KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
P.O. BOX 1, KYAMBOGO
IN HOUSE INDUSTRIAL TRIANING
BY
BUKENYA JONATHAN

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 19/U/BET/742/PE

YEAR OF STUDY: YEAR THREE SEMESTER TWO

COURSE CODE: TEEE 3107

PROGRAM OF STUDY: BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRIONICS

ENGINEERING

DURATION: 6TH FEBRUARY, 2023 TO 17TH MARCH, 2023

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT SUBMITTED TO ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

DEPARTMENT OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
AS A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 DECLARATION.

I Bukenya Jonathan to the best of my ability declare that this piece of work is mine. And that this report
has never been submitted in to any academic university or any other institution.

Signature ……………………………………………………………………..

Date …………………………………………………………………………

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 APPROVAL.

NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: MR. MUWANGA SULIEMAN.

SIGNITURE ………………………………………………………………………………….

DATE………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 DEDICATION.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and thanks to my big brothers, Eng. Sserukwaya Solomon
and counsel Balimukkuubo Michael for the financial support and the positive encouragement they have
given me, in fact, they have been on my side the entire time and I do not think that I would have made it
without them.
The whole family of course thank you so much for everything you have done for me. I would also like to
put to the front pages my academic supervisors for the time they gave in to help me complete my
internship. The guidance and the words of encouragement given to me really helped me a lot; thank you
all.

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 ACKNOWLEGEMENT.

The inhouse internship opportunity I had with Kyambogo was a great chance for learning and
professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided
with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a Chance to meet so many
resourceful people and professionals who guided me though this internship period.
I am extremely great full to my fellow interns Mafura Brian and Ayo for everything they have done
for me throughout this inhouse internship period at Kyambogo and I don't think I would have made it
without them. May the almighty God reward you abundantly.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards and deepest sense of gratitude to Mr.
Muwanga Suleiman, Mr. Patrick Baligonzaki and madam Gertrude Kisitu for their careful and precious
guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically. God bless
you all.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION. ...................................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL. ............................................................................................................................................. ii

DEDICATION. ........................................................................................................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEGEMENT. ....................................................................................................................... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. xi

LIST OF ACRONYMS. ......................................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRACT. ........................................................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION. .................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Kyambogo university. .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1. Location. ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2. History. .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.4. Institute of Teacher Education, Kyambogo. ........................................................................ 1

1.1.5. Uganda National Institute of Special Education. ................................................................ 1

1.1.6. Vision and mission. ................................................................................................................... 2

1.1.7. Objectives. ................................................................................................................................. 2

1.1.8. All about Industrial Training. ............................................................................................... 3

1.1.9. Objective of Industrial Training. .......................................................................................... 3

1.1.10. Significance of the training. .................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 5

2.1. CCTV installation ........................................................................................................................... 5

2.1.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.2. Components of a CCTV system. ............................................................................................. 5

2.1.3 Factors considered before choosing a specific camera type. ................................................. 6

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 2.1.4. Questions that may help determine the best camera type: .................................................. 6

2.1.5. Classification of cameras. ........................................................................................................ 7

2.1.6. Basing on the angle of tilt and focus. ...................................................................................... 7

2.1.7. Fixed Cameras. ........................................................................................................................ 7

2.1.8. PTZ Cameras. ........................................................................................................................... 8

2.1.8. Basing on the Connectivity Type ............................................................................................ 9

2.1.9. Day/Night Cameras. ............................................................................................................... 10

2.1.10. Low-Light or Night Vision Cameras. ................................................................................. 10

2.1.11. Thermal Imaging Cameras. ................................................................................................ 10

2.1.12. Lenses. ................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1.14. Housings and mountings...................................................................................................... 11

2.1.15. Different types of monitors used in CCTV systems. ......................................................... 12

2.1.16. Factors considered in monitor selection ............................................................................. 13

2.1.17. Video recorders .................................................................................................................... 14

2.1.18. Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) ......................................................................................... 14

2.1.19. Network Video Recorders (NVRs)...................................................................................... 15

2.1.20. Hybrid DVRs ........................................................................................................................ 17

2.1.21. Storage devices...................................................................................................................... 17

2.1.22. Activities carried out during the survey. ............................................................................ 19

2.1.23. Tools used .............................................................................................................................. 19

2.2. Contactors Relays and Timers .................................................................................................... 21

2.2.1. Protective devices. .................................................................................................................. 21

2.2.2. Isolator..................................................................................................................................... 21

2.2.3. Contactor................................................................................................................................. 21

2.2.4. Principal of the contactor. ..................................................................................................... 22

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 2.2.5. The Overload Relay ............................................................................................................... 22

2.2.6. Operation of the overload relay ............................................................................................ 23

2.2.7. Push buttons ........................................................................................................................... 23

2.3. Applications of contactors, relays and timers. ........................................................................... 25

2.3.1. Design of an automatic water solar pump for irrigation of a flower garden. ................... 25

2.3.2. Aim .............................................................................................................................................. 25

2.3.3. Theory. .................................................................................................................................... 25

2.3.4. Materials ................................................................................................................................. 25

2.3.5. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 26

2.3.6. Soil Moisture Sensor. ............................................................................................................. 27

2.3.7. Humidity and Temperature Sensor. ..................................................................................... 27

2.3.8. Pump Technologies................................................................................................................. 28

2.3.9. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 29

2.4. Motors. ........................................................................................................................................... 31

2.4.1. Definition and introduction. .................................................................................................. 31

2.4.2. Classification of motors ......................................................................................................... 31

2.4.3. Motor construction................................................................................................................. 32

2.4.4. Stator construction. ................................................................................................................ 32

2.4.5. The rotor ................................................................................................................................. 32

2.4.6. Squirrel-Cage Rotor. .............................................................................................................. 32

2.4.7. Wound Rotor. ......................................................................................................................... 32

2.4.7. Principle of operation of an induction motor. ..................................................................... 33

2.5. Methods of staring motors ........................................................................................................... 34

2.5.1. Introduction. ........................................................................................................................... 34

2.5.2. Motor starters include ........................................................................................................... 34

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2.6. Direct online starter (DOL) ......................................................................................................... 34

2.6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 34

2.6.2. Principle of operation of DOL .............................................................................................. 34

2.6.3. Tools used ................................................................................................................................ 35

2.6.4. Connection procedure ............................................................................................................ 35

2.6.5. Magnetic Contactor: .............................................................................................................. 35

2.6.6. Relay Coil ................................................................................................................................ 36

2.6.7. Overload Relay. ...................................................................................................................... 36

2.6.8. Testing the circuit ................................................................................................................... 38

2.6.9. Conclusion. .............................................................................................................................. 38

2.6.10. Connecting the circuit to the motor. ................................................................................... 38

2.6.11. Advantages of DOL starter. ................................................................................................ 39

2.6.12. Disadvantages of DOL starter. ............................................................................................ 39

2.6.13. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 39

2.7. Forward reverse starter method ................................................................................................. 40

2.7.1. Objective ................................................................................................................................. 40

2.7.2. Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 40

2.7.3. Working principle .................................................................................................................. 40

2.7.4. Reversal of three-phase motor rotation ............................................................................... 40

2.7.5. Tools used ................................................................................................................................ 41

2.7.6. Procedure ................................................................................................................................ 41

2.7.7. Testing the circuit ................................................................................................................... 42

2.7.8. Conclusion. .............................................................................................................................. 43

2.7.9. Connecting the circuit to the motor. ..................................................................................... 43

2.7.9. Advantages of the forward reverse starter method ............................................................ 43

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 2.7.10. Disadvantages of forward reverse starter .......................................................................... 44

2.7.11. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 44

2.8. Three Phase Motor Star/Delta Reverse & Forward without Timer ........................................ 45

2.8.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 45

2.8.2. Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................... 45

2.8.3. Power Diagram ....................................................................................................................... 46

2.8.4. Control Diagram .................................................................................................................... 46

2.8.5. Schematic Wiring Diagram ................................................................................................... 47

2.9. Three Phase Motor Star/Delta Reverse & Forward with a Timer. ......................................... 49

2.9.1. Aim........................................................................................................................................... 49

2.9.2. Theory. .................................................................................................................................... 49

2.9.3. Components and tools used ................................................................................................... 49

2.9.4. Procedure. ............................................................................................................................... 50

2.9.5. Testing the circuit ................................................................................................................... 51

2.9.6. Connecting the circuit to the motor. ..................................................................................... 51

2.9.7. Advantages of the start delta starter method ...................................................................... 52

2.9.8. Disadvantages of forward reverse starter ............................................................................ 52

2.9.9. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 52

CHAPTER THREE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES. ................................................... 53

3.1. Opportunities. ............................................................................................................................... 53

3.2. Challenges faced and how I solved them. ................................................................................... 54

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ........................................ 55

4.1. Conclusions. .................................................................................................................................. 55

4.2. Recommendations. ....................................................................................................................... 55

REFERENCES. ...................................................................................................................................... 57

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APPENDICIES ....................................................................................................................................... 58

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Regulated power supply ........................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2. IHK fixed cameras. ................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3. smart solar cameras.................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 4. DVR connections..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5. LED monitor ........................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 6. DVR connection terminals. .................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7. CCTV camera installation connection. ................................................................................. 16
Figure 8. Electrical department CCTV camera installation plan. ..................................................... 20
Figure 9. A diagram showing isolators ................................................................................................. 21
Figure 10. A figure showing a contactor. .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 11. A diagram showing a Relay ................................................................................................. 23
Figure 12. A diagram showing push buttons. ....................................................................................... 24
Figure 13. A block diagram of an automatic solar water pump ......................................................... 27
Figure 14. Flow chart operation. ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 15. Types of motors. .................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 16. Wound type motor rotor. ..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 17. Three phases direct on-line starter connecting diagram. ................................................. 37
Figure 18. DOL lab circuit diagram. ..................................................................................................... 37
Figure 19. DOL motor connection diagram. ........................................................................................ 38
Figure 20.Forward and Reverse starter connection diagram. ............................................................ 40
Figure 21. Forward and reverse lab wiring diagram. ......................................................................... 42
Figure 22. Forward and reverse circuit ready to test. ......................................................................... 42
Figure 23. Motor being operated by the forward and reverse starter. .............................................. 43
Figure 24. star delta reversing diagram without timer. ...................................................................... 46
Figure 25. Control diagram of star delta without timer...................................................................... 47
Figure 26. wiring diagram of a star delta starter without timer. ....................................................... 48
Figure 27. Star delta circuit diagram with a timer. ............................................................................. 51

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 LIST OF ACRONYMS.

AC: Alternating current

amp: Ampere

DC: Direct current

GW: Gigawatt

W: Watt

kW: Kilowatt

kWh: Kilowatt-hour

MW: Megawatt

V: Volt

DOL: Direct on line starter

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 ABSTRACT.
This report shows the activities that I carried and the experience I gained during my 6 weeks of industrial
training at Kyambogo university.
At the beginning of the internship, the report shows how I was oriented into the in- house training in which
I visited the different departments. This helped me settle and get used to the working environment as fast
as possible.
The report further shows that during orientation, I was introduced to a number of tools,
instruments, components and modules; their use, operation and specifications. I was also taught a number
of safety measures and precautions in the same process.
The report further shows that the technical works carried out like; applying contactors, relays and timers
in different applications like automatic solar water pump and motor starter methods were all successfully
done and the practical knowledge and the technical skills I gained were so massive.
In addition to this, the report shows that a number of other skills acquired during my internship include;
communication skills, computer skills, team work and leadership skill, riding and driving skills, navigation
skills and so many others.
The report shows that the internship training was completed successfully in spite of a number of challenges
which included; limited time to learn everything, lack of enough facilitation in terms of money for
transport and upkeep, lack of enough tools and equipment and many others.
Finally, the report recommends that; the internship period should be increased in order for students to fully
benefit from it, the university should consider facilitating students with internship money as it is the case
with other universities to help them throughout the internship period.

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.
1.1. Kyambogo university.
Kyambogo University (KYU) is a public university in Uganda. It is one of the eight public universities
and degree-awarding institutions in the country.

1.1.1. Location.
Kyambogo is located on Banda Hill, which rises to an altitude of 1,240 meters (4,070 ft), above sea
level. The neighborhood is bordered by Kiwatule to the north, Banda to the east, Kinawataka to the
southeast, Mbuya to the south, Nakawa to the southwest, Ntinda to the west and northwest. The location
of the neighborhood is approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 mi), by road, east of Kampala's central business
district. The coordinates of Kyambogo are: 0°20'54.0"N32°37'49.0"E(Latitude: 0.348334; Longitude:
32.630275).

1.1.2. History.
Kyambogo University was established in 2003 by the Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions Act
2001 by merging Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo (UPK), the Institute of Teacher Education, Kyambogo
(ITEK), and the Uganda National Institute of Special Education (UNISE)
1.1.3. Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo.

In 1928 the trade and technical courses at Makerere College (now Makerere University) were split off
into the new Kampala Technical School. The school moved to Nakawa and became the Kampala
Technical Institute. In 1958 that school was moved to Kyambogo renamed Uganda Technical College
and then was finally renamed Uganda Polytechnic, Kyambogo.

1.1.4. Institute of Teacher Education, Kyambogo.

ITEK started as a government teacher training college in 1948 at Nyakasura, Kabarole District. In
1954, it transferred to Kyambogo Hill as a national teachers' college and later became ITEK by statute
of parliament in 1989.

1.1.5. Uganda National Institute of Special Education.

UNISE was affiliated to the Department of Special Education at the faculty of education of Makerere
University, becoming an autonomous institution by Act of Parliament in 1998.

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1.1.6. Vision and mission.
Kyambogo University was established with the vision of becoming Centre of excellence in professional
studies. The main motive is to advance and promote knowledge and development of skills in Science,
Technology and Education, and in such other fields having regards for quality, equity, progress and
transformation of society.

1.1.7. Objectives.
The objectives for which Kyambogo University was established as stipulated by (Establishment of
Kyambogo University) Instrument, Number 37 of 2003 are:

• To equitably expand access to higher education.

• To produce highly and practically skilled manpower for service to society.
• To reduce duplication of areas of study in institutions with close proximity and to enhance
efficiency and cost effectiveness.
• To initiate and promote innovations in education and technology.

• To equip technicians, engineers and teachers of technical subjects with required skills for
manning the construction service, manufacturing industries and educational institutions,
including universities, schools and research organization.
• To promote better understanding of the basic principles and methodology along with practical
knowledge of construction, application, properties, operations and limitations of engineering
systems, materials, processes and equipment.
• To provide scientific and mathematical foundation to enable the recipient handles competently
the technological aspects of the training.
• To equip graduates with the analytical tools required to solve problems utilizing their scientific
knowledge and appropriate technology either under the supervision of an engineer or
independently.
• To promote the acquisition, adaptation and application of information technology and to solve
the social, economic and educational problems of Uganda.

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 • To aim at ensuring an increased number of learners with special educational needs and ensure
that the learners receive equitable and quality education, through providing professional
manpower to secure effective support of training needs.
• To provide training for teachers and other personnel working in the field of special needs
education and rehabilitation, and to cater for all kinds of persons with disabilities and special
learning needs.
• To provide a resource Centre for the production and dissemination of information relating to
persons with disabilities and special learning needs.
• To undertake research in disabilities and other related fields for better understanding and
development of persons with disabilities and special learning needs.
• To initiate outreach programs to promote greater awareness among teachers, parents, leaders
and the general public about persons with disabilities and special learning needs, and to promote
partnership and collaboration among agencies involved in dealing with persons with disabilities.

1.1.8. All about Industrial Training.

Industrial training is an organized method or activity of enhancing and improving skill set and
knowledge of architecture and engineering students which boost their performance and consequently
helping them to meet their career objectives. A ten weeks training in Kyambogo is crucial for students
because it is the best way to acquire as much mastery about their field as possible which helps in building
confidence of the students. Training helps learners to acquire the latest techniques, skills,
methodologies and to build a strong foundation for their career growth. In other words, it helps in
boosting career of students, since by the end of this training; students are turned into professionals in
their specialized area.

1.1.9. Objective of Industrial Training.

 To provide comprehensive learning platform to students where they can enhance their employ ability
skills and become job ready along with real corporate exposure.
 To enhance students' knowledge in one particular technology.
 To Increase self-confidence of students and helps in finding their own proficiency
 To cultivate student's leadership ability and responsibility to perform or execute the given task.
 To provide learners hands on practice within a real job situation.

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1.1.10. Significance of the training.

• Capability to acquire and apply fundamental principles of engineering.

• Become master in one's specialized technology.
• Become updated with all the latest changes in technological world.
• Ability to communicate efficiently.
• Ability to conduct research in the chosen fields of engineering.
• Ability to be a multi-skilled engineer with good technical knowledge, management, leadership
and entrepreneurship skills.
• Ability to identify, formulate and model problems and find architectural and engineering
solution based on a systems approach.
• Capability and enthusiasm for self-improvement through continuous professional
development and life-long learning.
• Awareness of the social, cultural, global and environmental responsibility as an engineer.
• Understanding of the importance of sustainability and cost-effectiveness in design and
developments of engineering solution.

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 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY
2.1. CCTV installation
2.1.1. Introduction.
A CCTV system serves mainly as a security force multiplier, providing surveillance for a larger area, more
of the time, than would be feasible with security personnel alone. CCTV systems are often used to support
comprehensive security systems by incorporating video coverage and security alarms for barriers,
intrusion detection, and access control. For example, a CCTV system can provide the means to assess an
alarm generated by an intrusion detection system and record the event. A CCTV system links a camera to
a video monitor using a direct transmission system. . New approaches within the CCTV industry are
moving towards more open architecture and transmission methods versus the closed circuit, hard-wired
connection systems of the past. CCTV systems have many components with a variety of functions,
features, and specifications. Key components include cameras, lenses, data distribution, power, and
lighting, among others. CCTV technologies continuously undergo feature refinements to improve
performance in areas such as digital equipment options, data storage, component miniaturization, wireless
communications, and automated image analysis.

2.1.2. Components of a CCTV system.

The CCTV system is made up of a variety of components, equipment s and materials which among others
include:
 Cameras
 Lenses
 Housings and mountings
 Monitors
 Switches and multiplexers
 Video recorders
 Storage devices
 Cameras;

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Figure 1. Regulated power supply
Cameras are a key component of any CCTV system. A system’s performance is affected by many factors
beyond those listed in the vendor data sheets. Effective camera selection requires detailed knowledge of
the camera, application, supporting architecture, and host environment and many more.

2.1.3 Factors considered before choosing a specific camera type.

 Image sensor–Converts light (photons) into electronic signals;
 Lens–Gathers light reflected from a subject and focuses the light on the image sensor; and
 Image processing circuitry–Organizes, optimizes, and transmits video signals. The type of camera
best suited for a CCTV system depends on the operational environment and how it will integrate
into the system.

2.1.4. Questions that may help determine the best camera type:
 What size is the desired field of view (FOV)?
 How much lighting is available?

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  Will the video be monitored on a fulltime basis?
 How will the video be transmitted?
 Will the camera be installed indoors or outdoors?
 Will the camera be exposed to extreme conditions?
 What is the desired image quality?

2.1.5. Classification of cameras.

2.1.6. Basing on the angle of tilt and focus.

Cameras can be grouped into two primary categories: fixed and pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ). Fixed cameras are
intended to constantly view a single scene, while PTZ cameras are motor driven and can pan left or right,
tilt up or down, and zoom in or out to instantly customize the view as needed. A combination of fixed and
PTZ cameras are often used to provide the required surveillance coverage for a given area.

2.1.7. Fixed Cameras.

This are mounted on a stationary position and are focused on a single FOV, typically one particular area
of interest. They can be used indoors or outdoors and can be installed overtly or covertly. They can vary
in size and can be mounted in a wide range of locations (e.g., inside cabinets or control panels, or on poles,
fence lines, or roofs). Fixed cameras can be integrated with an electronic security system (ESS) and used
to assess ESS alarms. For example, a fixed camera can survive a secured gate but only record data when
the gate opens, triggering an alarm.

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Figure 2. IHK fixed cameras.

2.1.8. PTZ Cameras.

PTZ cameras come in a variety of sizes and shapes for interior and exterior uses. Typically, a PTZ camera
can be turned and tilted on two axes to provide pan and tilt capabilities and the focal length of the lens can
be varied to change the FOV. This enables PTZ cameras to offer more flexibility for viewing and capturing
images in real time than fixed cameras. PTZ cameras can be operated manually or in an automatic scan
mode, thus capturing the most relevant video possible. In manual mode, the operator can control the
direction of the camera depending on situational needs and zoom in on an object (e.g., a suspicious bag, a

8
person’s facial features, or a license plate) to capture specific details of interest. PTZ cameras can also be
configured to automatically scan back and forth over a wide area that cannot be covered by a single fixed
camera. Preset positions can be programmed to switch views based upon specified time segments. For
example, a PTZ camera could be programmed to change its view every 10 seconds to capture different
areas of interest within the camera’s overall surveillance area.

Figure 3. smart solar cameras.

2.1.8. Basing on the Connectivity Type

Network Cameras–Network cameras connect to IP-based networks, including the Internet, and provide
remote viewing and recording. Network cameras are also available in high definition (HD) which can
provide greater image detail.

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Analog or Digital Cameras–. Analog cameras have options for high resolution, making them applicable
for various surveillance needs. These cameras also have some cyber security advantages because the
coaxial cable they are connected with would require physical access to breach

2.1.9. Day/Night Cameras.

These offer flexibility by automatically adjusting to current lighting conditions. These cameras capture
color images in daylight and switch to black-and-white to improve image quality at night. The camera
relies on an analysis of the current image or a photoelectric sensor to determine when to automatically
remove the infrared-cut filter and switch to monochrome settings.

2.1.10. Low-Light or Night Vision Cameras.

Cameras used to capture images in dark environments are either low-light or night vision cameras. Low-
light cameras are designed to perform in some level of ambient lighting, such as indoor restaurant lighting,
street lamps, or a full moon; they are not intended for use in complete darkness. Night vision cameras used
in CCTV systems typically consist of near-infrared (NIR) and IR cameras with built-in IR illuminators.
They are designed to allow the operator to view night scenes. The distance from which a CCTV camera
can detect objects at night depends on the capability of the camera components, such as the lens and
sensor, as well as on the intensity of the IR illuminator used.

2.1.11. Thermal Imaging Cameras.

Some operational environments may require a thermal imaging camera to detect through obstructions such
as fog or smoke. Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared or heat radiation that is invisible to the human
eye.

2.1.12. Lenses.
The lens on a CCTV camera is the first element in the imaging chain, which consists of the lens, camera,
transmission system, image management and analysis software, and monitor. The lens focuses light or IR
energy onto the imaging sensor. A lens’s role is to deliver an undistorted, evenly focused, accurate image
to the imaging sensor. Systems that require superior quality images start with lenses engineered to produce
a high-quality image for the imaging sensor.

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Figure 4. DVR connections.

2.1.14. Housings and mountings.

Cameras may require special housings or enclosure to ensure cameras are protected from elements such
as extreme weather conditions and vandalism. Camera housings must be well-suited to the type of
equipment installed. The following are some of the types of housings
 Sealed housing
 Bullet resistant housing
 Impact resistant housing
 Temper resistant housing
 Dome enclosures

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Cameras also require to be mounted in a way that does not damage the cameras or affect its performance,
the folding are some of the major camera mounts mainly used in CCTV installations and systems.
 Wall mounts
 Pendant mounts
 Conner mounts
 Pole mounts
 Video Monitors

The function of monitors is to display video images for viewing. The selection of monitors is as important
to the quality of the image as the selection of cameras, lenses, and other components in the imaging chain.

2.1.15. Different types of monitors used in CCTV systems.

There are a number of choices, such as liquid crystal displays (LCD's) and LED displays, various sizes,
and other features. The requirements of the system will determine the type of monitor for each application.
The following are some of the major and common monitor types
 Television screens
 PC monitors
 Monochrome monitors
 CCTV monitors
 Cathode Ray tube (CRT) monitors
 LED monitors
 LCD monitors
 Projection walls

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Figure 5. LED monitor

2.1.16. Factors considered in monitor selection

The choice of the type of monitors to be used in the image display depends on many factors which include.
 The pixels of the screen
 Size of the screen
 Cost of the screen
 Preference by the customer
 Switches and Multiplexers

In CCTV systems that have more cameras than monitors and recording devices, switchers and
multiplexers are used to route the video signal. Switchers are simpler in concept than multiplexers. They
can be set manually or automatically to send analog or digital video to a monitor or a recorder. Some
switchers can send frames or fields from several cameras to a recorder in a sequential manner, recording
a frame or field from each camera in sequence. Multiplexers are designed to record frames, images, or
fields. Security personnel can program multiplexers to prioritize the video from the different cameras
according to rules.

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2.1.17. Video recorders
Recording capability is essential for assessment, investigation, and evidence collection. Video recording
has transformed from tape-based systems to digital hard drive systems. While some systems still use tape,
the popularity of digital video has driven the demand for recorders with hard drive storage. Traditional
analog CCTV systems in which video is recorded to video cassette recorders (VCR) are rare in today’s
environment and have rapidly been taken over by DVRs and DVRs on IP networks.

2.1.18. Digital Video Recorders (DVRs)

A CCTV system may send digital or analog video to the recording system. A DVR receiving analog video
takes two fields of the analog signal and builds one image, which is then digitized and compressed. If the
video going to the DVR is digital, it is normally compressed to save storage space. Various data
compression methods can be used that offer varying degrees of performance, quality, and storage
economy. DVRs can include a variety of features and capabilities such as:
 On-board software, such as video analytics;
 Image protection/authentication techniques;
 Ports for additional recording capabilities;
 Internal hard drive for video storage;
 Ability to easily search for and locate events;
 Ability to record one or more camera inputs while performing video analytics.
 Removable hard drive for archiving purposes
 Ability to transfer data to expandable storage systems called Redundant Array of Independent
Disks (RAID) to free up recording space.

14
Figure 6. DVR connection terminals.

2.1.19. Network Video Recorders (NVRs)

NVRs record digital video data transmitted over an IP network from multiple CCTV digital cameras.
NVRs can be configured to record video in a digital format to a disk drive, portable storage device or a
mass storage device. NVRs differ from DVRs as video input is delivered from an IP network. With an
NVR configuration, video is encoded and processed at the camera and streamed to the NVR for storage
or remote viewing.

15
Figure 7. CCTV camera installation connection.

16
2.1.20. Hybrid DVRs
This incorporates functions of both NVRs and DVRs by accepting and converting video images from
analog cameras as well as IP video inputs. Hybrid DVRs often have IP connectivity supporting remote
viewing capabilities to play back recorded video from across the network.

2.1.21. Storage devices

The choice of the storage device and system depends on a lot of factors which among others include safety
of the data, size of data stored, price and many others, the following are some of the major type of storage
modes and devices used in CCTV systems
 Direct attached storage
 Interface protocol
 Storage area network
 Network attached storage
 Scalable network storage
 Transmission

The transmission system is an important component of the CCTV imaging chain that sends and receives
video signals between the cameras, the processing system (DVRs, NVRs, and multiplexers) and the
monitoring system (the display). Transmitting a strong video signal with low noise is vital to producing a
high-quality image on the monitor. Many problems associated with the quality of a CCTV system signal
are attributable to the transmission system. Many types of video transmission technologies are available
today.
High-quality components are needed to produce a high-quality result. The distance between a camera,
monitor, and storage system is one of the most important criteria for deciding which means of transmission
to use. IP-based systems are quickly gaining popularity as digital formats are becoming more common
within CCTV systems. Other selection factors include installation costs, existing infrastructure, and
availability of power. The following are some of the transfusion options available in the CCTV world
today
 Wired transmission
 Fiber optics
 Category 5 cable
 Wireless transmission

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  Laser transmission
 Infrared
 Microwave transmission
 Site survey

This refers to the examination of a location or spot in order to obtain data or information. This information
includes feasibility reporting and estimation of cost and the time required to perform a certain task. A site
survey consists of different techniques and factors, depending on what type of plan needs to be executed
on the location or place
To ease the survey, a site survey guide was used to give a clear view of how the project should be handled.
The guide looked like this.
 CCTV site survey guide
 What areas require coverage by the CCTV system?
 Does the system’s installer/vendor provide adequate training to operate the system?
 What are the highest value assets that need to be protected? For example: High-value material
property; Critical infrastructure; Intellectual property; and/or Classified material or intelligence
information.
 Where are the sites of greatest vulnerability?
 Does the information technology infrastructure adequately support the number of cameras?
 Will the system integrate with an existing physical security system?
 Will the system integrate with an existing electronic access control system?
 Does the security budget cover regular maintenance, training, and upgrades to the system?
 Factors considered during the site survey
 Number of operators
 Local and remote operator console
 Layout and topography of the site
 Light levels
 Camera location and position
 Power and data transmission
 Scalability i.e. the ability of the CCTV system to accommodate more CCTV devices if need be in
the near future

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  Cost
 Infrastructure, i.e. how the facility to be worked op on is like
 What areas require coverage by the CCTV system
 The highest value assets that need to be protected

2.1.22. Activities carried out during the survey.

 The actual moving around the site to see its size and infrastructure and all the features in it.
 Identification of blind spots and other critical areas that need surveillance
 Taking measurements i.e. obtaining what perimeter outside the building the insolation should be
focused at.
 Drafting a site map and plan on to which the entire installation programme was derived from.
 identification of the exact spots where the cameras were to be mounted
 Fixing the exact number of cameras required to ensure maximum surveillance and efficiency.
 Presentation of site findings to the instructors for guidance and comments.
 Asking and answering of any vital questions necessary to aid in the project planning.
 Identification of tools, materials and equipment required during the installation process.

2.1.23. Tools used

 Tape measure
 Pegs
 Site survey question-are
 Pen
 Paper
 Area map

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Figure 8. Electrical department CCTV camera installation plan.

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2.2. Contactors Relays and Timers
2.2.1. Protective devices.
These are connected furthest from the motor. Their main importance in the system is to ensure that a
regulated current is being supplied to the motor. Examples of this devices include the fuse, circuit breakers,
instant switches and many more

2.2.2. Isolator.
This is a device used for isolating a circuit or an equipment from a power source. It is a manually
mechanical switching device that in the open position cuts power supply to an input or output device. It
can be used to desperate the motor from the rest of the system for maintenance or if there is a power issue

Figure 9. A diagram showing isolators

2.2.3. Contactor
A contactor is an electrical device which is used for switching on or off an electrical circuit. It is an electro
mechanical switch. It is mostly used in high current load such as in motor circuits.

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Figure 10. A figure showing a contactor.

The contact or has three major parts I.e.

 Coil or electromagnet
 Enclosure
 Contacts

2.2.4. Principal of the contactor.

The current sullied to the contact or excites the electromagnet, this produces a magnetic field causing the
contact or core to move the armature. The Normally closed (NC) contact completes the circuit between
the fixed contacts and the moving contacts this allows the current to flow toward the load when the current
is removed, the coil is DE energized and opens the circuit

2.2.5. The Overload Relay

This is an electrical device that opens the circuit in the event of an electrical, thermal or power overload.
When this is mounted with a contactor, they create the motor starter
This device is normally closed (NC), i.e. it only opens if it experiences an overload

22
Figure 11. A diagram showing a Relay

2.2.6. Operation of the overload relay

The device is connected in series with the motor, therefor the current which flows to the motor when its
operating also flows through the relay. If an excess current is flowing through it, it causes the circuit
between the motor and the power source to open. The relay can be manually or automatically reset after a
predetermined time adjuration. The motor can then be restarted after the cause of the overload has been
identified and rectified

2.2.7. Push buttons

These are of two types I.e the stop and start buttons. They are used to start and stop the startup circuit of
the motor system. The start button is normally open and thus pressing it completes the circuit while the
stop button is normally closed and a mere pressing it opens the circuit to cut the power supply

23
Figure 12. A diagram showing push buttons.

24
2.3. Applications of contactors, relays and timers.
2.3.1. Design of an automatic water solar pump for irrigation of a flower garden.

2.3.2. Aim
The purpose of this system is to automatically maintain the water flow throughout the field.

2.3.3. Theory.
The system consists of electrical part and mechanical part. The electrical part consists of photovoltaic
solar panels, which is meant to generate electrical power and the power is stored in the rechargeable
battery.
The power is utilized to operate the pumps. The mechanical part consists of pumps which will maintain
the flow of water. The parameters in this work are soil humidity condition, water level condition and the
position of the Sun. The solar panels are used to generate electrical energy which is supplied to the entire
system and it is much cheaper than the grid electricity. It is suitable to the rural area that is why the solar
system is used as a power supplier to replace DC motor electricity source. The initial cost of solar
installation is higher than use of DC electrical motor but the solar system has no bill compared to grid
electricity which has a bill to pay every month. It is a versatile source of renewable energy that can be
used in any application. The system consists of hardware and software. The integration of the two parts
makes the system which provides the results. The hardware system consists of the sensors, and drivers. In
hardware design, we need all the components that are necessary to accomplish the project, and these
components are solar panel, water pump motor, sensors, some controller circuits, driving circuits and some
minor components like tank and reservoir.

2.3.4. Materials
 Solar panel rating – 5W /17V
 Output Voltage –Variable (5V – 14V)
 Maximum output current – 0.29 Amps.
 Drop out voltage – 2,55V
 Voltage regulation
 Diode
 Capacitor

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  Resisters
 Connecting wires

2.3.5. Methodology
 The figure below demonstrates the methodology of the system.
 The solar panels will generate electrical energy which will power the entire system. The excess
energy will be stored in rechargeable battery.
 A charge controller will maintain the charging limit of the battery and provide protection from
overcharging and overheating of the battery.
 The soil moisture sensors along with humidity and temperature sensors are placed in the field
near the crops which will provide feedback to the microcontroller.
 A voltage regulator is used to supply constant power to the microcontroller.
 The microcontroller will control the switching of the pump which will supply water to the crops
as per their requirements.
 The water level in overhead water tank is maintained by a water level controller which will
operate the pump and the pump will supply water from the water reservoir.
 AC pumps are used in this system as they are economical and efficient as well. The pumps require
ac supply whereas the solar panels provide dc power. So, an inverter is used to convert this dc
supply to ac supply.
 Also, a GSM module is used in this system. This enables the live updates of the field via SMS.
The moisture level of the soil, humidity and temperature in the field, status of the pumps will be
sent to the user via SMS. The pumps can be manually operated via SMS. The user can send SMS
to the system to switch ON or switch OFF the pump.

26
Figure 13. A block diagram of an automatic solar water pump

2.3.6. Soil Moisture Sensor.

The soil moisture sensor or the hygrometer is usually used to detect the humidity of the soil. So, it is
perfect to build an automatic watering system or to monitor the soil moisture of your plants. The sensor
is set up by two pieces: the electronic board (at the right), and the probe with two pads, that detects the
water content (at the left). The sensor has a built-in potentiometer for sensitivity adjustment of the digital
output (D0), a power LED and a digital output LED.

2.3.7. Humidity and Temperature Sensor.

The DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor makes it really easy to add humidity and temperature data.
It’s perfect for remote weather stations, home environmental control systems, and farm or garden
monitoring systems. The DHT11 measures relative humidity. Relative humidity is the amount of water
vapor in air vs. the saturation point of water vapor in air. At the saturation point, water vapor starts to
condense and accumulate on surfaces forming dew. The saturation point changes with air temperature.
Cold air can hold less water vapor before it becomes saturated, and hot air can hold more water vapor
before it becomes saturated.

27
2.3.8. Pump Technologies
There are three main pumps used in rural water pumping applications: centrifugal, helical rotor and
diaphragm. Each of these pump technologies has different pumping characteristics which means they are
suitable for different applications A centrifugal pump can deliver higher flow at a lower head. These pumps
are most efficient when run at their rated operating voltage. A helical rotor pump can deliver lower flow
at a higher head. This type of pump is efficient at a range of operating voltages, making it a pump type
well suited to solar PV-powered pumping.
A diaphragm pump can deliver lower flow at a lower head. These pumps are generally not damaged by
solids or by dry running. Pumps are most efficient when run at their rated operating voltage. A helical
rotor pump can deliver lower flow at a higher head. This type of pump flows at a range of operating
voltages, making it a pump type well suited to solar PV-powered pumping. A diaphragm pump can
deliver lower flow at a lower head. These pumps are generally not damaged by solids or by dry running.
Flow chart

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Figure 14. Flow chart operation.

2.3.9. Conclusions
The proposed system is beneficial to the farmers when this system is implemented. And also useful to
the government with solar panel energy, helping in tackling solution for energy crisis is problem. When
the soil needs water, it is indicated by the sensor by this automatic irrigation system which is
implemented. According to the sensors and GSM feature and commands by farmer, the irrigation system
detects the moisture level of the crop. For example, Wheat, Paddy, Sugarcane crops moisture content of
soil is detected and irrigated automatically. Automatic irrigation system is used to optimize the usage
of water by reducing wastage and reduces the human work. The energy needed to the water pump and
controlling system is given by solar panel. Solar panels which are small grid that can produce excess
energy. By using solar energy, it reduces the energy crisis problem. The system requires minimal

29
maintenance and attention because they are self-starting. To further enhance the daily pumping rates,
tracking arrays can be implemented. This system demonstrates the feasibility and application of using
solar PV to provide energy for the pumping requirements for sprinkler irrigation. Even though this system
requires more investment but it solves more irrigation problem after long run of this system.

30
2.4. Motors.
2.4.1. Definition and introduction.
An induction motor is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device
by means of electromagnetic induction. An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical power
in its rotor (rotating part). There are several ways to supply power to the rotor. In a DC motor this power
is supplied to the armature directly from a DC source, while in an induction motor this power is induced
in the rotating device. An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stat-or
(stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the
secondary side. Induction motors are widely used, especially poly phase induction motors, which are
frequently used in industrial drives
An electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into kinetic energy (i.e. motion). Most
motors spin on an axis, but there are also specialty motors that move linearly. All motors are either
alternating current or direct current but a few can operate on both.

2.4.2. Classification of motors

Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion and are broadly classified into two
different categories: DC (Direct Current) and AC (Alternating Current). Within these categories are
numerous types, each offering unique abilities that suit them well for specific applications.

Figure 15. Types of motors.

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2.4.3. Motor construction.
The induction motor is made up of two major parts namely;
 The stat-or (the stationary part)
 The rotor (the rotating part)
 An outside stationary stat-or having coils supplied with AC current to produce a rotating magnetic
field.
 An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.

2.4.4. Stator construction.

The stat or of an induction motor is laminated iron core with slots similar to a stat or of a synchronous
machine. Coils are placed in the slots to form a three- or single-phase winding.

2.4.5. The rotor

The Rotor is of two different types.
 Squirrel cage rotor
 Wound rotor

2.4.6. Squirrel-Cage Rotor.

In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminum bars placed in the slots
and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. Most of single-phase induction motors have
Squirrel-Cage rotor. One or 2 fans are attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit.

2.4.7. Wound Rotor.

In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding wound for the same number
of poles as stator, is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are brought to
three slip rings on the shaft so that a connection can be made to it for starting or speed control. It is usually
used in large 3 phase induction motors.
The Rotor has a winding the same as the stat or and the end of each phase is connected to a slip ring.

32
Figure 16. Wound type motor rotor.

2.4.7. Principle of operation of an induction motor.

When an AC current is applied to the stat or armature it generates a flux in the stat or magnetic circuit.
This flux induces an emf in the conducting bars of the rotor as they are “cut” by the flux while the magnet
is being moved (E = BVL from (Faraday’s Law)),a current flows in the rotor circuit due to the induced
emf, which in turn produces a force, (F = BIL) and can be changed to the torque as the output.
In a 3-phase induction motor, the three-phase currents i.e. ia, ib and ic, each of equal magnitude but differ
in phase by 120°. Each phase current produces a magnetic flux and there is physical 120 °shift between
each flux. The total flux in the machine is the sum of the three fluxes. The summation of the three ac
fluxes results in a rotating flux, which turns with constant speed and has constant amplitude.
This is made up of very many components both of which work hand in hand to ensure efficiency and
safety of the system. Below are some of the major components in the start system that were discussed
during the motor session;

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2.5. Methods of staring motors
2.5.1. Introduction.
The induction motor draws a huge amount of current at startup. This starting current can damage the motor
windings. In order to avoid any damage, we use different techniques to reduce the starting current using
Motor Starter. These techniques depend on the motor ratings and the load connected to the motor. Apart
from this, the motor starter also protects the motor from overloading and overcurrent.

2.5.2. Motor starters include

 Direct on-line starter
 Forward/reverse starting
 Start delta
 Direct On-Line (D.O.L.) Starting
 Stator-Resistance Starting
 Autotransformer Starting
 Rotor-Resistance Starting

2.6. Direct online starter (DOL)

2.6.1. Introduction
The simplest form of motor starter for the induction motor is the Direct On-Line starter. The Direct
On-Line Motor Starter (DOL) consist a MCCB or Circuit Breaker, Contactor and an overload relay for
protection. Electromagnetic contactor which can be opened by the thermal overload relay under fault
conditions.
Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and stop buttons, and an auxiliary contact
on the contactor is used, across the start button, as a hold in contact. I.e. the contactor is electrically
latched closed while the motor is operating.

2.6.2. Principle of operation of DOL

To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor windings. The motor will draw
a very high inrush current for a very short time, the magnetic field in the iron, and then the current will
be limited to the Locked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will develop Locked Rotor Torque and
begin to accelerate towards full speed.

34
As the motor accelerates, the current will begin to drop, but will not drop significantly until the motor
is at a high speed, typically about 85% of synchronous speed. The actual starting current curve is a
function of the motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally independent of the motor load.
The motor load will affect the time taken for the motor to accelerate to full speed and therefore the
duration of the high starting current, but not the magnitude of the starting current.
Provided the torque developed by the motor exceeds the load torque at all speeds during the start cycle,
the motor will reach full speed. If the torque delivered by the motor is less than the torque of the load at
any speed during the start cycle, the motor will stops accelerating. If the starting torque with a DOL
starter is insufficient for the load, the motor must be replaced with a motor which can develop a higher
starting torque.

2.6.3. Tools used

 Screw driver
 Pliers
 Phase tester
 Multi-meter
 Connecting wires

2.6.4. Connection procedure

The MCCB was not provided to us but in case it was provided, the R, Y and B phase would be connected
through MCCB to the contactors.

2.6.5. Magnetic Contactor:

The contactor provided had 3 types of contacts.
 Main Contacts: The contactor has 3 main (NO) contacts known as L1, L2 and L3.
 L1 is connected to the R phase through MCCB
 L2 is connected to the Y phase through MCCB
 L3 is connected to the B phase through MCCB
 Point 1 is connected to R-phase while point-2 is connected to overload relay T1 point.
 Point 3 is connected to Y-phase while point-4 is connected to overload relay T2 point.
 Point 5 is connected to B-phase while point-6 is connected to overload relay T3 point.

35
  Auxiliary NO Contacts: the auxiliary NO contact 53 and 54 closes when the coil energizes. It is
connected through the green and red push button.
 The point-53 is connected to the point-96 start button
 The point-54 is connected through the stop button.
 Auxiliary NC Contacts: the NC contact 95 and 96 is normally closed contacts of overload relay
and it opens when the current exceeds a certain limit.
 The point-96 is connected to the stop button.

2.6.6. Relay Coil

 The relay coil points A1 and A2 are connected to the voltage supply through OLR, start button
and stop button.
 The Point A1 is connected to R-phase from point 1.
 Point A2 is connected to the NC terminal of overload relay point 95.

2.6.7. Overload Relay.

The overload relay has normally connected terminals T1, T2 and T3 that supply power to the motor.
 The T1 is connected to the point-2 of the contactor.
 The T2 is connected to the point-4 of the contactor.
 The T3 is connected to the point-6 of the contactor.

36
Figure 17. Three phases direct on-line starter connecting diagram.

Figure 18. DOL lab circuit diagram.

37
2.6.8. Testing the circuit
 One of the lines and a neutral were connected to a plug.
 The plug was inserted into a socket and the circuit was switched on.
 On pressing the start button, the main contacts closed.
 On pressing the stop button, the main contacts of the contactors opened.

2.6.9. Conclusion.
The circuit was working well since there were no short circuits

2.6.10. Connecting the circuit to the motor.

 Each line of the contactor was connected to a given phase of the power supply
 The start button was pushed and the motor started rotating.
 The direction in which the motor rotated was noted.
 The stop button was pushed and the motor stopped rotating.
 From the supply side, we interchanged the position of any two phases. i.e. red and blue.
 The start button was then pushed.
 The motor then started rotating in the opposite direction to which it was rotating.

Figure 19. DOL motor connection diagram.

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2.6.11. Advantages of DOL starter.
 It is a simple and most economical starter
 Easy to understand and troubleshoot
 It is easy to operate
 DOL starter connects the supply to the delta winding of the motor device
 Provides nearly full starting torque at starting
 More comfortable to design, operate and control
 DOI is an inexpensive starter
 The designing, operating, and controlling of this starter is very easy

2.6.12. Disadvantages of DOL starter.

 Mechanically tough
 Unnecessary high starting torque
 DOL starter reduces the lifespan of the machine
 High starting current
 DOL start causes a significant dip in voltage, hence suitable only for small motors

2.6.13. Conclusion
The direct online method was starting motors was successfully connected and used to start a motor without
any problems.

39
2.7. Forward reverse starter method
2.7.1. Objective
To change the direction of a three-phase induction motor rotation.

2.7.2. Theory
To change the direction a three- p h a s e induction machine rotation, two of its phases needs to be
exchanged, thus changing the phase sequence form, say ABC to CBA.
This can be accomplished by using two contactors, one for the forward or CW rotation and one for the
reverse or CCW rotation.
The forward and reverse contactors are mechanically interlocked i.e., if one of them is closed the other
cannot close. This is done to avoid dead short circuit in case both the contactors closing simultaneously.
Also, electrical interlocking could be provided using the contactors control contacts.

2.7.3. Working principle

They are connected so that under normal conditions, one coil will connect L1 with T1, L2 with T2, and
L3 with T3. When the alternate coil is energized, Lines 1 and 3 are interchanged with Terminals 1 and 3,
allowing for a phase shift in the 3-phase circuit, driving the motor and causing it to rotate in the opposite
direction.

Figure 20.Forward and Reverse starter connection diagram.

2.7.4. Reversal of three-phase motor rotation

Both coils power contacts feed through a single set of OLR to provide running protection in both
directions.

40
To prevent unintentional energization of both the forward and reverse coil at the same time, the coils are
equipped with normally closed contacts, which are then wired in series with the opposite direction’s coil
to act as an electrical interlock. This means that if the coil that drives the motor in the forward direction is
energized, a normally closed set of contacts wired in series with the reverse coils will prevent that coil
from being energized as long as the forward coil remains energized.

2.7.5. Tools used

 Screw driver
 Pliers
 Phase tester
 Multi-meter
 Connecting wires
 3 phase induction motor

2.7.6. Procedure
 The circuit was set up as shown in the diagram below
 Main incoming three-phase supply was connected to the MCCB.
 MCCB outgoing was connected to the contactor.
 The two contactors were connected in parallel but the 'R' and 'B' phases interchanged for the second
contactor.
 Interlocking: The arrangement of turning on only one contactor at a time is called interlocking. As
both contactors are connected in parallel and the terminal interchanged for the second contactor,
so there will be a short circuit if both contactors are turned on at the same time. So, the magnetic
coil of the first contactor is connected through the NC contact of the second contactor. As it is the
magnetic coil of the second contactor is connected through the NC contacts of the first contactor.
So only one contactor can be turned at a time.

 The main incoming of the control circuit was connected through the NC contact of the thermal
overload relay, so when the relay turned on due to an overcurrent fault it will disconnect the total
control circuit from the power supply as a result contactor also be turned off and the motor will be
disconnected from the power supply.

41
Figure 21. Forward and reverse lab wiring diagram.

2.7.7. Testing the circuit

 One of the lines and a neutral were connected to a plug.
 The plug was inserted into a socket and the circuit was switched on.
 On pressing the start button, the main contacts closed.
 On pressing the stop button, the main contacts of the contactors opened.

Figure 22. Forward and reverse circuit ready to test.

42
2.7.8. Conclusion.
The circuit was working well since there were no short circuits.

2.7.9. Connecting the circuit to the motor.

 Each line of the contactors was connected to a given phase of the power supply
 The start button of the forward direction contactor was pushed and the motor started rotating in
the forward direction.
 The stop button was pushed and the motor stopped rotating.
 The start button of the reverse direction contactor was pushed and the motor started rotating in the
reverse direction.

Figure 23. Motor being operated by the forward and reverse starter.

2.7.9. Advantages of the forward reverse starter method

 Initial cost of motor is less than one with anti-friction bearings
 Less expensive to replace
 Used on very large (500 Hp) A.C. motors

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2.7.10. Disadvantages of forward reverse starter
 Motor must be mounted horizontally to allow for even, gravity force flow of oil

2.7.11. Conclusion
The forward reverse starter method of starting motors was successfully connected and used to drive a
motor in the forward and reverse directions.

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2.8. Three Phase Motor Star/Delta Reverse & Forward without Timer
2.8.1. Introduction
In this motor starter, there are four Contactors and switches (Two ON-Push and OFF-Push) are used to
change the rotating direction of a three phase motor such as Revers, Forward, Up or down. As there is no
timer used in the control circuit, the operation is semi-automatic or manual.
The power circuit and schematic wiring diagram shows that L1 and L3 have been changed for reverse and
forward operation of the three-phase motor (as changing two lines out of three will change the rotation of
the motor in opposite direction). This kind of motor starting methods through motor starters are
needed and used in lathe machines and cranes etc. to change the rotation of motors.
Working of the Circuit:
If we press the pushbutton for Forward Operation, the motor will start in forward or Up position via K1
Contactor. Similarly, the pushbutton for Reverse operation is used to rotate the motor in Reverse or Down
position via K2. Contactor (Where as two lines are changes with respect to the first contactor i.e. K1).
Keep in mind that only one operation (either forward or reverse) is possible at a time due to electrical
interlocking i.e. if pushbutton for Forward direction is ON, we will have to stop the starter before changing
the rotation of the motor. In simple words, both K1 (for Forward) and K2 (for Reverse) contactors can’t
be ON at the same time.
K4 Contactor is in star connection while K3 Contactor is in Delta Connection. They are used as a Star-
Delta starter where the motor connects to the main supply in star configuration initially (to reduce the high
stating current) and then in Delta connection with full load speed and voltage.

2.8.2. Abbreviations.
 O/L = Over Load Relay (Thermal)
 NO = Normally Open Contacts
 NC = Normally Closed Contacts
 FOR = Forward Position
 REV = Reverse Direction
 T = Timer
 L1, L2, L3 = Three Lines or Phases
 K1, K2, K3, K4 = Contactors
 Y = Y or Star Connection

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  Δ = Delta Connection

2.8.3. Power Diagram

Power Diagram of Three Phase Motor Connection for Star/Delta starter without timer to operate the
motor in Reverse / Forward directions.

Figure 24. star delta reversing diagram without timer.

2.8.4. Control Diagram

Control Diagram of 3-Phase Motor Connection (Star/Delta starter without timer) for Reverse / Forward
or Up-down operations.

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Figure 25. Control diagram of star delta without timer.

2.8.5. Schematic Wiring Diagram

Schematic Wiring Diagram of 3-Φ Phase Motor Connection for Reverse and Forward operation using
Star/Delta starter without Timer.

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Figure 26. wiring diagram of a star delta starter without timer.

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2.9. Three Phase Motor Star/Delta Reverse & Forward with a Timer.
2.9.1. Aim
 To connect the three - phase motor star/delta starter and use it to run a motor.

2.9.2. Theory.
This is the reduced voltage starting method. Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is achieved by
physically reconfiguring the motor windings as illustrated in the figure below. During starting the motor
windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the voltage across each winding 3. This
also reduces the torque by a factor of three.
After a period of time the winding are reconfigured as delta and the run motor normally. Star/Delta
starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters. They are used in an attempt to reduce
the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the disturbances and
interference on the electrical supply. Traditionally in many supply regions, there has been a requirement
to fit a reduced voltage starter on all motors greater than 5HP (4KW). The Star/Delta (or Wye/Delta)
starter is one of the lowest cost electromechanical reduced voltage starters that can be applied. The
Star/Delta starter is manufactured from three contactors, a timer and a thermal overload. The contactors
are smaller than the single contactor used in a Direct On-Line starter as they are controlling winding
currents only. The currents through the winding are 1/root 3 (58%) of the current in the line. There are
two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contractor and the delta contactor.
These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor. The third contactor is the star contactor
and that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star. The current in star is one third of
the current in delta, so this contactor can be AC3 rated at one third (33%) of the motor rating.

2.9.3. Components and tools used

 Contactor (Main, star and delta contactors) 3 No’s (For Open State Starter) or 4 No’s (Close
Transient Starter).
 Time relay (pull-in delayed).
 Three-pole thermal over current release.
 Fuse elements or automatic cut-outs for the main circuit.
 Fuse element or automatic cut-out for the control circuit.
 Phase tester and screw drivers
 Connecting wires

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  Pliers
 Multimeter and clamp meters.
 3 phase motor and a tachometer
 Stop and start buttons
 Power plug and distribution board.

2.9.4. Procedure.
 The circuit was connected as shown in the diagram below.
 The supply wires were connected to L1, L2, L3 of the main contactor.
 Wires T1, T2, T3 were connected from the main contactor to supply the motor.
 Lines L1, L2, and L3 of the main contactor were connected to lines L1, L2, and L3 of the delta
contactor respectively.
 Lines T1, T2 and T3 of the delta contactor were connected together with lines T1, T2, T3 of the
star contactor
 The start and stop buttons were connected together, one wire from the stop button was connected
to line 7 of the timer relays and then to one of the relays.
 Another wire was connected from the stop button to port A1 of the main contactor.
 A wire from the start button was connected to line L1 of the main contactor and another wire from
the start button to I3 and I4 of the main contactor back to the start button.
 Line A1 of the delta contactor was connected to line 3 of the relays and then line A1 of the start
contactor to line 4 of the relays.

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Figure 27. Star delta circuit diagram with a timer.

2.9.5. Testing the circuit

The neutral was connected from line 2 of the timer relay to A2 of the star contactor and then to A2 of the
delta contactor and then to the mains and tested the circuit with a single-phase power supply.
Observation.
The circuit was working as expected and there was no short circuit.

2.9.6. Connecting the circuit to the motor.

 The three- phase supply was connected to lines L1, L2 and L3 of the main contactor.
 The three- phase induction motor was then connected to lines T1, T2 and T3 coming from the main
contactor.
 The supply was then switched on and the start button was pushed to start the induction motor
 The motor started rotating as expected.

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2.9.7. Advantages of the start delta starter method
 It is the most common reduced voltage starter
 It reduces the mechanical stress on the motor hence less motor burning is caused.
 The operation of the start delta method is simple and rugged.
 The starting torque is reduced to about 33% of the torque available at the direct online starter.

2.9.8. Disadvantages of forward reverse starter

 The motor must be delta connected during a normal run, in order to be able to use this starting
method.
 It has a long staring time as compared to the DOL starter.
 The soft stop function is not possible like soft starter or VFDs. The motor stops directly.
 The starting torque is reduced but it cannot be adjusted.

2.9.9. Conclusion
The star delta method of starting motors was successfully connected and used to drive a motor in the
forward and reverse directions.

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 CHAPTER THREE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES.
3.1. Opportunities.
Some of the opportunities I had at Kyambogo university include.
 I had the opportunity of working with so many professionals at Kyambogo university the
experienced young engineers helped me a lot to grow as a professional. The so many skills they
taught me and other things helped me grow professionally.
 I also had the opportunity of visiting different departments in the organization and also seeing
and learning the kind of work they do. For example, mechanical and civil engineering
departments and others. In this way, I learnt a lot from people working in those departments and
I acquired many skills some of which include teamwork, communication, computer skills to
mention but a few.
 I had the opportunity of accessing workshop at any time of the day and this helped me a lot as it
exposed me to working with electrical tools and equipment like the multimeter, screw drivers and
others as well as learning how to repair electrical components such as solar charges, inverters,
solar pumps, Tvs, radios and many others.
 I had the opportunity of attending conferences and meetings almost twice every week. In doing
so, I gained confidence, computer skills, communication skills, leadership skills and so many
others because I was interacting with different people.

53
3.2. Challenges faced and how I solved them.
Limited funds, I always found a challenge of moving from my place of residence (Masanafu) to
Kansanga every day given the high fuel prices. On top of this I had to buy food for lunch and also
transport myself to the field which meant that I spent a lot of money every day. I managed to
overcome this problem by soliciting for more money from my parent which really helped me a lot.
Limited time to learn everything, the internship period (6 weeks) was a very short time to learn
everything in solar energy. There were so many activities, tasks, accomplishments and duties to do in a
very short period of time which was a great challenge. As such, I used my time to learn as much as I
could and showed the university that i can handle most of the tasks unsupervised. I also Endeavored to
learn something new every day and I wrote them down to remember what experiences I got. This gave
me a sense of completion I needed to push on.
Sourcing the organization information, it was very hard to access the institution's information and
data particularly total energy consumption of industries in the commercial and industrial sector and the
institution's structural composition, this in a way limited me in completing the internship report in time.
But as time went by, I managed to speak to my inhouse supervisor who helped me with the the university
data.
I was required to do extra tasks, sometimes I would find myself swamped with extra work that was
not in my to-do list. At some point in time I thought the extra tasks would not add value to the experience
that I was looking for. In order to solve this, I became more proactive and asked my supervisor or
colleagues if I would assist them in any of the tasks they do or I would identify an area of interest and
I would request to be considered.
Having no feedback, sometimes it would take long to receive feedback from my supervisors and
colleagues because they were swamped with their own work and not have time to give me immediate
feedback. However, this did not hinder me from building relationships with my colleagues and being
open to what they say as long as it's constructive feedback.

54
 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

4.1. Conclusions.
This internship field attachment was a very good opportunity for me to improve on my professional
skills, personal confidence, communication skills, computer skills and modern-day applications of
contactor relays and timers in many areas including industries and others areas

4.2. Recommendations.
I strongly recommend that Kyambogo university should purchase new super-fast computers most
especially when it comes to the Engineering section. This is because the Engineering section has a few
computers and to make matters worse, they are all very old and one can hardly perform any tasks with
them and yet to work efficiently, they need very powerful computers that can handle a number of
software without freezing.
In the Engineering department still, Kyambogo university should buy more tools and instruments to use
for its workers. for example, the fully equipped tool boxes and all required protective gear. This will
increase efficiency and safety of workers which will in tum lead to more productivity and growth of the
company.
I strongly recommend that the Kyambogo university engineering department be strengthened, by
recruiting more young and competent technicians as well as engineers. This will solve the issue of under
staffing at the organization and also bring in increased productivity since all the work and targets will be
accomplished.
I also recommend that the university should put it into consideration giving students internship allowance
because in most cases, many students do not go for industrial training on a daily basis because of lack of
money for transport and up keep.
The university should also make certain that the intern students are supervised twice within their period
of internship training, this will help the lecturers know to what extent their student can put the theory
learnt in classes to practical means.

I strongly recommend that all intern students be paid employees. Ln order to gain maximum benefits of
a work-based learning experience, students need to be placed in a "real-world" situation in which they

55
are actual employees and subject to the same requirements, expectations. and conditions of their co-
workers. This also eliminates concerns regarding liability and other problems associated with having
non-employee interns at the work site. It should be noted that some governmental agencies and other
nonprofit organizations have formal volunteer internship programs which treat interns very similar to
paid personnel.

I strongly recommend that the university should design and implement a well-structured and
organized internship program. Because most of the internship program is based on off-campus activities
and assignments, faculty do not have direct control of all aspects of the course. Therefore. it is critical
that the internship program be designed with adequate structure, organization, and management
systems in place. Also, if an internship experience is to be most effective, it needs to involve much more
than simply sending a student off-campus to independently complete a work experience.

The university should create and make available to students and prospective internship employers a clearly-
written and comprehensive course syllabus. A major factor for success in offering an internship
program is having all essential information in a printed course syllabus which is made available to
students and prospective employers. This enables students and employers to learn about requirements.
timelines, and the roles. duties, and responsibilities of all parties before committing to an internship.
The syllabus also serves as the official document for the internship program.

56
 REFERENCES.
• https://mechanicalboost.com/solar-water-pump.
• https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/09/solar-panel-installation-and-maintenance.
• Broder, J. and J. Houston (1986). "Employer Assessment of Graduates." NACTA Journal,
Vol.30, No. 2, pp. 18-22.
• Coorts, D.(1987). "Updating Today's College Curriculum for Tomorrow's Agriculture."
NACTA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 202 1.
• M. M. Haque and P. Wolfs, "A review of high PV penetrations in LV distribution networks: Present
status, impacts and mitigation measures," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 62, pp. 1195-
1208,2016.
• S. Kucuksari et al., "An Integrated GIS, optimization and simulation framework for optimal
PV size and location in campus area environments," Appl. Energy, vol. 113, pp. 1601- 1613,
2014.
• M. H. Athari and M. M. Ardehali, "Operational performance of energy storage as function of
electricity prices for on-grid hybrid renewable energy system by optimized fuzzy logic controller,"
Renew. Energy, vol. 85, pp. 890-902, 2016.

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 APPENDICIES

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