at

activity lets us calculate x ad ten half life

Type can be calculated from X

Measuring Short half lifes

each decay can cause ionisation

This can generate an electric current
If the current is displayed on an
oscilloscope then decay are measured
Limit is te respores tree of the

oscilloscope