Course Handout

VECTOR CALCULUS, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

AND

TRANSFORMS
(COURSE CODE:100908/MA200A)

Module 2
Vector integral theorems
 Module 2

Contents

 Green’s Theorem

 Surface Integrals-Parametric and Non-parametric forms

 Flux integral-Parametric and Non-parametric forms

 Divergence Theorem, sources and sinks

 Stokes’ Theorem

 Tutorial Questions, Assignment Questions and Unit wise

Questions

Text Books
H. Anton, I. BivenS.Davis, “Calculus”, Wiley, 10th edition,2015.
Green’s Theorem
Let R be a simply connected plane region whose boundary is a simple, closed, piecewise
smooth curve C oriented counterclockwise. If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous and have
continuous first partial derivatives on some open set containing R, then

𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝐶 𝑅

Note:-

1. Work done performed by the field F is given by 𝑊 = ∫𝐶 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓

2. If F is not conservative, then W=0
1
3. Area A of a region R using Green’s theorem is given by 𝐴 = 2 ∫𝐶 −𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦

Example 1

Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate ∫𝑐 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 along the triangular

path shown in the given figure

Answer

Example 2

Answer
Example 3

Answer

Surface Integral

1.

2. If f (x, y, z) is the density function of the lamina σ , then the mass M of the lamina is
given by
 𝑀 = ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆
𝜎

3. Let σ be a surface with equation z = g(x, y) and let R be its projection on the xyplane.
If g has continuous first partial derivatives on R and f (x, y, z)is continuous on σ, then
the surface integral of f (x, y, z) over z = g(x, y) is given by

∂z 2 ∂z
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, g(x, y) )√( ) + ( )2 + 1 𝑑𝐴
∂x ∂y
𝜎 𝑅

4. Let σ be a surface with equation y = g(x, z) and let R be its projection on the xzplane.
If g has continuous first partial derivatives on R and f (x, y, z)is continuous on σ, then
the surface integral of f (x, y, z) over y = g(x, z) is given by

∂y 2 ∂y
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, g(x, z), z)√( ) + ( )2 + 1 𝑑𝐴
∂x ∂z
𝜎 𝑅

5. Let σ be a surface with equation x = g(y, z) and let R be its projection on the yzplane.
If g has continuous first partial derivatives on R and f (x, y, z)is continuous on σ, then
the surface integral of f (x, y, z) over y = g(y, z) is given by

∂x 2 ∂x
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑓 (g(y, z), 𝑦, z)√( ) + ( )2 + 1 𝑑𝐴
∂y ∂z
𝜎 𝑅

Example 4

Answer
Here a=1

Example 5

Answer
Example 6

Answer

Example 7

Suppose that a curved lamina σ with constant density δ(x, y, z) = δ0 is the

portion of the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 below the plane z = 1 .
Find the mass of the lamina.
Answer

Flux Integral

If the vector field F represents the flow of a fluid, then the surface integral of F will represent
the amount of fluid flowing through the surface (per unit time). The amount of the fluid
flowing through the surface per unit time is also called the flux of fluid through the surface.
For this reason, we often call the surface integral of a vector field a flux integral.
Let n be a unit normal vector to the surface. The choice of normal vector orients the
surface and determines the sign of the fluid flux. The flux of fluid through the surface is
determined by the component of F that is in the direction of n.
(If the surface is roughly horizontal in orientation, we might want to measure the flux in the
"upwards'' direction, or if the surface is closed, like a sphere, we might want to measure the
flux "outwards'' across the surface. In the first case we would choosento have
positive z component, in the second we would make sure that n points away from the origin.)

(a) Orientation of smooth parametric surface

Let σ be a smooth parametric surface represented by the vector equation r = r(u, v) in which
(u, v) varies over a region R in the uv-plane. If the component functions of the vector field F
are continuous on σ, and if n determines the positive orientation of σ, then
 𝜕𝒓 𝜕𝒓
Φ = ∬ 𝑭. 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹. ( × ) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜎 𝑅

where it is understood that the integrand on the right side of the equation is expressed in
terms of u and v.

(b) Orientation of smooth non-parametric surface

Let σ be a smooth surface of the form z = g(x, y), y = g(z, x), or x = g(y, z), and suppose that
the component functions of the vector field F are continuous on σ. Suppose also that the
equation for σ is rewritten as G(x, y, z) = 0 by taking g to the left side of the equation, and let
R be the projection of σ on the coordinate plane determined by the independent variables of
g. If σ has positive orientation, then

Φ = ∬ 𝑭. 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹. ∇𝐺 𝑑𝐴
𝜎 𝑅

Note:-

If σ is of the form z=g(x,y) and oriented up ,then

𝜕𝒛 𝜕𝒛
Φ = ∬ 𝑭. 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹. (− 𝒊− 𝒋 + 𝒌) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜎 𝑅

If σ is of the form z=g(x,y) and oriented down ,then

𝜕𝒛 𝜕𝒛
Φ = ∬ 𝑭. 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹. ( 𝒊+ 𝒋 − 𝒌) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜎 𝑅

Example 8

Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = zk across the outward oriented sphere x2 + y2 + z2
= a2

Answer
Example 9

Let σ be the portion of the surface z = 1 − x2 − y2 that lies above the xy-
plane, and suppose that σ is oriented up, as shown in Figure. Find the
flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = xi + y j + zk across σ.

Answer

Divergence Theorem(Gauss’s Theorem)

Let G be a solid whose surface σ is oriented outward. If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)i+ g(x, y, z)j +
h(x, y, z)k where f, g, and h have continuous first partial derivatives on some open set
containing G, and if n is the outward unit normal on σ, then
 ∬ 𝑭. 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑭 𝑑𝑉
𝐺
𝜎
The outward flux of a vector field across a closed surface is equal to the triple integral
of the divergence over the region enclosed by the surface.

Note :-
If P0 is a point in an incompressible fluid, points at which div F(P0) > 0 are called sources and
points at which div F(P0) < 0 are called sinks. Fluid enters the flow at a source and drains out
at a sink. In an incompressible fluid without sources or sinks we must have div F(P ) = 0 at
every point P

Example 10

Use Divergence Theorem to find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = zk across the
outward oriented sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2.

Answer

Example 11

Use the Divergence Theorem to find the outward flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = 2xi + 3y j + z2k
across the unit cube.

Answer

Let σ denote the outward-oriented surface of the cube and G the region that it encloses.
Example 12

Use the Divergence Theorem to find the outward flux of the vector field
F(x, y, z) = x3i + y3 j + z2 k across the surface of the region that is
enclosed by the circular cylinder x2 + y2 = 9 and the planes z = 0 and z = 2
.
Answer

Let σ denote the outward-oriented surface and G the region that it encloses.

Example 13

Use the Divergence Theorem to find the outward flux of the vector field
F(x, y, z) = x3i + y3j + z3k across the surface of the region that is enclosed
by the hemisphere z = a2 − x2 − y2 and the plane z = 0

Answer
Example 14

Determine whether the vector field F(x,y,z) is free of source and sinks. If it is not, locate
them
(a) F(x,y,z)=(y+z) i – xz3j + (x2siny) k
(b) F(x,y,z)= xyi – 2xy j + y2k
(c) F(x,y,z)=x3i +y3j + 2z3k
Answer
(a) f = y+z ,g = – xz3 ,h=x2siny
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ
div 𝐅 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + =0
𝜕𝑧
Fis free of sources and sinks

(b) f = xy ,g = – 2xy ,h=y2

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ
div 𝐅 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + = y-2y=-y< 0
𝜕𝑧
Fhas sinks when y is positive,Fhas sources when y is negative and it is free of sinks
and sources when y=0

(c) f =x3 ,g = y3 ,h=2z3siny

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ
div 𝐅 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + = 3x2+3y2+6z2
𝜕𝑧
Fha sources at all points except at origin, No sinks
Stoke’s Theorem

Let σ be a piecewise smooth oriented surface that is bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise
smooth curve C with positive orientation. If the components of the vector field
F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)i+ g(x, y, z)j + h(x, y, z)k
are continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives on some open set containing σ,
and if T is the unit tangent vector to C, then

∮ 𝑭. 𝑻 𝑑𝑠 = ∬(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑭). 𝒏 dS
𝑪
𝝈

Note:-
(1) The work performed by a force field on a particle that traverses a simple, closed,
piecewise smooth curve C in the positive direction can be obtained by integrating the
normal component of the curl over an oriented surface σ bounded by C.
That is, we can rewrite the above formula as

∮ 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓 = ∬(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑭). 𝒏 dS
𝑪
𝝈

(2) If σ is an oriented surface bounded by a simple closed parametric curve C, then there
are two possible relationships between the orientations of σ and C, which can be
described as follows. Imagine a person walking along the curve C with his or her head
in the direction of the orientation of σ. The person is said to be walking in the positive
direction ofC relative to the orientation of σ if the surface is on the person’s left , and
the person is said to be walking in the negative direction of C relative to the
orientation of σ if the surface is on the person’s right.

Example 15

Find the work performed by the force field F(x, y, z) = x2i + 4xy3j + y2xk on a
particle that traverses the rectangle C in the plane z = y shown in Figure

Answer

Since the surface σ has equation z = y,

Example 16

Verify Stokes’Theorem for the vector field F(x, y, z) = 2zi + 3x j + 5yk,

taking σ to be the portion of the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 for which z ≥ 0
with upward orientation, and C to be the positively oriented circle x2 + y2 =
4 that forms the boundary of σ in the xy-plane

Answer

Since σ is oriented up, the positive orientation of C is counterclockwise looking down the
positive z-axis. Thus, C can be represented parametrically (with positive orientation) by
Since σ is oriented up and is expressed in the form z = g(x, y) = 4 − x2 − y2,

Therefore, by Stokes’Theorem, the value of this surface integral is the same as the value
obtained for the line integral.
 MODULE II: VECTOR INTEGRAL THEOREMS
TUTORIAL

  
1. Use divergence theorem to evaluate  F . dS , where F  x 3i  y 3 j  z 3 k and S is the
S

surface of the sphere x  y  z  a .

2 2 2 2

2. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy plane  ( xy  2 xy)dx  ( x 2 y  3)dy around the

2
C

boundary C of the region enclosed by y 2  8 x and x  2 .


3. Verify Stock’s theorem for the function F  x 2 i  xyj integrated round the square whose
sides are x  0, x  a, y  0, y  a in the plane z  0 .
4. Using divergence theorem to find the flux of F  z 3i  x 3 j  y 3 k across  where  is
the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 .
1
2 C
5. Apply Green’s theorem to prove that area enclosed by a plane curve is xdy  ydx .

ASSIGNMENT

 
6. Use Stock’s theorem to evaluate  (  F ).nˆdS where F  yi  ( x  2 xz) j  xyk and S
S

is the surface of the sphere x  y  z 2  a 2 .

2 2

7. Derive the relation between Green’s theorem and Stoke’s theorem

8. What is the outward flux of F  xi  yj  zk across any unit cube
 

 (  F ).nˆdS where F  ( x  y  4)i  3xyj  (2 xz  z )k and S is the

2 2
9. Evaluate
S

sphere x  y 2  z 2  16 above xy plane.

2


10. Verify divergence theorem for F  ( x 3  yz )i  2 x 2 yj  2k taken over the cube
bounded by x  0, x  a, y  0, y  a, z  0, z  a .
 
11. Find the circulation of F round the curve C, where F  yi  zj  xk and C is the circle
x 2  y 2  1 and z  0 .
 
12. Show that  F.nˆds  3
S
2
where F  4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk and S is the cube bounded by

the planes x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1

 dV where   45x

2
13. Evaluate y and V is the closed region bounded by the planes
v

4 x  2 yz  8, x  0, y  0, z  0 .
 
14. Evaluate  A..nˆds where
S
A  12 x 2 yi  3 yzj  2 zk and S is the portion of the plane

x  y  z  1 included in the first octant.

  
15. Evaluate  A..nˆds where
S
A  18 zi  12 j  3 yk and S is the surface of the plane

2 x  3 y  6 z  12 in the first octant.

UNITWISE QUESTION BANK

 z dS where  is the portion of the cone z  x 2  y 2

2
16. Evaluate the surface integral

between the planes z  1 and z  2 .

17. Find the flux of vector field F  xi  yj  2 zk across  where  is the portion of the
surface z  4  x 2  y 2 above the xy plane oriented by upward normal.
18. Find the flux of vector field F  ( x  y )i  ( y  z ) j  ( z  x)k across  where  is the
portion of the plane x  y  z  2 in the first octant, oriented by unit normal with
positive components.
19. Find the flux of vector field F  xk across  where  is the portion of the paraboloid
z  x 2  y 2 below the plane z  2 y , oriented by downward unit normal.
20. Using divergence theorem to find the flux of F  ( x 2  y)i  z 2 j  (e y  z )k across the
surface  where  is the surface of the rectangular solid bounded by the coordinate
planes and the planes x  3, y  1, z  3 .

21. Verify stock’s theorem to evaluate F  yi  zj  xk where S is the upper half of the
sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1 and C is its boundary.
22. Using divergence theorem to find the flux of F  ( x 2  y)i  xyj  (2 xz  y)k across the
surface  where  is the surface of the tetrahedron in the first octant bounded by
x  y  z  2 and the coordinate planes.
23. Find the work performed by the force field F  ( z  2 y )i  ( y  z ) j  ( z  x)k on a
particle that traverse the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 in the xy plane with counter clock wise
orientation looking down the positive z axis using stoke’s theorem.
e
x
24. Evaluate by Green’s theorem (sin ydx  cos ydy) where C is the rectangle with
C

 
vertices (0,0), ( ,0), ( , ), (0, ) .
2 2

25. Verify divergence theorem for F  x 2 i  zj  zyk taken over the cube bounded by
x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
26. State Green’s theorem to express the area of a plane region bounded by a curve as a line
integral.
27. State Divergence theorem including all the required hypothesis and write the
application.
28. Use a line integral to find the area of the region enclosed by the asteroid x  a cos 3  ,
y  a sin 3  , 0    2 .
29. Let  be the surface of the cube bounded by the planes x  1, y  1, z  1 , oriented
by the outward unit normal. Fin the flux of F across  where (a) F  x 2 i  y 2 j  z 2 k
(b) F  xi  yj  zk .
30. Consider the vector field given by the formula F  ( x  z )i  ( y  x) j  ( z  xy)k .Using
stoke’s theorem find the circulation around the triangle with vertices A(1,0,0) , B (0,2,0)
and C (0,0,1) oriented counter clockwise looking form origin towards the first octant.