Ch-3 Structure of Atom

Question 1
Which subatomic particle is not present in an ordinary hydrogen atom ?

Solution 1
Neutron is not present in ordinary hydrogen atom.

Question 2
Name the scientists who described the arrangment of electrons in an atom.

Solution 2
J. J. Thomson

Question 3
What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in the K shell of an atom ?

Solution 3
Maximum of 2 e- can be accommodated in K shell of an atom.

Question 4
What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in the L shell of an atom ?

Solution 4
Maximum of 8 e- can be accommodated in L shell of an atom.

Question 5
What is the maximum number of electrons an M shell of the atom can accommodate ?

Solution 5
Maximum of 18 e- can be accommodated in M shell of an atom.

Question 6
What is the maximum number of electrons that can go into the N shell of an atom ?

Solution 6
Maximum of 32 e- can be accommodated in N shell of an atom.

Question 7
What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in the:
(a) innermost shell of an atom ?
(b) outermost shell of an atom ?

Solution 7
(a). Maximum of 2 e- can be accommodated in innermost shell of an atom.
(b). Maximum of 8 e- can be accommodated in outermost shell of an atom.

Question 8
Name the three subatomic particles present in an atom.

Solution 8
Three subatomic particles present in atom are electrons, protons and neutrons.

Question 9
Name the negatively charged particle present in the atoms of all the elements.

Solution 9
Electron is negatively charged particle present in atoms of all the elements.

Question 10
Name the scientist who discovered electron.

Solution 10
J. J. Thomson discovered electron.

Question 11
What is the usual symbol for (a) an electron (b) a proton, and (c) a neutron?

Solution 11
(a). e-
(b). p+
(c). n

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 192

Question 12
12. State whether the following statements are true or false :
(a) Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.
(b) The cathode ravs obtained from all the gases consist of negatively charged particles called electrons.
(c) The anode rays obtained from all the gases consist of positively charged particles called protons.

Solution 12
(a). False
(b). True
(c). False

Question 13
Name the central part of an atom where protons and neutrons are held together.

Solution 13
Nucleus is the central part of an atom in which protons and neutrons are held together.

Question 14
What are the various letters used by Bohr to represent electron shell in an atom?

Solution 14
K, L, M, N were the letters used by Bohr to represent electron shells in an atom.

Question 15
Name the particles which actually determine the mass of an atom.

Solution 15
Protons and neutrons actually determine the mass of atom.

Question 16
Name the positively charged particle present in the atoms of all the elements

Solution 16
Proton is the positively charged particle present in atoms of all the elements.

Question 17
What is the electronic configuration of a hydrogen atom?

Solution 17
Electronic configuration of hydrogen : 1

Question 18
How many times is a proton heavier then an electron?

Solution 18
Proton is 1840 times heavier than electron.

Question 19
Name the gas which produces anode rays consisting of protons in the discharge tube experiment.

Solution 19
Hydrogen gas produces anode rays consisting of protons in the discharge tube experiment.

Question 20
Which part of an atom was discovered by Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment?

Solution 20
Nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in the alpha particle scattering experiment.

Question 21
What is the positive charge on the nucleus of an atom due to ?

Solution 21
Positive charge on the nucleus is due to presence of protons.

Question 22
State the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of the atoms of the following elements:
(a) Neon (b) Chlorine

Solution 22
(a). 8 electrons are present in outermost shell of Neon.
(b). 7 electrons are present in outermost shell of Chlorine.

Question 23
Which shell of an atom can accommodate a maximum of?
(a) 8 electrons? (b) 32 electrons?

Solution 23
(a). L shell can accommodate maximum of 8 e-.
(b). N shell can accommodate maximum of 32 e-.

Question 24
. Name the shell of an atom which can accommodate a maximum of :
(a) 2 electrons (b) 18 electrons

Solution 24
(a). K shell can accommodate maximum of 2 e-.
(b). M shell can accommodate maximum of 18 e-.

Question 25
Which subatomic particle was discovered by :
(i) Chadwick? (ii) Thomson? (iii) Goldstein?

Solution 25
(i). Chadwick discovered 'neutron'.
(ii). Thomson discovered 'electron'.
(iii). Goldstein discovered 'proton'.

Question 26
Name the subatomic particle whose relative charge is :
(a) +1 (b) -1 (c) 0

Solution 26
(a). Proton has relative charge of +1.
(b). Electron has relative charge of -1.
(c). Neutron has relative charge of 0.

Question 27
Fill in the blanks in the following statements:
(a) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its ______.
(b) The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called ______.
(c) An atom has atomic mass number 23 and atomic number 11. The atom has ______ electrons.
(d) An atom of an element has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons. The atomic mass of the atom is ______.
(e) If the nucleus of an atom has atomic number 17 , mass number 37 and there are 17 electrons outside the
nucleus, the number of neutrons in it is ______.
(f) Almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small region of space called the ______.
(g) Cathode rays are a beam of fast moving ______.
(h) The anode rays obtained from hydrogen gas consist of particles called ______.
(i) The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in L shell are ______.
(j) The maximum number of electrons that can go into the M shell is ______.
(k) The subatomic particle not present in a hydrogen atom is ______.
(l) The electron has ______ charge, the proton has ______ charge, and the neutron has ______ charge.

Solution 27
(a) Atomic number
(b) Mass number
(c) 11
(d) 23
(e) 20
(f) Nucleus
(g) Electrons
(h) Protons
(i) 8
(j) 18
(k) Neutron
(l) Negative; Positive; No

Question 28
What is an electron? State its relative mass and charge.

Solution 28
Electron is a negatively charged particle found in the atoms of all elements.
The relative mass of an electron is 1/1840 u.
A charge of -1 is carried by an electron.

Question 29
What is the absolute mass and charge of an electron ?

Solution 29
Absolute mass of electron is 9 x 10-28 Kg.
Absolute charge on electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C.

Question 30
Give the evidence for the existence of nucleus in an atom.

Solution 30
The deflection of fast moving alpha- particles through small and large angles in Rutherford's scattering experiment is
the evidence for the presence of nucleus in an atom.

Question 31
What important information is furnished about the nucleus of an atom by the alpha particle scattering experiment of
Rutherford?

Solution 31
Important information furnished about nucleus in Rutherford's alpha- particle scattering experiment is:
(i). Nucleus of an atom is positively charged.
(ii). Nucleus of an atom is very hard and dense.
(iii). Nucleus of an atom is very small as compared to the size of an atom as a whole.

Question 32
How was it shown that an atom has a lot of empty space within it ?
Solution 32
Most of the alpha- particles passed straight through the gold foil without any deflection in Rutherford's alpha- particle
scattering experiment, this shows that most of the space in an atom is empty.

Question 33
Why is an atom neutral inspite of the presence of charged particles in it ?

Solution 33
There are equal no. of positive and negative particles in an atom, so it is neutral as a whole.

Question 34
(a) Which of the nuclear particles is present in the same fixed number in the atoms of any particular element?
(b) What do we call this number which is characteristic of a particular element?

Solution 34
(a). Proton is present in same fixed no. in the atoms of any particular element.
(b). Atomic no. is characteristic for any particular element.

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 193

Question 35
What is a proton ? State its relative mass and charge.

Solution 35
Protons are positively charged particle found in the atoms of all the elements.
Relative mass of proton is 1u.
Relative charge of proton is +1 C.

Question 36
What is the absolute mass and charge of a proton ?

Solution 36
Absolute mass of proton - 1.6x 10-27 Kg
Absolute charge of proton - 1.6 x 10-19 C

Question 37
How does a proton differ from an electron ?

Solution 37
Difference between proton and neutron-
(1). Proton is positively charged while electron is negatively charged.
(2). Proton is much heavier than electron.

Question 38
State two observations which show that atom is not indivisible.

Solution 38
Two observations which shows that atom is not indivisible are-
(1). In J. J. Thomson's experiment, the stream of cathode rays in the gas discharge tube shows the presence of
negatively charged subatomic particles called electrons.
(2). In Goldstein's experiment, the faint red glow in the gas discharge tube shows the presence of positively charged
subatomic particles called protons.

Question 39
All the gases from cathode rays and anode rays when electricity is passed through them:
(i) What does the formation of cathode rays tell us about the atoms?
(ii) What does the formations of anode rays tell us about the atoms?

Solution 39
(i). Formation of cathode rays tells about the presence of negatively charged electrons in all the atoms.
(ii). Formation of anode rays tells about the presence of positively charged protons in all the atoms.
Question 40
What do you understand by the term "electronic configuration" of an element? Write down the electronic
configuration of oxygen (At. No. =8).

Solution 40
The arrangement of electrons in various shells of an atom of the element is known as electronic configuration of the
element.
Electronic configuration of oxygen (atomic no. = 8) is (2,6)

Question 41
An elements has an atomic number 12.How many electrons will be present in the K,L and M energy shells of its
atom ?

Solution 41
Electronic configuration of element with atomic no. 12- (2,8,2)
So, K-2 ; L-8 ; M-2

Question 42
(a) What is the nucleus of an atom and what is the nature of charge on it?
(b) Name the scientist who discovered the nucleus of atom.

Solution 42
(a). Nucleus is a small positively charged part at the center of an atom. Nucleus is positively charged.
(b). Rutherford discovered nucleus of an atom.

Question 43
Name the particles used by Rutherford in his experiment on the discovery of nucleus. Also state the charge on these
particles.

Solution 43
Alpha - particles were used by Rutherford in his experiment on the discovery of nucleus.
Alpha - particles have +2 units of charge.

Question 44
An element has atomic number 13 and an atomic mass of 27.

(a) How many electrons are there in each atom of the element?
(b) How are these electrons distributed in the various energy levels?

Solution 44
(a). There are 13 e- in each atom of the element.
(b). Electronic configuration of given element- (2,8,3)
K-2 ; L-8 ; M-3

Question 45
Write the distribution of electrons in an atom of element whose atomic number is 18. What is special about the
outermost electron shell (or valence shell) of the atom of this element ?

Solution 45
Atomic No. - 18
Electronic configuration - (2,8,8)
The special thing about the outermost shell is that it is completely filled with the electrons.

Question 46
What is neutron? State its relative mass and charge.

Solution 46
The neutron is a neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Its relative mass is 1 u. It has no charge.
Question 47
Compare an electron, a proton and a neutron in respect of their relative masses and charges.

Solution 47
Electron has relative mass of 1/1840 u, proton has 1u and neutron also has 1u.
Electron has relative charge of -1u, proton has +1u and neutron has 0 relative charge.

Question 48
What is a proton ?How does it differ from a neutron ?

Solution 48
Protons are positively charged particle found in the atoms of all the elements whereas neutron is a neutral particle
found in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 49
Compare an electron and a proton in respect of mass and charge.

Solution 49
Electron has relative mass of 1/1840 u and proton has relative mass of 1u.
Electron has relative charge of -1u while proton has +1u of relative charge.

Question 50
Compare a proton and a neutron in respect of mass and charge.

Solution 50
Proton has relative mass of 1u and neutron also has relative mass of 1u.
Proton has relative charge of +1u and neutron has no relative charge.

Question 51
How does an electron differ from a neutron ?

Solution 51
Electron has relative charge of -1 u whereas neutron has no relative charge.
Also, electron has relative mass of 1/1840 u and neutron has relative mass of 1 u.

Question 52
State the location of electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom.

Solution 52
Protons and neutrons are collectively present in the nucleus at the center while electrons revolve rapidly round the
nucleus in fixed circular orbits called energy levels.

Question 53
Fill in the following blanks :

Solution 53
Question 54
Fill in the following blanks in respect of an atom of an element:

Solution 54

Question 55
(a) What are cathode rays? What is the nature of charge on cathode rays ?
(b) Explain how, cathode rays are formed from the gas taken in the discharge tube.
(c) What conclusion is obtained from the fact that all gases form cathode rays ?

Solution 55
(a). The stream of particles coming out from cathode (negative electrode) are called cathode rays. Cathode rays are
negatively charged.
(b). When electricity at high voltage is passed through a gas at very low pressure taken in discharge tube, stream of
minute particles are given out by the cathode. These stream of particles are called cathode rays.
(c). The conclusion is that all the atoms contain negatively charged particles called electrons.

Question 56
(a) Describe Thomson's model of the atom. Which subatomic particle was not present in Thomson's model of the
atom?

(b) The mass number of an element is 18. It contains 7 electrons. What is the number of protons and neutrons in it?
What is the atomic number of the element?

Solution 56
(a). According to Thomson model of atom- An atom consists of a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged
electrons embedded in it. The positive and negative charges in an atom are equal in magnitude.
Neutron was not present in the Thomson model of atom.
(b). When mass no. is 18 and no. of electrons is 7 then
(i). No. of protons = 7
(ii). No. of neutrons = 18 - 7 = 11
(iii). Atomic no. = 7

Question 57
(a) Describe the Rutherford's model of an atom. State one drawback of Rutherford's model of the atom.
(b)The mass number of an element is 23 and it contains 11 electrons. What is the number of protons and neutrons
in it ? What is the the atommic number of the element ?

Solution 57
(a).Rutherford's model of atom-

1. An atom consists of positively charged, dense and very small nucleus containing all the protons and neutrons.
Almost all the mass of atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The electrons are revolving at very high speed round
the nucleus in fixed circular orbits.
3. The electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons keep the
atom held together.
4. An atom is electrically neutral.
5. Most of the space in an atom is empty.

The major drawback of Rutherford model of atom is that it does not explain the stability of the atom.
(b).Given: Mass no. = 23
No. of electrons = 11
Then, no. of protons = 11
No. of neutrons = 23 - 11 = 12
Atomic no. = 11

Question 58
(a) Describe Bohr's model of the atom. How did Neils Bohr explain the stability of atom ?
(b) An element has an atomic number of 11 and its mass number is 23. What is the arrangement of electrons in the
shells? State nuclear composition of an atom of the element.

Solution 58
(a). Bohr's model of atom-
1. An atom is made up of three particles, namely electrons, protons and neutrons.
2.The protons and neutrons are located in the small nucleus at the center of atom.
3. Electrons revolve round the nucleus in fixed circular orbits.
4. Maximum no. of electrons for any given shell is fixed. Any shell cannot exceed that maximum value.
5. Each given shell is associated with fixed amount of energy.
6. There is no change in energy of electrons as long as they keep revolving in the same energy level, and the atom
remains stable.

(b).Given: Atomic no. = 11

Mass no. = 23
Then, electronic configuration - (2,8,1)
Nuclear composition is - 11 protons and 12 neutrons

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 194

Question 59
(a) What is meant by (i) atomic number, and (ii) mass number, of an element ? Explain with the help of an example.
(b) What is the relation between the atomic number and mass number of an element?
(c) If an element M has mass number 24 and atomic number 12, how many neutrons does its atom contain?

Solution 59
(a). (i). Atomic no. is the number of protons in one atom of an element.
(ii). Mass no. is the total number of protons and neutrons present in one atom of the element.
Example- The total no. of protons in a carbon atom is 6, so its atomic no. is 6.
Also, one atom of Na contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, so its mass no. is 23.
(b). Mass No. = Atomic no. + No. of neutrons
(c). No. of neutrons = Mass No. - Atomic no.
= 24 - 12 = 12

Question 71

(i) mass number of phosphorus,

(ii) atomic number of phosphorus, and
(iii) electron configuration of phosphorus

Solution 71
(i). Mass no. = 31
(ii). Atomic no. = 15
(iii). E.C. = (2,8,5)

Question 72
The atom of an element X has 7 electrons in its M shell.
(a) Write the electronic configuration of element X.
(b) What is the atomic number of element X ?
(c) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?
(d) What type of ion will be formed by an atom of element X ? Write the symbol of the ion formed.
(e) What could element X be ?

Solution 72
(a). E.C. - (2,8,7)
(b). Atomic No. = 17
(c). Non-metal
(d). Anion; X-
(e). X must be Chlorine

Question 73
An atom of element E contains 3 protons, 3 electrons and 4 neutrons :
(a) What is its atomic number?
(b) What is its mass number?
(c) Write the electronic configuration of the element E.
(d) State whether element E is a metal or non-metal. Why?
(e) What type of ion, cation or anion, will be formed by an atom of element E? Why?
(f) Write the symbol of the ion formed by an atom of element E.
(g) What could element E be?

Solution 73
(a). Atomic no. = 3
(b). Mass no. = 3 + 4 = 7
(c). E.C. - (2, 1)
(d). Metal
(e). Cation will be formed; because outermost single electron can be easily donated.
(f). E+
(g). Lithium

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 195

Question 74

(a) What does the figure 9 indicate ?

(b) What does the figure 4 indicate ?
(c) What is the number of protons in atom X ?
(d) What is the number of neutrons in atom X ?
(e) What is the number of electrons in atom X ?
(f) How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of an atom of element X ?
(g) Write the symbol of ion formed by an atom of element X .

Solution 74
(a). Mass number
(b). Atomic number
(c). No. of protons = 4
(d). No. of neutrons = 9 - 4 = 5
(e). No. of electrons = 4
(f). Electrons in outermost orbit = 2
(g). X2+

Question 75
The electronic configuration of an element Z is 2, 8, 8.
(a) What is the atomic number of the element ?
(b) State whether element Z is a metal or a non-metal.
 (c) What type of ion (if any) will be formed by an atom of element Z ? Why ?
(d) What is special about the outermost electron shell of the atom of this element ?
(e) Give the name and symbol of element Z.
(f) Name the group of element to which Z belongs.

Solution 75
(a). Atomic no. = 18
(b). Element Z is non-metal
(c). As the outermost shell of element Z is completely filled so, it will not form any ion.
(d). Outermost electronic shell is completely filled with electrons.
(e). Name of element 'Z' = Argon
Symbol is Ar
(f). Z belongs to the group 'Noble gases'.

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 210

Question 1
The total number of electrons in nitrogen atom is 7.Find the number of valence electrons in it.

Solution 1
E.C of Nitrogen = 2, 5
So, no. of valence electrons in Nitrogen atom = 5

Question 2
What is the general name of the element having 8 electrons in the valence shell of their atoms ?

Solution 2
Noble gases

Question 3
Which noble gas has less then 8 electrons in the valence shell of its atom ? What is this number ?

Solution 3
Helium has less than 8 electrons in the valence shell of an atom. Its atomic no. is 2

Question 4
State one use of radioactive isotopes in medicine.

Solution 4
Radioactive isotopes are used in the treatment of cancer.
One such isotope is Cobalt-60.

Question 5
Give one example of a radioactive isotope which is used as a fuel in the reactors of nuclear power plants.

Solution 5
Uranium-235 isotope is used as a fuel in the reactors of nuclear power plants for generating electricity.

Question 6
Name the radioactive isotope which is used in the treatment of cancer.

Solution 6
Cobalt-60 radioisotope is used in the treatment of cancer.

Question 7
Which radioactive isotope is used to determine the activity of thyroid gland ?

Solution 7
Iodine-131 radioisotope is used to determine the activity of thyroid gland.

Question 8
State one use of radioactive isotopes in industry.

Solution 8
Radioactive isotopes are used in industry to detect the leakage in underground oil pipelines, gas pipelines and water
pipes.

Question 9
State whether the following statement is true or false :
Radioactive isotope of iodine is used for making the medicine called tincture iodine.

Solution 9
The given statement is false.

Question 10
What name is given to those atoms which contain the same number of protons and electrons but different number of
neutrons :?

Solution 10
Atoms containing same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons are called ISOTOPES.

Question 11
What is the relationship between an atom containing 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 11 neutrons, and another atom
containing 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 12 neutrons?

Solution 11
Isotopes

Question 12

Solution 12
The given pair are isotopes.

Question 13
What name is given to those isotopes which have unstable unclei and emit various types of radiations ?

Solution 13
Radioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei and emit various types of radiations.

Question 14
Fill in the following blanks in respect of an atom of an element :

Solution 14

Question 15
Complete the following statements:
(a) Magnesium has 2 valence electrons in the ..........shell.
(b) The valency of nitrogen in N2 molecule is ..........
(c) Isotopes have different mass number because their nuclei contain different number of .........
(d) Some boron atoms have mass number 10 and some have mass number 11. These boron atoms with
different mass numbers are called.........
Solution 15
(a). M
(b). 3
(c). neutrons
(d). isotopes

Question 16
The nucleus of an atom has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. What would be the (a) atomic number, (b) mass number, (c)
the number of electrons, and (d) the number of valence electrons, per atom of this element?

Solution 16
(a). Atomic no. = 5
(b). Mass no. = 6 + 5 = 11
(c). No. of electrons = 5
(d). No. of valence electrons, per atom = 3

Question 17
Write the electronic configuration of the element with atomic number 17. Indicate the valency of the element.

Solution 17
Atomic No. = 17
E.C. = (2, 8, 7)
Valency = 8 - no. of valence electrons = 8 - 7 = 1

Question 18
The atomic number of an element X is 16.
(a) Write down the electronic configuration of X.
(b) What will be the valency of X ?

Solution 18
Atomic No. of X = 16
E.C. of X = (2, 8, 6)
Valency of X = 8 - no. of valence electrons = 8 - 6 = 2

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 211

Question 19
What valencies will be shown by the elements A, B, C, D and E having atomic numbers 2, 4, 8, 10 and 13
respectively.

Solution 19
Valency shown by A (atomic no. 2) - 0
Valency shown by B (atomic no. 4) - 2
Valency shown by C (atomic no. 8) - 2
Valency shown by D (atomic no. 10) - 0
Valency shown by E (atomic no. 13) - 3

Question 20
Give one use of each of the following radioactive isotopes :
(a) Uranium-235 (b) Cobalt-60

Solution 20
Uranium-235 : This isotope is used as a fuel in the reactors of nuclear power plants for generating electricity.
Cobalt-60 : This is used in the treatment of cancer.

Question 21

Solution 21
Question 22
What is the reason for the different atomic masses of the isotopes of an element ?

Solution 22
The difference in the masses of isotopes of an element is due to different number of neutrons in their nuclei.

Question 23
What is the reason for the identical chemical properties of all the isotopes of an element ? Explain with the help of
an example.

Solution 23
Because all the isotopes of an element have identical atomic configuration containing same number of valence
electrons, therefore, all the isotopes of an element show identical chemical properties.
For example- Cl-35 and Cl-37, show identical chemical properties as they have same no. of 7 valence electrons.

Question 24
What is the reason for the slightly different physical properties of all isotopes of an element ?

Solution 24
Due to slight difference in the masses of the isotopes of an element, the physical properties of the isotopes are
slightly different.

Question 25
Explain why , the atomic masses of many elements are in fractions and not whole number.

Solution 25
The fractional atomic masses of elements are due to the existence of their isotopes having different masses.

Question 26
Which of the following are isotopes and which are isobars?
Argon, Deuterium, Calcium, Tritium, Protium

Solution 26
Deuterium, Protium and Tritium are isotopes.
Argon and Calcium are isobars.

Question 27
Hydrogen has three isotopes written as :

Explain why:
(i) these isotopes have almost identical chemical properties.
(ii) they are electrically neutral.

Solution 27
(i). Due to identical electronic configuration containing the same no. of valence electrons, these isotopes have
almost identical chemical properties.
(ii). All of them have 1 electron and 1 proton, so, they are electrically neutral.

Question 28

Solution 28

Question 29
What are isobars? Explain with an example.

Solution 29
Isobars are the atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers but the same mass number (or same
atomic mass).

Question 30
For the symbols H, D and T, write the subatomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons) found in each one of
them.

Solution 30
H - 1 proton, 1 electron and no neutron.
D - 1 proton, 1 electron and 1 neutron.
T - 1 proton, 1 electron and 2 neutrons.

Question 31
An element has Z = 7. What is the valency of the element? Also name the element.

Solution 31
Atomic No. = 7
E.C = 2, 5
Valency of given element = 3
Given element is NITROGEN.

Question 32
(a) What are valence electrons ? Where are valency electrons situated in an atom ?
(b) What is the number of valence electrons in the atoms of an element having atomic number 13 ? Name the
valence shell of this atom.

Solution 32
(a). The number of electrons present in the valence shell are called valence electrons.
Valence electrons are situated in the outermost shell.
(b). There are 3 valence electrons present in the element with atomic no. 13.
Valence shell of this atom is M.

Question 33
(a) What are isotopes ? Explain by giving an example.
(b) Give one similarity and one difference between a pair of isotopes.
(c) Give the number of protons, neutrons and electrons per atom in the two isotopes of chlorine 35Cl17 and 37Cl17 .

Solution 33
(a). Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
For example - 35Cl17 and 37Cl17 are isotopes of chlorine.

(b). Similarity - A pair of isotopes have same atomic number.

Difference - A pair of isotopes have different mass numbers.

(c). In 35Cl17 - 17 protons, 17 electrons and 18 neutrons.

In 37Cl17 - 17 protons, 17 electrons and 20 neutrons.

Question 34
(a) What are radioactive isotopes ? Give two examples of radioactive isotopes.
(b) Give any two uses of radioactive isotopes.
(c) An element Z contains two naturally occuring isotopes 35Z17 and 37Z17. If the average atomic mass of this element
be 35.5 u, calculate the percentage of two isotopes.

Solution 34
(a).The isotopes which are unstable due to presence of extra neutrons in their nuclei and emit various types of
radiations, are called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes.
For example: Carbon - 14 , Arsenic - 74
(b). Uses of isotopes-
(i). They are used in the treatment of cancer.
(ii). Radioactive isotopes are used as 'tracers' in medicine to detect the presence of tumors and blood clots in
human body.
(c). Average atomic mass = 35.5 u
Let % amount of 35Z17 be y, then amount of 37Z17 is (100 - y).
Then-

Question 35
(a) Define valency of an element. What valency will be shown by an element having atomic number 14?
(b) What is the relation between the valency of an element and number of valence electrons in its atoms? Explain
with examples.

Solution 35
(a). The capacity of an atom of an element to form chemical bonds is known as its valency.
Valency of an atom with atomic no. 14 is 4.

(b). The valency of an element is either equal to the number of valence electrons in its atom or equal to the number
of electrons required to complete eight electrons in the valence shell.
Valency of metal = No. of valence electron in its atom
Valency of a non-metal = 8 - No. of valence electron in its atom
For example- Valency of sodium (metal) is 1 and that of chlorine (non-metal) is also 1.

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 212

Question 52
What is the number of valence electrons in :
(a) Sodium ion, Na+ (b) oxide ion, O2-

Solution 52
(a). E.C of Na+ = 2, 8
So, no. of valence electrons in sodium ion, Na+ = 8
(b). E.C of O2- = 2,8
So, no. of valence electrons in oxide ion, O-2 = 8

Question 53
Atom A has a mass number 209 and atomic number 82.
Atom B has a mass number 209 and atomic number 83.
(i) How many protons atom A has ?
(ii) How many protons atom B has ?
(iii) Are atoms A and B isotopes of the same element ?

Solution 53
Atom A - 209A82
Atom B - 209B83
(i). A has 82 protons.
(ii). B has 83 protons.
(iii). No, A and B are not isotopes.

Chapter 4 - Structure Of The Atom Exercise 213

Question 54
Which of the following pairs are isotopes ? Give reasons for your choice:
Solution 54
(i). 58A26 and 58B28 - these are not isotopes because they have different atomic numbers.
(ii). 79X35 and 80Y35 - these are isotopes as they have same atomic number.

Question 55
Three different atoms of oxygen are represented as :

(i) What do the subscripts (lower figures) and superscripts (upper figures) represent?

(ii) What factor is responible for the change in the superscripts 16, 17 and 18, though the element is the same?
(iii) What is the usual name for such atoms of an element?
(iv) Give the nuclear composition of 18O8

Solution 55
(i). Subscripts represent atomic number whereas superscripts represent atomic mass.
(ii). Number of neutrons is responsible for the change in the superscripts.
(iii). Isotopes is the usual name for the given atoms of the element.
(iv). Nuclear composition of 18O8 is:-
No. of protons = 8
No. of neutrons = 18 - 8 = 10

Question 56
The atomic species A and B have different number of protons but the same number of nucleons. On the other hand,
the atomic species X and Y have the same number of protons but different number of nucleons. Which pair is an
example of isobars? Why?

Solution 56
A and B are the example of isobars. This is because they have same number of nucleons.

Question 57
Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species A and B is give as under :

A B
Protons : 18 20

Neutrons: 22 20

Give the mass number of A and B. What is the relation between the two species and which element or elements
they represent ?

Solution 57
Mass no. of A and B is 40.
The two species are isobars.
A represents Argon (Atomic no. = 18) while B represents Calcium (Atomic no. = 20).

Question 58
Which of the following pairs are isobars?

Give reasons for your choice.

Solution 58
58
A26 and 58B28 are isobars because they have same number of nucleons.

Question 59
The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in particles A to E are given below :

Particle Protons Neutrons Electrons

A 17 18 17
B 3 4 2
C 18 22 18
D 17 20 17
E 9 10 10

Giving reasons, find a pair of isotopes from the abave particles.

Solution 59
A and D are isotopes as they have the same number of protons.

Question 60
The composition of two atomic particles is given below:
X y

Protons 8 8

Neutrons 8 9

Electrons 8 8

(i) Which is the mass number of X?

(ii) Which is the mass number of Y?
(iii) What is the relation between X and Y?
(iv) Which element/elements do they represent?

Solution 60
(i). Mass number of X = 8 + 8 = 16
(ii). Mass number of Y = 8 + 9 = 17
(iii). X and Y are isotopes.
(iv). X and Y represent Oxygen.
Question 1.
Which subatomic particle is absent in an ordinary hydrogen atom?
Answer:
Neutron.

Question 2.
J. Chadwick discovered a subatomic particle which has no charge and has mass nearly equal to that
of a proton. Name the particle and give its location in the atom.
Answer:
The particle is neutron and it is present in the nucleus of the atom.

Question 3.
Is it possible for the atom of an element to have one electron, one proton and no neutron? If so, name
the element. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Yes, it is true for hydrogen atom which is represented as .

Question 4.
Electron attributes negative charge, protons attribute positive charge. An atom has both but why there
is no charge?
Answer:
The positive and negative charges of protons and electrons are equal in magnitude. So, atom as a
whole is electrically neutral.

Question 5.
Write the electronic configuration of an element whose atomic number is 12.
Answer:
K, L, M
2, 8, 2

Question 6.
What do you understand by ground state of an atom?
Answer:
The state of an atom where all the electrons in the atom are in their lowest energy levels is called the
ground state.

Question 7.
What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in ‘N’ shell?
Answer:
N shell can accommodate maximum 32 electrons.

Question 8.
Write the correct representation of an element ‘X’ which contains 15 electrons and sixteen neutrons.
Answer:
The correct representation of the element X is .

Question 9.
What will be the valency of an atom if it contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons?
Answer:
The valency of the atom will be one.

Question 10.
Which of the following pairs are isotopes?
(i)

(ii)
Answer:
and are isotopes.

Question 11.
Out of elements and , which is chemically more reactive and why?
Answer:
The elements is more reactive because its outermost shell is incomplete.

Question 12.
One electron is present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element X. What would be the nature
and value of charge on the ion formed if this electron is removed from the outermost shell? [NCERT
Exemplar]
Answer:
The charge would be +1.

Question 13.
In the atom of an element X, 6 electrons are present in the outermost shell. If it acquires noble gas
configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons, then what would be the charge on the ion so
formed ? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
– 2.

Question 14.
Give two important applications of radioactive isotopes.
Answer:

 An isotope of carbon-12, C14, is used in carbon dating.

 U235 is used in the nuclear reactors to generate electricity.
Question 15.
Which isotope of hydrogen is present in heavy water?
Answer:
Among the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium ( )is found in heavy water.

Question 16.
Chemical formula of a metal sulphate is MSO4. What will be the formula of its chloride?
Answer:
MCl2
Question 17.
An element ‘A’ has valency +3, while another element ‘B’ has valency -2. Give the formula of their
compound formed when ‘A’ reacts with ‘B’.
Answer:
Element ‘A’ valency +3 (left)
Element ‘B’ valency – 2 (right)

Chemical formula = A2B3

Question 18.
Valency of an element X is 3. Write the chemical formula of its oxide.
Answer:
X2O 3

Question 19.
Will 35Cl and 37Cl have different valencies? Justify your answer. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
No, 35Cl and 37Cl are isotopes of an element.

Question 20.
The atomic number of calcium and argon are 20 and 18 respectively, but the mass number of both
these elements is 40. What is the name given to such a pair of elements? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Isobars

Structure of the Atom Class 9 Extra Questions Short Answer

Questions—I
Question 1.
How do you know that nucleus is very small as compared to the size of atom?
Answer:
Rutherford observed that when a-particles were bombarded on a very thin foil they bounced back. But
the number of a-particles bouncing back got doubled when he doubled the thickness of gold foil. Then
he concluded that the area of nucleus is very small in comparison to the total area of the atom.

Question 2.
Write two characteristics of the canal rays.
Answer:

 The canal rays are deflected by the magnetic fields in a direction opposite to that of the cathode rays.
 They consist of positively charged particles.
Question 3.
Write the electronic configuration of a positively charged sodium ion (Na+). Atomic number of sodium
is 11.
Answer:
Number of electrons in Na atom = Atomic number = 11
Number of electrons in Na+ ion = 11 – 1 = 10
Electronic configuration of Na+ ion: 2, 8

Question 4.
The electronic configuration of phosphorus atom is 2, 8, 5. Give the electronic configuration of P 3- ion.
Answer:
Electronic configuration of P = 2, 8, 5
P atom gains 3e– to form P3-
∴ P3- has configuration = 2, 8, (5 + 3) = 2, 8, 8

Question 5.
The atomic number of Al and Cl are 13 and 17, respectively. What will be the number of electrons in
Al3+ and Cl–?
Answer:
Atomic number of Al = Number of electrons = 13
Number of electrons in Al3+ = 13 – 3 = 10
Atomic number of chlorine = Number of electrons = 17
Number of electrons in Cl– = 17 + 1 = 18

Question 6.
Write down the electron distribution of chlorine atom. How many electrons are there in the L shell?
(Atomic number of chlorine is 17). [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
The electronic distribution of Cl is 2, 8, 7. The L shell has eight electrons.

Question 7.
Define valence electrons. Which electrons of an atom are involved in the chemical bond formation
with other atoms?
Answer:
The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom or ion are known as valence electrons.
In a chemical bond formation, only valence electrons of an atom take part.

Question 8.
Why do helium, neon and argon have a zero valency? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Helium has two electrons in its energy shell, while argon and neon have 8 electrons in their valence
shells. As these have maximum number of electrons in their valence shells, they do not have any
tendency to combine with other elements. Hence, they have a valency equal to zero.

Question 9.
Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell but its valency is not 2. Explain. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell and its duplet is complete. Hence, the valency is
zero.

Question 10.
Find out the valency of the atoms represented by the Figs. (a) and (b) [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) 0
(b) 1

Question 11.
Identify the Na+ ion from the following figures. What is the valency of sodium atom? Give reason.

Answer:
Figure number (ii) is correct because sodium ion (Na+) is formed when one electron is lost.

The valency of sodium atom is one because stable (octet) electronic configuration is obtained after
loss of one electron.

Question 12.
Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element X which is represented as
[NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons = 31
∴ Number of neutrons = 31 – Number of protons
= 31 – 15 = 16

Question 13.
Why do isotopes show similar chemical properties?
Answer:
Isotopes have same atomic numbers and thus same number of electrons. Therefore, they have the
same electronic configuration which provides them similar chemical properties.
Question 14.
An element ‘X’ has a valency 3(+):
(a) Write the formula of its phosphide.
(b) Write the formula of its carbonate.
Answer:
(a) XP
(b) X2 (CO3)3

Question 15.
An element ‘Z’ forms the following compound when it reacts with hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen and
phosphorous.
ZH3, ZCl3, Z2O3 and ZP
(a) What is the valency of element ‘Z’?
(6) Element ‘Z’ is metal or non-metal?
Answer:
(a) The valency of ‘Z’ is 3.
(b) Element ‘Z’ is a metal because it is electropositive and is reacting with non-metals.

Structure of the Atom Class 9 Extra Questions Short Answer

Questions-II
Question 1.
List any three distinguishing features between the models of an atom proposed by J.J. Thomson and
Ernest Rutherford.
Answer:

J. J. Thomson Model of Atom Rutherford’s Model

1. Positive charge forms a kernel. 1. Nucleus (positive charge) is in the centre.

2. Electrons present throughout the atom. 2. Electrons revolve in orbits.

3. No space is empty. 3.Most of the space is empty.

Question 2.
In the gold foil experiment of Geiger and Marsden, that paved the way for Rutherford’s model of an
atom, ~ 1.00% of the a-particles were found to deflect at angles > 50°. If one mole of a-particles were
bombarded on the gold foil, compute the number of a-particles that would deflect at angles less than
50°. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
% of α-particles deflected more than 50° = 1% of a-particles.
% of α-particles deflected less than 50° = 100 – 1 = 99%
Number of particles that deflected at an angle less than 50°
=
=
= 5.96 × 1023

Question 3.
Predict the valency of the following elements
(i) A (Atomic number 5)
(ii) B (Atomic number 12)
(iii) C (Atomic number 14)
(iv) D (Atomic number 17)
Answer:
(i) Valency of element ‘A’ = 8 – 5 = 3
(ii) Valency of element ‘B’ = 12 – 10 = 2
(iii) Valency of element ‘C’= 14 – 10 = 4
(iv) Valency of element ‘D’= 18 – 17 = 1

Question 4.
An element ‘X’ contains 6 electrons in ‘M’ shell as valence electrons:
(a) What is the atomic number of ‘X’?
(b) Identify whether ‘X’ is a metal or non-metal.
Answer:
(a) If ‘X’ contains 6 electrons in ‘M’ shell as valence electrons, then the electronic configuration of‘X’ is
K = 2, L = 8, M = 6
∴ Atomic number = 16
(b) ‘X’ is a non-metal.

Question 5.
The atomic number of lithium is 3. Its mass number is 7.
(a) How many protons and neutrons are present in a lithium atom?
(b) Draw the diagram of a lithium atom.
Answer:
(a) Number of neutrons = Mass number – atomic number
Number of neutrons = 7 – 3 = 4
Number of protons = atomic number
∴ Number of protons = 3
(b) Structure of a lithium atom

Question 6.
Complete the table on the basis of information available in the symbols given below [NCERT
Exemplar]

Answer:

Question 7.
In the atom of an element ‘Z’, 5 electrons are present in the outermost shell. It requires noble gas
configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons, then what would be the charge on the ion so
formed? Write the formula of the compound which will be formed when ‘Z’ reacts with Na atom.
Answer:
Number of electrons in the outermost shell = 5
Number of electrons required to make noble gas configuration = 8 – 5 = 3
The charge on the ion so formed = Z + 3e–
= Z3-
The valency of Z = 3

Chemical formula of the compound:

Question 8.
is an isotope of noble gas, radon. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in one
atom of this radon isotope?
Answer:
Atomic number of radon = 86
The number of protons = 86
The number of electrons = Number of protons
= 86
Number of neutrons = Atomic mass – Atomic number
= 222 – 86 = 136

Question 9.
What information do you get from the figures about the atomic number, valency of atoms X, Y and Z?
Give your answer in a tabular form.

Answer:

Question 10.
Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds:
(a) Copper (II) bromide
(b) Aluminium (III) nitrate
(c) Calcium (II) phosphate
(d) Iron (III) sulphide
(e) Mercury (II) chloride
(f) Magnesium (II) acetate [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) CuBr2
(b) Al(NO3)3
(c) Ca3(PO4)2
(d) Fe2S3
(e) HgCl2
(f) Mg(CH3COO)2

Question 11.
Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the combination of following
ions [NCERT Exemplar]
Cu2+, Na+, Fe3+, Cl–,
Answer:
CuCl2; CuSO4; Cu3 (PO4)2
NaCl; Na2SO4; Na3PO4
FeCl3; Fe2(SO4)3; FePO4

Question 12.
Write the formula of the compounds formed by the following ions.
(a) Mg2+ and S2-
(b) Cu2+ and OH
Name the compounds formed in each case.
Answer:
(a) Ions Mg2+ S2-
Valencies 2 2
Compound: Mg2S2 or MgS; Magnesium sulphate
(b) Ions Cu2+ OH–
Valencies 2 1
Compound: Cu(OH)2; Copper (II) hydroxide.

Structure of the Atom Class 9 Extra Questions Long Answer

Questions
Question 1.
(i) State the method of determining the valency of an element if its atomic number is given.
(ii) Determine the valency of the following elements, the atomic numbers of which are given in
parenthesis:
Chlorine (17), Sulphur (16), Aluminium (13)
Answer:
(i) The number of electrons gained, lost or shared to make the octet of electrons (in the outermost
shell), gives us directly the combining capacity of the element, that is, the valency.

Question 2.
What is the gold foil experiment? Name the scientist who performed this experiment. Write the
conclusions and shortcomings of Rutherford’s model of atom.
Answer:
In 1911, Rutherford performed the gold foil experiment. He bombarded a stream of a-particles on a
gold foil, a thin sheet which was 0.00006 cm thick in an evacuated chamber. An a-particle is a
positively charged helium ion (He2+). A simplified picture of this experiment is shown in the figure.
In this famous experiment, the following observations were made.

 Most of the a-particles passed straight through the foil without any deflection. This concluded that most
of the space inside of an atom is empty.
 A few α-particles were deflected through small angle and few through larger angles. This happened due
to positive charge on a-particles and core (nucleus) of the atom. The heavy positively charged ‘core’ was
named as nucleus.
 The number of α-particles which bounced back was very small. This concluded that the volume of the
nucleus is very small in comparison to the total volume of the atom.
On the basis of gold foil experiment, Rutherford concluded that an atom consists of nucleus which
has positive charge and it is surrounded with electrons which are moving around the nucleus. The
number of electrons and protons are equal and the entire mass of the atom is concentrated at its
nucleus.
Drawbacks in the Rutherford’s model

 According to classical electro-magnetic theory, a moving charged particle, such as an electron under the
influence of attractive force loses energy continuously in the form of radiations. As a result of this,
electron should lose energy and therefore, should move in even smaller orbits ultimately falling into the
nucleus. But the collapse does not occur. There is no explanation for this behaviour.
 Rutherford did not specify the number of orbits and the number of electrons in each orbit.
Question 3.
In what way is the Rutherford’s atomic model different from that of Thomson’s atomic model?
[NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Rutherford proposed a model in which electrons revolve around the nucleus in well-defined orbits.
There is a positively charged centre in an atom called the nucleus. He also proposed that the size of
the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is
centred in the nucleus. Whereas, Thomson proposed the model of an atom to be similar to a
Christmas pudding. The electrons are studded like currants in a positively charged sphere like
Christmas pudding and the mass of the atom was supposed to be uniformly distributed.

Question 4.
What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
The postulates put forth by Neils Bohr’s about the model of an atom:

 Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons, are allowed inside the atoms.
 While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy. These orbits are called energy
levels. Energy levels in an atom are shown by circles.
These orbits are represented by the letters K, L, M, N, … or the numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ………..
Question 5.
The ratio of the radii of hydrogen atom and its nucleus is ~105. Assuming the atom and the nucleus to
be spherical,
(i) what will be the ratio of their sizes?
(ii) If atom is represented by planet Earth ‘Re’ = 6.4 × 106 m. Estimate the size of the nucleus. [NCERT
Exemplar]
Answer:
(i) Volume of the sphere = πr3
Let R be the radius of the atom and r be that of the nucleus.

Question 6.
Show diagrammatically the electron distribution in a sodium atom and a sodium ion and also give
their atomic number. [NCERT Exemplar] Answer:
Since the atomic number of sodium atom is 11, it has 11 electrons. A positively charged sodium ion
(Na+) is formed by the removal of one electron from a sodium atom. So, a sodium ion has 11 – 1= 10
electrons in it. Thus, electron distribution of sodium ion will be 2, 8. The atomic number of an element
is equal to the number of protons in its atom. Since, sodium atom and sodium ion contain the same
number of protons, therefore, the atomic number of both is 11.

Question 7.
The given figure depicts the atomic structure of an atom of an element ‘X’.
Write the following information about the element ‘X’.

(a) Atomic number of ‘X’

(b) Atomic mass of ‘X’
(c) Valence electrons
(d) Valency of ‘X’
(e) ‘X’ should be metal or non-metal.
Answer:
(a) Atomic number = Number of protons = 8
(ib) Atomic mass = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= 8 + 10 = 18 u
(c) Valence electrons = 6
(d) Valency of ‘X’ = 8 – 6 = 2
(e) ‘X’ should be non-metal because there are six valence electrons hence it will take two more
electrons to complete its outermost shell.

Structure of the Atom Class 9 Extra Questions HOTS (Higher

Order Thinking Skills)
Question 1.
One electron is present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element ‘Z’.
(a) What will be the nature of this element?
(b) What will be the value of charge of the ion formed, if this electron is removed from the outermost
shell?
Answer:
(a) Element ‘Z’ will be a metal because it has only one electron in the outermost shell, so it is
electropositive.
(b) After loss of one electron, ‘Z’ will acquire one positive charge.
Z → Z+ + 1 e–

Question 2.
Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are given below:

Give the mass number of ‘X’ and ‘Y’. What is the relationship between the two species?
Answer:
(i) Atomic mass of element ‘X’ = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= 8 + 8 = 16 u
(ii) Atomic mass of element ‘Y’ = Number of neutrons + Number of protons
= 10 + 8 = 18 u
Relationship between X and Y: The atomic number of both the elements is same but their atomic
masses are different. Hence,they are isotopes of each other.

Question 3.
An atom ‘M’ of an element reacts with oxygen to form M2O3. Calculate the valency of the element ‘M’.
Answer:
Two atoms of element ‘M’ combine with 3 atoms of oxygen.
∴ Number of oxygen atoms combining with one atom of element ‘M’ =
Therefore, the valency of element ‘M’ = × 2 = 3

Question 4.
Complete the following gaps in the given table:

Answer:
We know that the number of protons = Atomic number
Number of protons = Number of electrons
Mass number = Number of protons + number of neutrons
Using these relationships, we can fill up these gaps as follows:

Question 5.
Explain why chlorine, whether as the element or its compounds, always has relative atomic mass of
about 35.5.
Answer:
The relative atomic mass is the average mass of one of the atoms and has to take into account the
relative abundances of the various isotopes.
Natural chlorine always contains about .
Therefore, relative atomic mass of chlorine =
= 35.5 u

Question 6.
An element ‘X’ has mass number 4 and atomic number 2. Write the valency of this element. Will it
react with other atoms of different elements? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
We know that only valence electrons take part in bond formation with different atoms. In the atom of
‘X’ element there are only two electrons since atomic number is 2. Thus, K shell is fully filled for this
atom. Hence, its valency is zero. It will not react with other atoms of different elements.

Question 7.
How many electrons will weigh 1 g?
Answer:
Mass of an electron = 9.11 × 10-31 kg
∴ Mass of 9.11 × 10-31 kg = 1 electron
Now, mass of 1g, i.e., 10-31 kg will have × 10-3 electrons
= 1.098 × 1027 electrons.