CHEMISTRY SUMMATIVE

Hypothesis
If the unknown substance / element is a good conductor If the unknown substance is a good
conductor of electricity in liquid state, poor conductor of electricity in solid state, and is soluble
in water then it is a ionic substance / element, Because other’s might be covalent or metallic as
they share different properties; Such as covalent being a poor conductor of electricity in both
liquid and solid state. Covalent is also insoluble in water where as Ionic is soluble in water.
Metallic is a good conductor of electricity in both liquids and solid state unlike Ionic where
ionic is only a good conductor of electricity in liquid state, Therefore if the element / substance
is soluble in water, good conductors of electricity in liquid state then it is an ionic element.

Variables

Dependent Variable Independent Variable Controlled Variable

● Whether an unknown 1. Type of unknown 1. Amount of water used

substance / element is
ionic, covalent, or
metallic using
chemical and physical
tests.
substance to measure solubility
2. Unkown substance 2. Amount of mass of
unknown substance in
non-aqueos state to
measure conductivity
3. Amount of water and
amount (mass) of
unknown substance
used to measure
conductivity in
aqueous solution
4. Average temperature
of surrounding and all
substances
5.
Method
Step 1: Select six unknown substances
Step 2: Label all six substances from A TO F
Step 3: Take 5gm of substance A and note down appearance
Step 4: use the same 5gm of substance A in a dry petri dish and use a battery device to measure
conductivity of electricity in solid state, and note the results down
Step 5: Take substance A and take 5gm and add it to 20 mm of water in a beaker
Step 6: Mix the solution of water and substance A for 30 seconds
Step 7: Check the solution after mixing and note down if soluble or insoluble or misible or
immisible, and note the results down
Step 8: take the same solution and measure conductivity of electricity in aqueous state with
battery device and note the results down
Step 9: Repeat step 3 to step 8 for substance B
Step 10: Repeat Step 9 for substance C
Step 11: Repeat Step 9 for substance D
Step 12: Repeat Step 9 for substance E
Step 13: Repeat Step 9 for substance F

After results have been noted down in tabular format, proceed with concluding the data.
 Table Title

Data Table:

Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Sample E Sample F

Appearance Granular, Granular- Glassrod Clear, Clear, Granular,

white, smooth, like , Transparent Transparent, solid,
small, small, transparent, , Liquid Liquid metal-like
solid, and solid, and Solid color grey
shiny white

Solubility in Soluble in Soluble in Soluble in Misible in Misible in Insoluble in

water Water Water Water Water Water Water

Conductivity of Poor Poor Moderate/ Poor (none) Poor (none) Poor (none)
solid or liquid Conductor Conductor Medium conductor conductor conductor
Conductor

Conductivity of Moderate/ Very Good Very Good Moderate/ Poor (none) Moderate/M
Aqueous Medium Conductor Conductor Medium conductor edium
Solution Conductor Conductor Conductor
Research Questions
1. What further tests would probably help to identify the structures which you could not
identify in the experiment
I would measure each substance's melting point and if it has a higher melting point than most
then I can conclude that the substance is hypothetically ionic as they have higher melting
points.

2. Why is it more difficult to recognise a powdered meta than a solid lump?

The reaction occurs more quickly the finer the solid is split. A solid that has been ground up will
typically result in a quicker reaction than the same mass that is present as a single lump. The
surface area of the powdered metal is larger than that of the bulk. Hence the powdered metal is
harder to recongnise than a solid lump.
Conclude the data table with valid scientific reasoning

Substance A - Granular, solid, white, small, shiny. Soluble in water. Poor conductor of electricity
in solid state. Medium / Moderate conductor of electricity in aqueous solution. Ionic Substance
Substance B - Granular, smooth, small, white, solid. Soluble in water. Poor conductor of
electricity in solid state. Above, a good conductor of electricity in aqueous solution. Ionic
Substance
Substance C - Rod-like glass structure, transparent, cylinder like, solid. Soluble in water.
Moderate/Medium conductor of electricity in solid state. Very good conductor of electricity in
aqueous solution. Metalic Substance
Substance D - Clear, Liquid, Transparent. Misible in water. Very poor conductor of electricity in
liquid state (no light shown). Moderate/Medium conductor of electricity in aqueous solution.
Ionic Substance
Substance E - Clear, transparent, liquid. Misible in water. Very poor conductor of electricity in
liquid state ( no light shown). Poor conductor of electricity in aqueous solution. Covalent
Substance
Substance F - Granular, Solid, Metal Like color, shiny gray. Insoluble in water. Poor conductor of
electricity in solid state. Moderate/Medium conductor of electricity in aqueous solution. Ionic
Substance

We can conclude that substances without visible color such as bright white, transparent are
soluble in water and that are in granular form tend to be soluble in water. Substances that have
visible colours and are granular in solid lumps tend to not be soluble in water. Most substances
that are soluble and that are in aqueous solution tend to be a good conductor of electricity in
aqueous solution unlike some anomalies. Most substances were poor conductors of electricity in
solid or liquid state (not aqueous state).

Most substances are soluble in water, good conductors of electricity in aqueous solution, but not
good conductors of electricity in solid or liquid state. Most substances are either light white or
transparent and really small granules or either liquid.

Safety Measures

1. Saftey Gloves (for hands)

2. Saftey goggles (for eyes)
3. Lab coat (for body)
4. Head cap (for hair and head)
5. Face Mask (for face; to prevent bad smell and reactions and mishaps on face)
6. No different and unkown substances to be left lying on the experiment apparatus
7. No foods and Beverages
8. Footwear (for feet)
9. Long-full sleeve and full length pants (to protect body)

Sources Of Error

1. More trials of the same experiment should have been repeated atleast thrice for reliable
results
2. Stopwatch should have measured the time of each substance in water to measure
solubility.
3. No more further tests for accurate results
4. Saftey Measures not followed properly
 5. Apparatus was not cleaned before each experiment properly, apparatus was barely
cleansed properly.
6. Multiple Beakers for each experiment
7. Different uses of apparatus such as stirring rods, petri dishes, spatula, and battery device
used to measure conductivity should have either been cleaned thoroughly or have
different apparatus sets (same apparatus just different sets) for each experiment.

Assumptions

I assume that substances with no colour or barley color such as light white, or barley white,
which are extremely small granular or smooth powder will be soluble in water, and will be poor
conductors of electricity in solid state, but will be good conductors of electricity in aqueous
solution. I assume that substances with lot of color, such as black, heavy gray, red, and etc… will
be soluble but visible and if the substance has big lumps that are hard to break down will
become insoluble and be poor conductors of electricity in solid state, and be medium
conductors of electricity in aqueous solution. I also assume that liquids that are clear and
transparent will be misible in the water, and good conductors of electricity in aqueous solutions
but not in solid state.

Extension of Experiment
We could have a polarity test to see if each substance had a higher or lower melting point and
hence state if a substance has ionic, covalent or metallic. We also should have repeated these
tests or experiments multiple times to obtain reliable results and also use more substances to
collect more data and have more accurate data. Apparatus such as a stopwatch should be used
during the experiment to time each test of solubility. Apparatus should have been thoroughly
cleaned before each experiment and/or have different apparatus set each experiment.