ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES

AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
IN PRINCIPLES OF
STEEL DESIGN
(CE PROF 6)

A.Y. 2021-2022

REFERENCES:

1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. (2004). ASEP Steel Handbook 2004, 3nd
Edition, Philippines: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
2. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc., (2015) National Structural Code of
the Philippines NSCP C101-15 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, 7 th
Edition Second Printing 2019, Philippines: ASEP.
3. Spiegel, Leonard and Limbrunner George F. (1997). Applied Structural Steel Design, 3rd Edition.
Mc Graw-Hill, New York, USA.
Lesson 4: Analysis and Design for Axial Tension (Part 2)
OBJECTIVES

• Be knowledgeable on the Code specification regarding the bolted, riveted connections, tension
members and the LRFD design method.
• Incorporate necessary code specification to compute the allowable stresses of sections.
• Absorb all basic formulas in the analysis of tension members.
• Learn how to compute the gross area, net area, slenderness ratio.
• Analyze sections, connections and plates.
• Investigate the capacity of steel sections subjected to the different failure in tension.
• Design efficiently tension members using LRFD and ASD method.

SELECTION OF SECTIONS

Although the designer has considerable freedom in the selection, the resulting members should have
the following properties:

a) compactness,
b) dimensions that fit into the structure with reasonable relation to the dimensions of the other
members of the structure, and
c) connections to as many parts of the sections as possible to minimize shear lag.

If the LRFD equations are used, the design strength of a tension member is the least of 𝜙𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 , 𝜙𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 ,
or its block shear strength. In addition, the slenderness ratio should, preferably, not exceed 300.

a. To satisfy the first of these expressions, the minimum gross area must be at least equal to
(Eq. 4.2.1)
𝑃𝑢
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑔 =
𝜙𝑡 𝐹𝑦
b. To satisfy the second expression, the minimum value of must be at least
(Eq. 4.2.2)
𝑃𝑢
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑒 =
𝜙𝑡 𝐹𝑢
And since 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 for a bolted member, the minimum value of 𝐴𝑛 is
(Eq. 4.2.3)
𝑃𝑢
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑛 =
𝜙𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈
Then the minimum 𝐴𝑔 is
(Eq. 4.2.4)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑔 = min 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑢
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜙𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑈
c. The third expression can be evaluated, once a trial shape has been selected and the other
parameters related to the block shear strength are known.

If the ASD equations are used for tension member design, the allowable strength is the lesser of
𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 /Ω𝑡 and 𝐹𝑢 𝑈𝐴𝑛 /Ω𝑡 . From these expressions, the minimum gross areas required are as follows:
(Eq. 4.2.5)
Ω𝑡 𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑔 =
𝐹𝑦
(Eq. 4.2.6)
Ω𝑡 𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑔 = + 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑢 𝑈
In the expressions for LRFD,𝑃𝑢 represents the factored load forces; in ASD, 𝑃𝑎 represents the result of
our application of the load combinations for ASD design.

PROBLEM 1 – Select a 12 m long W310 section of A992 steel to support a tensile service dead load 𝑃𝐷 =
580 kN and a tensile service live load 𝑃𝐿 = 495 kN as shown in the figure. Assume that the member have
two lines of bolts each flange for 20 mm diameter bolts (at least 3 in a line 100 mm on center)

PROBLEM 2 – Design a 2.75 m single-angle tension member to support a dead tensile working load of
135 kN and a live tensile working load of 180 kN. The member is to be connected to one leg only with 22
mm bolts (at least four in a line 3 in on center). Assume that only one bolt is to be located at any one
cross section. Use A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa and 𝐹𝑢 = 400 MPa.

BUILT UP MEMBERS

PROBLEM 3 – The two C310 x 45 have been selected to support a dead tensile working load of 535 kN
and a 1070 kN live tensile working load. The member is 9.2 m long, consists of A36 steel, and has one
line of three 22 mm bolts in each channel flange 75 mm on center. Using the NSCP Specification,
determine whether the member is satisfactory. Assume centers of bolt holes are 45 mm from the backs
of the channels and edge to edge distance of the two members is 300 mm.