Course Title

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis

BME-474 (Credit Hrs. = 2+ 1)

Course Instructor
Engr. Zeeshan Anjum
Lecturer, MED
MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir

Class
Mechanical Engineering, 2k19

Lecture # 05 Direct formulation: Example 1.3 and 1.4

 Overview
2

1. Direct Formulation: Example 1.3

Consider the torsion of circular
shafts, shown in Figure. Recall
from your previous study of the
mechanics of materials that the
angle of twist “θ” for a shaft with
a constant cross-sectional area
with a polar moment of inertia
“J” and length “l”, made of T
homogenous material with a θ 
shear modulus of elasticity “G”, JG
subject to a torque “T” is given
by:
 Part AB is made of material with a shear modulus of elasticity of
GAB = 3.9 x 106 Ib/in2 and has a diameter of 1.5 in.
Segment BC is made of slightly different material with a shear
modulus of elasticity of GBC = 4.0 x 106 1b/in2 and with a
diameter of 1 in. The shaft is fixed at both ends and a torque of
200 Ib-ft is applied at D.

Using three elements, find angle of twist at D and B and

reactions.
3 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 Preprocessing Phase
1. Discretize the solution domain into finite elements.

As stated in given data, the shaft is divided into three

elements i.e.
Element #1 = section AD,
Element # 2 = section DB
Element # 3 = section BC
2. Assume a solution that approximates the behavior of an
element.
We know angle of twist is
given by:
T JG
θ  T (θ)
JG 
4 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 3. Develop equations for an element.

For element #1 i.e. section AD

JG  1  1 θ 1  T1 
    
  1 1  θ 2  T2 

Similarly develop equation of element # 2 and 3

Polar moment of inertia can be calculated from the given

data as:

5 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 Stiffness matrix for each element can now be calculated as:

For element # 1, 2 and 3 it can be written as:

6 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 4. Assemble the elements to present the entire problems.

Note:
Nodal twist angles are written in above [K]G matrix only for
hints. They help in proper placement of the entries from
elemental stiffness matrix.

7 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 5. Apply boundary conditions and torsional loads.
θ 1 θ 4  0 and TD = 200 Ib-ft = 200 x 12 lb-in

• So reduced matrix form after ignoring the respective

rows and columns of 1st and 4th nodes:

6. Solution Phase
Solving this we get the unknown twist angles:

8 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 7. Post Processing Phase

To find the unknown reactions at the fixed end, we will use

the recently found angle of twists as:

9 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 Overview
10

1. Direct Formulation: Example 1.4

A steel plate is subjected to an axial load. Approximate the
deflections and average stresses along the plate. The plate is
1/16 in thick and has a modulus of elasticity E = 29 x106
Ib/in2.
 Preprocessing Phase
1. Discretize the solution domain into finite elements.

11 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 2. Assume a solution that approximates the behavior of an
element.
AE
F ( )

AE Here, area “A” is the cross-sectional
Here, K 
 area i.e. thickness x axial dimension
• Computing stiffness for each element using above relation

12 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 3. Develop equations for an element.

Stiffness matrix for element # 1 can be written as:

 k1  k1 
K  (1)
 

 1 k k1 

• Similarly we can write stiffness matrix for elements 2, 3 and

4
• Remember, nodal displacements written in above matrix
are not a part of stiffness matrix. They are written as a hint
while assembling those local stiffness matrices in global
form.

13 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 4. Assemble the elements to present the entire problems.

• Here we have to assemble elemental stiffness matrices

correctly to form global stiffness matrix.
• The hints i.e. nodal displacements written along the
elemental stiffness matrix will help in correct formation of
global stiffness matrix.

14 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
  k1  k1 0 0 
 k k  k  k  k 2  k3 0 
K (G )   1 1 2 3 
 0  k 2  k3 k 2  k3  k 4  k4 
 
 0 0  k4 k4 

Note:
Nodal displacements are written in above [K]G matrix only
for hints. They help in proper placement of the entries from
elemental stiffness matrix.

15 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 Putting the values we get:

So, [K]{U} = {F} form becomes:

R1

16 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 5. Apply boundary conditions and axial loads.

u1  0 Force at Node 4=800 lb

• Reduced [K]{U} = {F} form becomes:

6. Solution Phase
Solving this we get the unknown nodal displacements:

17 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 7. Post Processing Phase

Stresses in each of the elements can now be calculated as:

18 Prepared By: Engr. Zeeshan Anjum, Lecturer MED, MUST Mirpur Azad Kashmir
 Thank you!
For any query contact me at:

zeeshan.me@must.edu.pk