Topic 1

“Design of a typical microwave oven by using Altera Quartus II”

The project requires the design and implementation of a control system for a simple microwave
oven. The basic design of a microwave oven is simple, and most operate in essentially the same
manner. A front panel allows the user to program the microwave.

Design Specifications
In this project, the aim is to design and implement the control system for a simple domestic
microwave oven. The microwave oven is for the budget (student) market and the intention is to use
a small configurable device (CPLD or FPGA) rather than a micro controller. A specification for the
microwave oven is as following below:

* There are four power settings: defrost, low, medium and high
The behaviour of the system should be that expected of a domestic microwave oven. A partial list:
• The turntable must stop when the door is opened.
• The magnetron (microwave generator) must be switched off when the door is opened.
• If the program is stopped by opening the door, then the start button must be pressed to resume the
cooking after the door is closed.
• Pressing the start button while the door is open will have no effect.
• Changing the power setting will only take effect in the following circumstances:
* After the timer has reached zero
* After switching the mains power on or
* After cancelling the previous programme

• The effect of pressing the cancel button will depend on the current state of the microwave oven as
follows:
* If the oven is running, the magnetron, timer and turntable will be stopped and the interior light
will be switched off.
* If the oven is in the cooking state and the door is open then the current power setting will be
cleared.
The cooking time will be set by the use of an electro-mechanical timer. The timer will run while a
run signal is received. The timer will output a signal when the timer interval has elapsed.

System Design Overview

By using the data path controller model for the design, the controller will be modelled first as a
finite state machine. This should be run in the simulator for both the functional and timing
verification.

• The power block will have a two bit input for the power settings, inputs to clear and set the power
level and a one bit pulse width modulated output.

When all components have been verified, then they should be integrated into a complete system.

At the beginning, the controller unit should be considered to design first. The controller component
will need to have a power source input and a timer clock mechanism input as well. The plan has
specified five user inputs: a door open safety switch, a power selection control program setting,
a timer control setting, a start button setting and a stop / cancel button input.
Topic 2
“Design a typical Toll Booth System in car park”

An automated parking system is also in place to help manage the car park and ensures those
shopping or working at the Centre will have a parking space when the customers visit. Therefore, the
goal of this case study is to design automatic barrier gate for car parking system and toll system.

Detailed Product Description

Automatic Barrier:
1. Humanized clutch
2. Electronic limit switch
3. Automatically backtrack

Functions and Features

- The toll booth system has 2 main external sensors as “C” and “I”. The sensor “C” indicates
whether a car is in the booth area are or not, e.g. Car = “C” = “1”, otherwise !Car = “C” = “0”.

- The sensor “I” indicates whether a money coin has been inserted in the collection box (or
basket), e.g. “No Coin” = “I” = “00”, or “5k vnd” = “I” = “01” ; “10k vnd” = “I” = “10” ; “20k
vnd” = “I” = “11”.
- Besides that, there are two output lights and an output alert alarm that present in this system.
➢ When a car pulls in and stop at the sensor “C” in the booth area, a red light will be
illuminated immediately.
➢ And it remains lit until at least 35k vnd has been deposited , after that, the red light goes
off and the green light is ready to lit.
➢ The green light is lit until the car leaves out of the booth.
➢ If a car exits out of the booth without paying the fully toll, then the red light remains lit and
the alert alarm will be activated at that time.
➢ The alert alarm remains activated state until another car enters the booth area.
A possible list of states as:

An arbitrary list of state values:

Values have to be assigned to each state and there are many ways of coding or mapping a state to a
value. A good general rule is to give the initial, or starting state the value zero as this my simplify
initialisation of the hardware.

In theoretical definitions:
• Highest Priority
States that have the same next state for a given input transition should be given adjacent
assignments in the state map.
• Medium Priority
States that have a common ancestor should be given adjacent assignments in the state map.
• Lowest Priority
States with the same output for a given input should be given adjacent assignments in the state map.
The state map is like a Karnaugh map with states occupying cells within the map, the whole map
having sufficient rows and columns to represent all possible states.
It is not always possible to adhere to these guidelines when placing states onto the state map, e.g.
applying them to the tollbooth example could provide the following sets:

In practical case study:

• Highest priority
Most of the states share the state Scheat as a common destination when the input C = 0. The list is:
S0 , S5 , S10 , S15 , S20 , S25 , S30
It is not possible to assign all of these states adjacent to each other so a compromise will have to be
made as to which states should be placed adjacent. One could consider human nature and decide
that drivers will either cheat immediately, or if they have nearly enough change, or modify the
placement with respect to the medium priority list. i.e. states that share a common destination and a
common ancestor should be placed adjacent to each other. It could also be argued that the
likelihood of a driver cheating is much lower than that of a driver paying a toll so the focus should
be on the medium priority groupings as they are more likely to occur.
• Medium priority
There are many groups of states that share a common ancestor, namely as:

• Low priority
All states except Spaid set the red lamp on.