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State plane approach to frequency response of resonant convertors

Article  in  Circuits, Devices and Systems, IEE Proceedings G · November 1991

DOI: 10.1049/ip-g-2.1991.0091 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 STATE-PLANE APPROACH TO THE SMALL SIGNAL MODEL OF
PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTERS
K a s e m a n Siri*, C. Y. Hung' and S.J. Fang'
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of Illinois at Chicago, P.O. Box 4348
Chicago, IL 60680, Te1.(312) 996-6105
+Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
P.O. Box 500
Batavia, IL 60510, Tel. (708) 840-3826
ABSTRACT II. SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS
In this aper, the small signal analysis of the conventional Before initiating the small si a1 analysis of PRC, it is
parallel' resonant converter (PRC), operating in the necessary that steady state marsis be carried out to arrive
continuous conduction mode will be given. This analysis at a unique steady state trajectory of the the converter
is based on the state-plane approach that has been state vanables for a given switching frequency and a
successfully used to obtain the steady state response for s ecified load condition. The idealized circuit of PRC is
resonant converters. Applying perturbation directly to the &own in Fig. 1. The detailed steady state analysis of the
steady state trajectory, a discrete small signal model for converter can be found in [2]. It has been shown that the
the converter can be derived in terms of the input voltage, response of the converter operating below its resonant
switching frequency, and the converter state variables. frequency can be represented by a state plane diagram as
Furthermore, it can be shown that this method can be depicted in Fig.2. Assuming that the resonant circuit is
applied to resonant converters in general, regarding the lossless and all switchin devices are ideal, then it can be
order of their resonant tanks. Frequency responses of two shown that the normafkd v-i trajectory consists of
transfer functions will be obtained: input-to-output and circular arcs, each of which is corresponding to a
control-to-output transfer functions. Simulation and topological circuit mode of the converter.
experimental results will be reported.
I. INTRODUCTION I
-

+-q--<;
"9
T

To
the search
steady state
for the
analyses
optimum
for numerous
perfonnance
resonant
characteristics,
converter
topologies have been investigated. The steady state
responses of these converters are known and in most cases
-
c

have been represented by closed trajectories in the state- -

plane. However, there is little work on the analyses of
small signal properties for these converters. The existing
signal analyses of resonant converters are very limited and
they provide little physical insight for practical
applications [ 13. Fig. 1 Half-bridge Parallel Resonant Converter
Due to insufficient knowledge about the small signal
frequency response of resonant converters, the closed loop
compensation for the output regulation is often made by
cut-and-trial techniques. As a result, an optimal control
circuit cannot be designed before the frequency response
is obtained from measurements. In this paper, we present
a small signal analysis technique based on the state-plane
approach [8] that has been successfully used in obtaining
the steady state response. Once the small signal model of
the converter is obtained, then its closed loop
compensation can be properly designed and simulated
before actually building the converter. The state-plane
diagram for the conventional Parallel Resonant Converter
(PRC) can be derived by using the steady state analysis
[2] which will not be discussed here. Based on the derived
trajectories, the small analysis will be presented. Also
using the state plane diagram parameters, we will derive
a closed form solution from which small signal properties
can be determined. Also computer simulation and
experimental results will be presented to verify our
theoretical work. This technique can be generalized to
any resonant converter topology once its state-plane
trajectory is known. Fig. 2 Typical Steady State Trajectory for the PRC

0-7803-0720-8/92 $3.00 01992 IEEE

In this section, we resent a technique for the small signal
analysis based on $e state-plane diagram. By introducing
perturbations to the converter state variables, controlled
swi'ceg %cy, and the input voltage at the
begmmg of a f switching period, we can approximate
the perturbed response at the beginning of the next half
switching period. We define the perturbation signals as
id, v d ,
. A *
Let lytJ!) and fit> be the perturbation responses at
the end of an even (first half of the switching cycle) and
an odd (second half of the switching cycle) half Switching
periods, respectively. Two sets of discrete state equations
can be obtamed geometrically; one from the tra'ectory in
even and the other in odd half switching perids. These
sets of state equations can be represented as two vectorh

,i f, and QW with respect totheir steady matrix discrete state equations having different coefficient
matrices. Since the steady state trajectory is symmetrical
about the origin, special transformation on the perturbed
state values I d , V ,,Z, , F, and V, respectively, as state variables can be applied to both sets of equations to
follows: obtain a closed form vector-matrix state equation which is
valid in any half switching period. Consequent1 small
= -
i ~ t ) z,J~) , = vdt) - vdr) , signal frequency responses can be calculated &m the
closed form state equation.
i,(?) = i, - I,, +w = vJt) - 1, The effect of perturbation on the controlled switching
I&) = f,@) - F, = - (F,2/=>?0 - frequency fm is the perturbation in time on the operating
switching period T, which causes the perturbation
We define the steady state trajectory as the operating responses at the end of a half switching period f/2.
trajectory, shown w t h solid lme in Fig. 3, and any
deviation of the state vector from the operating trajectory Unlike the perturbations due to +JO), i^,(O),
is viewed as the perturbation vector around the operating
trajectory. Thisperturbationvector f = iJ' is
assumed to be small enough so that the princi le of
rd +* ij<o,
beginning
and + d o ) , which are defined at the
of a half switching period, the
superposition is applicable. Therefore, the pertur tion
responses can be independently determined from each of
L perturbation f, is defined to occur at the end of the
current half switching nod f/2. This is because each
inputs: L,
GS, 1$, $w and I, .
The perturbed input perturbation is as the perturbed quantity
from its operating value while other variables remain in
operating trajectory is shown with dashed lines in Fig. 3. their steady state o rating values at the beginning of the
In our analysis, we define RO) and &?p)as the current half switcKg period. To avoid violatmg the
single perturbation constraint, the perturbation due
perturbation vectors at the steady state turn-on instant of
transistors TI and T?, respectively, where f is the current to f', at the beginning of a half switching period can be
switching period w t h respect to the operating switching
represented by the composite perturbations due
periodT,andisdefinedas ?, = T, + From this, the . to ilnL(O), +,JO) and ia(0) , which can be determined
rturbation vector can be recursively formulated every
E f switching period. his i-lies that our small si@ at the end of the previous half switching period.
model is accurate up to the mtching frequency.
Thus, f',(O) is not the actual input perturbation at the
;'* ?*rtUCbad Trajectory beginning of a half switching period but is the
rturbation within the current half switching priod.
f r a j c c Lory
Kerefore, the perturbation responses for the beginnrng of
the following half switching period can be independently
determined from &O) occurring at the end of the
current half switching period.
The perturbation responses at the end of the on-time
interval of transistor TI are +&p)
ld(?p), and

i,(t,/2) , which can be defined as the perturbation

vector *ZJ!) = [ &J2) E#JfJ2) i 3 j 2 ) ] * .The

perturbation states [d (0) and +& (0) can be

Fig. 3 State-Plane Trajectories Under Steady State and considered as the initial state perturbations at the
Perturbation Conditions beginning of the on-time interval of transistor T,. The

466
perturbation states L ( t ) and G,Jt) are continuous (4)
functions of time within the given half switching period.
The partial derivatives shown in eq. ( 4 ) are derived in
However, only [,(tp) and G&,/2) are used as the 131.
updated perturbations for the following half switching
period as shown in Fig. 3. On the other hand, the The perturbed and operating trajectories are shown in Fig.
perturbations due to input voltage and output 4 when only L(0) is perturbed from L(0)at the turn-on
current, G$) and i^,(?) ,are considered to be constant instant of transistor T,. From the geometric property of
the state plane diagram shown in Fig. 4, the perturbation
within each half switchin period and are updated only at states due to [,(o) are given by,
the end of the half switckng period. This is valid under
the assumption that the input and output filter time
constants are large as compared to the operating switching
period T,.
The perturbation responses [,(rp) and Gd(tJ!) are = a,, iT,(O)
directly derived b using geometry in the state-plane
diagram. These soLtions can then be used to obtain the
perturbation response fm(t,/2) from the output equation.
Due to the presence of the full-bridge rectifier at the
output circuit of the PRC, the output equation &(t) is
given by
I( i a even
di,
pc I = L o x + iOR0 (1)
Integrating e+(l) over one half switching period and
using trapezoidal approximation, we obtain the general
large signal expression for i0(t,/2) as,

+ 4v,(P,-P,) 1
R, oo 4r+t,
where r, = T,+t:, and is = -(FoF;)-Y..
After extraction of the steady state signal from eq.(2), Fig. 4 Operating and Perturbed Trajectories Under
retaining only the small perturbation signals defined perturbation
previously, and normalization by VJZ,, i m ( t p ) can be
From eqs. (3)-(5). we obtain
obtained from the following equation,

where K=LJR, and [,(rl)
= u31 i^,(O)
At t = to = 0 a small signal perturbation is initiated
is given by, horizontally to the trajectory, resulting in the small signal
deviation of the resonant capacitor voltage, GnJO) . The
response of the perturbation vector at 4/2due to this small
signal stimulus GnJ0) are given by,

467
 = a,&@)
From eqs. (3),(4),(8) and (9), we obtain = 033 [m(o)
Similarly introducing perturbation input +%(O) at the
operating input = 1 , the perturbation states at
ts/2 are expressed by the following equations:

Introducing perturbation state [,(o) as shown in Fig. 5

at the operating output current , the perturbed and
operating trajectories can be sim!karly constructed. The
perturbation states at f/2 are given by the following
equations: = c2 9*(0)
From eqs. (3),(4) and (14), we obtain

= c3 +JO)
= % i$(O) The Occurrence of perturbation control signal f?, at the
end of a half-switching period causes the perturbation
responses as shown in Fig. 6. The perturbation states at
the end of the half switchmg periods are given by
- t a
id(?) = -VM c.se4fJo) = bli'NO) (17)
F:
t a
$A?) = - -y"&
h e , s,<o>= 4 im(0) (18)
2 Fiu
From eqs. (3),(4) and (17), we obtain

i- (2)
t = - - (,&l--!%dp-]fw(0)
rn2 4r+Ts R, Quo VJO) (19)
= b3fW(O)
*-=-- ah a 4
,p(0) = - 5 f=(O). After
Fig. 5 operating and Fkrturbed TraJectOries under
VJO) V=(O) Fw
summing the responses at t = tJ2 from eqs. (5)-(19), the
perturbation discrete small signal converter response can be expressed
as

468
 f&+ 1) fJk)
Yn&+ 1) = 4$&) + B&k) + C2QW(k) (25)
i;,(k+ 1) Q#J&

Fig. 6 Operating and Perturbed Trajectories Under f , III. SMALL SIGNAL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
perturbation
Equation (25) represents the closed form solution for the
state variable perturbation in the upper and lower halves
of the switching period of the PRC. Now applying the z-
3f$2) = A,*O) + Bb,(O) + C,GJO) (20) transformationto eq. (25), we can calculate the frequency
response of the converter in the complex frequency
where A,, Boand COare coefficient matrices given by
domain using the relation = eflJ2 . From eq. (25),the
control-to-outputtransfer function is obtained as

i-&)
-- - [O 0 13 [z'- A$' B2 for z = ex=$ (26)
IS(,!
Using the same perturbation analysis from t = tJ2 to t = and the input-to-outputtransfer function is written as,
t,, the perturbation vector response can be written as
qzs, =
where,
The Bode plots, both magnitude and phase, of control-to-
output, L(s)@$) 9 and input-to-output, i&)/Qng(s) 9

A, = transfer functions based on eqs. (26) and (27) are shown

in solid curves in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively.

Equations (20) and (21) represent the discrete model in an

even and an odd half-switchingperiods, respectively, and IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
can be generalized as
By using simulation programs on the circuit depicted in
f(k+l) = A,f(k) + Bef,(k) + CO$,$) ... k even (22) Fig. 1, simulated transfer functions are obtained to verify
the theoretical work at different frequencies of
f(k+l) = A,f(k)+B,~!~(k)+C,9~ ...( k )odd (23) perturbation. The simulation results are also plotted in
Figs. 7 and 8 which show that the frequency responses
Equations (22) and (23) are not yet in the closed forms from both approaches are in good agreement.
because they have a different coefficient matrices. To
represent the small signal model of any half switching In addition, a prototype PRC circuit was built for
period in a closed form, we define the following experimental measurements of both transfer functions
perturbation variables: which are given as the dashed curves in Figs. 7 and 8. It

id@)
= (-1)' &
;) , $&) = (-l)'+ 9&) (24)

469
 can be seen that the experimental frequency responses
have their corner frequencies very close to those of the
theoretical frequency responses. Our experimental data
are not in close a p m e n t with the thmrehcal data at high
frequencies. Tlus is because the prototype circuit is not
ideal due to m i t i c impedances associated with practical
devices mcl! as switchmg MOSFETs, rectifier diodes,
output transformers, and resonant inductors and
capacitors. These parasitic effects become more dominant
at higher frequencies.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the small signal analysis that is based on the
state-plane diagram has been presented for the
conventional Parallel Resonant Converter (PRC). The
closed form solution of the small signal response can be
obtained entirely from the state plane diagram. Since the
state plane diagrams of resonant converters in general
consist of only a few well deiined simple eometric
curves in the state-plane, it is possible to jevelop a
generalized computer program from which the frequency
responses of a resonant converter can be derived once its
state-plane diagram is specified. Simulated and
expenmental results were reported to verify the theoretical
approach.
REFERENCES:
Fig. 7 Frequenc Response for the Control-to-Output
[l]Vatche Vorperian and S. Cuk, "Small Signal Analysis Transfer Junction: (a) Magnitude (b) Phase
of Resonant Converters," PESC-IEEE, June, 1983.
[2] I. Batarseh, "Analysis and Design of High Order
Parallel Resonant Converters," Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Illinois at Chicago, June 1990.
[3] S.J. Fang, "Small Signal Analysis of Resonant
Converters via State-Plane Dia ram," M.S. Thesis,
university of Illinois at Chicago, fune 1990.
[4] K. Sin, C.Q. Lee and S.J. Fang, "Frequency
Response of Resonant Converters," IEEE-IECON'90, pp.
944-949, November 1990.
[5] Billy Y. Lau, "Small-Signal Input-to-Output
Frequency Response of Switching Converters, "IEEE-
PESC'88, pp. 1355-1363, Vol. 2, April 1988.
[6] A.R. Brown and R.D. Middlebrook, "Sampled Data
Modeling of Switching Regulators,"IEEE-PESC'81, pp.
349-369, 1981.
[7] A.R. Witulski and R.W. Erickson, "Small Signal AC
Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Series Resonant
Converter," IEEE-PESC'81, pp. 693-704, 1981.
[8] K. Siri, " Small Signal Analysis of Resonant
Converters and Control Approaches for Parallel-
Connected Converter Systems," Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Illinois at Chicago, July 1991.

Fig. 8 Frequenc Response for the input-to-Output

Transfer Junction: (a) Magnitude (b) Phase

470

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