Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬

Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليــــــــــم‬

Albaha University ‫جامعــــــة الباحـــــــة‬
Faculty of Engineering ‫كليــــة الهندســــة‬
Dr. Nagi Zomrawi / 2019

Chain Surveying and Distance Measurement

 Distance measurement

The basic methods of measuring distance are:

1. Taping (chaining)
2. Optical distance measurement ODM
3. Electromagnetic distance measurement, EDM

 Much necessary equipment in taping process:

1. Ranging rods
2. Chaining arrows
3. Compass
4. Spring balances
5. Field thermometers
6. Hand levels
7. Plumb-bobs
8. Measuring plates
9. Abeny level

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 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليــــــــــم‬
Albaha University ‫جامعــــــة الباحـــــــة‬
Faculty of Engineering ‫كليــــة الهندســــة‬
Dr. Nagi Zomrawi / 2019

 Errors in Taping

1. Standardization
2. Temperature
3. Tension
4. Sag
5. Slope
6. Misalignment
7. Plumbing
8. Incorrect reading of the tape
9. Booking errors

 Slope

If the difference in height of the two measuring heads is v, the slope

distance D and the horizontal equivalent H, then: B
2 2
𝐷 = √𝐻 + 𝑉 or 𝐻 = √𝐷 − 𝑉 or 2 2
V
If the vertical angle (θ) is measured then: D
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 θ
𝐻 = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → 𝜃 = cos−1 (𝐻/𝐷)
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 A
−1 (
𝑣 = 𝐻𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → 𝜃 = sin 𝑉/𝐻 ) H C

and the correction (C)= 𝐷(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

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 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of Education ‫وزارة التعليــــــــــم‬
Albaha University ‫جامعــــــة الباحـــــــة‬
Faculty of Engineering ‫كليــــة الهندســــة‬
Dr. Nagi Zomrawi / 2019

 Field work

Refer to practical note book

 EXAMPLE

Consider a slope distance that measured to be 50m with 5m difference in

height. Compute:
i. The horizontal distance (49.75)
ii. The Slope angle (sin−1 (0.1))
iii. Error in measurement (0.25)
𝐻 = √𝐷2 − 𝑉 2 = √502 − 52 = 49.75m

 Obstacles in taping

There are three types of obstacles that can be arise in tape measurement,
these are:
1. Obstacles that abstract tapping such as water surface,
2. Obstacles that abstract ranging such as mountain
3. Obstacles that abstract ranging and tapping like buildings.

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 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Albaha University
Faculty of Engineering
Dr. Nagi Zomrawi / 2019
‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫وزارة التعليــــــــــم‬
‫جامعــــــة الباحـــــــة‬
‫كليــــة الهندســــة‬