MEETING 11

Compiled by
WAHAB SYAKHIRUL ALIM
TADRIS BAHASA INGGRIS – FAKULTAS TARBIYAH
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI MADURA
Topics Discussion
Reduplication and Composition
 REDUPLICATION

• Reduplication is a morphological process in which a root

or stem or part of it is repeated
• Reduplication is the repetition of a syllable, a morpheme
or word to form a word and also deals with a type of
compound in which both elements are the same or
different.
• Reduplication is a word-formation process in which all or
part of a word is repeated to convey some form of
meaning
 REDUPLICATION

• The morphological and phonological process of forming a

compound word by repeating all or part (doubling a
morpheme) of it is known as reduplication.
• Example: Fifty-fifty, See-Saw, goody-goody, dilly-dally
• The repeated element is called a reduplicant.
• David Crystal wrote in the second edition of The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of the English Language: "Items with identical
spoken constituents, such as goody-goody and din-din, are
rare. What is normal is for a single vowel or consonant to
change between the first constituent and the second, such
as see-saw and walkie-talkie.
 REDUPLICATION

• "Reduplicatives are used in a variety of ways;

1. Some simply imitate sounds: ding-dong, bow-wow.
2. Some suggest alternative movements: flip-flop, ping-pong.
3. Some are disparaging: ​dilly-dally, wishy-washy.
4. And some intensify meaning: teeny-weeny, tip-top.
• Reduplication is not a major means of creating lexemes in
English, but it is perhaps the most unusual one."
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003)
 REDUPLICATION

• The term of REDUPLICATION includes three meanings:

1. The process
2. The result of the process (new word)
3. The element repeated
• The repeated word is the basic or originating morpheme
• The new word is called twin-words
 TYPE OF REDUPLICATION

• Total / Exact Reduplication: its involves repeating an

entire word. The resulting two bases or words are
separated by a hyphen in writing. The second base or
word is treated as the reduplicated part. Example: Cop-
clop, Tick-tick, Goody-goody, fifty-fifty, bling-bling, bye-
bye etc.
 TYPE OF REDUPLICATION

• Partial Reduplication: only part of a word is repeated.

1. Rhyming: The two halves of the reduplication are not
exactly the same but rhyme with each other. Many a
time, product names are formed this way, such as Tic
Tac, Nutter Butters, chick-flick, abra-cadabra, teeny-
weeny, hocus-pocus, lovey dovey, nitty-gritty, walkie-
talkie, airy-fairy, hoity-toity, razzle-dazzle,etc.
 TYPE OF REDUPLICATION

2. Ablaut (Vowel Change): Ablaut refers to those words

which change form when a vowel is shifted. These
reduplications suggest a a changing state from one form
to another. Almost all these words use an 'i' sound in the
first part of the word and an 'a' or 'o' sound in the
second part. Example: Criss-cross, ding-dong, flip-flop,
knick-knack, mish-mash, ping-pong, see-saw, sing-song,
tick-tock, zig-zag, piter-patter, tip-top, shilly-shally,
etc.
 ORIGINATING MORPHEMES

Originating Morpheme in Redupication:

1. Firs half: tick tock
2. Second half (often): Dilly-dally
3. Both halves: singsong
4. Neither halves: boogie-woogie