C o n t n ts

G r a m m a r1 l n t ro d u t i o n
Und rst a nding gra mm ar words _ T hinking a bout la ngu a g in ont xt _
oth r w a ys of l arning _ Whi h nglish?

G r a m m a r2 Pr e s e n t t i m e 1
Pr s nt simpl : form , m a ning , pronun ia tion - Pr s nt ontinuous : form ,
m a ning

G r a m m a r3 Pr e s e n t t i m e 2
Pr s nt simpl : fr qu n y a dv rbs - St a t v erbs a nd a tion v rbs _ Pl s nt
simpl or ontinuous? _ Pr s nt Continuous : futur m a nings _ oth r
p ro b l ms

Grammar 4 Past time 1 11

Past simpl : form , m a ning _ Past ontinuous : form , m a ning _ T im
xpr ssions

G r a m m a r5 Past time 2 15
Past p rf t : form , m a ning _ Common us s _ use d to _ would _ Past
p rf t a nd p ast simpl - Past forms us d in ondition a ls

G r a m m a r6 Prese nt p erf e t 1 20
Pr s nt p rf t : form , m a ning _ im xpr ssions

Grammar 7 Pr e s e n t p e r f e t 2 o

Pr s nt p rf t ontinuous : form , m a ning - T im pr ssions_

Pr s nt p rf t or pr s nt p rf t ontinuous? _ oth r probl ms

G r a m m a r8 Future 1 29
F utur tim - will _ b e going to _ Pr s nt ontinuous - Probl ms

G r a m m a r9 tuture 2 4
F utur ontinuous - F utur p rf t _ Pr s nt simpl _ F un tions using
will a nd sh ll

oNsollDA I oN 1 38

G r a m m a r1 1 R e p or t e d sp e e h 1 42
R port dsp h_ T nse h a ng s_ No t ns h a ng s_ Sp a k rsin
r port dsp h- P ople ,pla s,tim s- Summ arizing_ S - |tl ell,sp e k

Gr a m m a r'12 Re port e d sp e e h 2 46
R portingqu stions_ R porting omm a ndsa nd r qu sts- oth r r porting
v rbs

t11
lN ER nED IA tANGUAGE PRA ( l E

G r a m m a r1 3 Condition a ls l 50
o n d i t i ns a n d r s u l ts_ Z e o o n d i t i o n a l : f f + p r s n tsi m p l , . . . p r s n t
si m p l - F irs t o n d i t i n a l : f f + p r s n tsi m p l , . . . w i l l / w o , t _S o n d
ondition a l : ff + p ast simpl , '. . would / would ,_t unl ss_ oth r us s of would

G r a m m a r1 4 Condition a ls 2 55
hird ondition a l : ff + p ast p rf t , . . . would / tllouldn ,+t h v e + p ast
p arti ipl - od a l v rbs in ondition a l s nt n s- ondition a ls without
i f - I f I w e r ey o u ,L . .

G r a m m a r1 5 W is h e s 58
Wish es a bout th pr s nt _ Wish s a bout th p ast _ hop e* I f o l

G r a m m a r1 6 Passiv 1 61
Passiv :form , us _ Using b a nd with - S nt n eswithout a n a g nt _
Tra nsitiv a nd intra nsitiv v rbs

Gr a m m a r'17 Passiv e 2 66
V rbs with t wo obj ts _ to b e born _ h v e som e thingdo _ Passiv +
infinitiv

Gr a m m a r'18 Mo d a ls 'l : p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e 69
od a ] v rbs : form a nd m a ning _ Ability _ rt a inty a nd un ert a inty -
oblig a tion _ opinions a nd a dvi

G r a m m a r1 9 Mo d a ls 2 : p a s t 75
Ability _ C rt a inty a nd un rt a inty _ oblig a tion * opinions a nd a dvi

o N s o L l D A | o N2 . . . . ' . . . . ' .. i. .. .. 7 8
Gr a m m a r 2'l Purpos e 8
Purpos : to and for _ P pos : so th t

Grammar 22 R e a so n a n d r e s u l t g6
R ason a nd r sult - so a nd such for mph asis _ too a nd not e noughtot a
diffi ulty - so a nd f o - R sult phras s : s r sult ,in th e d , e v e ntu ll _
Linking words

G r a m m a r2 3 Contrast 97
but, et and lthough - even though and though _ while and where s_
despite and in spite of - however and o the other h nd _ Linking words

Grammar 24 F u n t i o ns 94
Wh a t is a fun tion? _ Asking for inform a tion _ off rs _ P rmission _
Promising - R qu sts_ R qu sts with mi d _ Sugg stinga nd a dvising

Gr a m m a r 2 5 R e l a t i v e l a us e s 1 gg
R la tiv la us s_ R la tiv pronouns _ L a ving out th r la tiv pronouns

Gr a m m a r 2 6 R l a t i v e l a us e s 2 10
Combining S nt n s_ Re la tiv la us s with a n -i g fotm _ Wh t as
a r la tiv Dronoun
 o N N s

Grammar 27 Q u e st io ns1 106

Yes/ I'Jo qu stions_ Wh- qu stions_ Q u stionwords as th subi t-
N e g a tiv qu stions_ Short a nsw rs

G r a m m a r2 8 Q u e st io ns2 109
T a gqu stions:form, us _ Probl mswith t a gs _ R ply qu stions _ I ndir t
qu stions

G r a m m a r2 9 it and th re 1.r4
I ntrodu ingn w inform a tion_ R f rringb a k _ R f rring to a pla e _
ff,sand its _ the ,r ar'd there

G r a m m a r3 0 Pl a e a n d p osi t io n t76
i , i sid e , out , outsid e_ xpr ssionswith i - on _ xpr ssionswith on _
t, i ot fo _ xpr ssions with t _ bov lb Iow,over/under_ ne t t /besid ,
e r/by_ opposite

oNsoll D A I oN 3 I2

G r a m m a r3 2 i m e e x p r e ssi o ns r25
i , o ar : . da f - R la tion to tod a y _ Parts of y st rd a y ,tod a y a nd
tomorlow - Cal ndar r fer n s _ for, si e and go _ duri g or for? _
b ot until? - on tim ot in time? _ o e and o e doy, _ now and now d s
the , fterw rds, fter a d l ter - t the end, i the d a rd t l st

G r a m m a r3 3 Countable and un ountable nouns r29

Count a bl a nd un ount a bl _ ount a bl a nd un ount a bl : gra mm ar _
Som eo I ? _ m y a nd mu h _ h a ng of m a ning _ oth r probl ms

G r a m m a r3 4 Ar t i l e s 1 133
I nd finit arti l : / * Z ro arti l (no arti l )

G r a m m a r3 5 Ar t i l e s 2 1, 6
D finit arti | e : th

G r a m m a r3 6 D e t e r m i n e rs a n d p ro n o u ns 1.41.
ll, som e_ o | no e _ e h ,e v ery- both , e ith er, e ith er

G r a m m a r3 7 Adj e tiv es a nd a dv erbs 146

Adj tiv s _ O rd r of a dj tiv s_ Gra d a bl a dj tiv s_ Adj tiv s
nding -i g and -ed _ dj tiv s with be, be ome,feel, Iook _ o -
Adv rbs _ Adv rbs of d gr (int nsifi rs)

G r a m m a r3 8 M a k i n g o m p a riso ns 151
Comp a a tiv s a nd sup rla tiv s :m a ning , form _ I rr gular forms _
Adv rbs - a king omp risons _ I nt nsifi rs

G r a m m a r3 9 Ph r a s a ! v e r bs 'l 156
Und rst a nding phrasa l v rbs - V rbs with thr p arts - V rbs with
t wo p arts : tra nsitiv a nd ins p ara bl
lN RrvlE DlA E tANGUAGE PRA l(E

G r a m m a r4 0 Ph r a s a lv rbs 2 r61
V rbswith two p arts:tra nsitiv a nd s p ara bl _ V rbswith two p arts:
in tra nsiti \ .

oNsollDA loN4 165

Grammar 42 Verbs follow e d b -ing or infinitiv e 1 1'7 o

\ r rbs follo w d \ -i g or in finitiv : lit tl or no h a ng of m a ning - V rbs
follorv d I l to + in finitiv _ V bs follo w d tl to + in finitiv , or t h t-c | a us

G r a m m a r4 3 V e rbs f ol I o w e d b -i n g or i n f i n i t i v e 2 775
\ - rbs follo w e d b -i g or in finitiv : h a ng of m a ning _ V e rbs follo w d
br. -lilg or in finitiv w it hou t fo : h a ng of m a ning _ V e rbs follo w d
tll- -itlg or nou n - V rbs follo w d b -i g , or nou n , or t h t- | a ts

Grammar 44 V e rbs f ollo w e d b y pr e p osi t io ns 179

\ - rbs + pr position - b + a d j tiv + pr position

G r a m m a r4 5 Pr o n o u n s 784
]nd finit pronouns - Som o | | yon e t . _ e v r o , o e t '-
no
R fl xiv pronouns : m se lf t . - I mp rson a |o e

Grammar 46 Poss e ssi o n 189

,s ( a postroph s)_ of a nd ompound nouns _ Poss ssiv a dj tiv s*
Poss ssi v p ro n o u ns _ D o u b l p oss ssi v

Gra mm ar 47 Linking words 194

d, both, too, S w I I , lso _ for e mple,su h s _ first (of lI), se o dl
e t ', fi I ly - s w e ll s this, b esid esthis _ in f t , tu ll 'in m vi e w ,
p erso I l _ e ith er,or _ inst e d(ofl _ e pt_ e _ T im words with oth r
m a n i n gs

G r a m m a r4 8 C a p i t a l l e t t e rs a n d p u n t u a t i o n 199
a pit a l l tt rs _ F ull stop ( . ) - Comm a ( , ) _ S mi olon ( ; ) _ Colon ( : ) _
Sp h m arks ( , , ) (', " ) _ Q u stion m ark (?) a nd x la m a tion m ark (!)

Grammar 49 Sp elling a nd pronun ia tion 1 2o

Adding -i g to v rbs - Words nding in -ful _ -i e ot -e l? _ Sil nt l tt rs

Grammar 50 Sp elling a nd pronun ia tion 2 206

Sa m sound , diff r nt sp e lling _ Sa m pronun ia tion , diff r nt sp lling
a nd m a ning - Words w hi h look similar _ Words with a sylla bl w hi h is
not pronoun d - Nouns a nd v rbs with a nd s _ How to improv sp lling

o N s oL I D A l o N5 209

l
 o N EN s

, ; t i : iii : t irt t il

Vo a b u l a ry 1 D e a l i n gw i t h v o a b u l a r y z|
Wh n you find a n Wword - Ma king th most of your di tion ary_
K ping a vo a bul a ry not book

Vo a b u l a ry 2 W ord f orm a t io n 'l 215

Vo a b u | a ry 3 W ord f orm a t io n 2 218
Vo a b u l a ry 4 Col | o a t io nsa n d f i x e d e x pr e ssio ns'l 221
Vo a b u l a ry 5 Collo a t io ns a n d f i x e d e x pr e ssio ns2 .o
LLA

Vo a b u l a ry 6 Compound words 227

Vo a b u l a ry 7 Mon e y a nd shopping z o
Vo a b u I a ry 8 Li v i n g sP a e 2
Vo a b u l a ry 9 P e rso n a l m a t t e rs 2 6
Vo a b u l a ry1 0 F a m i l ya n d f r i e n d s 2 9
V o a b u l a r y1 1 he body and lothes 242
Vo a b u l a ry1 2 E v e ry d a y pro b l e ms 245
Vo a b u l a ry1 3 r a v e la n d h o | i d a y s 248
Vo a b u l a ry1 4 I n t e r e stsa n d f r e t i m e 251
Vo a b u l a ry1 5 Pl a es 254
Vo a b u l a ry1 6 Food and drink 257
V o a b u | a r y1 7 W or k a n d st u d y 260
Vo a b u l a ry1 8 h e n a t u r a le n v i r o n m e n t 26
Vo a b u l a ry1 9 oo I s a n d t h n olo g y 266
Vo a b u l a ry2 0 v ry d a yo b j e ts 269
Vo a b u l a ry2 1 People 272

F o r m a t i o nr u l e s 275

l r r e g u l a rv e r b s 277

Gra mm arind e x 279

G r a m m a r a n s w e rs 281

V o a b u l a r ya n s w rs 29

v1l
 U n d e r s t a n d i n gg r a m m a r w o r d s
M a t h t h e e x a m p l e s( a - n ) w i t h t h g r a m m a r w or ds ( 1 - 1 4 ) .

a) / n ,t e . . ,!. Z .'.
b) t , t o ,f o r . . . ' , . . . . . .
) d o , h v e. , . . , . . . . , .
d\ ,m u s t . . . . . . , , ' . '
e ) I f o u d o t h t ,I , l l . . ' . . . . . , . .
f ) s h e ,S o m e o qm s e l f. . . . . . ' . . . .
g) l l , so m e ,b o t h ,e i t h r. . . . . . . . . . '
h ) p s t si m p l e p, r e s e n pt r f e t. . . . . . . . ' . ,
i ) W h t , sy o u r m e ?W h e r ed o o u l i v e ? . ' . '' , , . . . .
i ) h p p y ,i m p or t tg, o o d . . . . ' . . . . . .
k ) sl o w l , r f u l l w, e l l . . . . . . . . . . .
| ) get up i th morning, look up word
rriv e d this morni g is for ou .
m) T h e l e tt rth t
n) / t is m d of wood . T h e book w s writt e n in 2001.

1 v rb t ns s 8 onditi nal s nt n
2 a uxiliary v rbs 9 p a ssi v v o i
3 mod a l a uxiliari s 10 p ro n o u ns
4 p r p osi t i o ns 11 p h r a s a l v r bs
5 q u s t i o ns 12 arti l s
6 a dj tiv s 13 d t r m i n rs
7 a dv rbs 14 r l a t i v l a us

2 M a t h t h t ns e si n i t o l i cs( a _ h )w i t h t h e ir n a m e s ( 1 _ 8 ) .

a ) H l n is l e v i gf irs t t h i n g i n t h m or n i n g . . . ' . . Z . . .
b ) I , v eb e e s t u d i g n g l is h f or t w o y a rs . . . . . . . . . . . .
) If I h d ah | icopt I , d g t t o s h o o l m or a si l y! . . . . . . . . . . .
d) I g e t up a t 7. o v ry d a y .
) N x t e a r | , I Ib e t k i gm y f i n a l x a ms a t u n i v rsi t y .. . . . . . . . . . .
f) By th tim e w got to th st a tion , th tra in h d l e f t .
g ) | , v l i v di n A t h ns a l l m y l i f . . . . . . . . . . . .
h) Whil I w s w lki g a long th str t a dog ra n in front of a ar.

1 pr s n tsi m p l 5 p a s t si m p l
2 pr s nt ontinuous 6 p ast ontinuous
3 pr s nt p rf t 7 p ast p rf t
4 pr s nt p rf t ontinuous 8 futur ontinuous
I N ER]r, | DlA E LA N G U A G E PRA l

T h i n k i n ga b o u t l a n g u a g ei n o n t e x t
3 t or a h si t u a t i o n( a _ d )u n d e r I i n et h e b s t e x p r ssi o n T. h o t h r a l t e r n a t i v e sm a y
b e w ro n g i n g r a m m a r ,or t o o i n f or m a l / i m p o l i t ef or t h e si t u a t i o n ,or t o o
f or m a l / p o I i t f or t h si t u a t i o n .

a ) I t ,sr-ou birthd a y on Sa turd a y .I nvit a fri nd to your p arty .

1 I'1l h a v a p art on Sa turd a y .You will om .
2 I , m h a ving a p art on Sa turd a y .Do you W a nt to om ?
I h a v a p arty on Sa turd a y .Ar you oming?
bl \ bu ar on th bus. Ask a stra ng r to op n th window .
1 ould you op n th windo pl as ?
2 op n th window .
3 us m , but do you think you ould possibly op n th window?
) You arriv la t for lass a nd a pologiz to your t a h r.
1 I ,m lat , I apologiz .
2 So r I , m la t .
3 Pl as a pt my most sin er a pologi s.
d) You ar a witn ss to a minor a id nt . xpla in w h a t you sa w to a poli man.
1 his ar om S dow n th ro a d a nd hits a tr , b a ngl
2 ar h a d om dow n th ro a d a nd h a d hit a t I .
A ar a m dow n th ro a d a nd hit a tr .

O t h e r w a ys o f l e a r n i n g
4 W h i h w a ys o f l e a r n i n g E n g l is hd o y o u us ?W h a t o u l d y o u s t a r t d o i n g n o w ?

a) R a ding for pl asur .

b) ra nsla ting .
) a king lists of words, or probl m points, in a not book .
d) Using a di tion ary .
)Lis t n i n g t o so n gs .
f) K ping a diary .
g) R vi wing your writt n work .
h) Looking a t nglish-la ngu a g int rn t sit s.
i) W a t hing t l vision , w a t hing films or list ning to th ra dio.
i) Using a s lf-studygra mm ar / vo a bularybook .

Whi h English?
nglish is a world la ngu a g , a nd th nglish spok n in th USA or Austra lia
diff rs from th nglish spok n in Brit a in . T h r ar a lso diff r n sb t w n
sp a k rsfrom S otla nd , I r la nd a nd ngla nd , a nd b t w e n diff r nt p arts of th
sa m ountry . T his book us s w h a t is g n ra lly a ll d St a nd ard British nglish .
R f r n sar a lso m a d to som diff r n sin Am ri a n nglish .
 x p l a n a t i o ns
Pr s n tsi m p I e : r T h pr s nt simpl is form d with th b are infinitiv form of th v rb . W
form a dd s in th third p rson singular h e /sh e / it .
I like You lik H /She / Itlikes We like The lik
Som v rbs ar irr gular h v e , b e
I h ve You h ve H /She h s We h ve They h v
I m You re He /She is We re They re

Sp lling probl ms
V rbs ndingin o, s, h , Sh , a dd -es for th third p erson singular.
He goes She misses She w t hes He wishes He rel es

Q u stions
Yes / I loqu sti ns ar form d with do a nd th b ar infinitiv form of th v rb .
T h third p rson singular us s do es.
Do vou like It li n food? Do es sh e lik e I t li n food?
W also lse do/doeswhen w form qu stions with whe , wh t, wh where,
how etc.
Wh t do ou w nt? Where does she li e?

N g a tiv s
N g a tiv s ar form d with do not a nd th b ar infinitiv form of th v rb .
T h third p Ison singular vses do esnot .
I do not lik e t h t . Sh e do es ot lik e th t .
I n sp h a nd in form a l writing , do ot b om es don , t , a nd do es ot b om s
do sn , t .
I do , t lik th t . Sh e do es , t lik e t h t .

Pr s e n tsi m p I e : W us th pr s nt simpl to d s rib :

meaning H a bitu a l a tions.
I usu ll g e t up a t 7. 0.
A tions a nd situ a tions th a t are g n ra lly or usu a lly tru
Liz pl s in th e s hoolb sk e tb llt e m .
We like i e- re m.
F a ts w hi h ar a lw a ys tru .
T h e sun rises in th e st .

T h pr s nt simpl a lso h as som futur m a nings.

lN ERin DlA E LANGUAGE PRA l E

Pr e s n tsi m p l e : V rbs w hi h nd in lzl, ldzl, lsl, lshl, / tsh / a nd / ks / m a k a n xt a sylla bl in th

p ro n u n i a t i o n third p son , p onoun 6 l l .
w t h s misses rel es
f t r lf l, lkl, lpl, ltl, thitd p e lson sound is /s / . hits lhltsl
oth r third p rson lsl arc pronoun d as lzl . se s lst . . zl
Do es is norm a lly pronoun d / du'z /

Pr e s e n t r h pr s nt ontinuous is form d with th a uxiliary rb b e a nd th e .ing

ontinuous: form form of th m a in v rb .
I m rel ing. You re rel ing. He /Sheis rel i g.
W re rel ing. They re rel i g

r Sp lling probl ms
V rbs nding -e drop th -e wh n t } :r add -i g.
like liking decide deciding write writi g
V rbs with on sylla bl , nding in on vow l a nd on onson a nt , doubl th
onson a nt w h n th y a dd -ing .
sit sitting swim swimmi g dig diggi g
V rbs nding -i e h a ng -i e to -y .
lie l ing tie i g die d ing

r Contra tions
I n sp h a nd inform a l w iting , th v rb b is ontra t e d :
I ,m writing. You,re writi g. He,s/She,s writing.
We,re writi g. The ,r writing,

l Q u stions
Yes/ Iloqu stions ar form d by inv rting th subj t and th al i | iat be.
Am I writing? Ate ou writing? Is he /she writi g?
Are-w e writi g? Are the writing?
I 4lh . qu estions follow th sa m p a tt rn .
Wh t re ou writi g? Wh re we writing?

r N e g a tiv s
N g a tiv s ar form d with th v erb b e + nof . T his is ontra t d in sp h a nd
inform a l writing .
I ,m not writi g. He,s ot writing' The ,re not writi g.

Pr e s n t r W us th e pr s nt ontinuous to d s rib :
o n t i n u o us : A tions in progr ssa t th pr s nt mom nt .
m aning Sorry,I n,t spe k to you, I ,m w shing m h ir.
A tions h a pp ning , around now , , v n though not a t th mom nt of
sp a king .
I ,m re di g The Lord of th Rings.

r T h pr s nt ontinuous a lso h as som e

futur m a nings.
 GRA l v t l t t l AR 2 PR s E N l nE l

U n d e rl i n et h orr e t p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) Wh a t tim go ou / d - ou-sato b d on Sa turd a ys?

b) Why re you w iting/do you w iting outsid th door?
) Don , t ask T im . H do esn , tk now / otk ows th a nsw r.
d) I h ving / I , mh a vi g my lun h a t th mom nt .
) Wh n you l e v e / do ou l e v eth hous in th morning?
f) I don , t und rst a nd . Wh a t is h pp e ni g / ish pp e n?
g) x us l r ,does ou k ow /do ou k ow th tim ?
h) This is a gr at pafi . I ,m h vi g/ m I h ving a lov ly tim .

2 R e a d t h a ns w rsa n d t h e n o m p l e t t h q u e s t i o ns .

Su ? Sh liv s a t th nd of Ax w ll Ro a d .
b) Do
Jim? No, I don't k now him .
) What
At th mom nt? I , m doing my hom work .
d) Ar
H r ? No, I , m sitting ov er th r .
) Do
H r ? No, w h a ng tra ins a t th e n xt st a tion .
0 why
I , m w aring t wo pullov sb a us I f l old!

3 R writ e e a h s nt e n e so th a t th e v erb in it li sis a n e g a tiv e ontra tion .

a)
t ,IevtsLaw.
b)

) I ,m using this p n il at th mom nt.

d) T h hildr n r h ving lun h in th kit h n .

) I get up ar| on Saturday.

0 l na is writi g a novel.
lN Rlt DlA LANGUAGE PRA I E

C o m p l e t a h s n t n ew i t h a p r e s e n tsi m p l e or p r e s e n t o n t i n u o usf or m , usi n g

t h w or ds i n b o l d .
t't

a l . . . 2 9 . . . Y . 9 . * . . !'L . r . . . . . , ' . . . h e s s a n d w i h s?
y u lik
? Prt
b) What tim ..........
f l
th sun ris
) Wh a t a t th mom nt?
you r a d
d ) Sorr y , I a n , t t a l k . . . . . . . . . . . . a bath.
I hav
) W . ' . . . . a. t s h o o l .
n t w a t h vid os
f) Look out of th window!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
it snow
g ) T h i s i s a n x a m i n a t i o n !W h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?.
you t a lk
h) Ann to s hool by bus v y day.
sr
go ad
i) . . . . . .a u n i f or m a t y o u r s h o o l?
you W ar
j) Pa t h as got a n int resting hobby . . a bo a t .
sh build

Choos th orre t sp e lling from e a h p a ir of words.

a) @!! gwritting
-- < \

b) diging / digging
) t a k e ing / t a king
d) d iding / d id ing
) swiming /swimming
f) h a ving / h a v ing
g) lying / li ing
h) r a dding / r a ding
i) using / us ing
j) w a itingiw a itting
k) w ash ing / w ashing
l) riding / rid ing
m) fly ing/flying
n) studing /studying
o) going / go ing
 xpla n a tions
Pr s e n tsi m p l : r Fr qu n y a dv rbs ar of t n us d with th pr s nt simpl . T h y xpla in how
f r q u e n ya d v r bs of t n som on do s a n a tion , or som thing h a pp ns.
Iw s I lw s g e t up t 7'00.
ofte P t of t e go es to footb ll m t h es.
usu I l / /'/ I t usu I l r i s w h e I go o holid y!
som e tim es W som tim es t pizz for lu h .
r rel ,/ | e r rel liste s to j zz.
nev r - M bus n vet arriv s on tim .

l Not in th a bov x a mpl s th a t th fr qu n y a dv rb om s b for th

v rb . With th v b b e th e a dv rb om s a f t r.
| im is usu I l l t e .
r oth r fr qu n y a dv rbs arc fr qu e tly( / / / / ) , norm I ly( , / , / , / ) , o sion ll
( / / ) , se ldom( / ) , h rdl e v r( / ) .

St a t e v e rbs a nd r A st a t is w h n som thing st a ys th sa m . An a tion is w h n som thing

a tion v rbs h a pp ns. St a t v rbs ar not usu a lly us d in a ny ontinuous form .
I k ow w h t ou m e . (No .)

x a mpl s of st a t v rbs ar :
r s ns s : pp Lh e r, I ook lik e , se e ,t st e
r f Iing: like, h te, lov ,prefer,w t, wish
r thinkingi gr e,beli ve,forget,know, thi k, u derst nd
r poss ssion : b e longto, o t i ,h v , ow n
l b ing : b e , e ist
r oth r : ost ,d e p e ndo , m e a , n e e d

r Som of th v rbs in th pr vious list a n h a v a ,st a t ,m a ning a nd a n

, a tion , m a ning . x a mpl s in lud b e , h v e , t st e ,thi k .
I h ve two sist rs. (p rm a n nt st a t )
I ,m h ving probl ms with this omputer. (t mporary a tion)

r Som tim s st a t v rbs a n d s rib t mpol a ry f lings.

Ho w r e ou g e t ti g on t our n e w s hool?
I h te /(m h ting it!
I N ERlvlE DlA LANGUAGE PRA C I C E

Pr e s e n tsi m p I or
o n t i n u o us?
ornp ar :
Pr s nt simpl Pr s nt ontinuous
p rm a n nt t mpo I ary
h a bits a nd routin s in progr ssnow
f a ts th a t ar a lw a ys tru v nts h a pp ning a t th mom nt
g n a l situ a tions a p arti ular situ a tion

I live in Bud p st' ( a ll th tim )

I ,m livi g in Bud pest. (for a f w months)
T his pl e l nds i Fr k furt , (routin )
We,re l ding. (in progress now)

Pr e s n t T h pr s nt ontinuous a n b us d to d s ib a fix d futur arra ng m nt .

o n t i n u o u sf:u t u r e
m a nings
T h r is usu a lly a futur tim xpression .
P uI is le vi g e rl tomorrowmorning'
M p r nts re bu ing me mou t i bik for my birthd y.
T his usa g is ommon w h n w e d s rib so i l arra ng m nts.
Are ou doi g thi g on S turd ? We,re going sk ting.

oth er probl ms feel

T h r is a lmost no diff r n of m a ning b t w n th simpl a nd
o n t i n u o us .
I feel wful! I ,m feeli g wful!
How do ou feel ow? How re ou feeling ow?

Pr s nt ontinuous or pr s nt p rf t ontinuous?
Su is st ing with | ill.
(in p ogr ssno a nd will ontinu )
Sue h s bee st i g with Ii si e M r h.
(in progr ssup to now , a nd m a y or m a y not ontinu )

P se nt ontinuous w tth I w s
W a n luse I w swith th p s nt ontinuous w h n w e ar x a gg la ting or
ompla ining . W mph asiz e lw s in sp h in this as .
You,re lw s forgetti gyour keys!

Pr s nt simpl in n arra tiv s

I n sp h W a n use th pr s nt simpl to m a k e a story or jok a pp e ar mor
imm dia t a nd int r sting , v n though th e v nts w r in th p ast . T his is
a lso us d in w itt n summ ari s su h as plots of t e l vision s ri s.
A m v, Iks into b r d sks for gl ss of w ter. The b rm n S s ''.
The story so f r: Mi h el meets Sus in the libr ry nd tells h r bout the
missing e rri gs. .'
 GRA nAR 3 PR s N TI E 2

U n d e rl i n et h e orr e ts e n t e n c ef or e a h si t u a t i o n .

a) You Want to invit a fri nd to your party on Friday. You say:

1 I h a v a p arty on Frid a y . Do you W a nt to om ?
. you w a nt to om ?
2 I , m h a ving a p art } zon Frid a } z Do
b) You find a w a ll t on your d esk a nd ask th e p opl n arby :
]' Who do s this w a ll t b long to?
2 Who is this w a ll t b e longing to?
) A f i nd invit s you to a sn a k b ar a t lun h tim . You sa y :
1 T h a nks, but I a lw a ys go hom .
2 T h a nks, but I , m a lw a ys going hom .
d) A fri nd op ns th door a nd sa ys : Wh a t ar you doing? You r ply :
1 I work as a s r t ary .
2 I , m re p a iring th omput r.
) You h a v n , t d id d y t a bout buying a n w bik . You sa y :
1 I think a bout it .
2 I'm thinking a bout it .
f) A fri nd asks : Do you lik l e mon t a? You r ply :
1 I pr f r t a with milk .
2 I'm pr f rring t e a with milk .
g) A fri nd asks you if you h a v finish d th book sh l nt you . You sa y :
1' Sorry , I still r a d it .
2 Sott , I , m still r a ding it .
h) I t ,s a hot d a y , but a fri nd h as a h a vy o a t on . You ask :
1 Why do you W ar a h e a vy o a t?
2 Wh ar you w aring a h a vy o a t?

2 Und erlin e th orre t word or phras in e a h se nt e n e .

a) That an,t b right | I do ,t b lie e / I ,m ot b Iievi git!

b) C arolin a n , t swim tod a y . Sh h s / is h ving a old .
) S you in th morning' I le ve / I ,mle vi g now'
d) What do you do/ reyou doi gJ If you drop it, it will xplod !
) Stop doing that, Bill! You,re /You,re bei g v r si | | .
D I drive / I ,mdiving! You an sit in th ba k with Martin.
g) Wh t do w e e t / rew e e tingthis v ning? I , m r a lly hung y!
h) You,r a gr at ook! This cak t stes/ist sting wond rful.
i) Wh r do ou go/ reyou goi gJ I hav n,t finish d sp aking to you!
i) h mistry is h ard . I do , t u d erst nd / I , m
not und erst dingit .
I N ERIYl DlA E LANGuAGE PRA l E

3 Pu t e a h v r b i n b r a k e tsi n t o t h p r s e n tsi m p l e or p r s e n t o n t i n u o us .

a ) U g h , d o n , t s h o w m t h a t p i t u r II ( h a t ). . . ' . . ! t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . .m
. . i. . . .!. .
b) Who (you , go) . . . to th m a t h on Sa turd a y with?
) I n t h w i n t r ,w h a t ( y o u ,w a ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .?. .
d) I a n , t st a nd ho ror films. I (think) . . . th y ,r silly!
) D i a n a ( n o t , us u a l l y ,si t ) . . . . . . . . . n xt to ll n.
0 W h y ( y o u ,l o o k a t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m. l i k t h a t ?
g) x us m . (this bus, stop) . . . outsid th st a tion?
h) I (not tak ).......... t h b us t o s h o o l t o d a y .

4 M a t h a h s e n t n e( a - h ) w i t h a s u i t a b l er e sp o ns ( 1 _ 8 ) .

a ) W h a t d o y o u us u a l l y d o o n y o u r b ir t h d a ? . . . . . 1' . . . .
b) Would you lik to m t a g a in on Sa turd a y?
) Wh a t do you usu a lly do w h e n th r is a n arthqu a k ?
d) H a v you finish d your hom wo k?
) Wh a t a I you doing?
f) Wh a t ar you doing on Frid a y?
g) Ar you in th s hool b ask tb a ll t a m?
h) Wh a t do you do? . . . , . . . . . . .

1 Ihav aparty.
2 I | i und r th t a bl .
I work in a tra v l a g n y .
4 Y s, w play v ry Friday.
5 I'm still doing it .
6 lt ,s hot in h r . I , m op ning som windows.
7 I , m going b a k to C a n a d a tomorrow .
8 I'm h a ving a p arty .

5 Pu t e a h v e r b i n b r a k e tsi n t o t h e p r e s e n tsi m p l e or p r s n t o n t i n u o us .

a ) W h a t ( us u a l l y ,y o u , d o ) . d . . s . u L I . . d a a. t t h w k n d?
b ) D o n , t W orr y a b o u t t h e a t . I t ( o n l y a t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o n a da '
) I a n , t w or k o u t t h a ns w r .( y o u , k n o w ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w h a t i t is?
d ) W h a t , s t h m a t t r?W h y ( y o u , s t a r ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. t m l i k t h a t?
) (you , sp a k) nglish? I , m looking for a hot l.
0 l n a (st a y) with m w hil h r hous is b ing
d ora t d .
g) You should 8o on a di t . (you , put) on w ight .
h) (th y , sp a k) Fr n h or G rm a n? I a n , t t ll th
diff r n .

10
 Expla n a tions
Past simpl : form r R gular v rbs
Past simpl r gular v rbs a dd -e d to th b ar infinitiv . V rbs nding in -e
simply a dd -d .
I e n jo e d th f tlm . I lov e d th e musi .
All p rsons h a v th sa m form .

r Sp lling probl ms
V rbs nding in onson a nt + -y h a ng - to -i .
tr tried ry cried
V rbs nding with on vow l a nd on onson a nt doubl th fin a l onson a nt .
r gret regrett d f|t fitted

r I rr gularv rbs
T h m os t o m m o n irr g u l a rv r bs a r l is t d o n p a g e 2 7 7 . I t is n ss a r yt o
l arn th s forms.
t te dri k dr k w k e wok e

Q u stions
Q u stions ar form d with did a nd th b ar infinitiv .
Did ou e jo th e fi I m? Did you drink ll th milk?
Wh t did ou do est rd ? Wh did sh e l e v e?

N g a tiv s
N g a tiv s ar form d with did ot a d th b ar infinitiv . T his is ontra t d
to did , t in sp h a nd inform a l writing .
T h o t didn , t fit m e . rol didn , t e t v ery mu h .

Past simple : T h p ast simpl is us d to d s rib a tions a nd st a t sin a ompl t d p riod

m aning of tim . W k now w h n th a tion h a pp n d , so a d finit tim xpr ssion
a n b us d .
I e jo d the film \ry S twl st ight.
We listened to some ew Ds esterd fter oo .

T h p ast simpl is a lso us d to d s rib h a bitu a l a tions in th p ast .

v ery d y w got up rl d w e t to th e b e h .

11
lN RlvtE DlA LANGUAGE PRA l E

Past ontinuous: T h p ast ontinuous is form d with th p ast of th a uxilia y v rLl b e a n . dt } : r

form -i g fotm of th m a in v rb .
I w s sitti g b the door. You were l ughi g' He /Shew s dtiving.
We were rying. They were e ting.

Q u stions
Yes ,loqu stions ar form d by inv rting th subj t a nd th e a uxiliary v rb
be.
W s I sleeping? Were ou w iting? W s he /she drivi g?
Were we writi g? Werc the le ving?
I 4lh-qu stions follow th sa m p a tt rn .
Wh t-were ou writing? Why were the w iti g?

N g a tiv s
N g a tiv s ar form d with th v rb a uxiliary v rb b e + ot . T his is ontra t d
in sp h a nd inform a l writing .
I w sn , t list e ning . H w sn , t pl ing . T h e w ere n , t looki g .

P a s t o n t i n u o us : T h p ast ontinuous is us d to d s rib a situ a tion in progr ssin th p ast .

meaning T his is of t n ontrast d with a sudd n v nt in th p ast simpl .
B a k 8 ro u n dsi t u a t i o n Sudd n v nt
I w s h vi g my lu h w h e Ruth phon e d .
While I w s w iting for the bus, I m e t K re .

T h p ast ontinuous n b us d to d s rib s v ra l situ a tions in prog ss,

h a pp ning a t th sa m tim .
Whil e I m esw s cooki g , D id'w s phottittg f i e d .
The irport w s full of people.Some were sleepi g o ben hes,som wer
shopping, others-wer rc ding. veryonew s w iti g for ews of th del yed
pl ne.

i m e x p r ssi o ns With th p ast simpl

I rrived h re two hours go/i Septemberfl st week / t 6.oo.
Helen li ed in M drid for three e rs.

With th p ast ontinuous

. duling th tim
W e a n ls w h e or l hil with th p ast ontinuous to m a n
t h a t' .
Whil e-w e w erew iti g for th tr i , it st rt e dto r i .
I ut my fi g erw h e I w s p e lingth e pot to es.
But if w m a n , a t th tim th a t , th n w only lse w h | lwith th p ast
simpl .
Sh e w s v ery h pp w h e sh e got h er e m results.

t2
 GRAlt ,l nAR 4 PAs l E 1

U n d e rl i n et h e orr e tw or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) Whil lw shed/ w!5 my hair, th phon r nglringed.

' lshlrlg
b) How did you felt/did ou feel y st rday aft rnoon?
) Wh n I got/ w sgetting hom I re eivedhv sre eivinga phon all.
d) Last summ r I w s going swimmi g / w e ntswimming v ry w k nd .
) Wh n th dog bit/ w s biting Laura,s l g, sh s re med/ w s re ming.
f) W s g /su gsom songs a nd th n t e / e tsom sa nd wi h es.
g) Wh n ou fell/felt ov r th liff, what h ppened/ w sh ppe ingn t?
h) Whil at w shed-up/ w sw shing-up, she broke / w sbre king a up.
i) I didn't s e /s ww h r th bus stop w as, so I w s missi g / misse dth bus.
| ) Wh a t did ou do / w er ou doing w h n I phon d / w spho i g you last night?
T h r w as no r ply .

2 Re writ e e a h se nt e n e a ording to th e instru tionsgiv e n .

a ) I n joy d th on rt . (n e g a tiv e ) t dldnjt e v tho nrert.

b) You a t a ll th br a d . (qu stion)
) Did John sp nd a lot? ( a ffirm a tiv )
d) I f lt w ll y st rd a y .(n g a tiv )
) Ann a didn , t buy a a . ( a ffirm a tiv )
f) T h y won th priz . (qu stion)
g) Pa ul do sn , t sp a k Gr k . ( a ffirm a tiv )
h) I p a id a ll th bills. (n g a tiv )

3 C o m p l t e a h s n t e n w i t h a s u i t a b l et i m e x p r e ssi o f ro m t h e b o x . Yo u a n
us a n e x p r e ssi o nm or e t h a n o n e .

a ) A burglar brok into th e hous . . . . . w . b . !*. .'.W. . W r w a t hing t l vision .

. . . t a n old fri e n dof min in t h
b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. .m ity ntr .
) Wh a t W r you doing . . th poli offi r k no k d on th door?
d) Ja n m t Sara h . . h a lf-p ast ight outsid th in m a .
. . i. . k w a s p r e p a ri n gl u n h , h
e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D u t h is f i n g r b a d l y .
f ) I f irs t a m t o t h is t o w n m or e t h a n t w n t y y a rs . . . . . . . . .
g) J ff w as studying to b a do tor . . h m t Sa lly .
h) T ony b ught his first moto bik .' \ 99z'
i) . . did you st art pla ying b ask tb a ll?
j) os t o f t h y o u n g p o p l l f t t h is v i l l a g a l o n g t i m . . . . . . . . . .

13
 lN R EDlA E LANGUAG PRA I

gl 4 Ma t h a h se nt e n e ( a _h) with a suit a bl e r sponse (1-8) .

a ) W h a t w a s K a t ri n a d o i n g w h n y o u k n o k d o n t h d o or? . . . . J . . . .
b ) H o w d i d Br n d a sp n d h r h o l i d a y? . . . . . . . . . . .
) W h a t h a p p n d w h n t h l i g h ts w n t o u t? . . . . . . . . . ' .
d) Wh n did you m t a t h y? . . . . . . . . . . .
) W h a t d i d Ju l i d o w h n T o n y a l l d? , , ' , , . . . . . .
0 D i d Su z a n n a h h a r w h a t D a v i d s a i d? . . . . . . . . . . .
g) Wh a t did Lu y do w h n th b ll ra ng a t th nd of th l sson?
h) Why did Ali ia l av so ar\ ?

1 Sh w nt sa iling most d a ys, a nd sunb a th d a t th b a h .

2 Sh put th phon dow n .
3 Sh w as list ning to th ra dio in th kit h n .
4 Sh W e nt to m e t h r p ar nts a t a r st a ura nt .
5 Sh a m to my broth r's birthd a y p arty .
6 Whil T in a w s looking for a tor h , th y a m b a k on .
7 Sh w asn , t list ning .
8 Sh put h r books a w a y a nd l f t .

5 Pu t a h v r b i n b r a k e tsi n t o e i t h e r t h e p a s t si m p l e or p a s t o n t i n u o us .

. . e ( t e lll . .''. . . t!! .?('

k .4l + . p'. . . .''. . . .,. W
a ) W h n H a rry ( w a k u p ) . . . . . . . . W
him th n ws.
b) v ryon ( w a it) for th on rt to b gin w h n a
m ssa g ( arriv )
) h arlott ( w a nt) a r la xing holid a y , so sh
( hoos ) to st a y on a sm a ll isla nd .
d) Wh n Rob rto (study) in Am ri a , his p ar nts
(phon ) him v ry w k.
) I (find) my p n w hil I (look for)
my b a g .
f) Ann ( w a t h) a film on t l vision w h e n Juli
( arriv )
g) Wh n th lights (go out) , I (li )
in b d r a ding .
h) Wh n you (go) to th n w hin s r st a ula nt , w h a t
(you at) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. ' . .

T4
 Expla n a tions
Past p rf e t : form r T h p ast p rf t is form d with th a uxiliary h d a nd th p ast p arti ipl
(third olumn in v rb t a bl s) . h p ast p arti ipl s of irr gular v rbs ar list d
o n p a g e2 7 7 .
I h d d e id e d . Sh e h d l f t . W e h d e t e .
I n sp h a nd inform a l writing th se forms ar ontra t d to :
I ,d d id d. Sh e'd l e f t . We,d e te '

r Q u stions a nd n g a tiv s
Q u stions ar form d by inv rting th subj t a d h d . N g a tiv es ar form d
with ot a nd ontra tions ar us d .
H d sh left?
Sh e h d ot l e f t . Sh e h dn , t l e f t .

Past p rf e t : r T h p ast p f t is us d to show l arly th a t on p ast v nt h a pp n d b for

m aning a noth r p ast v nt . W us th p ast p rf t for th arli r v nt .
Su e l e f t t 7.00. W rriv d t h er house t 8. 0.
) Wh e w rriv e d t Su ,shouse ,sh e h d l e f t .
I t is not n ssa ly to uS th p ast p rf t if w us b e foreor f t er to m a k th
tim s qu n l ar, a lthough m a ny sp a k rsdo so to show a strong
o n n t i o n b t w nt h t w o v n ts .
Sue left h r house before w rriv d.
oR S e h d l e f t h r houseb e fore w rriv d .
W e rriv e d t Su e ,shouse f t er sh e l e f t .
R W e rriv e d t Su ,shouse f t er sh e h d l e f t'

l N o t t h a t i t is n o t n ss a r yt o us t h p a s t p r f t j us t b a us a n v n t
h a pp n d a long tim a go. W us p ast simpl .
T h e hi s built th Gre cttW ll o r t wo thous dy rsa go'

Past p rf e t : r T h p ast p rf t is of t n us d with v rbs of thinking | 1k ethink , k ow ,b e sur ,

o m m o nu s s r lize, remembeT,Suspe t,u derst nd et .
I thoughtI ,d see the film befor ,but I h ld ,t.
D id k n e w h , d se n h er som e w h ereb for .
ll n w s suresh e h dn , t lo k e d th e door.
Wh e n I got hom e I r I iz e dI , d lost m w a ll t .
T h i sp e torsusp t e dth t th e thi e f h d us d sp e i lk .

15
lN R nEDlA E LANGUAG PRA l E

us d to . Use d to d s rib sa h a bit or st a t in th e p ast . T h r is no p s nt form . Use d to

sugg ststh a t th a tion or situ a tion is no long r t u a nd so m a k s a
ont ast with th pr se nt .
I used to h ve long h ir wh I w S young r.
I t is us d for r p a t d a tions a nd not for singl v e nts.
I use d to pl y t e n is,but ow I p I footb ll.

r Q u stions a nd n g a tiv s
With qu stions a nd n g a tiv es use d to b e om s use to.
Did ou use to h ve lo g h ir when ou w r younger?
I did , t use to pl t e nnis,but ow I pl most try e k e ds.

r Pronun ia tion
Use dis pronoun d lilstl. T his is diff r nt from th p ast t e ns of th v rb
use' prono! d littzdl .

w ould Would is us d in th sa m W a y as use d fo, but it only d s rib sre p e a t d a tions

in th p ast , not st a t s.I t is mor ommorr in d s riptiv writing th a n in sp h'
n winter d s, we would/used to Il sit round the ftre d tell stori s.
I use d to ow motorbik e .(N g)

Past p e rf e t a nd r Study th situ a tions a nd th x a mpl e s nt n s:

past simpl
Situ a tion 1 : th film st arts a t 8.00, I ar iv a t 7.50.
a ) I rriv e d t 7.50, iust b re th e f t I m st rt e d'
b) Whe the film st rted, I h d Ire d rrived te minutes before,

Situ a tion 2 : th e film st arts a t 8.00, I arriv a t 8.10.

a) The ftIm st tt d t 8'00, but I rrived te mi utes l t ,
b) I rriv e d t 8.1o, but th film h d I r d st rt e d .

T o d s rib th s situ a tions it is possibl to uS th p ast simpl for both

v rbs, as in 1 a ) a nd2 a ) . I t is a lso possibl to put th v nt th t h a pp n d
first into th e p ast p rf t , as in 1b) a nd2b) .

How v r, la ) is mor simpl a nd mu h mor lik ly th a n 1b) . I n lb) w

mph asiz w hi h v nt h a pp n d first (m e arriving) - but arriving first is
norm a l w h n w go to th in m a so W e don , t n d to mph asiz it .

I n situ a tion Zboth a ) a nd b) ar possibl . 2 a ) is simpl a nd asy to us a nd

und erst a nd . But 2b) h lps th m a ning by mph asizing w hi h v nt
h a pp n d fi st (th film st arting) .

P a s t f or ms us d in r N t th a t th p ast simpl a nd p ast p rf t ar a lso us d in ondition a l

ondition a ls s n t n s( I f . . . )' I n t h s s n t n st h y h a v a d i f f r n tm a n i n g .

16
 GRA nAR 5 PAs lIUl 2

Und e rlin e t h e e rrors in t h es se n t e n es. Re writ ea h s nten e.

a) Wh n w h a d a t lu n h , w w r sit ting in t h g a rd n .
..''W.hr,n..w.p..,hg,d... tt* .,! + l .h,'. '/ p..lgt..iw..thr
b) Whil I look d for my k e ys, I r m mb dI l f t th m a t hom .

) Ann a h a d us d to pla y b a dminton w h n sh h a d b n a t s hool.

d) Wh n I got into b d , I w as f a lling asl p imm dia t ly .

) Wh n I w as fin a lly finding th hous , I w as k no king a t th door.

0 Af t r Jill w as giving Ni k his books, sh w nt hom .

ol
6' Ma i a w ould liv in Sw d n w h n sh w as a hild .

h) I w as using to g t up arly w h n I h a d gon sa iling .

i) T h Vikings h a d sa il d to North Am ri a a thousa nd y ars a go.

j) Juli t W as sur sh w as s ing th t a ll m a n b for .

2 U n d rl i n t h e orr tw or d or p h r a s e i n a h s e n t n e .

a) Whil l h d w ited/ wg$-wlilix18/ w ited at th bus stop, I h d noti ed/ w s

noti ing/noti eda ' w shop whi h w s ,t/h d ,tb en in th str t th day
b for .
b ) I h d go e / wentotlt into th gard n to f t h my bik , bttt fou d/ w sfinding
th a t som on e stol e / h dStol e nit .
) Wh n G org met/ w smeeti gDian at th party, h thought/ w sthinking
th a t h s w / h dse e n / w sse e i gh r som w h r b e for .
d) mily got off/ w Sg tting off the bus, and w lked/ w sw Iki g into th bank
wh n sh re Iized/h dre Iized/ w sre Iizingthat sh left/h left/ w s le ving
h r h a ndb a g on th bus.
) Aft I w s buying/h dbought my n W omput r, I dis ov r d that I w sn,t
h ving/did ,th ve nolgh m mory.
0 I w nt to th post ffi to ask a bout my p a k a g ,but th y h d s id /s idth a t
it still h dn,t rrived/didn,t rrive,

1.7
lN Rr E D I A E LANGUAGE PRA l

3 Pu t e a h v r b g i v n i n t o t h e p a s t si m p l , p a s t o n t i n u o usor p a s t p e r f e t .Mor
t h a n o n a ns w e r m a y b e p ossi b l e .

T h p oli susp t tdh a t Bri a n ( ^ ). . . h d . . h r a , Kp . w .(.''.

br a k t)h w i n d o w a t
his hous b a us h (b) ( w a n t) to m a k t h m t hin k t h a t a
burglar ( ) .............. ( s t a l ) h is v a l u a b l stamp oll tion. h y
(d) ............. (think) th a t Bria n ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (do) this
b a us h (f) ......... ... (n d) th mon y. How v th y
(g) .............. (not know) th a t Bria n (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . (fly) to
Bra zil t h e w k b for , a nd (i) (b ) a bro a d w h n t h
burglary (i) .............. (tak pla ).

4 Compl e t e e a h se n t e n e , using w ould or us d to a nd t h e v e rb in bra k ts. Mor e

than on a nsw r m a y b p oss i b l .

a ) J a k ( h a v ). . . . . N . ?( ( . ''t . q' . . h 9' , , . . . a. . b. . . .a r d b u t h s h a v d i t o f f .

b ) My m o t h r ( r a d ). . . . . . . . to m v rynight.
) I n th holid a ys w (m t) . . . . a t th b a h v ry
morning .
d) I (not lik ) . .'. . . . . . . . sp i n a h , b u t n o w I d o .
) l n ( w ri t ) . . . .t o m o f t n , b u t n o w s h p h o n s .
f) Tina (liv ). . . . . . . . . . i n t h h o us o p p osi t .
g) Wh n I w as young , th summ rs (b ) . . . . W arln r.
h) Wh n v our t a h r l t us l a v arly , w ( h r)

18
 GRA]Ul nAR 5 PAs l1t, | E 2

5 F or a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t e t h e s e o n d s n t e n eso t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m a s
th e first , using no more th a n thr words.

a) i h a l took a d p br a th a nd div d into th w a t r.

A f t e r Mi h a . . . . h . . q (' . . t k . . . . . . . . ' . .a. .d. . p b r a t h ,h d i v d i n t o t h W a t r .
"l
b) T rry was fatt r.
T r r y. . . . . . . . . to b so thin.
) G ary W as sur his k e ys W r not in his po k t .
Gary w assur ........... his k ys.
d) Wh n h e w as young r D a vid pla y d t nnis.
D a vid . . . . t nnis w h n h W as young r.
) Last summ rl Julia got up arly v ry morning .
Last summ r,Julia us d to . . . . arly v ry morning .

0 W miss d th bus so w took a t a xi.

W took a taxi b aus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h b u s .
g) I n thos d a ys, w sp nt th summ r in th mount a ins.
I n thos d a ys, w . . . . th summ r in th mount a ins.

6 Combin e th t wo se nt e n esto m a k e on e se nt e n . Use w h e n a nd th e p ast

perfe t.

a ) I w ash d a nd got r a dy . I w nt out to m t my fri nds.

.!.d...WN.kl.g.r % t!' | !,3..
l ,''I ..N.pnt.'p. l. t', | w ., Irtr 4.t'...
\.f| | I I t t l ..L L, ... ^ ^L : l-

...Wk I d..!!.t
-' -,-..L

b) I k n w mu h mor a bout th job . I visit d th ir offi s.

) I look d a t th n w dr ss for a g s. I ask e d how mu h it ost .

d) I f lt mu h mor ind p nd nt . I p ass d my driving t st .

) Ann W nt on holid a y . Sh sa v d nough mon y .

f) T h t a m fin a lly won th m a t h . T h y ra n round th pit h to l bra t .

19
 xp I a n a tions
Pr e s e n t p r f t: l Th pr s n t p rf t is form d w it h t h pr S n t t ns of t h a uxili a ry v rb
form h v e a nd t h p ast p a lti ipl ( t hird olu m n in v rb t a bl s) . T h p ast
p a rti ipl s of irr gul a r v rbs a r list d on p a g e 277 .
I h v e d e id e d to I e tomorro w . (r gul a r)
Sh e h s t h e e m il to Lu . (irr gul a r)
trit t e
I n sp h a nd in form a l writing t h s forms a r on tra t d to :
I , v d e id e d . Sh e ,s wrif f e .

r Q u stions a nd n g a tiv s
Q u stions a r form d by in v rting t h sub j t a nd h v e . N g a tiv s a r form d
w it h not a nd on tra tions a r us d .
H ve ou d cid d et?
Sh e h s not writ t e t h e e m il . Sh e h sn , t writ t e t h e e m il'

Pres nt p erf e t : h pr s n t p rf t d s rib s p ast v n ts w hi h a r on n t d to t h pr s n t .

meaning h r a r a n u mb r of dif f r n t us s :

l xp ri n s in our lif up to no w .
H ve ou visit e d ot h e r ou tri es?
Y S,I , v e b e to I t l d Fr .
T h r is no tim pr ssion b a us w a r t a lking a bou t a w hol lif
p ri n , not individu al v nts. I f w w a nt d to sa y wh n th v nts
h a pp n d w would us th p ast simpl .

r An v nt in th past tha t has a r sult in th pr s nt.

H le h s brok e n h e r p il'
I , v h urt m f ot .
Th r is n o t i m p r ss i o n b a u s w h n i t h a p p n d is n o t i m p o r t a n t . O u r
a t t n tion is on t h pr s I rt ( W h r is t h p n il sh a rp n r? l | a n , t p | a
footb all). I f w w a nt d to sa y wh n th a tions h a pp n d w would us th
p ast simpl .

l A sit u a tion t h a t st a rt d in t h p ast a nd on tin u s u n til t h pr s n t .

I ,ve lived here for t v rs.
I ,ve oft n seen | im with his dog i the p rk.
H r t h r e is a t i m x p r ss i o n , d s r i b i n g h o w l o n g o r h o w o f t n s o m t h i n g
has happ n d.

20
 GRA niAR 6 PREs N PERFE 1

Compl tion
W of t n us th pr s nt p rf t w h n w d s rib how m a ny things ar
mpl t d so f ar.
I ,ve re d hundredp ges ofthis book.
An x a t tim is not m ntion d .

m e x p r ssi o ns ever, ever

W us ev r and everwherr w ask or talk about our xp ri n s in lif .
H v you ever e t n | p nesefood?
No, I ,ve ne er e t it.

y t, so f r and lre d
W us y e t in qu stions a nd n g a tiv s nt n s.I t h as a similar m a ning to
so f r (or, up to now , ) , w hi h is us d in qu stions a nd positiv s nt n s.
H v e ou f tnish d this book e t? No, I , m o p g e 56'
How m n p ges h v ou re d? I ,ve re d 56 p ges so f r.
W us lr d in positiv s nt n sto d s rib a n a tion w hi h h a pp n d
b for .
When re ou goi g to ftnish your l tt r?
I ,ve Ire dv writte it.

t j us t
W us iust w h n w d es rib a v ery r nt e v nt .
th h s iust phoned f om the irport.

Fr qu n y a dv rbs : lw ys, of t e t .
Fr qu e n y a dv rbs th a t ar us d with th pr s nt simpl a n a lso b us d
with th pr S ntp rf t .
H e h s I w s lov e d ou . ( a st a t )
W h ve often visited Sp i . ( r p at d vent)

for arrd sin e

pr d s rib sth l ngth of a tim p riod .
Tom h s worked herefor three months.
sin e d s rib sth point w h n th tim p riod st art d .
Tom h s lork d heresin e | uI 10th.

z-J.
lN ER]y | EDlA LANGUAG PRA C l E

Pu t e a hv e rb i n t o a f orm o f t h e pr e s e n tp e r f tsi m p l e .

a ) W h a t ,st h m a t t r?( y o u u t ) .'. . . H . q t u g'. Y . q .!t . . 9!4 l y. .o. .u. rs

. . . . l. f?
..
b) I (hav ) .... a h ada h v r sin lun htim .
) Nadia (n v r s ) ............ any hin s films.
d ) So m o n (st a l) .... r Grant,s bik .
) Th p a ss n g rs a r t i r d b a us th y (not sl p) .........
a ll nigh t .
0 I'm a fraid w (just br a k) . . . . y o u r w i n d o w . So r r y l
g) D a vid (not w in) . . . . a priz e t his tim , I , m a fra id .
h) (you v r at) . . . . S p a n is h f o o d ? I t , s g r a t !

Compl te what a h sp e a k er sa ys.

b)

w e . . , . V . g&.
.?.'.W
h . .ry rr'i9dfor
.......
t w nty-fiv wond rful y ars!

d)

my

22
 GRA]YltutAR 6 PR s E N PERF t

3 C o m p l e t e a h s e n t n ew i t h a t i m e w or d or p h r a s f ro m t h e b o x .

x: gl.:.
a ) Lu is h a s l i v d i n t h i t y n t r . . . . , t . | ' . . . ' . . . . . 7 9 9 6 .
b ) T h a n k s f o r t h p r s n t !I , v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . . .a. n. t da p t g o l d f i s h !
) H a v y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. .r' u. .n k p i n a p p l j u i ?I t , sf a n t a s t i I
d) I , v . . h ard som f a nt asti n ws! I , v p ass d my x a ms!
) H u r r y u p ! H a v n , ty o u f i n i s h d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. .Y. .o. u , r s o s l o w l
f) Nin a h as work d in this omp a ny . . fiv y ars.
g) I , v . . b n on a big ship b for . I t ,s a n int r sting xp ri n !
h) W ,r v ry busy tod a y . . . W , v sold ov r a hundr d bik s.
. dt h is b u i l d i n g , b u t t h is is t h e f i I s t t i m I , v b
i ) I , v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. .a. ss n
i nsi d .
i) a n I h a v a d i f f r n tb o o k ? I , v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .dt h i s o n .

4 F or e a h q u s t i o n , o m l t e t h s e o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t m a ns t h s a m a s
t h f irs! usi n g n o m or e t h a n t h r e e w or ds .

a ) W st art d working h r thr y ars a go.

W e , , .Y. Q . .W. Q .rk . .h*rp. for thr y ars.
b) T his is th first tim I , v b n on a pla n .
I ................ on a plan b for .
) T h a t ,s stra ng ! y p n isn , t h r !
T h a t , ss t r a n g ! . . . . . . . d. is a p p a r d!
d) Ni k y a nd Ja n ar n , t a t this s ho l a ny mor .
Ni ky nd Jan . . . . . . . t. h is s h o o l .
) I sa w a fri nd of yours a f w mom nts a go.
I ................ a fri n dof yours.
0 I , m still writing my l tt rs.
I ................ writingmy l tt sy t .
g) Is this your first visit to South Am ri a?
Hav .......... t o So u t h A m i ab f or ?
h) oh nol y w a ll t is still in th ar.
oh no! I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m y w a l l ti n t h a r .
i) I t ,s a long tim sin w spok to your sist r.
W ............. t o y o u r s i s t rf o r a l o n g t i m e .
i) Is Ann a still asl p?
Has ..'......... up y t?

2
 xplana tions
Pr se nt p rf e t h pr s nt p f t ontinuous is form d with th pr s nt p rf t of b e , a nd th e
o n t i n u o us :f or m -illgfo m of th v rb.
I' 'eb e e n w iti g h er l I morni g .
\ \ -lttltlt v e you b e e n doing l t e l ?
I lt , e , tb e e n sl e e pi g w I Ire e ntl .

Pr e s n t p r f t r h p s nt p rf t ontinuous, lik th pr s nt p rf t , d s ib sp ast v nts

ontinuous: l hi h ar onn t d to th pr s nt . But in th ontinuous form th er is a
meaning m a n i n g o f a n a t i o n or si t u a t i o n i n p ro g r ss .
\ | .ll t h v e ou b e e n doi g l t e ly?
I , v e b e e n worki g lot'
Itow long h ve ou bee livi g h re?

r h pr s nt p rf t ontinuous a n mph asiz th l ngth of tim of th

a tion.
I , v e b e e n w iting h re ll mor ing .
I'v e b e e n f e ling ill for w e e ks.

r h pr s nt p rf t ontinuous a n mph asiz e th a t th a tion is t mpo ary .

I , v e b e n st ing i hot e l for th p st mo th .

r h pr s nt p rf t ontinuous a n b us d for r p a t d a tions.

I , v b e e n phoni g h er for d s, but sh e ,s er t hom e .
r h a tion m a y b finish d or ontinuing , W only k now by th situ a tion .
rlos h s bee stud ing nglish for two e rs d now he,sstopped!Wh t
sh m e .
rlos h s been stud i g nglish for two rs. He,s going to do e m e t
e r.
im x pr ssio ns vpi a l tim xpr ssionsth a t ar us d with th pr s nt p rf t ontinuous
in lud :
I I d , ll mor ing, for d s, for g s, I tel ,re e tl ,sin e, for

z4
 GRA ]t , tAR 7 PRE 5 E N PER

Pr e s n tp r f t or of t n th r is v ry littl diff r n b t w n th t wo t ns s :
p r e s e n tp e r f t I ,ve worked/bee working here for two e rs'
o n t i n u o us? I ,ve lived/bee living here for two e rs.

W of t n us th pr s nt p rf t if our a tt ntion is on th finish d r sult , but

th pr s nt p rf t ontinuous if our a tt ntion is on th a tion .
I , v e . writt e n th t m il to l ki e' I w s m e i gto do it for g es'
I , v e b e e n writi g th t e m il to | ki e nd it ,s t k e n n hour!I , m e h ust e d!

I f w giv d t a ils of how m a ny or how mu h w do not us a ontinuous

form .
I , v e ulritt e n four e m ils.
I , v e don e lot of ooking d I i gthis f t rnoon .

oth r probl ms Pr s nt simpl or pr s nt p rf t?

W us th pr s nt simpl to d s rib h a bits or st a t sin th pr s nt , but w
us th pr s nt p rf t to d s rib th tim until th pr s nt .
I live i Pr gue'
( a p rm a n nt st a t _ I a lw a ys liv th r )
I ,ve liv d in Pr gue for two e rs.
( I arriv d t wo y ars a go a nd still liv th re )

Past simpl or pr s nt p rf t?
T h p ast simpl e d s rib sa n e v e nt in a ompl t d tim p riod . T h pr s nt
p rf t is us d for a tim p riod th a t in lud s th pr s nt .
I lived i Pr gue in th i eties. (no w I liv som w h r ls )
I , v e liv e d in Pr gu esin th ni e ti es. ( I still liv th r )

T h hoi of t ns of t n d e p nds on w h th r oul a tt ntion is in th p ast or

th pr s nt.
I h d n umbre ll ,but I l e f t it on th e bus.
(th v nt is dist a nt in my mind)
h no! I ,ve left my umbrell o the bus.
(th v nt is pr s nt in my mind)

h ve bee and h ve go
| f w e h e b e e nto a pla e , W W nt th r a nd h a v now r turn d . | f w e h v e
gotl to a pla , w w rit th r but h a v not r turn d .
Me liss h s b e e to hi . ( a nd sh h as om ba k)
Me liss h s gon e to hin . ( a nd sh is still t h r )
lN ER DlA tANGUAGE PRA lC

U n d e rl i n t h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e .

a) I liv h r / I-7 -]w l-h te sin th nd of last y ar.

b) I'm a fra id th last t a in l f t / h sl e f t a n hour a go.
) Som on h s just stol e n / h sjust b e e st e li gmy bi y l .
d) hank you for your off r, btlt I de ided/ I ,v decidednot to a pt.
) Y st d a yI lost / I , v elost m w a ll t .
f) ak your umbr ll with oll. It st rted/ It,sst rted raining.
g) !V , n joying our trip . W e isit e d V , e isit dt wo ountri s so f ar.
h) I ,rn st ndi gh ere / I , v be e e nst dingh ere fot hours a nd I f l tir d .
i) his w s / h sb e e na busy d a y a nd it isn , t ov r y t!
j) l f l r ally tired. We we t Ve,vebeen to a part last night.

2 Put e a h v erb in bra k e ts into e ith er th e prese nt p erf e t , p ast simpl e or prese nt
simple .

a) Last w k I ( l os ). . . . . . . ,. . Lp . l , t . . . ' . . , . . . . m y s a r f ,a n d n o w I ( j us t l os )
. . . |e'v.j..'. a . t . .t.L.
.'.. .. ,r .. ..m yglovs.
. . . .''.
b ) I ( work) . . . . for Blu Ba nk a t th mom e nt but I
(d id ) . . . . t o h a n g j o bs .
) W (b ) . . . . h r for hours. Ar you sur W ( om )

th bus hom .
0 I (n v r at)............ o t o p us ,b u t o n on holiday I
( a t ). . . . . . . . . . . som squid.
g) I (hop ) . . . .y o u a r n , t a v g t a ri a n .I ( o o k )
. . . . y o uso m l a m b h o ps .
h) R ntly a lot of young p opl (t a k up) . . . . kit e
surfing .
i) Wh n w (r a h) . . . .t h in ma,th r (not b )
'. . . a l ti k ts l f t .
i) Pl as om qui kly! Ni k (h a v ) .... an a id e nt , a nd
h (go) . . . . t o h osp i t a l .

26
 GRAlvlluAR 7 PREs E N PERFE 2

3 C o m p l e t e e a h m i n i - d i a l o g u eb y p u t t i n g t h v e r bs g i v e n i n b r a k tsi n t o e i t h e r
th prese nt p erf e t or pr se nt p erf e t ontinuous.

a ) A : T rm in a t o t2 is o n a t t h R x?( y o us e ). .'!! . g , v , l!* . . { . * k . . . . . .i.t?

...
B : No, not y t.Shallw go?I (lookto,-u,o ; . . , .Yp. .h*k'!q.q!9i.ryg'fl.rw d.
to s ing it for a g s.
b) A : Wh a t ,s th m a tt r? You look r a lly tir d!
B : I a m! I (study) . . . . a 7l d a y , a nd I (not finish)

d)

A : So m o n ( ro b ) . . . . . . . . . . th bank at th n d o f t h e ro a d .
) A : Why is your l g in plast r?
B : T h a t , sa si l l y q u s t i o n!I ( b r a k ) . . . . i t , o f o u rs .
A : So m o n ( w ri t ) .... . Br a k i m , o n t h p l a s t rl

4 F or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t e t h s e o n d s e n t e n so t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m e a s
th e first using no mor th a n thre e words.

a ) I a m t liv h r thr months a go.

| . ' , V , h. Qw,Y k . ! , u , , , , . '' . . . h. . . r f or t h r m o n t hs .
b ) So p h i is o u t a t t h e s h o ps a t t h m o m n t .
So p h i . . . . t o t h s h o ps .
) I , v h a d F r n h l sso nssi n ar h.
I ................ . . . . . . F. r n h s i n ar h.
d) I , m still r a ding this book .
I ................ . . . . . . r. a d i n gt h i s b o o k y t .
) Pa ul l f t th room a mom nt a go.
Paul has . . . . t h ro o m .
0 I t's a g s sin I last w nt to th in m a .
I ................ . . . . . .t. o t h e i n m a f o r a g s .
g) T his is th first tim I , v a t n sn a ils.
ld I ................ . . . . . .s. n a i l sb f o r .
h) I don , t r m mb r H l n ,s phon numb r.
I,v ............ H l n , sp h o n n u m b r .

27
 lN ERlu DlA E LANGUAGE P A( lCE

ll 5 Compl e t a h se nt e n e with on suit a bl word .

. . a nd w , v h a d som e
W , v h a d a v ry int r sting trip ( a ) . . . . { .!. . . . . .'. . . .f.ar,
i n t r s t i n ga d v n t u r s( b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . . l a s t t i m e W W ro t e .W e , v e
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. o. . .so m b e a u t i f u l isl a n ds , a n d ( d ) . . a lot of
. . . . , v m a d f ri n ds w i t h so m
i n t r s t i n gp o p l . I n f a t ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W
p pl in a villa g , a nd th e y , v b e n (f) . . us th lo a l la ngu a g . I
h a v n , t m a n a g e dt o l a r n m u h ( g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . but Ann (h) .....................
pi ked up quit a lot, and an sp ak well. She,s b n (i) .. every day,
a n d s h , s( j ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m
. . . . v r y t h i n gs h k n o w s!

6 Und erlin e th e rrors in th se se nt e n es.Re writ e e a h se nt e n e .

a) y p nfriend is writing to m for y ars. l

/v | v pe lfrLen,d
........,... } ....
h s ba
v
writu ,qto
..... !g. i l... t........
o far Ye rs,
..... ! l.. i...

b) W have started this ourse thr w ks ago.

) , Wh a t h a v you b e n doing a | | d a ?, , I , v e b e e n writt n l e tt rs. ,

't " i! " "

d) Wh n hav you arriv d in this ity?

e) You hav v rb n to India?

0 a ula h as b n st a y d in a hot l by th s a .

s) I , v b nf ling ill thr w ks a go.

h) I liv in this iW sin I was born.

i) I wait h r for ag s. Wher have you b en?

i ) T ony h as l a v d his books on th bus.

28
 xpla n a tions
Futur tim W a n r f r to th future in nglish by using will, b goi g to or by using
pl s nt t ns s.Som tim s W a n us diff r nt forms a nd th er is littl
diff r n b t w n th m , oth r tim s th r is a diff r n .

will r Form
h wi I I futur is form d with th infinitiv without fo. T h n g a tiv s of will
is wo , t . Will is usu a lly short n d in sp h a nd inform a l writing to ,l / .
Som sp a k rsus sh ll to r f r to th futur in form a l situ a tions with 1 a nd
w e . H w e v r this us is b oming v ry rar . I n mod rn nglish s l / is us d
for sugg stionsonly :
Sh I l I op e th e window?

r a ning
W us will to t a lk g n ra lly a bout futur b li fs, opinions, hop s a nd
pr di tions. T h r is usu a lly a tim xpr ssion . W a n a dd p erh ps,prob bl
or d e finit e lyto show how rt a in or un rt a in W ar a bout our pr di tions.
I n th e n e t e tury ,mostp e opl will prob b liv e i big iti es.
Perh ps it ,ll r in tomorrow'
U it dwill d e fi it e l wi tonight .
Noti th a t prob a bly om s a f t r will but b for wo , t .
Sh ,l Iprob b om e with us to ight .
Sh eprob bl -won , t om with us to ight .

b going to r F or m
h b e goi g to futur is form d with th v erb b e + going + th infinitiv .
| n is going to l r to drive.
T im d n re goi g to tr v e l bro d e t e r.

l M aning
W us goi g to for pla ns a nd int ntions. T h pla n m a y b in th n ar futur ,
or mor dist a nt .
(m goi g to do lots of work this eve ing.
f t er I f tnish U iv ersit I , m goi g to tr v e l I I ov er urop b I t erR i I ,
W a lso lse goi g fo for pr di tions. W us going fo w h n th r is som
vid n in th pr s nt situ a tion , for x a mpl W a n s som thing .
Look out! T hosebooks r going to f ll!

29
lN ERr DlA E LANGUAGE PRA I

Pr s e n t Form
o n t i n u o us S Gra mm ar 2 fot th e form of th pr s nt ontinuous.
I , m m e e ting m moth erfor lun h t on e .

aning
W us th pr s nt ontinuous to t a lk a bout things w h a v arra ng d to do,
in p arti ular so ia l arra ng m ntsa nd a ppointm nts. T h r is n arly a lw a ys a
tim p r ssi o n .
: re ou doing thing o Frid eveni g?
B: Not re ll ' Why?
: I ,m h ving p rty. Would ou like to come?

Probl e ms will or going to?

Will a lrrdgoing to ar both us d for pr di tions, a nd on most o asions ith er
is p ossi b l .
I thi k it,s going to/it,ll prob bl r in tomorrow.
How e v r if th r is strong vid n in th pr s nt situ a tion , th e n goi g to is
us u a l l y us d :
I think it,s goi g to r i this frer oo ,
(looking up a t bla k louds in th sk y)

going to or pr s nt ontinuous?
Goi g to a nd th pl s nt ontinuous ar both us d for pla ns a nd
arla ng m nts, a nd on most o asions ith r is possibl .
I ,m going to h v / I ,m h vi g p rt o Frid '
How v r, going to a n sugg Stth a t th d t a ils ar not y t fin a liz d _ it ,s still
iust a pla n . Wh r as th pr se nt ontinuous a n sugg stth a t th
arra ng m nt is mo I fix d , with a tim a nd a pla .
| e n is going to h v e noth rdriving l esso soo .
( a pla n , with no sp ifi tim )
| n is h vi g her drivi g lesso this fter oo .
(it ,s fix d , in h r diary)

oth r m a nings of will

Wil I h as oth r m a nings, for x a mpl spont a n ous d isions th a t om into
our h a d a t th mom nt of sp a king , promis s t .
Is th t th e pho ri gi g?I , I l sw erit' ( a spont a n ous d ision)
I ,l I do th e b est th t I c to h e lp ou . ( a p ro m is )

tbe
\ N t t h b e W us w ill or going to , not t h pr s n t on tin uous.
I ,ll be b k on Frid y.
I ,m going to be b k o Frid y.

30
 GRA nAR 8 FU UR t

U n d rl i n et h orr ts e n t n e ," |or 2 , i n e a h m i n i - d i a l o g u e .

), a ) A : C a n you om d a n ing tomorrow night?
a B : 1 Sorry , I ,ll pla y b ask tb a ll.
2 Sorry , I , m pla } zingb ask tb a ll.
b) A : Wh a t ar your pla ns for th summ er?
B : 1 l,ll sp nd a month in th mount a ins.
2 I , m going to sp nd a month in th mount a ins.
) A : Wh a t do you think a bout th w a th r?
B : 1 I t ,ll prob a bl ra in tomorrow .
2 lt's ra ining tomorrow .
d) A : Wh a t a bout tomorrow a t a bout 5.30?
B : 1 oK , I , l l s y o u t h e n .
z oK, I , m s ing you th n .
) A : ary is buying a dog n xt w k .
B : 1 R a lly? Wh a t is sh a lling it?
2 R a | | ?Wh a t is sh going to ll it?
f) A : I t would b ni to s you n xt w e k .
B : 1 Ar you doing a nything on W dn sd a y?
2 wi | | you do a nything on W dn sd a y?

2 Put a h v erb in bra k e ts into a form ot will, going to or pres nt ontinuous.

Mor e t h a n o n e a ns w e r m a y b e p ossi b l e .

a) H av you h ardth n ws?H arry(join). . . . w . .jq.t 1Lw , / , w' p. ,ryg. .tp. .j.p.L*'. .
th Armyl
b ) S o r r yt o k p y o u w a i t i n g .I ( n o t b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.o. n g .
) A ording to th w a th r fore ast ,it (snow )
tomorrow .
d ) I , m s o r r y I a n , tm t y o u t o n i g h t .I ( g o o u t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w. .i t h
my p ar nts.
) a r e f u l !Y o u ( k n o k ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . .t. h a t j u g o f f t h t a b l !
f ) I n f i f t y y a s ,t i m , m os t p o p l ( p ro b a b l yri d ) . . . . . . . . . .
bi y 1 sto work .
g ) o u r t a h r( g i v ). . . . . . . . . us a t s t t o m orro w .
h) I (go) . . . . to Ma n h st r a t th e nd of n xt w k.
i ) Lo o k o u t! Yo u ( h i t ) . . . .t h a t t r !
i ) I t h i n k o u r t a m ( p ro b a b l yw i n ) . . . . . . . . . .

31
 lN R ,lED!A E LANGUAGE P AC ! E

]l 3 Compl e t e th e se ond se nt e n e so th a t it h as a simiJ rm e a ning to th e first

se nt e n e .

a) y party is on Thursday.
1,. 1g.'4..art '.... on Thursday.
| ..,. | h4vL
b) omorrow,s w ath r for ast is for rain.
I t's . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o m orro w .
) I pr di t a vi tory for our t a m .
I think . . . .w i n .
d) omorrow l,ll b a bs nt , Mrs Jon es.
I ................ . . . . . . h. e r t o m o r r Mrs Jon es.
) rry int nds to finish painting th kit hen this v ning.
rry . . . . . . . . . p a inting th kit h n this v ning .
f) t m outsid th st a tion a t 5.30.
I ................ . . . . . . o. u t s i d et h s t a t i o na t 5 . 3 0 .
g) What,s our arrang m nt for lun h?
Wh r . . . . for lun h?
h) v ryon xpe ts lots of tourism in this ountry n xt summ r'
v ryon e thinks a la g e numb er of tourists . . . . this
ountry n xt summ r.

4 Und erlin th e se nt e n esw hi h are in orre t . Re writ e th e m . | f th e se nt e n e is

orre t , put a ti k ( / ) .

a) I go swimming n xt Saturday. Would } zoulik to ome?

.. I!. ..q.a. |! ..t.w.t
.......... .....
....tl..ltr.r......!
n .. .tr t..S. t.*rd Y,..W.a. ld.
b) What a I you going to dis uss at th n xt m ting?

c) T h bo a t is turning ov er! I think it will sink!

d) Su is going to l nd m h r roll r-sk a t s.

) The w ath r fore ast says it,s d finit ly sunny tomorrow.

) T h r is a lot to do. Is a nyon g ing to h lp you?

s) Sorry , I , m not s ing you tomorlow . I h a v to go to London .

h) By for now . I s you la t r this v ning .

32
 GRAlvt1YtAR 8 FU URE l

5 R writ e e a h se nt e n e so th a t it ont a ins will or going to.

a ) I pla n to study ngin ring in Fra n .

. . . | . .go. | rg. . t .q. ,' | t*.d . .g .ire p-ri . . . r . . f'r .4&9'.
b) I ,v arrang d a pafi for n xt Friday.

) W ,v got a n a ppoin t m n t at th do tor,s, so w an,t om .

d) K lly is lik ly to g t th iob .

) Martin ,s wif is pr gn a nt a g a in .

0 Sara h do sn , t pla n to g t m arri d y t .

g) T h r ,s a possibility of snow tomorrow .

h) I pr di t a s or of _0.

ls

UN, D
(ov (l

r'o
ooo
o. " c 6
oo
)..

33
 . ::l::l
,1.1.:r.l
', : l :rl :;:
lir : l : tli

Expt a n a tions
tuture ontinuous r F or m
T h futur ontinuous is form d with will + b + th -i g form of th v rb .
T his tim e tomorrowI , I l b e ting lun h on th pl e ,

r a ning
T h futur ontinuous is us d w h n w im a gin a n a tivity in progr ssin th
futur .
W of t n us it w h n W omp ar w h a t w ar doing now with w h a t w will
b doing in th futur . h r is n arly a lw a ys a tim xp ssion .
Wh er will ou b e livi g i fiv e e rs,tim e?
W a lso us th futur ontinuous to sa y th a t som thing will d finit ly
happ n.
Wz , I I b holdi g m ti gSoo ,So w n d e id eth e .

F u t u r ep r f e t r F or m
T h futur p rf t is form d with will + h v + th p ast p a ti ipl .
B th tim e w g t to th i e m ,th film ulill h v e b e gun .

r M aning
W us th futur p rf t to look b a k from on point in th futur to a n
arli r v nt . W of t n ls b ot b th tim with th futur p rf t .
B n e t w e kI , h v e oll t e d ov er 7000 urosfor h rit .
T h situ a tion h as not h a pp n d y t , but a t a rt a in tim in th futur it will
h a pp n .

Pr se n t sim pl r W of t n us th pr s nt simpl to t a lk a bout v nts in th futur b as d on a

fix d tim t a bl , progra mm or a l nd ar.
| i m , sp l e l e e s t 1 2 . 0 0 .
ur h e d t h rre tires t y e r.

r W us th pr s nt simpl to r f r to th futur a f t r th s words : w h e , f t r,

b e fore ,u I ss,in s ,aS Soon s, u til, b th e tim , th e e t tim .
Wh e n I s h er g i , I , t I Ih r our n ws.
Le t ,sru hom b e fore it r i s'
T k e umbre ll ,in se it r ins.
s soon S w e ,re re d , w ,ll pho e ou .
Pl e sew it h reuntil Mrs ll lll om es b t k .
W a n a lso us t h p r s n tp r f tw i t h t h s w or ds t o m p h a si z t h a t a n
a t i o n is o m p l t .
H d i ourp p r as soon S ou h v e flnish d ,

4
 GRA n AR 9 FU UR 2

tun tions using wil / Wh n W sa y th a t a v rb form h as a , fun tion , , W m a n th a t W us it for a

and sholl purpose lik , p omising , or ,sugg sting ,ra th r th a n to r f er to tim . a ny us s
of will a nd sh ll ar mo I asily d s rib d in this w a y .

r Promis
I ,ll try s h rd s I .

r T hr a t
Stop doing th t, or I ,I I tell m d d.

r D ision m a d a t th mom nt of sp a king .

: , Whi h o e do you w t?,
B. . , I , I I t k e th e blu e silk on e . , (in a shop)

r off
I ,lI give you Iift in my c r.
WilI ou h v some more offee?
Shall I ope the door for you?

R qu st
WilI you rry this b g for me?

Sugg stion
Sh ll l e pl t e n is?

Parting re m ark
I ,lI see ou tomorrow'

35
lN ER]vtEDlA LANGUAG PRA l E

U n d rl i n et h orr tw or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) T his tim n xt w k Billy will li e / w j]]! i 8 on th b a h .

b) Pl as st a y in your s a tsuntil th bd , | ri gs / willring .
) W , I Ih e mov e d / W e ,llb e movi gto our n w hous on T u sd a y .
d) What tim do s our tr in le ve / will our tr i le ve?
) Don , t forg t to turn off th lights b fore you ,rel e vi g / youl v e'
f) Wh r will ou work / will ou b worki gin t n y ars, tim ?
g) W a it for m . I ,l I b e / I , h v e b e e nr a dy in a mom nt .
h) John wo , tstop / won , ht v e stopp e dt a lking a ll th tim l

2 C o m p l e t e e a h p a r t s n t e n ( a - h ) w i t h o n e o f t h e p a r t s e n t e n e s( 1 - 8 ) . Mor
t h a n o n e a ns w r m a y b e p ossi b l e .

a ) As so o n a s I h a r f ro m Sh a ro n, . . . 5 . . .
b) By th tim a r y a rri v s
) P l a s t a k a s a t. . . . . . . . . . .
d) T his tim n xt w k...........
) Th n xt tim you s m ...........
f) W 'll h a v tim to h a v som lun h

1 until th d ntist is r a dy .
Z th e m a t h will b ov r.
l,ll h a v h a d my h a ir ut a nd you won , t r ogniz m .
4 b for th tra in l e a v s.
5 l,ll ask h r to phon you.
6 w ,ll b n joying ours lv son h lid a y .

3 U n d rl i n et h e i n a p p ro p ri a t ev e r b f or ms a n d w ri t e t h orr tf or m i n t h e sp a e .
l f t h e s e n t e n eis orr t p u t a t i k ( / ) .

a ) By th tim th poli g t h r , th burglars will h a v

v a nish d .
hl Wh n you ,ll grow old r, you ,ll h a ng your mind a bout
t h is .
T h b us l a v sa t 1 . 0 0 , so w , l l l a v t h h o us a t 1 1 . 3 0 .
d ) I won , t l a v until you will giv m th mon y .
As soon as th t a xi will arriv , I ,ll b l tting you k now .
fl Will y u h a v b n using th vid o n xt l sson?
o\
/ By th tim w g t to H l n ,s hous , sh ,ll l a v .
h ) . Do you W a nt m to arry this?, , No th a t ,s a ll right , I , m
doing it.'

6
 GRA AR 9 FU URE 2

4 Re writ e e a h se nt e n e so th a t it ont a ins will /shollor going tq a nd th v erb

u n d e rl i n e d .

) H o w l a v i ns t n n is?
sh u w e pl v ten ls?
rr.4rt. . .4. . . . . . . . .

b) I , v d id d to st ud } z Ara bi in a iro .

) I promis to b hom by midnight .

d) I hop to m t you la t er.

e ) I , d lik you to p to th shops for m .

0 W promis not to m a k too mu h nois .

g) Would you lik m to h e lp you with thos b a gs?

h) W ould om b a k la t r if you lik .

5 C o m p l e t t h e s e o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i ] a rm a n i n g t o t h e f irs t
se nt e n e .

a ) T h work won , t t a k us long r th a n a n hour.

w " .! . .h u.' rtn,'h9n'. . workin an hour.
. . . . . .th
b) I promis to phon you b for our n xt m ting .
B for W ............. . . . . . . . . y. .o u .
) Would you lik m to h k th sp lling for you?
Shall . . . . . . . . . . fo you?
d) Sh ila r fus sto l t m sh ar h r book .
Sh i l a W o n , t . . . .b o o k .
) How a bout h a ving a g a m of h ss?
Shall . . . . . . . . . . a g a m o f h ss?
f) Pl as st a y h r until I om b a k .
Pl a s d o n , t . . . . . . . . . om ba k.
g) Af t r th l sson w ,ll m e t a nd pla y t nnis.
Wh n . . . .w e , l l m t a n d p l y t n n is .
h) Wh a t job will you h a v in t w nty y e ars, tim ?
Wh a t will . . . . in t w nty y ars, tim ?

7
 U n d e rl i n et h e orr t w or d or p h r a s i n e a h s e n t n .

a) Wh n I was a hi | d I us d to ride / I w s riding a tri y l .

b) T h a t looks v ry h a ly . Will l /Sh ll I h lp you?
)I'm w a iting for Su . H v e ou s nh er / Did ou s e h er?
d) How | ong re ou working/hav ou b n worki g her ?
)I a n , t om out b e a us I h , tf \ nish e d / Ididn , t finish my hom work y t .
f) Wh n th phon ra ng I w sh d / Iw s w shi gmy h a ir in th b a throom .
g) Why do you st r / reyou st ringa t m lik th a t?
h) I'v finish d my x a ms so I , m h vi g / Ih e a p arty tomo ow .
i) W , d b tt r w a it h r until th ra i stops / willstop .
i) Wh n did ou l st go / h v ou l st b e nto th in m a?

2 Pu t e a h v e r b i n b r a k tsi n t o t h e p r s e n tsi m p l e or o n t i n u o us ,or t h e p a s t

s i m p l eo r o n t i n u o u s .

a) , W h a t( y o ud o ) . . ' . d . q . . . . q . * , . d g . . . . . .?. ., ., .I ., .m. .a,n. . . .n g i n r.,

b) h d o or W a s o p n so t h d o g ( r u n ) . . . .i n t o t h
living room .
) W h n w a rri v d h o m J a n (si t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . u tsi d t h d o or .
d) a n y o u h l p m ? I ( n o t u n d rs t a n d ) . ' . . Sp a n is h .
) A t t h b g i n n i n g o f t h f i l m I ( r e a l i z e ). . '' . ' . . . . . . . I,d s ni t
b f or .
f ) I , m sorr y ,I n't t a l k l o n g . I (s t u d y ) . . . . f or a n
x a min a tion .
g) At th mom nt of th arthqu a k Pa t (r a d) . . . . in b d .
h ) I , l l p h o n y o u a s so o n a s I ( k n o w ) . . . . t h r s u l ts .
D I (s t a y ) . . . . a t t h H o t l iro l . W h y d o n , t y o u a l l r n ?
.What (you do) ,|
i) . . . .w h n y o u s a w t h s n a k ?' r a \ . ,

3 F or a h q u s t i o n , o m p I e t t h e s o n d s e n t n so t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m e a s
t h e f irs t , usi n g n o m or t h a n t h r e e w or ds .

a ) St v l f t b f or m a ri v a l .
d'.' 5 t u * . . h , da. .|.re a d l f t .
W h n| , , . 4r r | ,Y
b) Do you n d a ny h lp with your suit as ?
Shall . . . . . . . . . . you with your suit as ?
) W h a t , s y o u r us u a l t i m o f a rri v a l a t s h o o l?
Wh n . . . . a rri v a t s h o o l?
d) Ali st art d pla ying t nnis six months a go.
Ali .......... t n n i sf o r s i x m o n t h s .
38
 GRA lvlAR 1o (oNsoLlDA oN l

) I ,ll w a it h r until it stops ra ining .

W h n i t s t o ps r a i n i n g . . . .l a v .
f) I n th middl of my rn a l, th phon ra ng'
Whil I ................. .....m
. y m alth phon rang.
Ja k h as om to st a y for th w k nd .
Ja k........... with m for th w k nd.
h) I l a s t s a w D a v i d i n 1 9 9 0 .
I ......'.......... .....D
. a vid sin 1990.
Ar you fr tomorrow v ning?
Ar . . . . . . . . . . . . a n y t h i n g t o m orro w v n i n g?

4 D i d w h i h a ns w e r ( A , B , or D ) b s t f i ts t h e sp a e .

M ri l,shom omi g
W h n t h b u s ( 1 ) . . . . . Q . .i.n. a s m a l l s q u a r ' a r i a ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . .h. . r m a g a z i n a n d
d i d n't r a l i z t h a t s h ( ) . . . . . . . . . .a. t h r d s t i n a t i o n ., h is is S a n t a T r s a , ,
Martin said..(4) h o m ! I s u p p os y u r o usi n ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .f .or us . o m
on. (6) t h b a g s . 'M a r i a t h o u g h t ,, A l l t h o s y a r sw h n I ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . .i.n.
N w Yor k , I ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .o. f t h is m o m n t . A n d n o w i t , s r a l , I a n , t b l i v i t! H r
I am, (9) i n t h sq u a r , .S a n t a T r s aw a s a ri a , sb ir t h p l a ,b u t s h
( 1 0 ) . . . ' . . . . . .t.h t o w n a t t h a g o f si x . Sh h a d so m m m ori s o f t h t o w n , a n d
s o m p h o t o s ,b u t ( 1 1 ) h r s t i l l ?S h ( 1 2 ) . N o b o d y ( 1 ). . . . . . . . . . .
i n t h sq u a r .P r h a psh r o usi n P a b l o ( 1 4 ) a ri a , s l t t r .. W h a t
( 1 5 ). . . . . . . . .n. .o w ? , a s k d a r t i n . . T h r i s n , t v n a h o t l h r l ,

1) A h as stopp d B stops stopp d D w as stopp d

2) A w as r a ding B r ad had r ad D us d to r a d
) A a rriv d B arriv s has arriv d D had arriv d
4) A Y u arriv B You,r arriving You,v b n arriving D You'v a rriv d
5) A w a its B will b waiting h as w a it d D is going to w a it
6) A I'll a rry B I ar y I,v a rri d D I a rri d
7) A liv B hav liv d w as living D a m living
8) A dr a rn B am dr aming C us d to dr a m D will dr am
9)A Ir allysta nd B I w as r a lly st a nding I h a d r a lly stood D I , m r a lly st a nding
10) A w as l a ving B had l ft us d to l a v D has l ft
11)A will sh b long B did sh b long h as sh b long d D do s sh b long
12) A w asn't k no w ing B h asn't k no w n h a dn't k no w n D didn't k no w
13) A w as w a iting B is w a iting w a its D w a it d
14) A w asn , t r iving B didn't us to r iv h a dn't r iv d D h asn , t r iv d
15) A a r w going to do B h a v w don did w do D a r w doing

9
 lN RM D l A tANGUAG PRA l

5 Pu t a s u i t a b! t i m w or d or e x p r e ssi o ni n a h sp a e . a h sp a e is f or o n e w or d .

Jus t a q u i k n o t r a l . . h . p f . ! . r . p . . .I. .l . .a v f or t h a ir p or t . Sorr y I h a v n , t b n in

tou h (b).............'..W . . . . d. n s d a yb, u t I , v b n b u s y g t t i n gr e a d y
( , ). . . . . . . . . ' . . . . , a n d I h a v n , t o l l t dm y t i k t
( d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f.r. o. .m
. t h t r a v la g n y .( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . I g t to Sydn y , l'1l writ you a l tt r. I , v (f) . . b n to
A u s t r a l i ab f o r b u t I , v b n r a d i n ga l o t a b o u t i t ( g ) . . . . . . . ' . . . ' . . . . ... I. t. .s o u n d s
g r a t l I , l l b i n Sy d n y ( h ) . . . . . . . . . . th nd of n xt w k,and th n I ,m

: : : :]]:
: :'::::: ::::i:JH:l
::' l]'; ;; ; ; ;;l'; ; :'.:]-"",.,..
6 Lo o k a r e f u l l y a t a h l ] n . So m e l i n s a r orre t but som e h a v a word w hi h
should not b th er . T i k ( / ) e a h orr t I in . lf a lin e h as a word w hi h should
not be th er , writ th word in th spa e .

D ar mma,
I , m sorry I h ar, n , tb n writt n to you la t ly , but I , v 1 beet +
b n w or k i n g h a r d . W h n I r i v dy o u r l a s t l t t r Z

I w as a tingin a play at s hool, and wh n 3

I h a v f i n is h d t h a t , I W e n t o n h o l i d a y w i t h so m f ri n ds . +
I m a nt to S nd you a post ard , but I h a d forgot to t a k 5
y o u r a d d r ssw i t h m . H o w a r y o u g t t i n g o n a t 6
o 1 l g ?Yo u d i d n , t s a y v r y m u h a b o u t t h is i n 7
your l tt r. I hop you ar still lik it , a nd don , t 8
b n work a ll th tim I Do you still W a nt to olrr 9
a nd will st a y for a f w d a ys? I , m st arting work in 10
London a f t r I sh a ll l a v s hool in July , a nd I w a nt 11
to s you b for th n . I h a v k now you ,r busy , 7Z
but by th tim your t rm finish s, I ,ll h a v 13
st art d my job . I , v b n don so m a ny things '1.4
la t ly! I , v just l arn d to driv a nd my p ar nts 15
h a v som e tim es ] nd m th ir ar, so I of t n go out T6
w i t h f ri n ds . a y b I , l 1 b d ri v t o N o t t i n g h a m a n d \7
S you on d a y .
B s t w is h s , Lu is a

40
 GRA]vt nAR 1o oNsotlDA loN l

d. 7 . orr e t t h e e rror .
U n d e rl i n t h e e rrors i n t h e s s n t e n e s C

in a ) By th tim I got to th phon it stopp d ringing .

p.BBs.d'
.....it'',h .l.t
.d.' .
..r.i ,iry'''''.
b) I , m not v ry good a t this g a m . Y u s , I didn , t pla y it b for .

to ) Wh n h as P t writt n to you last?

d) Wh a t do you do a t w k nds?Ar you v I going to th in m a?

) Wh n I w as on holid a y last summ r I w as going to th b a h v ry d a y .

I
fl Juli a n , t m e t you tomorrow . Sh will pla y b ask tb a ll.
td
g) You ,r a lw a ys la t I I , m w a iting h r for a g s!

8 ln v eryd a y spok n nglish , w e of t e n l e a v out th e sub | e t pronoun a nd a uxiliary .

,Lik eitu , .R Writ a h se nt n e so th a t
lnst e a d of sa ying , , Do ou lik e it?, w e sa ,
t h e v r b u n d e rl i n e dh a s a s u b j tp ro n o u n .

a ) Finish d y t? W ,r a ll w a iting!
.''l!. q g.*, ,''Y
.rt * h e d Y e t?
b) By for no w! S you tomorro w l

) Good holid a y? H a d a ni tim ?

d) Pa ul,s a bit diffi ult . Know w h a t I m a n?

) Hi, T im . Comins out for a drink la t r?

f) B n w a iting long? Sorry for th d e la y .

Pr o b l e m C h e k t h e d i f f r n eb t w e n t h e p r s e n tsi m p l e a n d p r s n t o n t i n u o usi n
he k G r a m m a r 3 . H o w a n y o u s h o w t h is d i f f e r n ei n y o u r l a n g u a g e ?

D o e s y o u r l a n g u a g e h a v e a t e ns e w i t h t h e s a m f or m a s t h p r e s n t p e r f e t?ls i t
us e d i n t h e s a m e w a y? C a n y o u s h o w t h e d i f f r n ei n y o u r l a n g u a g b e t w e n
th prese nt p erf e t a nd p ast simpl e?

D o y o u h a v e a f u t u r e t ns i n y o u r l a n g u a g e ?D o e s i t x p r ssa l l t h e m e a n i n gso f
will, going fo a nd th pres nt ontinuous?
 Expla n a tions
R port d sp h W of t n t ll p opl w h a t ot h r p opl hav sa id . his is a ll d r port d or
indir t sp h. W ra r ly l port t h x a t w ords, usu a lly w j ust giv a g n ra l
su m m a ry .
Sa ndra sp a king to P tra : ,B e , P tr , it ,s b e gr t se e ing you g i . I , I I ll ou
som e tim n e t w e k w h e n I g e t a h t1 .,
P tra r porting t h on v rsa tion to Rob rt a : , I S w S dr est e rd .Sh e s id
sh e , d ll m e t week.
W usu a lly h a ng t ns s ( w ill ) w ould in t h x a mpl a bov ) a nd a lso ot h r
r f r n s lik p opl , pl a s a nd tim s (you ) m e in t h x a mpl a bov ) .

e ns hanges St a t m n ts a r usu a lly r port d w it h a p ast t ns v rb (lik s id) a nd a n

. mov s b a k , in tim e . T his
op tion a l t h t . h form of t h v rb t h a t follo ws t h n
is s o m t i m s a l l d b a k s h i f t .

Pr s n t simpl to p ast simpl , I e e d som e h e lp',

Sh e s id (th t)sh e n e e d e d som h e lp'

Pr S n t o n t i n u o us t o , W e re h vi g our lun h . ,
p ast ontinuous Sh e s id th t th w ere h vi g th ir lu h'

Pr s nt p rf t to p ast p rf t , I , v lost m k e s. ,
H e s id (th t)h h d lost his k ys.

P a s t si m p l t o p a s t p r f e t ,I wrote two leffers to h r.'

(or st a ys th sa m ) He s id (th D he h d written two l ttersto her.
He s id (th t) h wrote two lettersto her'

be goi g to to w S going to , T h y re going to om e b k . ,

Sh s id (th t)th e w er goi g to om eb k.

will to w uld , I w i l l b e h o m e t 6'0 0 , ,

to ould Sh s id (th Dsh tllould b hom t 6.00.

r T h r is no h a ng for must , might , ould ,should ,would .

, I must l e v str ight w
for Bruss ls. ,
H s id h e must l e v e str ight w for Brusse ls.
B u t i n t h a s o f m us t W a n a lso us h d t o .
H e s id h e h d to l v e str ight w for Brusse ls.

r Not th a t if th a tu a l words w r in th p ast simpl , th r port a n h a ng

or s t a y t h s a m .

r Not th a t if w writ dow n th a tu a l words th a t som on Sa ysW uS

sp h m arks (inv rt d omm as) . But if w writ dow n a r port of th words
t h r a r n o sp hm a r k s .

tn
 GRA n AR l1 R PoR D sP E H 1

N o t e ns hanges r I f th r port is a bout som thing w hi h is a lw ys tru , it is not n ssaryto

h a ng t ns s.
,I like pples more th n I like or nges.,
She s id th t sh likes pples more th n she likes orang S.
But in as slik this it is still possibl to h a ng t ns s if you W a nt to.

r I f th r port is a b ut som thing th a t h as imm dia t r l v a n ,w usu a lly do

al
n o t h a n g t ns s .
, I , m goi g to th e in e m to t' Do
Ja k sp a king to T d : ou w a t to om e?,
T d r po ting th onv rsa tion to P t r : , | k is o th e pho e .H e s ys h e ,s
goi g to th e in e m a tonight . ,

Sp e a k e rsi n Wh n w writ dow n th a tu a l wo ds, th sp a k r a n b m ntion d a t th

re port d sp e h b ginning or nd of th s nt n .Noti th position of th omm a a nd th
fin a l full stop in r la tion to th sp h m arks.
,We,r going to miss the tr i .,
| k s id,
. W ,regoi g to miss th e tr i , ,s id
s | ck'
But in r port d sp h th sp a k ris only m ntion d a t th b ginning of th
s nt n .
| k s id (th t) the wer going to miss th tr in.
Peopl , pla s, I n r port d sp h r f r n sto p opl , pla s a nd tim s of t n h a ng , b a us
times th point of vi w h a ng s.
, I , I Ise e
ou h erc tomorrow , , s id Su e .
Su e s id (th t)sh e would Se em th ere th e e t d .
,I bought this book
esterd ,, s id M rti '
M rti s id (th t) he h d bought the book the d before.

Summarizing W usu a lly just summ ariz w h a t p opl sa y w h e n w m a k e r ports.

,Look , ctu I ly ,t e ll him I , I l giv e him I l or e m il him n t w e k , K?,
. s id (th t)sh e , d g t in tou h e t w e k ,
R port d as : Sh
I f w e r port th x a t words it is a ll d v rb a tim r porting .

so , tell, sp k W e s som thing a nd w f e l / som bod . S a nd t e I I a b fol]ow d by th

optiona| th t.
, I t ,s-w rmtod y , ,sh e s id .
Sh e s id (th I it w S w rm .
She told me (th t) it w s w rm.
W a n us fo a f t r sa y , but w n v r us ro a f t e l t ll.
,I om
from Slove i ,
Sh e s id to m e (th t)sh e om esfrom Slov e ni '
She told me (th t) she omesf om Sloveni .

Spe k describ s th a t of talking.

Simon spoke to me i the superm rket esterd .

f,s

43
l N ERME D l A LANGUAGE PRA ( I C

U n d e rl i n et h e e rrors i n t h e s s n t e n e s R
. e w ri t e a h s e n t n e .
ls
a ) Sa lly told th a t sh , d lost h r k ys.
....5 .l,[ ,'l. id..th .t...': h*: .d...Lp.l't..h*r.'k . { .
b) hris sa id m that h m ust l a v a rly .

) aria a nd ny sa id th y sh a ll s us tomorrow .

d) T om sa id , I , m oming to your p arty .

) S u s a i d t h a t s h h a d W r o t a l t t r t o Lis a .

f ) St v sa id us t h a t h w as a rriving a t 8 . 00 .

g ) . I h a d b o u g h t a n W b i k P a m t o l d us . ,

h) , Wh a t ,s th m a tt r? ll n told .

2 Re writ e e a h s nt e n e in dir t sp e h, e nding as shown.

a ) An n a told us t h a t sh , d finish d .
, . . . I .Y9,JI . I !! 9 I . . . ' . . . . . . . . .
lla. | I

. ' . '' , , , A n n a t o l d u s .
b) Simon said th a t h would b b a k a t 6.00.
'Si m o n s a i d .
) B t h sa id sh w as going to go shopping .
, said B th.

d) Pa ul sa id t h a t h w a n t d to m a k a phon a ll .
' sa id Pa ul.
) T in a told th t a h r sh , d forgott n h r hom work .
, ina told th t a h .
f) David said h had to b ba k by . 0.
' David said.

8) Ja n told m sh would l t m k now .

,....'.............
, ,J a n t ol d m .
h) Bill sa id h w as going to b la t .
'Bill sa id .

44
 GRA lulAR l1 REPoR E D 5PEE t | l

3 Ma t h e a h s nt e n e in dire t sp e h ( a-e ) with its summ ariz e d v ersion in

re port e d sp e e h (1_5) .

a ) , Lo o k , sorr y a b o u t t h is , b u t I , m a f r a i d I , m g o i n g t o b a b i t l a t . , . ' . . 3 . . . . .
b) .A tuallyI ,v no id a at all wh I a m!' . . . . . . . . . . .
) . T h thing is, I k now it ,s silly but I , v miss d th bus. ,
d) .Any w a y , I ,ll b b a k in n xt to no tim . ,
) , I did ring , you k no arli r in th v ning . ,

1 Sh sa id sh would b b a k soon .
2 Sh s a i d s h h a d m iss d t h b us .
Sh sa id sh w as going to b la t .
4 Sh sa id sh h a d a lr a dy rung .
5 Sh sa id sh didn , t k now w h r sh w as.

4 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e , using so t e ll or sp okin a n a ppropria t e form .

. tl

a ) D a n i l '' . t! . t 1 . ' . , .m . t h a t h w a s p l a y i n g i n t h s h o o l b a s k t b a l lt a m .
b ) I . . . . . . . . . . . . .t .o. .H l n , a n d s h sh would phon you.
) ,You ,r lu k y , , St v . . I you th a t you would win!,
d ) A t r a n s l a t o r. . . . . . . . . . . . .t .h. . P r s i d n tw h a t e v r y o n W a s . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
) . L o o k , ,I . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. . .r , . w h y d o n , t y o u m wha t you m an?,
f ) I . . . . . . . . . . . . .m. .y. t a h e rt h a t I . . . . . . . . . . . . .C. h. .i n s ,b u t s h d i d n , t b l i v m .

5 R e w ri t e a h s e n t n ei n r e p or t e dsp h ,b e g i n n i n g a s s h o w n .

a ) . I won , t b th r b a us I , m h a ving a p a tt , , sa id Lu y .

. . .?!. .PLw ,
b) . I , v lost th m a p a nd I don , t k now th w a y , , sa id Ja k .
T a kt o l d m t h a t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

) . Wh n I finish th book , I , m going to w a t h t l vision , , sa id J ssi a .

J s s i as a i d t h a t w h n . . . . . . . . .

d) . I , m doing som hom w ork bu t I w on , t b long , , sa id ik .

ik sa id t h a t h

) . I got up la t a nd I miss d th bus, , sa id Ri h ard .

Ri h a rd sa id t h a t h

45
 Expla n a tions
Reporting r W a n r polt qu stions w it h v rbs lik sk , w o d e r a d w t to k o w . e nse
questions hang rul s ar th sam as in Grammar 11.
, W T l e r e do
ou liv e?, h sk d .
H e sk e d m w h r e I liv e d , (N lv,h r I did lil' \
, Do you liv e i t h ns?, h e sk d .
H w n t e d to k no w if I liv d i th s. (No T f f a " 1

Look a t mor x a mp | s of , W h- qu stions, (using w h e , w h t , w h , ho w e t ) .

St udy t h t ns h a ng s a nd w ord ord r a r f ully . Noti t h a t t h w ord ord r
i n a r p o r t d q u s t i o n is l i k a n o r r n a l s t a t m n t , w i t h t h s u b j t b e f o r t h
v rb.
, W h r e is t h e bus
st tion?, sh sk d ,
Sh lsk e d w h e r e t h bus st ltio w s. (No i )
,Wh t are
ou doi g?, h sk e d .
H w n t d to k no w w h t I w s doing .
, W h did
ou go t h r e?, sh lsk d .
Sh e w o d e r d w h I h d go e t h e r e .
,Wh re h ve
ou om e from?, h sk d'
H lsk d m w h r e I h ld om e from .

Look a t mor a mpl s of es, z } / quo stions ( Do ou , Did you , r ou e t ') .

Wh n ' I port Y sAio qu stions W us if ot w h e th r.
, Do s tlt Loltdot t
tr itl stop l .L r ?,sh lsk d .
Slt lsk ltl t if tlt Lot tdot t tra i Stopp d h r e .
, Did
ot t sp lk to R ll I?, h lsk d ,
H ll , tllt tl k t-tot 'w h e t h rI h d spok e n to R l h I .
, r
ou t st tLd llt?,sJt sk d .
Sh tsk dt if I w IS st ud e n t .

Reporting Com m a nds a r r p rt d w it h t e ll a nd t h in finitiv .

omm a nds a nd , W it! W it!,

re qu ests I told him to w it.

R qu sts ar r port d with sk and th infinitiv .
,Pl e s w tit!,

I sk e d h r to w it .

46
 GRA I uAR l2 REPoR E D sPE 2

O th er re porting Gra mm ar 11 us d s y as t } rer porting v rb , but th r ar m a ny oth s. H r

v rbs ar som of th most ommon :

dvise .I would ,t buy th t r,

| nos, if I were ou',
I dvised | os not to bu th c r.
agr e ,oK, I1I giv you lift,, s id
|e .
| e ny greed to give h r lift.
,Yes,
| i , I thi k ou,r right,, s id Mike.
ike eed with | ill'
,I ,m re I I sorry
pologizefor for being so l te,, s id ri .
M ri pologized for being l te.
,Do
sk ou think ou ould help mq Sue?,
). I sk d Su to help me.
d o tul te on ,W I Ido e, Ti , you,vep ss d the e m!,
]h I co tul t e d T in on p ssi g h er e m .
d e id e , I , I Ih e th e
f tsh SouP/Pl e S , s, id B \ I I .
Bill decided to h ve the fish soup.
tu) d n , No, I didn , t t k e it! I w sn , t e v e th ere!,s id li e .
li e d e ni e d t king it .
,Would
i it e ou like to com to the inem on S turd y,P m?,
I in ited P m to the ci em on S turd .
off er ,Sh I II rry
our se ,D a w ?, s id Pe t er.
Peter offered to rry D wn,S se.
promise . I , I Id e finit e lyb e hom e b ight , ,s id A n .
A promise d to b e hom b ight .
refuse , No, I wo , t op e n th e door!,s id rol.
rol refused to ope the door.
,Do ,t
re mind forget to s d our moth r birthd c rd, foe.,
I remi ded | oe to se d his mother birthd y c rd'
suggest ,How bout spendi gthe d t the be h?,s id rlos'
rlos suggested spendi gthe d y t the be h.

R porting v rbs a n h a v on or mor diff r nt p a tt rns. A good di tion ary

shows this inform a tion . Study th x a mpl s nt n sin th pr vious s tion
in r la tion to th e p a tt rns b low .

V rb + fo infinitiv : gree,decide,offer,promise, r se
V rb + obi t + to infinitiv : dvis , sk, i vite, r mind
V rb + -ing forr.n: de y,suggest
V rb + pr position + -i g fotm: . pologiz for, ongr tul teo
I N ERME D l A E LANGUAGE PRA l

Pu t o n e su i t a b l ew ord i n e a hsp a e .

a ) F i o n aa s k dm , . ' w , h e . , t k r . ....I. ' w . 4 { . . . ' . g. .o. .i n. .gt o s h o o lo r n o t .

b ) D a v i d a s k d h is m o t h r . . sh . . . . . . . . . b oming hom .
) P t r a s k d us .. W .......... v rb n to Hungary.
d) o s t a sa s k dm . . .a. n. y p h o t o g r a p h s .
. . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m
) a ri a a s k d a p o l i man . . t h m us u m W a s .
f ) D o r a a s k dh r s i s t r. . . . . . . . . s h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. . .d. .t h i r d o g .

2 C o m p l e t e e a h q u e s t i o n i n d ir e t sp e h , n d i n g a s s h o w n .

a ) Ja k ask d m w h th r I w as h a ving lun h or going out .

'. . . r. e . 'Qh.olu aL!,Lw ah,'!r.g!.ku.vL1. t'. . ?,Ja kask dm .
b) arol ask d Ann w h a t sh h a d don th d a y b for .
A n n? , a s k d ro l .
) Joh n ask d us if w of t n w n t sa iling .
? , J o h n a s k du s .
d) h r is t i n ask d m ho w m a n y G rm a n books I h a d r a d .
?, hristin ask d m .
) K vin ask d Su if sh w as going to h a ng s hools.
Su ?, ask d K vin .
f ) Ali ask d m w ho I Sa t n x t to in l ass.
?,Ali a s k e dm .

3 R e w ri t e e a h s e n t e n ei n r e p or t e dsp e h ,b e g i n n i n g a s s h o w n . D o n o t h a n g e
the m aning.

a ) ,Ar you st a ying h re a ll summ r?, th littl girl ask d m .

h littl girlask d pf / .w'hp.thp.r. I . .Nrl't. .ttqfll. . .thp.rp. .q I [!. .l .
b)
- " a t ,m a n?, I ask d my t a h r.
. Wh a t do s , pro rastin

I ask d my t a h r
) H a v you don your hom work , or not?, my moth r ask d m .
,
y moth ask d m
d) , W h n is y o u r b ir t h d a y? , I a s k d Su .

I a s k dS u . . . . . . . . . . . .
) . Did you r m mb r to lo k th door, , my f a th er ask d m .
y f a th r ask d m
, Why h a v you turn e d off th t l vision?, ll n ask d m .
fl
l l n a s k dm . . . . . . . . . . . .

48
 GRA n iAR l2 R PoR D sPE E H 2

4 Use a v erb from th box to re writ e e a h se nt n in re port e d sp e h , b e ginning

as shown. Do not h a ng th e m a ning.

a ) , I ,ll d finit ly b a t your hous b for 8.00, Su , , sa id ik .

pd.. s " " 'hn,.'.lp Ld.,
| v Iik.'e 0. |!*k .b'
r,.' t'.h,14
er.'se ..b
b) . Would you lik to om to th in e m a , Je a n?, ask d Chris.
hris . . . . . . . . .
, I
) wouldn , t e a t too mu h if I w r you , D a v , , sa id Pa tsy .
Pa tsy . . . . . . . . .
d) , How a bout going for a w a lk?, sa id Ni k .
Ni k ..........
) , I , m t rribly sorry for br a king th window , , sa id C arol.
Carol . . . . . . . . .
,Sh a ll I do th w ashing . up?, sa id Bill.

Bi ............
, W ll don , you , v p ass d your driving t st , , sa id T in a ,s moth r.
8)
T i n a , sm o t h r h r ............
h) . No, I won , t op n my mouth!, sa id Pa t .
Pa t

49
 Expla n a tions
onditions and r S nt n s w i t h f a r a l l d o n d i t i o n a ls . T h f f . . . l a u s is t h ondition
r 5u l t s a n d t h o t h r p a r t o f t h s n t n is t h r s u l t . H r a r f o u r x a m p l s o f
ondition a ls, us d for t a lking a bou t h king in a t t h a irport for a fligh t :
1' If ou rrive rl , ou get b tt r s t.
2 I f ou rriv e rl , ou , I l g e t b e t t e r se t .
I f ou rriv d rly , ou , d g e t b t t r s t'
4 I f ou h ld rriv e d e rly , you , d h v e got be tt rs t.

r S nt n 1 is t a l k i n g g n r a l l y a b o u t s o m t h i n g t h a t is a l w a y s t r u . I t is
s m tim s all d a Ze | o onditional.
S nt n 2 is t a l k i n g a b o u t s o m t h i n g t h a t is l i k l y t o h a p p n i n t h futur .
I t is s o m t i m s a l l d t h f i rs t o n d i t i o n a l .
S nt n 3 is t a l k i n g a b o u t s o m t h i n g t h a t is u n l i k l y t o h a p p n i n t h
f u t u r , o r a n i m a g i n a r y s i t u a t i o n . I t is s o m t i m s a l l d t h s o n d
onditional.
S nt n 4 is t a l k i n g a b o u t s o m t h i n g t h a t is i m a g i n a r y i n t h p a s t . I t is
som tim s all d th third onditional.

l Z e r o , f i rs t a n d s o n d o n d l t i o n a ls a r o v r d i n t h is u n i t . T h third
o n d i t i o n a l is o v r d i n G r a m m a r 1 , 1 .

Zero onditional: r T h is t y p of s nt n d s rib s things th a t a I a lw a ys or g n ra lly tru . W

/ f + pr sent a n us wh e or if to introdu th S nt n .
simpl , . . . prese nt I t ,s tropi I ou n tr , d s if it r i s h rd , e v e r o st s i doors.
simp I Whe it r ins h rd , v r o St S itld rs.

l Th r an b an imp rativ Stru tul in th r sult la us : just th b ar

infinitiv with no subj t . A n i r r p r a t i v is w h n w t l l p o p l w h a t t o d o .
I f ou f e e l diz z , stop t lki g t h t bl ts'
If ou h ng e our mi d , giv e m ri g .

F irst on dition a l : / f r T his typ of s n t n d s rib s f u t ur v n ts t h a t Will h a pp n , or a r lik ly

+ pres nt simple ,
. . . w ill / w on't
t o h a p p n . I t is a r a l p oss i b i l i t y i n t h s p a k r , sm i n d , n o t i m a g i n a r y ( f o r
im a gin ary situ a tions Se th s ond ondition a l) .
I f w w lk so slo w l , w , ll b I t .
I f w run, w -won,t be l te'
I f w do , t ru n' w e w ill b e l t .

50
 GRA n AR .l3 o N D l l o N ALs 1

x a mpl : You ar a t th sup erm ark e twith a fri nd . Your fri nd h as put som
ggs in a b a g , a nd is pi king up lots of oth r b a gs a t th sa m tim . Y u sa y :
If you c try too m y b gs, you,Il drop the eggs.
If you drop the eggs,they,Il bre k.
If the eggsbre k, ther wiI I be wful meSSon the floor!
If you e reful, ou wo ,t bre k them.

I n th e ondition la us it is p ssibl to us oth r pr s nt t ns s, not just th

pl s nt simpl .
I f ou ,re driving , I , I l om ewith ou' (pr s nt ontinuous)
If I ,ve see the film before,I ,ll let ou k ow! (pr s nt p rf t)

S ond T his typ of s nt n d s rib sfutur v nts th a t a im a gin ary , unlik ly or

onditiona I : lf + impossib1 .
past simple , . . . If I h d heli opter,kr fI to s h ol.
would/ wouldn't If I flew to s hool, I wouldn,t be l te.

x a mpl : You st art t a lking to a fri nd a bout a li ns. You sa y :

If some Iie s l ded on e rth, I ,d m ke f iends with th m.
If they didn,t spe k English, I ,d use sig l gu ge.
If the took me b k to their pl net, I ,d le tn their l gu ge.
I f n o e b e li e v e d my Story ,I , d b e om e f mous!

Not th a t would is usu a lly ontra t d in sp h.

I , d b e com ef mous. ( = I would b e om ef mous. )

Not th a t th e p ast simpl is us d in th ondition la us , but th tim

r f r n is th futur .

r T h r gular p ast simpl of to b e is I w s a nd H e /Sh ew s. W a n us th s

forms in s ond ondition a ls, or a lt rn a tiv e ly w e a n us I f I w ere a nd I f
he /shewere' he were form is mor formal.
If I w s/ were stron ut, I ,d nio bei g weightless!

unl ss U l essm a ns I f ot' omp ar th s s nt n sw hi h h a v th sa m m a ning .

W e ,l Igo out for w lk if it do es , t r in .
W e ,l Igo out for w lk unl ess it r i s'

O t h e r us e so f W e us would in oth r situ a tions w hi h do not involv ondition a l s nt e n S.

would
R porting w h a t som on sa id : H e s id h would c I I b ck l t er,
Polit off r : Would ou lik e som e mor t e ?
Polit r qu st : Would you op n the window,pl se?
Som on r fus d to do T h e mi ist erutould , t
som thing : Sw er th e qu stion .

51
lN ERr E DlA E tANGUAG PRA l E

lfi
U n d e r I i n et h orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s n t e n e .

a) I f w e , d b / w lr la t for lass, our t a h r will b e / w sa ngry .

b) I f w wouldliv e / liv e don a noth r pla n t , w e ,ll se e / w e , dse e th e arth in th sk y .
) If w t lk / will t ke a taxi, we rriv d/ w ,ll rrive soon r.
d) I f w wo , t hurry / do , hurry
t ,w e , I l b e / w e , db | a t .
) If w were / rebirds, w would b ble to/ re ble to f | '
0 If you do ,t we r/ wouldn,tw r o1Jtpullov ou,ll feel/youfelt o | d'
g) I f I studi e d / willstud h ard er, I g e t / wouldg e tb e tt erm arks'
h) I f I h v e / h da motorbik , I rod e / I'drid e it to s hool.
i) I f you will l e dl nd m e oll bik e , I ,ll l e t / Il e t you borrow my sk a t bo ard .
j) I f I h d / h lv elots of mon y / I g v e / I , dgiv e som to a ll my fri e nds.

Comp | et th s nten f or a h si t u a t i o nusi n g t h e v e r bs g i v e n .

a ) You ,r st a nding v ry los to th dg of a swimming-pool. You ,r w aring

a ll your loth s, not a swimming ostum . A fri nd sa ys :
J2 tt ! 'tl
I f y o u ( f l l i n ) . ' I . ?!!! . . . L . k ' .,. .}.o l o t h s t g t l . ' . . YY . l3l l9. . I . . . e t!
b) You ,r sitting in th lassroom on a hot d y . You ,r d a y-dr a ming a bout
going to th b a h . You think :
I f t o d a y ( b ). . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . a. , h' .o. l i d a y ,I ( g o ). . . . . ' . . . to th bea h.
) You a n , t a nsw r a qu stion in your nglish book . You ask a fri nd to h lp ,
b u t s h d o s n , tk n o w t h a ns w r .Sh s a ys :
lf I (know) . . t h a ns w ,I ( t l l ) .. you.
d) You ,r w a lking tow ards th bus stop with a fri nd . Sudd nly th bus arriv s.
T h bus stop is f ar a w a ,but you think th r is a h a n of a t hing th bus.
You sa y :
If w (run) . . , W € ( a t h ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.t.!. . '
) You ,r pla nning to go to th b a h tomolrow with som fri nds. You ar not
sur a bout th w a th r, b a us it som tim s ra ins a t this tim of th y ar.
You arra ng to m t tomo row a f t rnoon a nd sa y :
I f it (rain) . . , W€ ( g o ) . . . . . . . . . . . to th i n m a i ns t a d .
f) You ,r v ry busy , b a us you h a v lots of s hool work , a nd you a lso pla y in
t wo t a ms. A fri nd asks you to ioin a omput r lub . You sa y :
If I (hav ) .. mol fr tim , I (join) .. th lub.
B u t i t , s i m p ossi b l a t t h m o m n t b a us eI , m t o o b us y!

52
 GRAin AR 13 oND! | oNAts 1

3 Compl e t e e a h s nt n e using if , unl ssor would .

a ) I f h a s k dm t o h l p h i m , I . . I | 9 l 4 , [ d . . . . . . .
b ) W ,ll h a v lun h outsid e in th g d n, . . it ,s too old .
) Jo h n . . . . . . . . . . w i n m o r a si f h t r a i n d h a r d r .
d) C o m e o n ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W
. . . . h. u r r y ,w , l l m i s s t h p l a n !
) . . you lik to s my st a mp oll e tion?
0 T h m a n a g r won't b long . . . you t a k a s a t , pl e as .
s) I , m sur th a t Conni . . go to th in m a with you , if you ask d
h r.
h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fy o ul l i k a h a t , p h o n m t o n i g h t .
i) Wh a t . . you do if you sa w a sn a k ?
i) I don , t f l h a ppy . . I swim v ry d a y .

4 Compl t e a h sent n ( a _ | )w i t h a n e n d i n g ( 1 - 1 0 ) .

a ) I f you pla y th e musi too loud, '...t,,,.' 1 th a larm would go off .

b) I f t h Nort h Pol m lt d 2 |'| | btt a n w bik .
) If w don , t h a v nough i e - l e a m , 3 I , l l b i n P a ris a t 6 . 0 0 .
d) I f I fou nd som on ,s w a ll t , 4 otl wouldn , t s m a ny
m or !
) I f a burgla brok into this hous , 5 you would f l b tt r.
f ) I f m y t r a i n i s n , tl a t ,. . . . . . . . . . . 6 th w a t r would flood
m a ny iti s.
g ) I f y o u w r f a m o us , . . . . . . . . . . . 7 l , | | b u i t f or y o u .
h) I f my f a th er l nds m th mon y , 8 you ,ll w a k up th
n e ighbours.
i) I f you took mor x r is , 9 w ,ll g t som mor .
i) I f you t ll m what you w ant, . . . . . . . . . . . 10 I , d t a k it to th poli
station.

53
lN ERr E DlA E tANGUAGE PRA l

C o m p l e t e e a h s n t n ea s i t h e r a f irs t o n d i t i o n a lor a s e o n d o n d i t i o n a I
s n t n eusi n g t h e v e r b i n b r a k e ts .

a ) I f I 1 h a v ). . . l " f u d . . . .a' .r ms f i v m t r sl o n g , I ( b a b l ) . . '!d . . h e . . 4 b . [ 9 . '' . . ,t .o.

r a h th top of th a t sh lf!
b ) D o n , t w orr y , y o u , v j us t g o t a o l d . I f y o u ( t a k ). . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .n. a sp iri n , y o u
( f l ). . . . . . . . . . ..b tt r.
. . . at, v ryon (liv )
) V g t a ri a nsb l i v t h a t i f n o b o d y ( a t ). . . . . . . . . . . . . m
long r.
If I (b o m ). . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .f .a m o u sr o k s t a r ,I ( b u y ) . . . ' . . . . . .m
. .y
p a r n tsa n n or m o us h o us .
) I t sa ys . No Parking , . I f you (l a v ) th ar h r , th poli
( g i v ). . . . . . . . . . . . y o u a p a r k i n gf i n .
0 lt ,s not f ar. I f you (follow ) this p a th , you ( om )
to th station.
g ) I f p o p l ( u s ). . . . . . . . . . . . .b.i.k. s i n s t a do f a r s ,t h r ( n o t b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
so m u h p o l l u t i o n .
h) A tu a lly , Brutus is a v ry fri ndly dog . I f you (tou h) him , h
( n o tb i t ) . . . . . . . . . .y.o. u .
i) If you (l av ) y o u r b o o k s o n t h d s k , I ( g i v ). ' . . . . . . .
th m ba k to you at th n d o f t h l sso n .
i ) I f y o u ( o w n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .p. t t i g r ,y u f r i n d s( n o t v i s i t ) . . . . . . . . . .
you!

54
.. to
xp!a n a tions
)u h ir d o n d i t i o n a l : r T his typ of s nt n d s rib sa p ast v nt th a t is diff r nt to w h a t r a lly
/ f + p a s t p e r f e t ,. . . happ n d.
would/ wouldn't+ If ou h d rrived e rli r, we would ,t h ve missed the tr in.
hov + p ast I f ou h dn , t w r e d m bout th e su , I would h v e got sunbur t .
parti iple
l x a mpl : You w nt for a long w a lk , but you did not t a k your umbr lla . I t
ra in d , a nd you got W t .
I f I h d t k n m umbre ll ,I wouldn , t h v e got w e t'
I f I , d h e rd th e w th erfore st I, wouldn , t h v e gon e out .
I f I h dn , t got | e out , I -would h v e finish e d my hom work'

Mod a l v erbs in r Th xampl s in Grammar 13 and this unit hav all lsed will/ won,tot
onditional would / would ,int th e r sult la us . But w a n us a ny oth r mod a l v rb , lik
s nten es , ould , m , might , must d should'
I f ou e v er om to Ist nbul,I n show ou rou d th ity .
I f ou v er om e to Ist bul, ou must phon m .

r W of t n us might a nd ould in ondition a l s nt n sw h n w W a nt to sa y

th a t w ar not rt a in a bout th r sults. Comp ar :
I f ou rry too m a y b gs, ou wi I I drop th ggs. ( rt a in r sult)
If ou rry too m y b gs, ou might drop the eggs' (un rtain r sult)
If o eb e li e v e d m Story ,I would b e om e f mous! ( ert a in r sult)
I f nyon eb e li e v e d m Story ,I ould b e om e f mous! (un rt a in r sult)

I n third ondition a l s nt n sW e us ould h e (don e )ot might h v e (don ).

I f I h d brought som more mon e ywith m e , I ould h v e t k e t i.

onditiona Is I n v ryd a y sp h W a n lse im gin or supposingin pla of if

without if I m gin e ou S | w Sn k e ,w h t would ou do?
€
Supposi g ou ow n e d h e li opt er,w h t would ou use it for?

lf l w e r You , . . . W a n giv a dvi by using a s ond ondition a l s nt n b ginning I f I w ere

re
ou.
If I were you, I ,d spend mor time o our writte work'
I f I w ere ou , I would , te t so mu h ho ol t e!
I t is a lso possibl to put th ifi la us a t th nd .
I ,d be more reful, if I were ou.

F-_

55
lN Rlvl DlA tANGUAGE PRA l E

R e w ri t ee a h o m m e n t , b e g i n n i n g a s s h o w n . D o n o t h a n g e t h e m e a n i n g .

a ) Supposing you h a d wings, w h a t would you do?

W h a .t. . . . p . ! . d'' . p , * . d . '' . 'l . . . q . *''h a d . . .l...|. . . l'. ....... . . .?. . . . . . . . .
b) W h y don , t you l a v no w? T h a t ,s w h a t I , d do .
If
) I m a gin you liv d on Mars. ow would you f l?
How..........
d) I think you should buy a bik . T h a t ,s w h a t I , d do.
If
) I m a gin you W I ri h . Wh a t would you do?
What.........
Supposing Jim a m with us, w h a t would you sa y?
What.........
g) Why don , t you t a k th bus. T h a t ,s w h a t I , d do.
If
h) I m a gin you ow n d a robot . Wh a t would you do?
What ......... . . . . . . .?.

2 U n d e rl i n et h e orr t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a ) I f you pho e dk hpng | m y st rd a , I h d giv / wouldLt v w e you th

n Ws .
b) If you took /t.llouldh ve t k mor x r is , you m t feel/h d feltbetter,
) If Tim drove /h ddriven mor ar fully, h would ,t h ve r shed/did ,t r sh.
d) If you h d ome /c meto S th film, ou h d e io ed/ wouldh ve enio edit.
e ) | f I , d k now n / Iwould k now it W as your birthd a y , I would s d / wouldh v se t
you a ard .
f) I f p opl h d h e lp e d / h e lp on d a noth r mor of t n , th world m t b e / w sa
b tt r pla .
g) If our t am h d s or d/s ored mor goals, we h d wo / ouldh v t o .
h) If you would h wor / worea coat, otl would ,t get/did ,tget wet.

56
 GRA1t lvlAR 14 o N D l l o N ALs 2

Compl t e th e s nt e n e for e a h situ a tion .

h arlott didn , t l a v arly , a nd so sh miss d th bus.

I f h a rl o t.t. . . . . . . . . . . . f u d . '! e f . t . 'q r | . . , sh
. . . . . ' . . W . p . *!d . w t . . h p . . l l , : !'' . t. .h. 'b. .us
. '' .
b ) I didn , t buy mor milk , so I didn , t h a v e nough for br a k f ast .
If I ............. . . . . . . . . . .I
' . . . n o u g h f or b r a k f a s t .
) W forgot to t a k a m a p' so W got lost in th mount a ins.
If w .......... . . . . . . . . . . . .W
.
. . . . i n t h m o u n t a i ns .
d) I didn , t go to b e d arly , so I didn , t w a k up a t 7.00.
If I ............. a r l v .I
. . . .a t 7 . o .
) ik didn , t m a k a shopping list , a nd h forgot to buy som off .
I f Mi k ..... h
. . . . so m off .
I didn't r a liz you W r tir d w h n I ask d you to go for a w a lk .
If I ............. . . . . . . . . . .I
. . . . f or a w a l k .
T h Rom a ns didn , t sa il a ross th Atla nti . so th v didn , t r a h Am ri a .
I f t h R o m a n s. . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . .t h v
. . . .A m e ri a .
h ) I didn , t turn l f t a t th e st a tion , a nd I lost my W a y .
If I ............. . . . . . . . . ,. .I
mv wav.
 Expla n a tions
Wish s a bou t th r F o r w is h s a b o u t t h
pr s nt r la tionship with th
I w ish I o w n e d
I w ish I did , t h v
p r s n t W u s I w is h + t h p ast simpl . Not th
s ond onditional.
h I i op t r'I f I o w e d h I i op t r,I w ould b e h pp .
to go to s hool! I f I did , t go to s hool , I w ould b h pp .

l ould
W us I w ish I ould to r f r to som t hing t h a t is dif fi ult or impossibl . his
an r f r to th pr s nt or futur .
I w ish I ould fly!
I w ish I ould st y t hom e tomorro w .

r As i n t h s ond onditional, th p ast simpl form do s not r f r to past

tim .

Wish s a bou t th e F or w ish s a bou t t h p ast w t ts I w ish + t h p ast p rf t . Not th r l a tionship

past with th third onditional.
I t lish I h d liv e d i t h e igh t th t ur ! I f I h d liv d i th igh t e t h
tury, I would h b h lpp .
I w ish I h dn , t a t e n So m u h! I f e l w f tll! I f I h d , t t e So m u h , it
w ould h l be b e t t r for m !

hop e If th w is h is a g o o d o n / W u s e I h o p , h is is n o t f o l l o w d t r y a o n d i t i o n a l
f o r m - i t is s i m p l y f o l l o w d b y t h p r s n t s i m p l o r w i l l .
I hop ot t h v t good tim t tll p r .
I hop tlt w t h r w ill b | i e tomorro w .

lf onl W an r pla I r y ls / zw i t h I f o l f o r m p h a s is . W s t r ss o l y i sp h.
If o l I ow ed h I i op t r,
If o l I h ld ,t te so mu h!

,l
58
 GRA n AR l5 WlsH s

. -.:t
- -1 *$
:i'
U n d e rl i n et h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s n t e n e .

a) I , m sunburnt . I wish I h dn , tsu b th e d / did su, t b th efor so long .

b) I don , t f l w ll. I wish 1 ould st y /st da t hom tomolrow .
) I , m not a good swimm r, but I wish | ould swim / wouldswim w e | | .
d) I wish I h d / h ea puppy or a kitt n!
|p . )I wish | ould se e /s wyou tomo o but it ,s impossibl .
f) t n xt to m . H ,s so a nnoying!
I wish Jim did , t sit / do es ,sit
g) I f only w hqd / wouldh v e som mon y w ould t a k th bus.
h) I hop o:u e io ed/ enjoy o s | v s at th dan tomorrow.
D I wish I / ouldsp a k nglish b tt r!
i) I hop I , / I , dwin th lott ryl

2 U n d rl i n et h orr e t o n t i n u a t i o nf or e a h s e n t e n e .

a ) I , v got lots of work to do, a nd I'm tir d , but I a n , t stop .

ip
1 I wish I h a d t a k n a r st . 2 I wish I ould t a k a r st .
b) I w asn , t p a ying a tt ntion in lass, a nd now I a n , t do my hom work .
1 I wish I list n d to my t a h . 2 I wish I , d list n d to my t a h r.
) Sa a h p a int d h r room gr n , but sh do sn , t lik it .
1 Sh wish s sh , d p a int d it blu . 2 Sh wish s sh p a int d it blu .
d) This is a v ry pttzzl,ingprobl m!
1 I wish I , d k now n th a nsw r. 2 I wish I k n w th a nsw r.
) I t ,s r a lly old a nd mis ra bl h r in th wint r.
1 I wish w liv d in a w arm pla . 2 I h p w liv in a w arm pla .
0 I a n , t r p a ir my bik b a us I h a v n , t got a ny tools.
1 I f only I would h a v e a s r w driv r. 2 | f only I h a d a s r w driv r.
g) I , m worri d a bout my b ask tb a ll t a m . P rh a ps th y won , t win!
1 I wish th y pla y w ll. 2 I hop th y pla y w ll.
h) You pr mis d not to t ll a nyon my s I tsbut you didl
1 I wish I h a dn , t t ld you . 2 I wish I didn , t t ll you .
i) I , v b nf ling ill a ll w e k .
1 I hop I f l b tt er soon . 2 I hop I , d f l b tt r soon .
i) I w a nt to s my sist r.I h a v n , t s n h for a g s.
1 I wish I ould sp a k to h r. 2 I wish I spok to h r.

59
lN ER nEDlA tANGUAGE PRA I E

3 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with a suit a bl form of th e v erb in bra k e ts.

a ) I , m so a k d to th skin! I f only I ring) . . . h4d . . .

b) T his pullov er W as h a p . I wish I uy) t wo of th e m!
) I l i k y o u r s h o o l . I w is h I ( g o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t h r t o o .
d) I m us t g t i n t o u h w i t h Su e . I f o n l y I ( k n o w ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . h. . . r
phon numb r!
) his bus is r a lly slow! I wish w (t a k ) th tra in .
0 I , m d is a p p o i n t e di n t h is a m r a .I w is h I ( n o t b u y ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. t. .
g ) I a ns w r dt h r q u e s t i o nsw l l . I f o n l y I ( f i n is h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. .h.
w hol t st!
h) I a n , t und rst a nd ari I I wish I (sp a k) Fr n h .

4 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e in a suit a bl e w a y .

a ) I ,m hung y.I f only . . . . I . .h q(. . .4. . t!!!1d l1 {with

.l*. .m
. .
b) n joy your holid a y . I hop . . . . tim .
) T his is a lov ly pla . I wish w e . . . . b for .
d) I t ,s a pity you liv so f ar a w a y . I f only you . . . . . . . . . . . . n ar r.
) l l n is a f a n t a s t i d a n e r .I w is h I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a s w l l a s h e r!

5 Rit a isn't v ery h a ppy a t th e mom e nt . Compl e t e h er words.

a ) Rit a w ast d a lot of mon y on DVDs.

. I wish | . . . h!!di. . t . . . w .!! { t . d . . . . . . . . . so
. . mu h mon e y on xp nsiv DVDs!,
b) Rita thinks n w jobs are diffi ult to find.
, I wish n w jobs . . . . s diffi ult to find . ,
) Rita thinks n w jobs ar diffi ult to find.
, I w is h n w j o bs . . . . a si e rt o f i n d . ,
d) Rita an,t go on holiday this summ r.
'I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. n h o l i d a y . '
e ) Rit a do sn , t h a v v ry good qu a lifi a tions.
, I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. t t rq u a l i f i a t i o n s . ,
) Rit a h as to do th w ashing up . Sh h a t s doing it .
'I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. o t h e w a s h i n gu p . '
g) Rita is sorry h r family mov d to th suburbs.
, I wish W . . . . . . . . . . . . . to th suburbs. ,
h) Rita thinks sh is v ry untidy.
'I wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. o u n t i d y . '

60
 xp I a n a tions
P a ss i v e :f o r m r o mak th p assiv W us b e a nd a p ast p a rti ipl . omp a r th a tiv a nd
p assiv forms in t h s x a mpl s :

Pres nt simpl T h Gov rnm e builds

t hundre dsof housese v eryy r.
it. Hundre dsofhouses re built e v ery r,
Pr s nt ontinuous T h e uthoriti es t e qu estio i g t vom e n .
T-women re being questioned by the uthorities.

r Pr s nt p rf t We h ve chosen Helen s the new preside t.

Hele h s been hosen s the ew president,

r Past simpl The poli e rrested o e prot ster'

e protesterw s rtested'

t will The will pl the m t h o W dnesd evening.

Th m t h wiI I be pl ed on Wednesd eve ing.
r.
r! r Noti how th e obj t in th a tiv fotm (hu dre dsof houses,t wo m , H e l e n)
mov s to th front in th p assiv S nt n a nd b om s th subj t .

P a ss i v e : u s e r Fo us on import a nt inform a tion

Comp ar :
( a tiv ) T h e Gov ernm e nt built hundre dsof housesl st e r.
(p assiv ) Hundre ds of houses w erebuilt b th e Go er m e lt st y e r.

I n th a tiv s nt n mor mph asis is giv n to w ho did th a tion _ th

Gov rnm nt .
I n th p assiv s nt n mor mph asis is giv n to th thing a ff t dby th
a tion _ th numb r of hous s.
mph asiz d inform a tion usu a lly om s a t th e b ginning of th s nt n .

r Spok n a nd writt n
h p assiv is us d mor in writing a nd form a l sp h.

Using by a nd with r T h p rson or org a niz a tion th a t d s th e a tion is a ll d , th a g nt , . I f w

W a nt to sa y w ho do s th a tion th n w use by .
Hundre dsof housesw er built l st y r.
Hu dreds of houseswere built b the Governme t l st e r.
I ot of sto Sw ere throw n .
lot of ston Swer throw b gry footb ll f s.

r T h thing th a t is us d to p rform a n a tion is a ll d , th instrum nt'. I f w

W a nt to in lud this w tls with .
The wi dows w re broke with b seb ll b t.

6T
lN R]vlEDlA LANGUAG PRA C l

S nt n swithout I t is not a lw a ys n ssaryto m ntion th a g nt . T h re ar s v ra l r asons for

an agent t h is :

r Agent not known: Br d ,smotorbikew s stolen l st night.

I f w k n w w h h a d stol n it , w would m ntion th n a m e of th p rson .
But w don , t k now a nd th e a g nt is not m ntion d .

r Ag nt obvious: e protest rw s rrested'

I t is not n ssaryto a dd th words . by th poli , , b a us w k now th a t it
is a lw a ys th poli w ho do this. How e v r, it is possibl to a dd th s words if
W W a nt to.

r Agent unimportant: A lot of E glish gramm r books re sold every e r.

x a tly w ho s lls th books is not import a nt . I f it w as import a nt w e ould
lse b a nd th n a m s of th p opl o shops w ho s ll th e books.

Tra nsitiv e a nd l Verbs w hi h h a v e obj ts are a ll d tra nsitiv v rbs ( x a mpll e :h e lp) , I n this
i n t r a nsi t i v ev e r bs s nt n , , th old la dy , is th obj t .
A young m n helped the old l d cross the ro d'

r Verbs w hi h do not h a v obi ts ar a ll d intra nsitiv v rbs ( x a mpl :

w a lk) .
Di w Iks to oI I g '

r Di tion ari s show this inform a tion with T or I . only tra nsitiv v rbs a n b e
m a d p assiv e .
The old l dy w s help d cross the ro d b young m .

62
 GRAi, | } tAR 16 PAss I v 1

U n d e r | i n p h r a s sw h i h a r e n o t n e ss a r yi n t h e s e s e n t n e s So
. metimes v ry
phrase is n e ssary .

) w a l l t h a s b n s t o l n b y so m o n .
b) W w r t a ught by a diff r nt t a h r y st rd a y .
) Ni k W as op ra t d on a t th hospit l by a do tor.
d) T h m e a l w as s rv d by a w a it r in a r d o a t .
) W w r show n round th mus um by a guid .
f) T wo l tt rs w r d liv re d this morning by th postm a n .
g) T hr m n h a v b n arr st dby th poli e .
h) Y st rd a ya window w as brok n by som on .

2 Comp I e t e a h se nt e n with a p assiv ev rb .

a ) T h poli qu stion d G org .

G org , , .1' /. , |f .l?Lh nrn
. t tJ. . q . .'. . . . b. .y t h poli .
b) illions of p opl w a t h this progra mm .
T h is p ro g r a m m . . . . . . . . . b y m i l l i o ns o f p o p l .
) T h y will finish our n W hous a t th nd of th month .
O u r n w h o us . . . .a t t h nd of th month.
d) T h y , v l t da n Wp sid nt .
A n w pr sid nt
) T h e y ,r building th d a m a g d st a dium .
T h d a m a g d st a dium
f) T h y , v los d th mount a in ro a d .
T h mount a in ro a d
g) Stud e nts writ most of this m a g a zin .
Most of this m a g a zin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. .y s t u d n t s .
h) A burgla stol my la ptop .
y la ptop . .'. b a burglar.
i) Som body will m t you a t th bus st a tion .
You . . . . . . . . . . . . a t th bus sta tion
j) Unit d won th e up last y ar.
Last y ar th up . . . .b y U n i t d .

63
 lN ER1YlEDlA LANGUAGE PRA l E

l 3 Und rlin e th e rrors in th se se nt e n es.Re writ e e a h se nt e n .

ilr
a) any p t dogs are losing very y a I .
a Lv pet daqs re Last overY Y r.
b) T h in jur d m a n W as b n t a k e n to hospit a l.

) A n w bridg is b e built a toss th iv r.

tfl
d) All th food a t th p arty W as a t .

ti ) Nothing will b ing d ided b for n xt Saturday.

lt
tt

f) T h m a t h is pla ying on Frid a y v ning .

g) h robb er unlo k d th door by a f a ls k y .

[fl
h) This book was writing by Sam,s fath r.

4 For e v ery qu estion , ompl e t e th e se ond se nt e n e so th a t it m e a ns th e sa m e as

II
th e first , using no more th a n thr words.

a ) Ar h a ologists h a v dis ov r d a n W tomb in gypt .

A n w to rrb. . h!!!.'. bpp*'. dll p aY. e .r . . . .by ar h a ologistsin gypt .
b) T h Pr sid nt will op n th n w sports st a dium on Sa turd a y .
h n w sports st a dium . . . . . . .by th e Pr sid nt on
Saturday.
) Pi asso p a int d this portra it .
T h i s p o r t r a i t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pi a sso .

l{
d) T h y will a nnoun th r sults of th omp tition tomorrow .
h r sults of th omp e tition . . . . . . .tomorrow .
) h y ,r r d ora ting our s hool during th e summ er holid a ys.
our s hool . . . . . . .d u ri n g t h s u m m r h o l i d a ys .
) T h poli in N e w York h a v arr st dthr t errorists.
Thr t e rroris ts. . . . . . . . . . . . i n N w Yo k .
g) our omp a ny s lls mor th a n 1,000 ars v ry w e k .
or t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 a s . . . . . . .o u r o m p a n y v r y w e k .

I
h) h y ,r building a n W mus um in th ity e ntr .
A n w m us e u m . . . . . . .i n t h e i t y ntr .

L 64
 GRAMil4AR 16 PAs5 | v

5 R writ a h s e n t n e w i t h a p a ss i v v r b , a n d s o t h a t t h nam s of p op |
not mentioned.

a) h a uthoriti s h av l os d t h asino.
, . . I k .' .q,'. . wh. .'h
,*ru..|.l . . . .
b) h lubs h a v p os t p o n d t h mat h.

) P opl all ov r th world sp k n g l is h .

d) h a uthoriti s h av op n d th n w swimming pool.

) So m o n l f t t h is p u rs i n t h l a ssr o o m y s t r d a y

f) Th ity ou n il h as b a n n d tra f fi from t h ity n tr .

g) P pl hav l t d a n W gov rrrm nt .

h ) So m o n brok into th flat last w k.

65
 xpla n a tions
V rbs with t wo r So m v r b s a n h a v t w o o b j t s . W an:
obj ts giv , I nd , of f r, promis , se ll , se d , t k som t hing to som e body
bu , k p , m k e , pr e p r e' S v e Soln t hing for s m body .

r In a tiv S nt n sW a n us th s v rbs in t wo w a ys :
Pe t e r g v e K r e n pr se t .
P terg ve pr Se t to K r e .
a h way an b mad p a ss i v :
K r e n w s giv e pr ese n t b Pe t r.
A pr ese n t w s giv to K r n b Pe t r.

l h form w it hou t to / for is mor usu a l , in bot h a tiv a nd p assiv s nt n s.

to b born T o b bor is a p assiv form bu t do s not h a v a n obvious p assiv m a ning .

I w s born in Urugu .

h v som e t hing r W h n a p r o f ss i o n a l p rs o n , .g. a m hani , a plumb r t . do s som work

don for us, W a n us h som t hi g d e, H an b us d in a n y t ns .
W h ld our house p i t e d l st r'
I , m h vi g m r se rvi e d tomorro w .
I, h ld m room d or t e d .

r W a ls o u s t h is f o r u n p l a s a n t h a p p n i n g s .
Sh h ld h e r house brok e i to .
T im h d his rm brok e pl ying rugb .

Passi v + i n f i n i t i v e r Th rbs b e li v , p t , k o w , r e po T t ,s , t hi k , Suppos |u d e rst d a r of t n

us d in t h pr s n t simpl p assiv follo w d by a n in finitiv (fo do / to b
d o i g ) . T h is u s is o m m o n i n n w s r p o r t s .
The onom is e pe ted to grow b 2o/othis ye r.
B k h m is s id to b e onsid e ring tr sf e r from M h st e r Unit e d .
The ew shoppi g e tr is supposed to open e t spri g'

66
 GRA lYlAR l7 PAss!v 2

1 U n d e r I i n t h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) I ,m having my hair cutti g/ uI /toh ve ut tomorrow.

b) T h hildr n w ere took / t k e n / t ki to
g th s asid for th d a y .
) I was se di g/sent/s hd r by th manag r.
d) Kat is having h r ar servi es/servi ing/s rvi tomorrow.
ed
)Su h a d h r windows br ki g / brok / brok by v a nd a ls.
f) David has b n offer/offeri g/offered a n w job in Brazil.
g) Wh r xa tly wereyou born/did ou bor /did ou be r?
h) I ,v just had my bik rep ir d/rep ir/rep iring.
D w s give /g ve /didgive this book by mily.
I
j) This ak m k s/m d / w sm de fot h r birthday.

2 R e w ri t e e a h s e n t e n eb e g i n n i n g a n d e n d i n g a s s h o w n . D o n o t h a n g e t h e
meaning.

a ) Som on stol Bob ,s bik .

rlt'
rk B o b '' . I 4 . 1 . '! ! { ' . . ' . . . . ' . . . '' bik stol n.
b) John l e nt m this book .
T his book . . . . . . .J.o h n .
) T h d ntist took out on of my t th y st rd a y .
Y s t r d a yI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .u t .
d) a iro is my pla of birth .
I ..........'..... in airo.
) A ro k on rt ti k t w as sold to m by a fri nd .
I was ......... by a fri nd.
f) Som on brok into T om ,s hous last w k.
Tom had . . . . . . .l .a s t w k.
g) Wh n is your d a t of birth?
Wh n xa tly . . . . . . . b. or n?
h) y p ar nts g a v m this ring .
I ................ par nts.
i) I , m k ping this bottl e of win for a sp ia l o asion .
T h is b o t t l o f w i n . . . . . . . f. or a sp ial
o a si o n .
i) w will s nd you a l tt r with your e x a m r sults.
A l tt r . . . . . . . t. o y o u w i t h y o u r x a m
r s u l ts .

67
 lN R DlA E LANGUAGE PRA C I E

l ]] 3 Re writ e e a h s nt n e so th a t it h as a similar m e a ning a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold .

a ) T h y ,r s rvi ing my ar tomorrow .

h a ving
! v.. I ^ .. ! + .'aqlr.. { .?.r ]4d..t.a.ry!!.rr.a.w.,....
b) Y st rd a yth y stol my bik .
had

) Last y ar th y p a int d our hous .

had

d) T h y ,r t a king out my tooth tomorr w!

having

) T h y , v just ut my h a ir.
had

T h y'r fitting our n W arp t tomor ow .

having

o\
) T h e y , v just p a int d Ann ,s portra it .
had

4 Re writ th e first s nt e n as a n e ws r port using prese nt simpl p assiv e +

infinitiv e .

a ) Lots of p opl b li v th rimin a l is living bro a d .

Th riminal . . .l, : ,h. h*. a.LiY
, e ,Li? .'9!('.t. . . w abroad.
b) onomists suppos th a t infla tion will f a ll n xt y ar.
I nfla tion n e xt y e ar.
) v ryon xp e ts th a t Ars n a l will win th L a gu e .
Ars n a l th Le a gu .
d) Pe opl think th Gov rnm nt is pla nning a n w a irpolt .
Th Gov rnm nt ......... . . . . a n W a ir p or t .
) Th y say h is making a n w movi about th ivil War.
H ............. a n Wmovi about th ivil War.
Journ a lists r port th a t th Fin a n inist er disa gr swith th Pr sid nt .
T h Fin a n inist r with th Pr sid nt .

68
 xp I a n a tions
lod a l v rbs : form r od a l v rbs ar a uxiliary v rbs _ th y ar us d with oth r m a in v rbs. Mod a l
d m aning v rbs ar , ould, will, would, m , might, sh Il, should and must.

r Not th es import a nt rul s :

_ t wo mod a l v rbs a nnot b put tog th r
(No @)
_ mod a l v rbs ar follow e d by th infinitiv without fo.
(NoT )
- mod a l v rbs do not h a v third p rson s
(No )
- mod a l v rbs do not form t ns S w it h -ing , - e d e t .
(No )
_ mod a l v rbs us inv rsion in qu stions (lik e th e v rb b e ) , r,ot do / do es
(Nor@
r Q u stions ar m a d by putting th mod l in front of th subj t . N g a tiv s
ar m a d e by putting of imm dia t ly a f t r th mod a l (of t n short n d to - , t
in spok n a nd inform a l writt n nglish) .
n I ..,? I ot (c , t)
I
ould ',.? I ould not (could , t)
wi I ...? I wi I I not ( wo , t)
W o u l dI . . . ? I would ot ( wouldn , t)
I '.,? I m not
M i g h tL . . ? I might ot
S h l lI . ' . ? I sh I I not (sh n , t)
I
Should . . .? I should ot (should , t)
M u s tL . . ? I must ot (must , t)

r Mod a l v rbs show th sp a k r,sa ttitud or f lings a bout a situ a tion . For
x a mpl how prob a bl e or n ssarysom thing is, or th a t th sp a k ris
off ring or r qu sting som thing . T h sa m e mod a l v rb a n b us d in
diff r nt w a ys with diff r nt m a nings _ you only k now from th situ a tion .

Ability l T o t a lk a bout a bility W use c n a nd c , t (ot nnotin form a l writing)

I swim . n ou swim?

r Pronun ia tion : n is notm a lly unstr ss d/ k n / ,but is str ss dfor mph asis
lk ; nl.
: ou sp e k hin ese?
B : No, but I n sp e k| p n ese ,

69
 tN R]U I DlA LANG UAG PRA C I ( E

lll W som e tim s use b e bl e fo inst a d of n . Be bl e fo forms t ns s.

WiI I ou be ble to h Ip me move m furniture tomorrow?

a nd n , t are a lso us d fo p rmission : to d es rib w h a t is a llow d or not

a llow e d .
n I l ve e rl ,ple se?
I c n,t come sk ting tomorrow.

C ert a inty a nd Study this t a bl of prob a bilit a nd th not s b low :

un ert a inty ulill
I o/o rtainty
95o/o_1 o/o d du tion must, ,t
8 o/o p t a tion should
o/o_7 o/o un ertainty m , might, ould
o/o ertainty worl,t

W us wi I I a nd won , t w h e n w ar ert a in a bout som thing in th futu .

. d du tion , . T his is
W us must a d n , t for a noth r p of rt a inty a ll d
w h n w k now som thing is rt a in b e a us it is logi a l, or w h e n w m a k
a n assumption b a use of th f a ts of th situ a tion .
He must be stu k in the tr ffi .
( I , m sur h is - it ,s th only possibility)
Sh n,t be i It l ! I s w her tod y!
( I , m sur sh isn , t _ it ,s impossibl )

W us should w h n w xp t th a t som thing will h a pp e n .

The should rrive here t bout 6.30.

W us m , might and could for un rtainty.

Im not h v e tim e to finish tonighf . ( I don , t k now )
President| ones might wi the ne t election. (It,s possibl )
Im /might h ve some news for ou ne t w ek. (p rhaps I will)
He ould be stuckin the tr ffi . (perhaps h is)

Obligation W e us must ot h v e to to xpla in th a t som thing is n ssary .

I must ftnish rny homeworkbefore8.00.
I h v e to pho e | t 9.o0.

I n writing th is no r a l diff er n betw n must a nd h e to. I n sp e h

th is a small diff r n :

W us h v e to w h n th situ a tion m a k s som thing n ssary ,for x a mpl

b a us of offi ia l rul s.
At our s hool,w e h v e to. w e r u iform ,
very pl er in footb Il t m h s to h ve umber'
Whe the tr ffi l ts re re ou h ve to stop.
In v ryday sp h, w an ls h ve got to instead of' h ve to.

70
 GRA[n AR l8 oDAts l: PRESE N T AND FU UR

W us must w h e n th sp a k rp rson a lly f ls th a t som thing is import a nt .

You r Ily must stop worki g so h rd d try to rel .
You must b e h ereb 8,00, or th e bus will l e v ewithout ou'
Not that we do not us to after must.

r I n th ir n e g a tiv fotms must , t a nd do , t h v to h a v diff r nt m a nings.

Nfustn , td s rib sa n a tion w hi h is prohibit d / forbidd n .

You mustn,t cross the ro d whe the r d l t is showi g.
Don , t h e fo d s rib sa n a tion w hi h is not n e ssary_ you h a v a hoi .
You don,t h ve to tur on th e tr Ihe ti g. It,s utom ti .

O pinions and W us should a nd should t to giv a n opinion a bout w h a t is th b st thing

dvi e to do. Wh n w sp e a k to a noth r p rson our opinion b om s a dvi .
I thi k the police should rrest hoolig ns. (opinion)
I think ou should t lk to our te her bout it. (advi )
Not th oth r us of should fo xp t a tion , m ntion d arli r in this unit .

W an lse ought to and ought not fo in th sam Way as should and should ,t.
ought fo is not as ommon as should a nd is a littl mor form a l.
I thi k ou ought to t lk to our t e h er bout it .

Not th a t with think in th e n g a tiv , W uS I don , t think + should a th r th a n

th n gativ forms of sh uld and ought to'
I do ,t thi k you should/ought to go.

H d b e tt ris us d fo strong opinions. H d is usu a lly ontra t d .

I think ou,d better t lk to your te her bout it.
We,d better ot forget to turn off the omputer!

7-J.
lN R DlA LANGUAGE PRA l E

U n d e rl i n et h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s n t e n e .

a) Look a t thos louds. I think tt / t lgh a mustla in .

b) T his is impossibl e! I t c , t b e / must , bt e / m not b e th a nsw r.
) W ll don ! You m y b e / mustb e / mightb e v t pl as dl
d) I , v no id a w h r Ja n is. Sh ould b e / mustb e a ny w h r !
)I s u p p os i t , s p ossi b | . I m i g h t / n / m usot m t o y o u r p a r t y .
f) I , m not sur . I must ot / m otb e a bl to g t th r in tim .
g) h a t n , t b e / must , bt e / m not b e D a vid . H h asn , t got a bik .
h) Lisa isn , t h r y t . Sh e n b e / mustb e on h er w a '
D T h r ,sSom on a t th door. I t n b e / ouldb e th e postm a n .
i) Sorry , I n , t om e / m ot om olt tonight . I h a v to do my hom work .

2 R writ e e a h se nt e n , using con , con , t ,might or must , a nd b ginning a nd e nding

as shown.

a ) Sara h is r a lly good a t swimming .

Sa f f ih. . . 94 . W . . { . w .L. . . . w ll .
. . r .lllY,
b) I t ,s possibl th a t our t a m will win .
our t am . . . . . . . . . .w. .i n .
) I'm sur this isn , t th right ro a d .
T his . . . . . . . . . . . . th right road.
d) I , m sur you work v ry h ard!
You . . . . . . . . . . . . v ry hard.
) C arolin isn , t a llow d to om to our p arty .
C arolin to our p arty .
f) I t ,s possibl th a t l,ll s you tomorro but I , m not sur .
I ................ , but I ,m not sur .
8) I'm a f a id th a t your t a h r is un a bl to om tod a y .
I ' m a f r a i dt h a t . . . . . . . . . . . . today.
h) I , m sur it ,s v ry hot h r in summ r.
It ............... h r in summ r.
i) x us m , is it a ll right if I op n th window?
us r n ,. . . . . . . . . . . . th window?
i) I suppos you ,r rs P rry . How do you do?
You . . . . . . . . . . . . r s P r r y .H o w d o y o u d o ?

IL
 GRA n AR lE o D ALs i: PR s N AND FU UR

3 D i d e w h t h r e a h P a ir o f s e n t e n sh a v e a si m i l a r m a n i n g ,or w h e t h e r t h e y
are diff re nt . Writ e Sfor som e or D for diff er nt .

a ) You , d b tt r go. Y o u s h o u l dg o . . . . ? . . .
b) You don't h a v to pr ss this button . Yo u m us t n , t p r sst h is b u t t o n . . . . . . . . .
) You should h a v a r st . Yo u o u g h t t o h a v a l s t . . . . . . . . .
d) You must b e cra z ! Yo u s h o u l d b r a z y! ' . . . . . . .
) You must b h er b for 8.30. Yo u h a v t o b h r b f or 8 . 3 0' . . . . . . . .
f) You mustn't do th a t! Yo u d o n , t h a v t o d o t h a t! . . . . . . . .
g) You shouldn , t a t so mu h . Yo u o u g h t n o t t o a t so m u h . . . . . . . . .
h) W h a v to work h ard r. W m us t w or k h a r d I . . . . . . . . .
i) I , d b tt r W I it my l tt rs. I m us t w ri t m y l t t rs . . . . . . . . .
i) I ought to l e a v now . I hav to l av now. ........

lng 4 R w ri t e e a h s n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g a n d o n t a i nst h e w or d i n

bold .

a ) I t would b e a good id a for you to s a d e ntist .

ought
p' .W.
...Y.q.*.' , (!.'
.'t! ..{*'' ...
dpnt.kt.''
b) I t ,s not n ssaryfor us to go to s hool tomorrow .
hav

) I , m sur th a t isn , t John , b a us h ,s in Paris.

be

d) P rh a ps Ann is a t hom .
b

) You ought to W ar a Wa Im oat today.

had

I t's possibl th a t I ,ll b la t .

may

D'
l I wouldn , t go skiing if I w re you .
think

h) I t is forbidd n to l a v you bik h r .

an,t

7
 lN R EDlA E LANGUAGE PRA ICE

lil
! rll
5 Compl e t e a h se nt e n e with on e suit a bl e mod a l a uxiliary .

a ) So l d i e rs. ' . ! t p . . . . . . . .t .o o b e y or d e rs .
b) I think you ........... tak you umbr lla .
) Sorr y ,I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g. .o. .n o w . I d o n , t w a n t t o b e l a t .
; d) I ,m not sul , but I . . . . . . . . . . b abl to h lp you.
) Fra n es aisn , t a t hom e , so sh e . . b on h r w a y h r .
I
0 W . . b tt r not l a v a ny windows op n .
1
g) I t . . . . . . . . . . b a st a ,it ,s too bright . Perh a ps it ,s a n a li n sp a ship!
i
I h) I don't .. to go to work today. It's a holiday.
I . . to finish a ll th e work you g a v m .
i D Sorry , but I w asn , t
I
t
i) I think you ........... t o a s k y o u t e a h rf or so m a d v i .

6 Re writ e e a h s nt e n e so th a t it do es not ont a in th e phrase in itolics.

l
t a) If I wer ou I ,d tak mor x r ise.

I
I
I ..t! i tk..y.o.*.d...b.et'.t. r/Jq ., :! p. !d..t. k.! !!19..
b) I e pe tth plane will land soon.
I
I

I ) You re not Ilowedto us a di tionary.

l

II d) It,s impossiblefor th t to b Su . Sh ,s abroad.

I
I
r
I
a
e) It,s possible th t | , \ | om to your party.

f) It,s g inst the l w to dtop litt r in th str t.

g) It,s not ne ess ryfor ou to wait.

h) You,d bettersta in b d t day.

!
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I

!
I
I
I 74
I
I

;
 :

Expla n a tions
Ability r T o t a l k a b o u t g n r a lp a s t a b i l i t y W us o u l d , o u l d , t a n d w s f u l t o'
| n ould swim / w s bl e to swim w h e sh w s t .
T o t a lk a bout on sp ifi p ast a tion w only us w s bl to.
Wh D vid f e I I i th e riv r,| n e w s bl e to res u ehim .

rtaintyand T h f or m is : m o d a l + h v + p a s t p a r t i i p l . o m p a r w i t h G r a m m a r 1 8 :
;n rtainty You must h v e l e f t your p Ssporto th e pl e .
(d du tion : I , m sur you did)
Lin , t h v e writt e this.
( d d u t i o n :I , m s u r s h d i d n't )
ri might/m / ould h ve t ke the bus.
(un rt a inty : p rh a ps sh did)

Obligation r T o t a lk a bout oblig a tion in th p ast W us h ld to, did , t h eto, did , t e d

to, d , th e do e .T h r is no p ast fotm of must .
Wh I w s lt s hool,w h d to / did , t h v e to-w e r u iform .

r I n st i t gla mm ar th r is a diff r n b t w n didn , t n d to a nd n e e d , th lv

don e .
I didn , t n e d to do hom e worky est rd . (I had a hoi )
I e e d , t h v e don e hom e work est rd y . ( I did it , bu t it w asn't
n ss a r v )
But in v ryd a y sp h W us didn , t e e dto for both as s.

O pinions and r T h form is : mod a l + h + p ast p arti ipl . omp ar with Gra mm ar 18 :
advi I think you should h v e work e d h rd er.
You should , t h v e t e so mu h!
W a n lse ought to h do e a d oughtnot to h e do e in th sa m w a y .

r T h s forms m a n th a t w e ar m a king a riti ism . So in th x a mpl s a bov

W ar sa ying . I think you W r w tong , .

5 t ALso

G r a r m a r 1 8 : Mo d a ls 1
''. .'i t : : :: :r : : I : : : :i t :t :t ; :II: II . . .

75
lN ER]t,l DlA E tANGUAG PRA I E

F or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t e t h s o n d s e n t e n so t h a t i t m a ns t h e s a m e a s
th e first , using no mor th a n thre e words. Contra tions ount as on e word .

a ) I , m sur you dropp d your w a ll t a t th bus stop .

Yotl . . . | | it # t'.L . v ./..7. q . d . . ou , w a ll t a t th bus stop .
a . .B'
b) a yb Jo a nn a miss d th last bus.
Jo a n n a . . . . t h l a s t b us .
) P t r k n w how to sk a t w h n h w as t w lv e .
P t r. . . . . . . . . . s k a t ew h n h w a s t w l v .
d) mm a W as Wrong not to t ll you th a nsw r.
mma . . . . y o u t h a ns w r .
) I t w asn , t n Ssaryfor us to p a y to g t in .
W ............. pay to g tin.
f) I , m sur th a t Dia n a didn , t t a k your books.
Diana . . . .y o u r b o o k s .
g) P rh a ps D a vid didn , t noti you .
David . . . .n o t i d you.
h) T rry arriv d arly , but it w asn , t n ssary .
T rr y . . . . . . . . . a rri v d a rl y .
i) I t w asn , t n e Ssaryfor m to buy a ny food y st rd a y .
I didn , t . . . . a ny food y st rd a y .
j) I t w as a b a d id a for us to b rud e to th poli m a n!
W ............. b nr u d t o t h p o l i m a n l

2 R e w ri t ee a h s e n t e n eb e g i n n i n g a s s h o w n . D o n o t h a n g e t h e m e a n i n g .

a ) You W r Wrong to study so la t !

Youshouldn,
t . . h!!Y ird. .l . . . p..t
. 9. . { .t*d
b ) D i d y o u m a n a g t o s t o p h i m?

I didn't
d ) P rh a ps T im h as lost his w a y .
T im might
) I t w as possibl for you to hurt yours lf .
You ould

76
 GRAlV I I V I AR I 9 lV I O D ALS 2 : PAST

0 I t would h a v b n a good id a to t ll m .
You should
s) I , m sur th lass n joy d it .
Th l a s sm u s t . . . . . . . . . .
h) I h lp e d h r but it W asn , t n ssary .
I n e dn , t
i) I t w as a mist a k to l a v .
You ought
I , m sur th butl er didn , t do it .
T h b u t l r a n , t. . . . . . . . . .

3 Compl e t e e a h se nt n so th a t it , ont a ins th e words in bold .

w e . . { .W.*l'd. .!g g. .tltk .4!k . .*l b.r.4Lt!. . .'. . . . , . . .'. . ,
soa k d!
a) I ,m omple t ly
should / umbr lla
b) I , v lost my b a g . I think I
must / bus
) I tri d to phon Sa m , but T

ouldn,t/g t through
d) I forgot Ka t ,sbirthd a y . I
should / pr s nt
) Th a t d o s n , tl i k f r u i t! I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a n , t / ora ng
0 Jo is n . t h r e y t . I s u p p os s h ...........
might/ addr ss
g) I did b a dly in th t st . I
ought/hard r
h) I t ,s a sh a m e w didn , t go on holid a y . W
uld/fun

77
 Underlin e th e orre t word or phras in e a h se nt n .

a ) Jim lsk d / toldt h t a h r if t h book w as his.

b) I h v h d / h d t w o t t h t a k n ou t l ast w k .
) I a n , t d o t h s s u m s . I w is h I h / h da a l u l a t or w i t h m .
d) An n r f us d / s idsh did , t w t m to borro w h r bik .
) H l n 't h stol e / m st h v stol th mon y from t h of fi . Sh didn , t
om in to th offi on th day it w as stol n.
f ) I f I h v / h ld mor mon , | , d p a for you too .
g) I t ,s g t ting v ry l a t , so I t hin k ou , d b t t r / you ould | a v .
h) ra y phon d a rli r a nd sa id t h a t sh h d b e e n / w ould b e | a t .
i) h n x t t w o l ssons w r b /h v b a n ll d .
i) | f w , d r e m mb e r d / w r e m mb r e dto bring t h map, w w ouldn , t h a v got
lost .

2 Lo o k a r f u l l y a t e a h l i n . So m l i n s a r e o r r e t b u t s o m h a v a w o r d w h i h
should not b th ere . i k ( / ) e a h orr t | in e . lf a ]in h as a word w hi h shou I d
not be th ere , writ e th e word in th e spa .

Do- I t-Yours I f
Last w e k my broth r a nd I d id d to p int our | .......... { .........
b drooms if whil our p ar nts w r out for th cLf
d a y . O ur p ar nts usu ally th y h a v th painting don .....................
by a lo al firm, but w thought w ould to sa v som 4 .....................
mon y if w d i d p a i n t i t o u rs l v s . W had wat h d th 5 .....................
p a i n t rs t h last tim th h us had to b n paint d, 6 .....................
so w thought , would b a bl to do th job . 7 . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .
. F i rs t a l l t h s u r f a s I .....................
must h a v to b w ash di m
broth said. . T h a t an,t hav b v ry diffi ult,, I 9 .....................
r pli d. , W ' d b t t r i f p u t s o m n W s p a p rs o n 10 .....................
th arp t. I f w an mak a m ss , w , l l g t i n t o 11 .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ..
troubl . , Aft r th a t h ad b n havdon , w iook d t2 .....................
for som paint in th gard n sh d. ,W ould us 1 ........'.'..........
t his r d p a i t , , I w as sugg st d . y brot h r sa id t h a t i4 .....................
h pr f rr d gr n p a in t . Just as if w w r going to 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
st a rt , our p a r n ts a rriv d hom . ,You should h a v b n 16 .....................
a s k d u s f i rs t , , m y m o t h r s a i d u s' , Y o u a n p a i n t t h 17 .....................
r st of th hous t o o! , 18 .....................

78
 D i d w h i h a ns w r ( A , B , or D ) b s t f i ts t h e sp a e .

M ki g arra em with P lul

ts
A f w d a y s a g o P a u l p h o n d m a n d ( 1 ) . . . . I d . ' . . w h t h I r( 2 ) . . . .. . . , , , 1 k i n g
a f t rh i s d o g w h n h ( 3 ) a w a y .I ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . .t.h. a t I d i d n , t r 1 1 1 . l i kd o g s '
b u t h s a i dt h a t h ( 5 ) a l l h i s o t h r f r i n d s ,a n d t h a t I ( 6 ) . . . . . . ' . . h. .i s
o n l y h o p . H i n v i t d m r o u n d t o h i s h o u s ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . .t.o. m t t h d o g , a n d
h told m that h (8) d i n n r f or m . A n h o u r l a t r h p h o n d a g a i n
a n d s a i d t h a t h ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . .a. f t r a l l , so I ( 1 0 ) m tingth fo]lowingd a v
lnt
f or l u n h . T h n x t m or n i n g h l l dt h is a p p o i n t m n t a n d , a f t r h
an
,I
( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . .s. ,a i d t h a t h ( 1 2 ) th dog to my hous a t 6.00. don,t
, o u l d y o u t l l m h o w ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . .t.h. r ? ,
k n o w x a t l y( 1 3 ) ,, h said.
I qui kly sa id I (15) out a nd put th ph n dow n . Lu kily I h a v n , t
h a r d f ro m h i m si n e .

1) A told B said m a s k dm D sp k
2) A would mind B want C lik D willh lp
h ) A h as gon B w nt would go D will go
rld 4) A told him B sa id him ask d him D r pli d him
5) A asks B would ask will ask D h a d a lr a d y a s k d
6) A a m B will b C had b n D w as
7) A this v ning B th a t v ning th v ning D in v ning
8 ) A is o o k i n g B will ook would ook D had ook d
9) A h a d to go out B w nt out go s out D h as to go out
10) A h a d sugg st d B would sugg st sugg st d D sugg st
11) A has don B t o l d m sorr y ask d D had apologiz d
12) would bring B h a d brought brought D brings
1 ) A^ w h r is i t B i f i t is w h r i t is D how was it
14)AdoIg t BIg t I willg t DI,mg tting
15) A w e nt B go will go D w as going

4 ompl t a h s e n t e n ew i t h o n e o f t h e w or ds or p h r s sf ro m t h b o x .

ould d€* :* r e + o might hav must mustn't should

h a d to h a v to

a) W ..dp. t . . h u * . . t . Q . . . .a u n i f rma t m y s h ool .

-eat
b) You pla y with m a t h s!I t ,sv ry d a ng rousl
) I ,m not Su ,b u t I t h i n k I . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . l ft my wall t in th bank.

d) I,m g tting up arly ,b aus I '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go running b for s 1-t l

) So r r y I a n , t s t a y a n y l o n g r , b u t I r a l l y g honl .

f) If you want to, W ............. go swimming thls a f t rno n .

g) Sorry I , m la t , but I . . . . . . . . . . .. tak my dog to th \ - t,s.

h) I think you ............ go to b d a r l i r ,a n d s t o p d r i n k i n g off .

79
!N ER]Yl DlA E LANGUAGE PRA l E

5 C o m p l t e t h e s e o n d s e n t n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i | a rm e a n i n g t o t h f irs t
s nt n e.

a) I don , t k now th a nsw r, so I a n , t h e lp you .

N''th*.g.w.w.
rcl ...k .p. pr'..I...N Ld...l:w |B.'
! *.
b ) Don , t run f ast , or you ,ll f l tir d .
I f . . . . . . ...... . .
) An off-duty poli wom a n arr st dth robb er.
T h robb r
d) W didn , t l a v arly , s w miss d th tra in .
If w ..........
) I a t a ll th i - r a m , a nd now I r gr t it .
I wish
Wh r is th bus st a tion?
Could you ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . .
s) T h lo a l oun il is building a n W sports ntr .
A n w sports ntr
h) I think you should go to th do to ,s.
If I .............
i ) Som on us d a h a mm r to br a k th window .
h window
. Don , t forg t to buy som milk , Amy , , I sa id .

I r mind d

6 F or a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t e t h s e o n d s n t n eso t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m e a s
t h e f irs t , usi n g n o m or e t h a n t h r e w or ds .

a) I t w asn , tn ssaryfor m to go to work y st rd a y.

I didn , t . .h ur. . t . .q.3g . to work y st rd a y.
b) I , d lik to b ri h!
I w is h . . . . ri hl
) I , m going to t h h a irdr ss r,s tomorlo w .
I'm h a ving . . . . tomorrow .
d) P rh a ps a rk miss d t h bus.
Mark might .... th bus.
) Ma r oni w as t h in v n tor of ra dio .
Radio ......... by ar oni.
I t hin k you W r Wrong to forg t t h k ysl
You shouldn, t . . . . . . . . . . . . . th k ys!

80
 GRAt | AR 2o oNsoLlDA I oN 2

s) lt would b a good id a for us to t a k a n umbr lla .

W .........'... b t t rt a k a n u m b r l l a .
h) I , m sur th a t aria work d v ry h ard .
M a ri a . . . .v r y h a r d .
i) H l n g a v a a m ra to Ri h ard .
Ri h a r d . . . . a a m r ab y H l n .
II I t w as unn ssary for us to buy so mu h food .
W ............. b o u g h tso m u h f o o d .

7 F or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l t e t h s o n d s e n t e n so t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m a s
t h f irs t , usi n g n o m or t h a n t h r e w or ds .

a) Th p a in t rs a r oming to oul hous tomolro w .

.fu . . p. .aint dtomorrow .
W ar . .'l, .qt . &. .p' .. .,''9.
b) Som eon stol Pe t er,s ar last w k .
P t r. . . . . . . . . . s t o l nl a s t w k.
) , I , v lost my ti k t , Ka t , , sa id D a nny .
Danny told Kat that ........... l os t h is t i k t .
d) arl a dvis d Dia n not to t a k th job .
,I ................ . . . . . . t. h j o b i f I W r y o u l D i a n , ,s a i d C a r l .
) Wh n do s th pla y st art?
ould you ............ t h p l a y st a r ts?
L t ,s go for a pi ni if th w a th r,sgood .
L t , sg o f or a p i n i . . . . t h w a t h r , sb a d .
s) I st a y d up la t b a us I didn , t f l tir d .
I f I had f lt tir dI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. t a y du p l a t .
h) Jim liv d in Sp a in th n , so it w as impossibl th a t you m e t him h r .
Yo u . . . . . . ' . . . . . m tJi m h r , b a us h l i v d i n Sp a i n t h n .
i) , Do you h a v to l e a v arly tomorro Ann?, ask d ary .
a r y a s k dA n n i f s h . . . . . . . . . . . . l a v a rl y t h n e x t d a y .
jl . D o y o u t h i n k y o u o u l d p a ss m t h s a l t , P t r? ,l s a i d .
I ................ . . . . . . . e t rt o p a s st h s a l t .

81
IN RME D l A LANGUAGE PRA C I E

I U n d r ] i n t h e rrors i n t h s e s n t n e s C
. orr t t h e e rror .

a ) W ar a nd P a w as writing by L o T olstoy .
..w. .Ltt % ul
b ) T h a t m us t n , t b D a v i d! H , s o n h o l i d a y i n B r m u d a .

) Andr a ask d a p ass r-byw h r w as th tra in st a tion .

d) I f I h a d liv d in An i n t Gr e , I migh t b a sl a v I

e ) I n th army , you , d b tt r W ar a unif rm .

0 Ka t told m th a t sh must to finish h r hom work .

g) I think som on must op n your b a g . T h a t ,s th on1y e xpla n a tion .

h) I w ish I a rn t a ll r!

i) I r p a ir my ar by a qu a lifi d m h a ni .

j) I f I sa w a sn a k , I ,ll s r a m a nd run a w a yl

Pr o b l e m D o y o u h a n g e t ns sw h e n y o u us e r e p or t dsp e e h i n y o u r | a n g u a g ?
he k I f you n d to h k th pun tu a tion of dir t sp hyou a n look a t Gra mm ar 48.

C h e k t h e d i f f r e n eb t w e e n t h e s o n d a n d t h ir d o n d i t i o n a | sR. e m e m b rt h a t
t h e p a s t t e ns e v e r b i n a s o n d o n d i t i o n a ld o s n o t r e f e r t o p a s t t i m e .

3 W h n d o w e us e t h p a ssi v ?D o s y o u r I a n g u a g eus e p a ssi v sl i k e n g l is hd o s?

4 How do W e use must' h v to a nd should?Wh e n might you sa y :

a ) Jim h as to g t up arly v ry d a y .
b) Jim must g t up arly v ry d a y .
) Jim should g t up arly v ry d a y .

x p l a i nt h e d i f f r e n eb e t w e n e a h p a ir o f s e n t e n s.
a ) l , m u t t i n gm y h a i r .
I , m h a v i n g m y h a ir u t .
b ) I m us t h v l os t m y k ys .
I a n , t h a v l os t m y k ys .
) I didn't n d to buy a ny food y est rd a y .
I n dn , t h a v bought a ny food y st rd a y .
d) I f you a m by bus, you , d g t h r f ast r.
I f you h a d om by bus, you would h a v got h f ast r.

82
 E x p l a n a t i o ns
trPose: to and for r W us th fo infinitiv e to d es rib purpos , to sa y w hy w do things. T his is
a ll d , th infinitiv of purpos , .
list ir we t to the st tio to meet his p rents. (NoT { e + + + t)

r In formal sp h and writing W an tlse in order to. This is not as ommon as

th infinitiv of purpos .
The Preside tm de spee hin order to e pl i the poli y'

r W a n us pr follow d by a noun to sa y w hy w do som thing . T his is

sp ia lly ommon following v rbs of motion .
I -w e t to th e shopsfor som e milk .

llrrpose : so th t r W a n us so (th t)to xpr sspurpos . Af t r so (th t)w e us sub'i t+ v rb .

r For a h a bitu a l pulpos W us c I not th pr s nt simpl .
I le ve the wi dow oPe | 1So (th t) the t c n get i nd out'
BiI I we rs thi k socksi bed so (th t) his feet don,t get old.

l Fo a futur purpos W us c , wi I I or th pl s nt simpl e .

Dor is going to le ve l ss e so (th t) she go to the dentist'
W ,I I t ke umbrell so (th t) we don,t get wet.

r For a p ast purpos W us could , would or th p ast simpl .

Dor left l ss e rl so (th t) she could go to the dentist.
W took n umbrell so (th t) we would ,t get wet.
We took n umbrell so (th t) we didn,t get w t.

r I f th subj t of th first p art of th s nt n a nd th subj t of th purpos

la us ar diff r nt , w a n , t us th infinitiv of purpos fo. W h a v to us
so (th t)'
He I e pl yed th pi o to e tert in her f ie ds.
Helen pl ed the pi no so (th t) everyone else ould d e.

83
lN ER n DlA E tANGUAGE PRA I E

Pu t o n e s u i t a b l ew or d i n e a h sp a e .C o n t r a t i o ns o u n t a s o n e w or d .

a ) I w ro t t h d a t i n m y d i a r . . . ! . ! . . . . . o u l d n , t f or g t i t .
. . . t h 4 | t . . . . . . . .I. w
b) ost tourists om h r . . visit th a n i nt t mpl s.
) Mary all d a m ting . . . . . . . a. n n o u n
th t am.

0 O u r t a h rm a d u s s i t f a r a p a r ts o t h a t W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. . .a t !
g ) I , l l l a v t h b o x o p n s o t h a t y o u . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . .h. . .l .p y o u r s l f .
h) Lisa got up e arly so th a t sh . . finish h r hom work .

2 R writ e e a h se nt e n so th a t it ont a ins to word in bold .

a ) I w nt to th shops to g t som 8gs.

for
. .I. . W . et. g . . th thl
. .nl. { p.. .'W . { *. . ,'', . .
e . .Bl. l. q .r.
b) Ni ola a m h r for a m ting with th dir tor.
to

) W W n t on holid a y to h a v e a r st .
for

d) ik pla ys h ss f r r la x a tion .
t

) I op n d t h w indo w to l t in som a ir.

f r

0 Cristin a w nt shopping to buy som n w loth s.

for

s) I w n t to a pliv a t s hool for nglish l ssons.

t

h ) Sa m w nt to a sp ia list to g t tre a tm nt .
f r

84
 GRAi'lillAR 21 PURP O SE

3 C o m p l t e t h e s e o n d s e n t n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f irs t
senten e.

a ) Pa ul h a d t go to th do tor,s, a nd l f t work e arly .

p a .'. l . . . N p . r&. . . q . r!Y'. .'.
so. .t,h, a. .t. . . . k . . q q! { .!dJ. q''. t. .o. t. h. . do t or ,s.
b) T h s hool w s r built b a us it W asn , t larg nough .
Th s hool i n o r d rt o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
larg r.
) Sophia w a nt d Ja k to a ll h e a nd g a v him h r phon numb r.
Sophi a . so th a t . . . . . . . . . . . .h. . .r .
d) I might g t sunburnt , so I ,ll put on som sunt a n oil.
I'll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s o t h a t sunburnt.
) C a thy hid th pres nts a nd nobody sa w th m .
C a thy so th a t th m .
f) W w a nt d p e opl to d a n , so w h a d th p arty in a larg h a ll.
W ............ . . . . . . .s. o t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. a n .
g) Di k w a nt d to g t a good se a t , so h arriv d arly .
Di k .......... so th a t a goods at.
h) I ouldn , t s w ll in th in m a , a nd h a ng d s a ts.
I ................ . so th a t . . . . .b t t r .
D W didn , t W a nt to f l hung y , so w took som sa nd wi h s.
W took so t h a tW . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i) H arry w a nt d his fri nds to noti him so h wor a funny h a t .
H arry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s o t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. .i m .

85
 xpla n a tions
R ason a nd r su | t r W uS b use , s a nd sj n e w h n W W a n t to pl a in t h r ason for
som t hing . s a nd si a r e mol om mon in form a l sp h a nd writing .
T im did , t f l w I I , b use h h d t fif t e i e- re ms.
As / sin e T im h d t flf t e i - r e ms,h did 't f e l v r w e ll .
T im did , t f I w ll , s / si h h d t fif t e n i e - r ms

l s a nd si e arl om b ginning of th s nt n . Normally w do not

at th
b g i n s n t n s w i t h b a u s ,b u t t h is is p oss i b l i n i n f o r m a l s p h.
B e use T im h | e t e fif t i . r ms, h did , t f el v e ry w ll ,

r W uS so to x p r ss a r s u l t . N o t th r lation b tw n be us a nd so.
T im h d e t fif t e e i - r e ms,so h did , t f e l v ry w ll .

so a nd su h for l W uS so m / m u h ( t h t) a ld , so f w it tl ( t h t) w it h nou nsl for mph asis.

e mph asis T h t is usu a lly l f t ou t in in form a l sp h a nd writing . Not t h rul s :

ou n t a bl nou ns
I bough t So m books ( t h t) I ould , t rry t h m I I .
Th r w r so few p ople in the the tre (th t) th l tors did ,t p rform well'
Un ount a bl nouns
T h e r is so m u h r i t t h mom t ( t h t) w h rdly r 80 ou t .
W h v e so lit tl e fr e e tim e ( t h t) w do , t w t h t e l e vision'

r W us so + a dj + th t With a dj tiv s by th ms lv s.
tiv
L st igh t w as So hot ( t h t) I ouldn , t sl p .
T h e tr i rs w r e So h e p ( t h t) I bough t t w o p irs'

r If w hav an adj follo w d by a nou n , W us su h t .

tiv
I t w s su h rl lov e ly d l f t h t) w w l1t for w lk i t h e ou tr .
I t w s su h good f t I m ( t h t) I s t w it t w i .

too a nd not l Too + adj tiv m a ns.mor t h a n is n ss a r y o r g o o d , . I t s u g g s t s a

e nough for a diffi ulty , a nd th a t som thing annot b don .
diffi uIty I t w s too f r, (so I didn't go)
I t w ls too dif fi ult . (so I didn , t do it)

r lf w say what th a t i o n is w u s f o + i n f i n i t i v .
I t ll , tstoo f a r to w lk so lry etook trl i .
T h mo t tirt w ls too dif fi ult (for us) to limb .

86
 GRA AR 22 R AsoN AND REsUL

Nof + a dj tiv + e oughm a ns ,l ss th a n is n ssaryo good'. omp a th

us of too and not enough.
Little G rry is too young to tlt lk to s hool.
Little Gerry is not old enough to w lk to s hool.

With nouns W an us too m n /mu h, too few / Iittle and ot not .

Count a bl nouns
There re too man PeoPle i the l ss.
There r too few books.
We h v ,t got enough books.
Un ount a bl nouns
There re too m ny things to do.
There'stoo little time.
We h ven,t got e ough time.

Noti from th a bov x a mpl s th a t e ough om s a f t r a di tiv s ( ,old , ) but

b for nouns ( , books, / , tim , ) .

50 a d t oo I t is a ommon mist a k to onfus so a nd too.

So is lik v er , arrd is us d for mph asis. h sp a k r,sopinion a n b positiv
or n g a tiv .
oo m a ns . mor th a n nough , . I t sugg stsa diffi ulty , th a t som thing
a nnot b e don or will not h a pp n .
It,s very e pe sive, (a fa t)
I t ,s so e p e siv e . ( I , m surpris d ,but I still might buy it)
It,s too pe sive. (so I won,t buy it)

r Look b a k a t th x a mpl s in th e pr vious t wo s tions to s th s us s of so

arrd too.

R s u | tp h r a s s :os W a n a lso e xpress result with a linking phras lik as result ,or a tim
o r sult,in th nd, xpr ssion lik in th e nd or e v tu ll T. h s ar mor ommon in fo m l
*entuoIl sp e h a nd w iting .
Two metresof sn w fell duri g the night' As result, sever lm i ro ds were
blo k d , (in sp h w e would just us so h r )
It st rted r i i g while we were h vi g our pi ni | d eve tu Il we d ided
to go hom ,
K te d Tim w ited for the bus for lo g time, d in the e d the took
t i.

Li n k i n g w o r d s r Words | ik e b e c usea nd so ar a ll d ,linking words, .

87
 lN ERlt , | E DlA LANGUAG PRA I(E

1 U n d rl i n t h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s e n t e n .
a) I t w as such /soa d li ious d ink , th a t I h a d to h a v a noth er glass.
b) Andr w ate so mu h/so many ak s that h ould hardly walk!
) Ka t ,soff r sound e d so / toogood to b tru !
d) Th r are so few /so little good proglamm s on TV that I rar ly wat h it.
) I f lt so / toow e a k th a t I uldn , t st a nd up .
0 W h a d so mu h /som n fu e etim , th a t w got bor d .
g) I wait d for lain for ag s, arrd s result/in the e d I gav up.
h) T h r W as so mu h /som rt r ; inlast night , th a t th ro a ds w re flood d .
i) David was too t ll/t ll e ough/ enought Il/veryt ll to r h th sh lf.
i) I h a d so f e w /soI iff I ek now | e dg of th sub | t th a t I got z ro in th t St .

2 Comp | t th se nt e n eswith on e of th es wordsi too, e no a gh , so,such ,mllch ,

mon , littl , f w.

a ) I t , s . . . * { g . . . . . . . . . .l a. .t. . a n d t h e r a r s t i l l l o ts o f p o p l i n t h l u b .
b) I t ,s . . la t to t h a bus. I ,ll h a v to g t a t a xi hom .
) I h a v s o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w . . o. .r.k t o d o !
d ) I h a v s o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.o. .b.s. t o d o !
) I don,t hav .......... m o n y t o g o o n h o l i d a y t h is y a r .
f ) I h a v t o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m. . .o. n. y t o g o o n h o l i d a y t h i s y a r .
g ) I h a v t o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. .ros i n m y b a n k a o u n t t o g o o n h o l i d a y t h is y a .
h) I t w as . . a n x iting film .
i) T h film w as . . x iting .
i) I t , s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
h o t o n t h e b a h .I d o n , t li k i t . I , m g o i n g b a k t o t h h o t l .
k) I t ,s . . hot on th b a h! I lov it . I , m r a lly re la x d .

3 Pu t o n s u i t a b l ew or d i n e a h sp a e .

a) y t e a iS . . . t . . Q . hot to drink a t th mom nt .

b) I had to stand at th ba k, . . . . . . . . . t h r w r n , t a n s a tsl f t .
) Thomashad ............ . . . . . . . h. o m e w or k , t h a t h h a d t o s t a y u p l a t .
d) Th r W r .......... . . . . . . . p. o p l i n f ro n t o f us t h a t w o u l d n , t s .
) H l n miss d th bus, . . sh took a t a xi.
f) Th r W r .......... . . us t o m rst h a t t h s h o p l os d d o w n .
g) T h room W asn , tlarg . . for so m a ny gu sts.
h ) H a n n a h W a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. i.r. . .d t h a t s h f l l a s l po n t h t r a i n .
i) W h a d . . . . . mon y th a t w e ouldn , t v n buy a drink .
i) . . it w as ra ining , th s hool pi ni w as postpon d .

88
 GRA itAR 22 R AsoN AND R sUt

4 Re writ e e a h se nt e n e so th a t it h as a similar m e a ning a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold .

a ) I f lt r a lly tir d , so I st a y d a t hom a nd h a d a r st .

b a us
?e!t..
. s '|t.'.r
t r,d.,.
..
b) I didn , t us th a t pi of string , b a us it w as too short .
enough

) T h e qu stion W as so diffi ult th a t I h a d to ask for h lp .

su h

d) T h r w r n , t e nough s a tsfor a ll th gu Sts.

few

) T h r w r n , t nough s a tsfor a ll th gu sts.

many

W e a n , t put th a t box in th ar as th r isn , t mu h sp a .

littl

o\
| I h a v e n , t got nough tim to do a ll my work .
too

h) I'v got su h a lot of work th a t I a n , t go out .

so

Sh h a d lots of hildr n a nd didn , t k now w h a t to do.

m a ny

i ) I t w as su h a good pla y th a t th a udi n h re d .

so

89
lN ER]t,lEDlA tANGUAGE PRA C I E

5 Und erlin e th e errors in th ese se nt n es.Re writ e e a h s nt e n e .

a ) Sorry , but I h v n , t got littl e tim .

Sarrv, b r I h ve wt q t o . al
b) ri a is not nough old to driv a ar.

) Pa ul h as so mu h fri nds th a t h ,s a lw a ys busy .

d) W h a d too f w tim to go sight-s e ing .

) I t's too hot th a t I a n , t think!

) T h r W as too mu h snow th a t w ouldn , t tra v l.

g) I t w as so a long w a y th a t w d e id d to driv th r '

h) So t h a t I h a d ru n a long w a , I f lt xh a ust d .

6 Com pl e t et h e s o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f irs t

se nt e n e .

a ) I , m a f a id you ,r not f ast nough to b e in th running t e a m .

I , m a fra id you ,r to o . . . , t!! N'. t !. . . b9.'L.Y!,
. th*.'r 'llll. . . t' | , . . .'. .
b) I t ,s not v y f ar to th hous , so w e a n w a lk .
W an walk ..........
) T h film w s so long th a t w miss d our last bus.
I t w as
d) T in a f lt unh a ppy a nd sh ri d .
Tin a f ltso . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) T om h as lots of mon y , a nd do sn . t k now w h a t to do with it .
Tom h asso . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 Jim is too young to g t m arri d .
Ji m is n't
g) I a n't a fford to buy this bik .
I h a v n , tg o t . . . . . . . . . . . .
h) T h r ar too f w pla t s I , m a fra id .
h r ar n , t

90
 xp I a n a tions
, e ta nd r W a n us but a d I thoughto m a k a ontrast . lthough is mor typi a l of
.lough ar ful or form a l sp h or writing .
M ri f e lt ill, but sh e w e t to s hool.
M ri w e nt to s hool I though sh e w s ill.
h la us with lthough a n om a t th b ginning .
Although sh e w s i I I , ri w e nt to s hool.

r W an mphasize but arrd lthough with still a d 'nu .

M ri f e lt ill, but sh w e t to s hool ny w .
M ri f lt ill, but sh still w e nt to s hool.
Although sh e w s i I I , M ri w e t to s hool w .

r W an us yet inst ad of but in writing.

M ri f e lt ill, e t sh e w e nt to s hool,

cn though and l W a n us e v e n though | ik e I thoughto giv a strong r ontrast .

t tlgh Ev n though she felt very ill, ri we t to s hool.

r W a n us though\ ik e lthoughin inform a l sp h a nd writing . W of t e n

m a k t wo s p ara t s nt n sa nd put thougha t th nd .
ri we t to school. She w s ill, though.

.lil and wh reos l Whil e ar, d w h ere s a n b us d in form a l sp h a nd writing to omp ar t wo

f a ts a nd mph asiz th diff r n b t w n th m .
While /Wher s Somee pertse p tthe Gov r mentto win the ele tio ,most
b e li e v eth t th e oppositionwill wi .

fupit and l D espit e a nd i Spit eof arc a lso us d to m a k a ontrast . But th y ar follow d
n spite of by a noun or noun phras (not subj t + v rb \ ik e lthough) .T h -ing forrr, of
th v rb a ts lik a noun h r .
Despite her illness, M ri we t to s hool.
(No i*...1
Despite being ill, M ri went to s hool.
In spite of her illness, ri we t to s hool,
In spit of bei g iI I , M ri we t to s hool'

9t
lN ER vlEDlA E tANGUAG PRA !C

how ver and on the How e v erintrodu s or ompl t s a ontrasting s nt n e .How v ra lw a ys h as

ot h r hond pun tuation b fo and aft r.
ri w s ill' How e v*, sh e w e t to school.
ri w e t to s hool'Sh e w s ill, how e v er.
How e v eris mor ommon in form a l sp h a nd writing .

r Not th a t w a nnot sa y :

l n th e oth erh nd introdu s a ontrasting opinion . I t is mor ommon in

form a l sp h a nd writing .
Televisionh s m dv t g s'It keepsus i formed bout the l test news,
nd Isoprovid ese t ert inm e ntin th e hom . th e oth er h d , t e l e isio
h s be n bl med for the violent beh iourof some ou | xgpeopl , d f r
en our ging hildre to sit i doors, inste d of t king e er ise,

Li n k i n g w or ds r Words | ik e but , lthough a nd how e v erar a ll e d ,linking words, .

92
 GRAlvt AR 23 oN RAs

U n d e rl i n et h e orr e tw or d or p h r a s i n e a h s e n t n .
a) I r a d th book you Sugg st d I. didn , t n joy it , I though / fup g 11.
b) I n spit e of / Althoughw w arn d him , H arry still got lost .
c) Although/HoweverI lik it h r , I won,t stay h r long.
d) ars ar onv ni nt . o th e oth rh nd Vh ere s,th y a us pollution .
e) I didn , t h a v mu h tim e , but / how e v erI m a n a g d to visit lots f pla s.
0 ath rin Won th ra , lthough/d spifefalling v r.
g) Although/ In spite of the d lay, th train ar iv d on tim .
h) I didn,t manag to jump ov r th wa | | , Ithough/ efI tri d twi .

2 Completee a h senten w i t h o n s u i t a b l w or d .

. . Lt] : h . T im f lt tir d , h st a y d up to finish his hom work .

b) Sa m didn , t lik sk a ting . . . . h w nt with his fri nds a ll th sa m .
) I f o u n d F r n h h a r d a t f irs t . . . . . . . . . . . , I so o n s t a r t dt o n j o y i t .
d ) J a n k p t r u n n i n g , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. .o. u g h s h k n w s h e o u l d n , t w i n .
) ik e w as lost , but h . . r fus d to look a t th m a p .
f ) C a ro l w n t t o s t h f i l m , . . . . . . . . . . s h h a d s n i t b f or .
g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . . r a i n , t h s h o o l sp or tsW r a g r a t s u ss .
h ) H l n w o n t h s w i m m i n g o m p t i t i o n , i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .f. .h r o l d .

3 R w ri t e e a h s e n t e n eb g i n n i n g a s s h o w n . D o n o t h a n g e t h m e a n i n g .

a ) Although it w as snowing , w w nt out for a w a lk .

b) Som xp I ts think pri es will f a ll, but oth rs disa gr .

Whil
) v n though th y w r losing a t h a lf-tim , ity won in th nd .
D spit
d) D spit e th h a t , Dia n a wor h r wint r loth s.
Although
) Wh re as last summ r w as good , this summ er it ,s ra in d a ll th tim .
Last summ r w as good
$ Ja m s h a d a h a d a h ,but h still r a d until la t .
In spit of
g) Although Jon h a dn , t studi d , h did w ll in th t st .
Jon h a dn , t studi d

93
 Expla n a tions
W h a t is a r A fun tion is a vr'a vof d s ribing la ngu a g a ording to its purpos (how it is
fun tion? us d) . F un tions n b sho t phras s as w ll as singl words. T ypi a l
fun tions a : off ing som thing , asking for p rmission , m a king a
Su g g s t i o n t .

r T h sa m fun tion a n b pr ss din diff r nt W a ys. O ur hoi of words

d p n d so n :
_ h si t u a t i o n r a r i n : is i t p u b l i or p ri v a t ?w h o ls is p r s n t?
- h p rson \ Y a t a lking to : som orr of our ow n a g ? how w ll do w
k n or v t h m?
_ \ \ -h a t \ \ ' ar t a lking a bout : is th topi s nsitiv ? or is it light a nd
u n i m p or t a n t?

r h fun tions b low ar lassifi d as form a l ( = polit ) , n utra l or inform a l,

but r m mb r th a t th hoi of words d p nds on m a ny things. You might
b t a lking to a fri nd a nd you W a nt to borrow a p n , so you ar inform a l.
But if you ar t a lkin8 to th sa m fri nd a nd you W a nt to borrow a larg
a mount of mon y you will us mor form a l la ngu a g .

As k i n g f or r T o ask for inform a tion w a n us a n indir t qu stion :

i n f or m a t i o n (n utra lt
n ou te I I me wh t time the bus from Gl sgow rrives?
ould ou te I I me wh t time the bus from Gl sgow rrives?
) f ourse .I t rriv es t 9. 0' (n utra 1r
Would ou mi d t e lli g m e w h t tim e th e bus from Gl sgow rriv s?
) f oursenot . I t rriv es t 9, 0. ( f or m a l )

r Not th indir t qu stion form (No T * + - + i* a s ...).

O f f e rs off ring h lp :
Sh ll I c rry this suit sefor ou? (n utra l)
Le t m e rry your suit s . (n utra l)
) T h k ou v ery mu h . / h nks, but I m ge.
off ring things :
Would ou lik e sof t dri k? (n utra l)
) Yes,pl se ,I ,ll h v e n r ng jui . / No th nks,it ,s oK'
Would you like t or off e? (n utra l)
) I , d r th er h v e off pl
, se ./ I , d pre f er t e ,pl se ./ I don , t mi d .

94
 GRA } | AR 24 UN loNs

krmission Is it ll right if I le ve e ? tinf rmal t

n I le ve rly,ple s ? l n u t a 1t
) Yes,of ourse'
) Sorry,but ou n,t, You h ve to st y to th nd.
ould I possibl le v bit e , ple se? (form a l r
) Yes,you n'
M I l ve e , ple se? (formal)
) Y s,you m y.
Wh n w r ply w e of t n r p a t th mod a l v rb , but noti th a t lth n l
r ply to ould I W say n ot ould.

Promising I , I Ibe b k t 11. 0. (n ut a l)

I tryon,tdo thing siI I ! (n utra l)
T h e word wi I I is use d in m a ny fun tions.

qu ests C n ou open the window,ple se? (n utra l)

n ou h e lp m e? (n utra l)
ould ou open the window ple s ? (form a l)
Will/Would ou w it here, ple se? (form a l)
W a n r ply to a r qu st by a gr ing or r fusing :
) Sure ./ No probl e m ./ of ourse .
) A ttl ll , it ,s bit in onv e ni e t'/ I , m sorry but th t ,s ot possibl e .

qu stswith r R qu stswith mind ar onfusing for l arn rs b a us Would ou mi d ''.

mind m a ns , Is it probl mfor you?,' So w Sa ,r1o,if w w a nt to b h lpful.
Would ou mind h e lping m e?
) No, of oursenot.
) tu Ily, I ,m quite busy t th moment.Perh ps l ter.

r Not that w us an -i g form aft t Would you mi d.

Su g g s t i n ga n d L t,s go to the inem . (n utra l)

dvising Wh don,t we 80 to th i em ? (n utra l)
How bout going to the inem ? (n utra l)
We ould go to the in m , (n utra l)
I f w m a k a sugg stion to a noth r p erson it is a dvi :
I think ou should st t hom e' (form a l)
I f I w ere ou , I , d st y t hom e . (form a l)

95
 lN ERr E DlA E tANGUAGE PRA lCE

1 a t h w h a t p e o p l e s a y ( a _ | )w i t h t h e f u n t i o ns( 1 - 1 0 ) .

a) \ \ uld you lik a up of t az . . . . .t. . . .

b) us m , do you k now w h a t tim th muse um op e ns?
) . \ t a l l y ,I t h i n k I , d r a t h r h a v a h i n s m a l . . . . . . . . . . . .
d) l kno w o u l d w a l k a l o n g t h ri v r . H o w a b o u t t h a t? . . . . . . . . . . .
) S o r Y b, u t I w o n , t d o i t . . . . . . . . . . . .
fl h a t l o o k s d i f f i u l t . Sh a l l I h e l p y o u? . . . . . . . . . . .
g) x us m , but do you think you ould turn your musi dow n a
hl \ \ ll, to b hon st , I think you should go to th poli .
i ) I s i t a l l ri g h t i f I g o o u t t o t h s h o ps f or a m o m n t? . . . . . . . . . . .
i ) I 'l l d f i n i t l y b t h r a t 6 . 0 0 . I w o n , t b l a t !
1 Giving a dvi
2 Asking for inform a tion
off ring h lp
.1off ring som thing
5 Asking p rmission
6 R fusing to do som e thing
7 xpr ssing a pr f e n
8 a king a promis
9 a king a r qu st
10 a king a sugg stion

2 U n d e r I i n et h e orr t w or d or p h r a s e i n a h s e n t e n .
a) I , m v ry busy . Le t ,sluldJou-mi d giving m a h a nd?
b) If I ,,ilereyo I ,d write /How bout ou wite th l tt r again.
) Why don , t w go / goingto th th a t tomorrow?
d) Would you mi d / ouldyou los th door pl as ?
e) Do you lik e Vould ou / ik e som mor w a t r?
f) [ promis I wo ,t do it/ I do ,t do it again.
8) I , quit good a t ooking too. Sh ll I h e lp / \ VouldI h I p ou?
h) I , v a sugg stion' Wh do , t ou go / ouldyou 8o to th b a h?
i) Would I borrow / ouldI borrow your rul r?
i) r you tir d? I think you go /should80 to b d arly .

96
 GRA AR 24 FUN loNs

3 Re p I a eth p arts in itolicswith a more a ppropria t e or a ura t xpression .

a ) Look , don , t worry a bout m , th er ,sa bus a t 12.3 .So I , m b kb 2'oo, I

promis !
q k. h
. . . . . . . . | .LL-bp
b) A : Would you lik a n i - r a m? O r som a k p rh a ps?
B : I chooseic e- re mpl
, as .

) A : I , m h a ving probl ms a t s hool. Wh a t do you think I should d ?

B : I t lk it ov r with our p re ts.

d) A : This suit ase is leally h avy, and my ba k is killing m !

B : Do I r it?

) A : I , m not sur w h a t to do this v ning . Any id as?

B : You will go to the i m ,perh ps?

f) A : I , v got a n a ppointm nt a t th d ntist ,s.Sh l I I l e v es hool e ?

B : H a v you brought a not e from your p ar nts?

g) x use m e , I w a nt to a t h a bus from h ere to London . T e ll m e how mu h do es

it ost .

h) A: I f l really hungry. Hav you got anything to at?

B : Do ou lik e som e l e mon d e?

i ) A : It,s v ry hot in h re, re ou opening the wi dow?

B : O f ours .

j) : Com e on , hurry up! T idy your room a nd m a k e your b d!

B : No, I do , t!I t ,s not f a ir!

97
lN ERlYlE D!A E LANGUAGE PRA l

4 For e a h qu estion , ompl e t e th e se ond s nt e n so th a t it m a ns

th e first , using no more th a n thre e words. '\ "*

a ) Pl as t a k a s a t .
Would. . .Y!!4. . .t!Ld. .ta ki.ng.
.. . . . a s a t?
b ) Fruit jui w uld b b tt r for m .
I ................ . . . . . . . .f .r u i t
) I , d lik you to 'a it for m .
for m , pl as ?
d) Will you a llo 'm to l a v th room?
. . . . . .t h ro o m?
) I , d lik You to tu n off th t l vision .
C uld . .......... . . . . . .t h t l v i s i o n ?
L t ,s go fo a w a lk .
for a w a lk?
o)
6/ I promis not to t a lk to Ri h a rd a g a in .
I ................ . . . . . . . . t. o R i h a r d
h) Would you lik m to h lp you?
v o u?
,) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; " ; " ;.; ; ; ; ;
Would you ........... w h n t h p l a n a rri v e s?
i) y a dvi e is to s do tor.
If I ............. I ,dse a do tor.

5 Completee a h s nten w i t h o n e s u i t a b l w or d . Mor e t h a n o n e a ns w e r m a y b e

p ossi b l .

a ) I think ou . , . { 'fu l. d . . . . .sp . , mor tim on your hom work .

b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. .o. u. . h l p m a r r y t h s b a g s ?
) u s m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y. .o. u. . t l l m w h a t s t r tt h i s i s ?
d) Wh a t a t rribl nois I . . you pl as b qui t!
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g. .o. .s. k a t i n gt o m o r r o w .
f) Would you ........... t l l i n g m w h a t t i m i t is?
g ) T h a n k sf o t h o f f b u t I , d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. .t . . y. a t h o m .
h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sy iogun y o u r n a m h r ,p l a s s, i r ?
D . . you lik a noth r sli of pizz a?
i) Pl as . . I l a v th e t bl ?

98
 Expla n a tions
R I a tiv e la uses R la tiv la us s ar short phrases b ginning with words lik rl'llo, tl t a nd t hi h
( a ll d ,r la tiv pronouns, , )th a t d fin or d s rib p opl a nd things. h a
t wo typ s :

r D e fining r la tiv la us s :W us th s to id ntify x a tly w hi h p son o

thing w m a n . T h inform a tion is n ssaryfor th s nt n to m a k s ns .
The do tor who tre ted me told me not to worry.
I n this x a mpl th r is mor th a n on do tor nd w only k now w hi h on
by th r la tiv la us .

r Non-d fining r la tiv la us s :W us th s to giv xtra inform a tion . h

inform a tion is not n ssaryfor th s nt n to m a k s ns .T show this in
writing W us omm as.
P blo Pi sso,w ho di e d i 1973, w s p i t er d sculptor,

R la tiv pronouns l w hi h , th t
Whi h r f ers to things a nd th t r f rs to p opl a nd things. T h t is morc
ommon , sp ia lly in sp h.
The bus whi h goes to iro l vesfrom h re.
The wom n th t we spoke to 8 v uS directio s.
The ro d th t ule took led to cient temple.

l who and vhom

Who and whom r f r to p opl .
I n form a l sp h a nd writing W a n : sew hom inst a d of l ho w h r w ho is
th obj t of th s nt n (s b low ) . W a n a lso us t lhoma f t er a
pr position . How v r, this is b oming l ss ommon a nd in mod rn nglish
sp a k rsrar ly : usew hom _ inst a d th y us w ho or th t .
T h e p e opl w ho liv e n e t door m k e lot of nois '
T h e p e opl eth t liv e n e t door m k e lot of ois .
It w s the s me boy whom I met esterd '
( , I , is th subj t , , Whom , is th obj t)
No on e k owsb w hom th e vi tim w s shot .
( a f t r th pr position , b ', bllt Y I y ra l in mod rn nglish . )
No one k ows ulho the vi tim w s shot by.
(norm a l usa g in sp h a nd writing)

l w hos
Whose shows th a t som thing b longs to som on .
T h e girl w hose s h d b e stol e nw t to th e p li st ltiott .

99
 lN RlvlE DlA E tANGUAG PRA I(E

Le a ving out th e T und rstand wheth r you an l av out the r lativ pronoun yo i st-i a
r e l a t i v ep ro n o u n to look a t w h th r th re la tiv la us re f ers to th e subi e t ot 9fu { ctof th
s nt n .

A r la tiv la us th a t f sto th subj t of th s nt n e :

The doctor who tr ted me told m not to,worry.
The do tor (subj t) tre tedme (obiect).

A r la tiv la us th a t re f rs to th obi t of th s nt n :
The doctor that/ whofuhom I spoke to told me not to worry.
l (subi t)spok eto th e do tor(obj t) .
W an l av ut the r lativ pronoun in a d fining r lativ laus that r f rs
to th obj t .
The do tor I spoke to told me not to worry.

W nnot l a v out th e r la tiv pronoun in a d fining re la tiv la us th a t

r f rs to th subj e t .
T h e doctor-w ho tre t e d m e told m e not to worry .

I n a non . d fining r la tiv la us w must k e p th r la tiv plonoun .

P blo Pi sso, who died in 1973, w s p inter nd s ulptor.

W a n a lso l a v out th r la tiv e pronoun a f t r a sup erla tiv .

Th t w s the best me I (th t) I ,ve ever e t !

.
,l
100
 GRA AR 25 REtA lv tAUs s 1

1 U n d e rl i n et h orr e t w or d i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) An old m a n , w ho / w hi hw as arrying a suit se ,k no k d a t th door.

b) h e winn r, w hi h / w hosebik w as a n unusu a l d sign , Won a m d a l.
) Th g1r|who/ whi h spok to m turn d out to b in my lass.
d) h mus um , w hich / w hosew as in a b a utiful building , w as los d .
) A poli wom a n th t / w hi hw ask d told us how to g t th r .
f) Th bo whose / whomholls I was staying at Was an old fri nd.
g) T h last p rson w hi h / w hosep n I borrow d didn , t g t it b a k .

2 Compl e t a h se nt e n e with w ho, w hoseor th t .

a ) T h fri nd . .'N .! sr. . . . . .hous

. I st a y d in is oming to st a y with us.
b) T h guid book . . w bought xpla in d v rything .
) Th oupl . . hous I bought both work d in my offi .
d ) I , d l i k y o u t o t l l m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y. .o. u. . w r t a l k i n g t o .
e) h g i r l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r. u. .l. . r I h a d b o r r o w dw a n t di t b a k .
f) I a n , t r m mb r . . I l nt my bik to.
8) Do you k now . . a th rin works for?

3 D e i d e w h e t h e r t h l a us i n i t o l i csis D e f i n i n g or N o n - d f i n i n g .W ri t D or N
n xt to a h se nt e n e .

a) Th git | w ho w s w iting w as b oming imp a ti e nt .

b) T h room' w hi h w s ormous,w as fill d with lin s of h a irs.
) Th stud nts, who wer l te, waited in th playground.
d) Th food which w s lefr Was at n th following day.
) A tall gir| , who w s we ring h t, ame into th room.
f) T h dog , w hich w s l ing on th e sof , h a d long point d a s.
g) T h tra in-w hi h l e v es t 8.00 do esn , t stop a t Ba th .

4 U n d e rl i n e r e l a t i v ep ro n o u nsw h i h a n b l e f t o u t i n t h s s n t e n G s .

a) T h book th a t John w as r a ding w as a bit fright ning .

b) T h t a v e l a g n y w hi h sold m th ti k t W as n ar my offi .
) I n th nd , our holid a y w as th b st th a t w h a d v er h a d .
d) T h d ntist w ho I go to isn , t v ry xp nsiv .
) T h film w hi h W s W last w k w as mu h b tt r th a n this on .
f) T h p opl w ho w er l a ving ouldn , t find th ir o a ts.
g) T h g ard n , w hi h w asn , t v ry larg , w as full of flow rs.

101
lN ER]vl DlA E tANGUAG PRA lC

5 R writ a h form a l se nt e n e as a n inform a l on e , e nding with th *o. " n.

\
a ) T h s ar th boys with w hom I w nt on holid a y . \
. . . ...y. . . . .with
t . hp . . . hp . .l . . . I . . 'lpl l-'. q' !.!ll!.idg
. ,' h p , . g'r'e ......
b ) T his is t h l t t r fo w hi h I , v b n w a iting .
for.
) h a t is t h shop f om 'hi h Su bough t h bik .
from .
d) T h a t is t h hot l a t $'hi h I st a y e d .
at.
) T im is som on to w hom I h a dly v r writ .
to.
fl Do you k now by w hom this book w as writt n?
. . . .b y ?
o\
o) Ra v nn a w as th most int r sting tow n in w hi h w st a y d .
in
h) ;;,,;;; " ;;;;; ;;,;;";;;;;;;;;;;:;;" ,;;;;
. . . . . . . .a.g a i n s t .

6 Add a re la tiv e pronoun to e a h se nt e n .

a ) Frid a y w as th last tim I sa w Jim .

. . . .ridg ''. w . q ,r. . . t . h . .Lq { . t . . .& !1&. . thnt . . I . . ,r'a wJi
b) T h isla nd w visit d W as xtr m ly b a utiful.

) T h girl I m t w as a fri e nd of Philip ,s.

d) T h m al w a t w asn , t v I y t asty .

) Gin a w as t h first p rson I ask d .

f) Th book I r a d didn , t xpl a in t h probl m .

g) h t a h rv usu a lly h a r. w as a w a y ill .

h) T h fri nds I m t l ast nigh t s nd you t h i lov .

ro2
 Expla n a tions
(ombining r Look a t th s short s nt n s.
5€n t e n e s bus goes to iro. It le vesfrom her .
A wom n te hesus musi . She lso pl s i or h str l'
We took ro d. It led to cient temple.
We spoke to wom . She g v us dir tions.
W a n ombin e th s nt n susing r la tiv la us s.
The bus th t go s to iro le vesfrom here.
T h e wom n w ho t e h sus musi lso pl s i or h estr .
The ro d (th t) we took led to n n ie t temple.
The wom n (th t) we spok to g ve us directio s.

r Not th a t arti l s of t n h a ng ( .8. from / n to th ) w h n s nt n sar

ombin d .
A girl,s ls -w stolts e n'Sh w e nt to th e poli e st ltio .
T h e girl w hose Sew S stol e w e nt to th poli st tio .

A do tor tre tedme. She told me ot to worr .

The do tor who tre tedme told me ot to worr .

I spoke to do tor.Sh told me ot to worry.

The do tor I spok to told me not to worry.

r Not this ommon I r O r : .

Wh n w ombin s nt n sw do not l p a t th subj t by a dding a noth r
pronoun ( T h e bus . . . it) .

R | a tiv e la uses T h r la tiv la us of t n h as a ontinuous v rb form :

w it h a n -ing form lI the stude tswho re le ving tomorrowgive b k their books?
I se nt rd to th girl w ho-w s living rossth e stre e t .
I n this as W a n l a v out both th r la tiv plonoun a nd th e'Jrlb .
n Il the stude tsle ving tomorrowgiv b k th ir books?
I se t rd to the girl living ross the street.
W h t as a r e I a tiv e We an us the r lativ pronoun wh t to rn a the thi g(s)th lt.
pronoun W e did , t u d rst dw h t sh e s id . ( = th things th a t sh sa id)
Wh t I w l tnow is up of t . ( = t h t hing t h a t I \ ^ - a n t)

103
lN ER n DlA LANGUAGE PRA C I E

Und rlin e th orre t word in e a h se nt e n e . \

a) Th ttain whi hh ho goesto Bfghton l aves from h r .
b) Th t/Whaf I like b st is an aft rnoon at th bea h.
) I didn,t know who/ ,hi hto ask about my tim tabl .
d) T h p pl w hi h7 \ vhose lugg a g w as lost h a d to w a it a long tim .
) Wh r ,s th rul v hose /th It left on this desk?
f) Th shop wh t/th t I w nt to didn,t hav any milk.
B) O o you k now w hom / w hoseb a g this is?
h) v ryone ,ho/ .whichwas th r will m mb r th day for v r.
i) Th s ond bls, ulhi h/ ,hos was full, didn,t stop eith r.
i) Jim w as h lp d by som e on w ho / -w hom told him th a nsw r.

2 Som e se nt e n esh a v e a word w hi h should not b e th re . Writ e th word in th e

sp a e . lf th e se nt e n is orre t put a ti k ( / ) .
ti
a ) T h m a n w hose his ar h a d b n d a m a g e d w as v ry a ngry. .'.r.L. w .
b) T h a t w as th long st film I , v v r se n .
) T h tra in w hi h it go s to London l a v s from h ere .
d) T h poli wom a n w ho sh stopp d m e ask d m my n a m .
) h iff l T ow r, w hi h it W as finish d in 1889, is m a d of iron .
0 v ryon th a t l n a spok to a dvis d h er to try a g a in .
s) T h hild n th a t th e y liv n xt door a I my fri nds.
3 Re writ e e a h p a ir of se nt e n es as on e se nt n , a nd in lud e th e word in bold .
Be gin as show n , a nd m a k e a ny n e essary h a ng es.

a ) W e w a nt to visit a mus um . I t op ns a t 1.2'oo.

that
T t , . .'!!0! | { . % lk . . th + . t . . J. 9 .' . g . t . . . tp'. .Y 'it . .!P9 ' . .'4
b) A boy ,s bik w as t a k n . H visit d th poli st a tion .
w hos
Th ...........
) A fri nd m t a t th a irport . H a ri d my suit as .
wh
h ............
d) om ook d a m a l. I t w as d li ious.
th a t
Th ...........
) A fri nd is st a ying with m e . Sh om es from Paris.
w ho
Th ............

104
 GRAt | i | AR 26 REtA lv tAUs s 2

0 I found a m a n ,s w a ll t . H gave m a r wa d.
w hose
The
g) I go to a shop in th ntr . I t is h a p .
that
Th
h) I w nt to a girl,s p arty . Sh phon d m .
w hos
Th
i) I k now som on . T his p rson lik s you .
w ho
I

4 Put on e word in a h sp a , or ti k ( / ) th e sp a if th e s nt e n e is orr t.

a ) W s n t a p r s n tt o t h h i l d r n . . . . . . . . . { . ' . . . . .l.i .v.i n g n x t d o or .

b) ik do sn , t r a lly k now . . h w a nts.
) I s t a r t dt a l k i n g t o so m b o ys . . . . . . . . . . si t t i n g b y t h si d o f t h ro a d .
d) I ask d ary . . . . . . . . . sh w as thinking, but sh wouldn,t t ll m .
) T h r w e r l o ts o f p o p l a t t h p a l t y . . . . . . . . . w w nt to.
f) I don , t r a lly k now . . you ,r t a lking a bout .
g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
. . . . n. dn o w is a m a p a n d a o m p a ss .
h) W sa w t wo ra bbits . . pla ying in th g ard n .

105
 Expla n a tions
Y s / No qu estions Q u stions w it h t h a ns \ \ - | ' Sot | 1oa r form d w it h a n a uxili a ry v rb +
sub j t + rn a in r' rb . h a u ili a r a n b do , b e , h e ot a mod a l v e r | | ik ,
w ill tc .

Pr s n t simpl D otl liv e ilt Pr g t t ? |

P s n t on tin uous r ot t sit ti g ot fort bl ? l
Pr s n t p r f t H ve ou ev r t e n o t o p t t s?
Past simpl Did ou phon Stt ?
Past ontinuous Were ou h ving b th?
Past p rf t H d ou lr e d l e f t?
tlt / ot tld n ou sw im? ould ou se ?
ttlttst, l tltto Iust ou go? Do ou h ve to go?

W h -q u s t i o n s W a qu stion w it h a qu stion w otd : w h t , w h y , w h e , w ho , w hos ,

a n a lso m a k
w hi h a nd holry . f t r t h qu stion w ord w us t h sa m stlu t ur as a Yes / No
qu stion : a uxili a ry v rb + sub j t + m a in v rb .

Pr s n t simpl W h e n do you usu I ly l e ?

Pr s n t on tin uous Wh t r ou doi g?
Pr s n t p rf t | rh h v ou stopp e d?
Past simpl Ho w did ou f e e l?
Past on tin uous W h e r e w e r e you living?
Past p rf t W ho h d ou told?
n / ould Wh t t I do? W h e r e ould h go?
m ust / h v e to W h t m ust I do? W h t do I h to do?

Q u estion words as So m t i m s t h q u s t i o n w o r d is t h subj t of th s nt n . I n t h is as w do

th subj e t not us do/does/did'

W ho did ou m e t i gl tld? ( , vou , is t h sub j t)

W ho m e t oLl t t h irport? ( ,rvho , is t h subi t ,
. r , o u , is t h o b i t )

| \ . lt lt do ts lt? ( , a ts is
, th subj t)
| \ -llo ts s t . t food? ( , w ho,is th subj t ,
,s a food ,is th obj t)

106

*
L
 GRA i | AR 27 QU s I oNs 1

H 9ative A positiv qu stion ould hav a eS ot o answ r.

q estions Do you like dogs?
) Y s,I do' / No, I don , t'
W e us n g a tiv qu stions w h n w xp t th a nsw r lt'ill b ll . I n so ia l
situ a tions this m a k s it e asi r for th e oth r p rson t r plv polit lv . omp ar :
Do ou like M i food?
) No, ot re ll (th a nsw r s msv ry strong)
Don't vou like Me i n food?
) No, not re I I ' ( t h sa m a nsw r S ms mor polit )

Sh o t ns w rs T o m a k a short a nsw r W l p a t th a uxiliary v rb .

Do you spe k Fren h? Yes,I do.

H v e you se e nthis f t I m? No, I h v e , t .
Did you st lo g? No, I didn,t.
Will ou b e l t e? No, I wo , t .
H v you got pe ? Yes,I h ve.
C n ou driv e? No, I n , t .

I 7
!N ER DlA LANGUAGE PRA ! E

Writ a qu estion for a h a nsw er.

a) | { h .t...t.i l ..dp..Yp ...w. G.L! .g.

t up? At ea..t..*p'?.
bout 7. 0 usu a lly .
b) I w as r a ding W r d Pe e.
) I w nt th r to buy som food .
d) So f ar I , v only a t n br a k fEst .
) Now you h a v to put it in tfi
ov nl
l
Y st rday?I f lt absolut ly { wful.
I , m w ashing my h a ir. I a n , t
t a lk , sorry .
B a us I h a v n , t p a id th
l tri ity bil1!
My bik ? I l f t it a t s hool.
y p arty? All my fri nds ar
oming .

2
A f a mily of thr liv s n xt door.
I pla y with my littl broth r.
rs D a wson t a h s m m a ths.
I usu a lly a t a sa nd wi h for lun h .
Horror films fright e n m .
I t a lk most to my fri nd Din a .
I sit n xt to Maria in nglish .
usi h lps m study .

W ri t a s h or t a ns w rf or e a h q u s t i o n ,b e g i n n i n g a s s h o w n .

a) Hav vou b n ill long? No, I h vev t

b) Ar vou r a iting for rn ? Y s,
) Did \ ,ou go to th in ma? Y s,
d) \ Vill r.ou b h r t o m o r o '? Y s,
) D i d r'o u h a r . t o p a v a l o t ? No,
fl an ou h lp m w i t h t h is p r o b l m ? No,
po y u k no w lr'h r t h t h a tr is? Y s,
8)
h) Is G org going to b th r ? No,

108
 Expla n a tions
D-.
a g q u e s t i o ns : r A t a g q u s t i o n is a s h o r t p h r a s a t t h € C r r j ] s t t l n t t h a t t u r n s i t i n t o a
f or m q u s t i o n . T a g q u s t i o n s a r f o r m d u s i g u 1 . i 1 1 s , . i .l' ' l l t , o r a m o d a l ) .
)d .
A p os i t i v e s t a t m n t h a s a n g a t i \ - t a . q . r r . : - r . is e '
rst .
Yousp e k Fre n h ,do , t ou? ] . l i qLLlL ! i

l
You do ,t spe k Fren h, do otl?

r H r a I som x a m p l s o f t a g q u s t i r rs s 1 : , l " . - . : {d : f f r n t r . bf ms a nd a
rf ] .
mix t ur of positiv a nd n g a tiv t a . s.

Pr s nt simpl You dotl, t kll rr l ; ; . i l : i . . 1. r d t ?

Pr s nt ontinuous W ,re jol'i , i { . l r i r - i j i . |. ' .7r ,t $e?
Pr s nt p rf t H ,s mo d ll ttst- lt stt. t lt ?
Past simpl You did , t t I l l tir' li l lou?
Past ontinuous I w s , t dri t'i t t " 1 { z . ; : rl rrs 1 .'
Past p rf t Sh h d l l , t t t l t i i l l l : [ i - " : , . .h d s h ?
n Th t t l , tL , l t r . . ' : : tt tltrl ?
ould Y o u o t t l d l l , ' - g l .l l , : . ' i i : . ; , : ' i ld t otl?
should You shouldt t , . / rl ; 'li sltoul I lou?

lrc . a g q u s t i o ns :us e r N gativ t a gs: if W us a n gati\ t t a g'. \ . \ :-.: .i. : l : .'l . tl l ili b r'cs.
: You sp e k Fr e h , don , t ou?
B : Yes, t h t ,S righ t , I do'
hs.
un h. T h i n t o n a t i o n o n t h t a g a n i t h r r is - : : ; . - :
_ i f i t r is s t h n i t is a r a l q u s t i n _ t h s : ' ls : t S : . l , ts u r a n d n d s

l-
inform a tion . h oth r p Ison r il] . .l : . : . . . s : ing tt rr ards.
: You sp e k Fr e h , don , t ot t?
B : Y s , t h t , s r t , I d o . I l e r c , , l t / l i i ' ; ' I. . j . , : . i l l ;F r ' l t t t + , l t l t I w s s t u d e n t .
_ i f i t f a l ls t h n i t is
i u s t a q u s t i o n f t . : . ] ; ] ] : : : : 3 t i o n_ t h f i rs t s p a k r
W a nts to h k informa tion and l ill , : , : t : nu sp a king a f t rw ards.
: You sp e k Fr e h , do 't ot t
B : Yes, t h t ,s righ t , I do .
: Good , b e us w n e e d Soltl otl r'. l r. ; l ; s / . lt . t his e m il w hi h w e , v e iust
r eived.

r Pos i t i v t a g s : i f W u S a p s i t i r - t a . q\ t \p t th a nsw r wi | | b e no.

: You do , t sp e k Fr Lt ,do l , ot t?
B : No , sorry , I do , t'
Th intonation a n r is o r f a l l j u s t l i k r ith a n gativ tag.

109
lN ER DIA LANGUAGE PRA l E

Pr o b l e m s w i t h r T h t a g for I m is r , t . h t a g for l e t ,sis sh ll.

t a gs I ,m fool, ren,t I?
L t ,sgo to th e in e m l,sh ll w e?

l Af t r a n imp ra tiv w us wil / ou? or won , t ou?

Sit dow n , will ou? Sit dow , won , t ou?
Th imo e ra tiv w it h b a | so us s w il / ot w on , t .
Be qui t ,will ou? B qui e t ,-won , t ou? T his is ord r!
Th imp ra tir. rvit h lt , a | so us s tvill or w o , t'
H v ls t' v , on , t ou?

R e p l y q u e s t i o ns W a n us a sho t qu stion to r pl to w h a t som on sa ys. W do t his to sho -

in t r st , surpris or u n rt a in ty . T h e m a ning is lik Re l I ? or Is t h t tru e?
I'l, tt r t sp ghetti.
) H ve ,t ou? 1s u r p r is )
W ,r e l vi g t 6'00 .
) Are w e? (not sur )
T h r ply qu stion us s a n a u iliary v rb lik a t a g qu stion , but th r is no
h a ng of positiv to n g a tiv .

lndire t questions r W a n b mor polit by b ginning a qu stion with a short phras lik :
ould ou tell me '. . ? Do you know... ?

r T h word ord r of a n indir t qu stion is lik a st a t m nt , not lik a dir t

qu stion .
dir t : Wh re is th e post offic e?
indir t: ould you t ll me where the post offi e is? (NoT $fu + ibt]*pe' +
)
dir t: Whe does the ftlm st rt?
indir t Do you k ow w h e th e film st rts? (No l

l Yes/ |' { oqu sti ns us if

dir t: Is this the right street?
indir t : Do ou k ow if this is th right str t?

110
 GRA n nAR 28 QUEs I oNs 2

T his unit a lso in lud s furth r pra ti for G a mm ar 27 '

Add a short a nsw er to e a h s nt e n .

a) Hav you v rb n to Brazi |? No , ...I,.h 'e it

b) Do you lik sa usa g s?
) Ar you oming to th m a t h tomorrow?
d) Did H l n phon you tod a y?
) H as Ja k don his hom work?
0 a n Rob rt a nd Su sk a t ?
g) Will you b la t ?
h) H as Juli got a broth r?
i) Is th a t your hous ?
i) Did Ja n giv you th a t book?

A d d a r e p l y q u s t i o nt o a h s e n t e n .

a ) W , v got a t St tomorrow . . . . . . q . e . ' w . p . . . .?. . . . . .

b ) I d o n , t u n d rs t a n dt h is s n t n . ?

) Fion a phon d m e last night . ?

d) I don , t lik i - r am. 7

) T om is l a ving tomorrow .
f) T h r ,s a poli e m a n t th door. ?
g) Lisa h as iust h a d a b a by . ?

h) I h a v n , t a t n hin s food .
i) h r isn , t a ny milk in th fridg . ?
i) I m t D a vid in Fra n . ?

Add a t a g qu estion to e a h se nt e n .
,.
a) W 'r n a rl yt h e r e ,. . . I . 9 .!! . | 9. ..W
. . .l
b ) Y o u h a v n , tg o t a S p a I P€ , . . . . . . . . . . .
) Y u , t o m i n g t o m y p a r t y ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . .
d) Y o u w o n , t b l a t , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . '
) H a r r y , sf i f t n ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . .
0 Kat and Pat live in L d s ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. . . . . .
s)
h)
i)

l)

111
 I N ER EDlA E tANGUAG PRA l

4 Ma k e a n e w se nt e n with a t a g qu estion w hi h h as th e sa m m e a ning as th e

{|

I
first s nt e n e , b e ginning s show n . Ma k e a ny n e essary h a ng es.

a) I ,m sur that Paul do sn,t like football.

b) I ,m h king that you,v got a sist r.

You
) I don , t think th t you , v don y ur hom e work!
You
d ) l , m a n g r y t h t y o u s t n x t t o l l n!
You
) I , m surp is d t h a t t h gu sts h a v a riv d .
h gu sts
0 I , m h king th a t y ur n a m is John .
Your nam
8) I'm surpris d to m t you a nd think th a t your n a m might b John .
Your n a m
h) You ,r rt a in th a t you didn , t l a v your w a ll t on th d sk .
I
i) You ,r surpris d th a t Willia m h as got m arri d .
Willi a m
j) You ,r h king th a t this book is by a tin Aiml ss.
T his book

5 Und erlin e th e b est s nt n e in e a h ont xt .

a) Why did you forg t your k ys! You ar silly!

1 I didn , t t ll you to forg t th m , did I?
2 I told you not to forg t th m . didn , t I?
b) Ugh! I a n , t b li v it! I , m sur th y must t ast horribl !
1 You lik a ting sn a ils, don , t you?
2 You don , t lik a ting sn a ils, do you?
) If w go to Brazil, w might hav p oblems with th languag .
1 You sp ak Portuguese' don,t you?
2 You don , t sp a k P rtugu s ,d you?
d) I told you to k p th p a t a s r t .I t ,s suppos d to b a surpris for St lla .
So, I just w a nt to m k sur .
1 You didn , t t ll h r, did you?
2 You told h , didn , t you?

I
12
 GRAtliiAR 28 QUEs loNs

) W e ll, Mr Robinson , I think it ,s tim you t ld th poli th trrrth . You s ,

w , v found your fing rprints on th murd r w a pon .
1 You didn , t murd r Lord Chuml y , did you?
2 Yott murd r d Lord Chuml y, didn,t you?
0 only t wo minut s to th e nd of th m a t h a nd Unit d a still 5_1 in th
l a d . lt looks rt a in now .
1 Unit d ar n , t going to win , a th y?
2 Unit d ar going to win , ar n , t th y?
g) I h a v n , t s Ann for a g s.Sh ,sworking a bro a d I think .
1 Sh ,sgot a job in Fra n , h asn , t sh ?
2 Sh h asn , t got a job in Fra n , h as sh ?
h) I just a n , t a nsw er this qu stion . I t would b ni to h a v som h lp .
1 You ould h lp m , ouldn , t you?
2 Yol ; ouldn , t h lp m e , ould you?

6 R e w ri t e e a h q u e s t i o n ,b e g i n n i n g a s s h o w n . D o n o t h a n g e t h e m e a n i n g .

a ) Wh a t ,s th tim ?
ouldyout ll ...W
lvlt . . t h . . , t . u e -. H .?. .'. . . .'. . . .'
^"
b) Wh a t d s this m a n?
Do you know .........
) How mu h do es this ost?
ould you tell m'...........
d) Wh a t tim do s th mus um op n?
Do you know .........
) Am I in th right s a t?
ould you t ll m ............
f) Wh r ,s Ash m Str t?
Do you know .........
g) Is this ra f a lg arSqu ar ?
Could you tell m ............
h) Wh n do s this bus l a v ?
Do you know .........

113
I

Expla n a tions
I ntrodu ing n w r W of t n us th reto introdu n w inform a tion . T ypi a l stru tur sar :
informa tion som thing ists : T h re re m n possibiliti s.
som thing h a pp ns : T h ere ,s footb ll m t h e v er S turd .
numb or a mount : T h ere re t w e lv estud e ntsi this l ss.
mod a ls : T h re ould / m /shouldn , t b probl m .
Tlrcr s ttts/ l rs be :
to There seems/ ppe rs to be mist ke.

r W a n a lso us ir t o introdu n w inform a tion . T ypi a l stlu tur s ar :

I m 5 'o a \ - s 'o a t S :
a:- ^ - l ^ -,- l^r
I t ,s on o, lo k'I t ,s T u esd y .
t h r r' a t h r : I t ,s r ini g . I t r i d ll ight .
opinions: I t w s diffi ult hoi e .
adj tiv s: It,s str nge th t we,v v rspoke b for ,
I t looks lik : I t looks lik e th e su is goi g to om eout this
ft r oo .
It se ms/ ppe rs: It se ms/ ppe rs (th t) our n w te heris | ne.

l Not th s stru tur swith look , se e m a nd pp e r.Look is usu a lly follow d by

s if + subj t + v rb , ot b lik + noun phras .
I t looks s if rol h s wo . Sh e looks lik e r I h mpio .
Se e m a nd pp rar follow d b (th t) + subj t + v rb .
I t se e ms (th t) th e Br lzili ns re going to wi .
It ppe rs (th t) one of th ustom rs ll d th poli e.

R e f e rri n gb a k I f r f rsb a k t som thing a lr a dy m ntion d .

There is shop t the e d of th street.It is open veryd .
Noti in this x a mpl how th n w inform a tion is introdu d with th r .

R f erring to a T h re a r f r to a pla .
pla e f mous writ r used to li therc'
Who is th lt ov r ther ?

it's a nd ifs I f ,s is a ontra tion of it is or it h s' 1rsis th poss ssiv form of if .

I I ik tllis llot I .I t ,s ( = it is) otnfort bl d its rest ur ntis good .
I t ,s \ = it h as) lot a lo \ , e l!,slt'im i g-pool,too'

th ,r and th ir T h ''r is a ont a tion of tllq , r . h ir is th poss ssiv form of th e .

. \ ll ' ltldDolttiliqu ll t , e r iv e d .T h e ,re both w e ri gth e s m e dress!
sk tll ltt to l l, eth e ir o tsi th e h ll.

174
 GRAlu nAR 29 , AND , | ERE

1 U n d rl i n et h orr e t w or d i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) Ar th ir/th trany ggs in th fridg ?

b) I t ,s / I tsr a lly old this morning .
) Pet r sa s they,re /therearrivi g at about 5.00.
d) I lik this bik btlt its / it ,sw h ls ar too sm a ll.
) |s there /the ,rean bod their/ther ?
f) I t ,s / I tsa pity w misse d th op ning of th film .
g) Pa tri k a nd Bridg t h a v sold th ir / th e ,re
hous .
h) What a lov ly dog. What,s it,s/its name?

2 Put it or th r in e a h sp a e .
-L
a ) . . . ! . I ( . o : ?i S. .a. .t r i n t h g a r d n ., , . ! : . . . '' . . .i.s a n a p p l t r .
b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .l o. .o. k s a s i f . . . . . . . . . . . . .i s. .g. o i n g t o r a i n .
) . . . . . . . . . . . . .i s. . s. t r a n g t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. r. . n o I s t a u r a n tisn t h i s t o w n .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . i.s. .o. n l y m e l ,
d ) . W h o , st h a t a t t h d o o r ? ,
, . . ' . . . . . . . . . . is
. . .t h o n a t t h n d o f t h s t r t . ,
) , W h i h h o us is y o u rs? ,
0 s ms to b som thing und r th upbo ard , but w h a t is
g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. p. .p a r st h a t . . . . . . . . . . . . .W. .a. sn o b o d y wh n I phon d.

3 R e w ri t ee a h s e n t e n ,e n d i n g a s s h o w n , so t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e
first se nt e n e , a nd so th a t it ont a ins it or th er .

a) N th hot l is a sm a ll r st a ura nt .
. | rhere
ts s Llra r nt n ar th hot l.
b) You W n t to T h a il a nd for your holid a y too , w hi h is stra ng .
to T h a il a nd
for your holid a y too.
) y ro a d h as a big tr a t th nd of it .
road.
d) Bri a n s ms to h a v l ft.
has l ft.
) T od a y is r a lly old!
tod a r-.
f) Bud a p st is a long w a y from h r .
t Bud a p st'
g) Your tor h h asn , t got a ny b a tt ri s in it .
to h.
h) W a pp ar to b lost a g a in!
l os t a g a i n l
115
 xpla n a tions
in, inside, out, r 1n d s rib s som thing ont ain d by som thing ls .
outside Ther r sot tl llps i tlt lt pbo rd .
I nsid h as th s a m m a n i n g b u t is u s d f o m p h a s is .
Lt t kill , tlt r , t . tst tobod1'itlsid e t h e bur i g hous .

l t m a n s , a r r . a r -f r o m t h insid 'a nd a lso. not in th pla wh re you

usuallv r ,.
l os t l t d o r o t t t , o u r w , t o u t '
I , t t t sor l', K t ,s t tot h r righ t o w . Sh ,s ou t . ( = sh ,s not a t hom )
tLtsid m a ns , o u t
of a p arti ula room or building' but still n ar it , .
K t ,s ou tsid e i t h e g rd e ' I , I l j ust l I h r.

E x p r e s s i o n sw i t h h r ar Inany pr ssions w t t h i . T his is a s l tion . Not t h a t som tim s t h

in d finit arti l f e is n o t u s d .

o u n t ri s M p re ts r i n d t th e mom e t . (no arti l )

iti s M sist erli es in M drid . (no arti I )
str ts [ k liv s in G rd e n Av e u . (no arti l )
ro a ds Sh e w s w lki g in th e ro d , not o th e p v e m e nt .
.th mirror, on y ould se his f i t h e mirror,
. hol / ra k in , T h e r e
w s hol e in m sho e .
. h a nd , ll h d l bu h of flo w e rs in o e h d .
. a rm h a ir, Sh e s t i n rm h it , .
.th ou n try , P lul d M ry liv e i t h e ou try , not i t h e it .
hospit a l S ll is i I I d is i hospit I . (no a rti l )
prison K e it h stol e Som e mon d e d e d up i priso . (no a rti l )

o d s rib s a t hing tou hing t h su f a of a not h r t hing .

Do , t l e v our b g on t h e f7oor.
T h r ,s photogr ph of Lo do o tl . t w ll .

E x p r e s s i o nws i t h h r ar manY D ss i o n s w i t h o . h ls is a s l tion.

on
tra nsport lrcr *' r fa + ,p sseltg rso the pl e /bus/tr i '
. h a ir'
SI t s ltot t h lir.
, t 1 r-ision , | \ . lt t's on t e l e vision / t h e r dio t his e v e ning?
,l all,
L t's lt -t t tg tltis pi fir e on t h t w I l .
iniil i q T ilt t t t t ltis foot o a pi e e of gl ss.
.l ft, / , ioht'
T lrcr 's itl ltl lon t h e l e f t .
,sid , T lt r r e sm I l ho ses o t his sid of t h str e t ,
.pav m nt,
Slt w ls w lki g i t h e ro d , not on t h e p v e m e t .

116
 GRA tvtAR 3o PLA E AND Posl loN

at, in or to? l At a nd in a r e bot h us d to d s ib a rson ,s position . f sho ws a g n ra l

lo a tion a t a poin t or pl a . I n is us d r it h t h n a m of a on t a in r, pl or
ar a to show th a t som on o r s o m t h i n g is i n s i d it. Study th s xampl s.
We met t the irport , it h pl a in g n ra l)
W m e t in t h e irport buildi g . rinsid t h building)
I ,ll se eyou t th e i e m . th pla in g n r l)
I ,ll se e ou in the inem . i sld th building)
W e rriv d t Pr gu e Airport . tlr p tr i
We rriv d in Prague. ih itl'

l o is us d w it h v rbs of m tion .
L st igh t w e . w e n t to t h e in e m .
ould you t ke this letter to th post lfil-; " 7
I se t a p r e l to m sist e r.

p r ssi o nsw i t h Th r ar many xpr ssions w it h f . T his is s l L.-ii ]]a : r. l not t h t som tim s
@t th d finit a rti l f h e is not us d .
.th b gin ning , / , t h nd , T h e r e ,s t t-t f t t h e old t*' : tl , l str t ,
,th f on t , / , t h ba k, Do ot t sit lt tll f a t , : r t t h e b k of t h e I ss?
,s hool, (no a ti l )
| oh ist t't lt s l . t ol'
,hom , H ,s lt ltottt . (no arti l )
'w ork' r K i t t g r r . z . s l i t r r r k i f - i i . r . l . ?l. { no alti l )

obov /b lo l Abov e h elow m a n .high r / low r th a n'. h r. ' us d r ith ut a n obj t.

av r/under You se e t h e top of t h e to w e r bo e t h tr s"
From t h mou n t in , I ould se tlt I k b lotl "

v r / u nd e r m a n , dir tly a bov / b lorr.'. h l .- L'' : 'tLl c an obi t.

T h e I i e n sp eship hov e r e d ov e r t h e buildi g "
I k e p my suit se u d e r m b d .
, a r oss , o . r- [ s.
s v e r a n a ls o b us d lik
T h e r e is footbridg e ov e r t h e moton | . ( = a r oss )
Ther w s pl asti sh e e t ov e r t h ltol ill l ; .r t. ( = ov ring)

n t to/b sid , l N e t t o a n d b e si d m a n , x a t l y a t t h si d f' . B si l a n b m or f or m l .

n or/b M ri sits e t to P ul '
om nd sit b esid e rcon th sof tl.
.
l N e r m a ns , l os t o , . B y m a n . a t t h si d o f a n d is o f t n us d i n
d s riptions of rooms.
T om ,shouseis n r th e sports | ltr .
There w s t ble b the witldolt'.H l + , sst ltldi gby the door.
W e h d holid e r th se . ( los to th s a - a f e w kilom tr s a w a y)

opposit l opposit em a ns . x a tly on th oth r sid of , a sp a .

T h ereis b k er,sopposit e our hous '

t1.7
r

lN ER | DlA E LANGuAG PRA lC

ll
1 U n d e rl i n et h e orr e t w or d i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a ) T h e e's a sm a ll shop a t / by th nd of th ro a d .
Lr) Pa ula w as st a nding o / with on foot .
) Lau a has mov d t/to Barc | o a.
d) Don , t w a | k t / in th ro a d! I t ,s d a ng rousl
e ) From th pla n w ould s th mount a ins b e low / und er.
f) Brian sp nt his holiday t/i Hungary.
g) Wh n th hors a m to a sm a ll Stl a m it jump d bo e / o erit .
h) Julia ,s hous is t / o th oth r sid of th str t .
D Lisa ut h r foot t / o som brok n glass.
j) T im w as sitting i / o a n arm h a ir.

2 lf th word und rlin d is not ppropria t e , writ a n e w word in th e sp a e . i k ( / )

th e sp a if th e word is orre t .

a ) Ja n ,s sist r h as a iob a t a n h st r Airport .

b) I m t D a vid y st rd a y th ity ntr .
) ll n h a d a larg hol a t h r l f t boot .
d) Ja k sits in th b a k of th lass.
) T h r w as a sm a ll t a bl a t th b d .
f) T h robb r w as holding a gun in on h a nd .
g) T h r w as a b a utiful portra it h a nging a t th w a ll.
h) Willia m didn , t f l w ll a nd his do tor s nt him to hospit a l.
i) T h hildr n usu a lly sit a t th b a k s a t of th ar.
j) T o r a h our villa g w t a k a ro a d a bov th mount a ins.

3 C o m p l t e e a h s e n t n ew i t h o n e s u i t a b | p r p osi t i o n .

a) a ri a t i v s . . . i l t . . B l l i n g h a m Ro a d .
b ) C a n y o u p u t t h p l a t sb a k . . . . . . . . . . th sh lf pl as ?
) Pl a s d o n't s t a n d . . y o u r d s k s!
d) I , d r a lly lik to liv . . th ountry .
) Go dow n this str t , a nd you ,ll s th in m a . . th right .
f) h poli s a r h dt h b u i l d i n g b u t t h r W a s n o o n . . . . . . . . . . . .
g) I rn t Anna ......... t h b us y s t r d a y .
h ) So r y ,G o g is n , t h at th mom nt. H ,s. . . . . . . . . . .
i) Ali w a nts to k now w h a t's . . t l vision this v ning .
i) Just as T om a iv d . . th bus stop , th e bus l f t .

118
 GRAi'llttAR 3O PLA AND Posl loN

4 C o m p I t e a h s n t e n ew i t h o n e s u i t a b l ep r Posi t i o n .

a ) T h s t a t u w a s h o l d i n g a s w o r d . . 'L w . '' , , . '' , , .o' .n. h a n d .

b ) W h a t , so n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . . . i n m a t h i s w k ?
) Wh n I look . . th mirror, I don , t r ogniz m } .s lfl
d) Wh a t h a v you got . . your b a g?
) P t f und som on ,sw a ll t . . th p a v m nt .
0 My f a mily mov d from th ountry . . th ity .
8) Yo u , v g o t a s m a l l h o l e . . . . . . . . . . . your pullov r.
h) T h burglar limb d . . th f n a nd into th g ard n .

5 UnderIine the orr t word or phras in a h s nten .

a ) K a r n is living t / f uLondon Str t.

b) a ggi t fo Sa lly in t h ph ysi s l ass.
sits b / n
) I want to s nd this l tt r t/ to Btazil'.
d) W h n I op n d t h box , t h r w as not hing in / i sid e .
) x a tly b / opposit e t h in m a , t h r ,s a r a lly good r st a ura n t .
f ) W h a d a holid a y in a sm a ll vill a g b / e r Mon t a rlo .
g) Pa ul a l a y do w n t / o t h e floor to do h x r is s.
h) W h a d a lov ly m a l in / o t h pl a n .

6 Complete e a h senten w i t h o n e s u i t a b I e p r e p os i t i o n .

a) By for now . I ,ll s y o u . , '4 t . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. h o o l t o m o r r o w .

b) W pu t a bl a n k t .. th in j ur d m a n to k p him w a rm .
I t's not f a r. W ,r g t ting
d) W fou nd oul a t hiding . . a a r.
) D a n i l h u n g h is oat ........... th ba k of a h ir.
\) I d id d to go to t h shops . . my bik .

o,
\ W h a t tim is t h n ws .. th ra dio?
h) I d i d d t o v is i t m y g r a n d m o t h r . ' . . . . . . . h os p i t a l .

t79
 Underlin the rre t word or phrase in e a h se nt n e .

) W a iv d arly, s th lt tv /!17-9 lg1_to g t ti k ts.

b) I t w s too / e oughlong t w a it , so W W rrt hom .
) T im a nd l n h a v a r iv d , a nd t h e ,r e / t h e r ew a iting ou tsid .
d) T h bo w hi h / w ltose bik I borro w d h a d forgot t e n a bou t it .
) W w n t to t h b a h for / so t h t a sw im .
f ) An n f lt lon lv b e us / sono on h a d in vit d h to t h p a rty .
g) D espit / I tllougll I f lt tir d , I w ork d u n til l a t .
h) W sp n t a lov ly holid a y in / in to t h ou n try .
i) Y st rd a w as so / su h old t h a t I st a y d a t horn .
j) Ho vev r/h spit of the rain, w w nt for a walk.

2 F or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t e t h s o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t m a ns t h e s a m a s
t h e f irs t , usi n g n o m or e t h a n t h r e e w or ds .

a ) Alt hough it w as l a t , w d id d to go fo a w a lk .
I t w a s t a t e . . . . h 4L . . l g . . . d . * . d e d . . . .t .o. .g. .o f or a w a l k .
b) John is som on e with w hom I us d to work .
J o h n i s S o m o n eI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w. i t h .
) Th x arn W as so diffi ult th a t I ouldn , t finish it .
I t w as . . . . diffi ult x a m th a t I ouldn , t finish it .
d) Although it w as ra ining , w work d in th g ard n .
D sp i t . . . . , W e w or k d i n t h g a r d n .
e ) L t ,s sp nd th a f t rnoon a t th b a h .
How .......... th f t r n o n a t t h b a h?
fl Ann ,s hous h as got four larg b drooms.
. . . . f o u r l a r g b d ro o msi n A n n , s h o us .
o/
') W e might f l hungry , so w ,ll t a k som sa nd wi h s.
W ,ll t a k s m sa nd wi h s so th a t w . . . . hungry .
h) h a t h asn , t om hom , w hi h is stra ng .
h asn , t om hom .
r) ; " ; ; ; : ; ; ; ;
;;;;.;; ; ; ; " .*:': : ; at
a rv hasn,t got . . . . . . . . . . to go on holiday.
l) Wh r ,s th National us um?
Would .... t lling m wh r th National us um

tzo
 GRA AR 31 oNsoLlDA I oN 3

3 D e i d w h i h a ns w r ( A , B , or D ) b e s t f i ts e a h sp a .

A seof mist k e nid e ti

W h n D i a n a g o t o f f t h t r a i n , ( \ ) ' , . , 0 . . . .W . a s a W o m a n r a l t i n g f or h r
( 2 ) ' . ' . , , . . . t' .h p l a t f o r m . , ( 3 ). . . . . . . . .?. ,. s h a s k d . , ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . a l t a i t i n g f o r
you (5) . , D i a n a W a s n o t v r y s u r p ris d ,( 6 ) sh th ught th t h r
a u n t m u s t h a v b n ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . .b. 'u s y t m t h r ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . .t.h S t a t i o n .
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . .s. h. d i d n o t r o g n i z t h W o m a n ,( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . .w. .a s d r s s dr . l r '
f o r m a l l y ,a n d h a d a s m a l l b r i f a s ( 1 1 ) . . . . . ' . . . . . h arr m , s h w a s ( | 2 l ' . ''' , . ''' .
t ir d a f t r t h j o u r n y t h a t s h w a s h a p p y t o 8 t ( 1 3 ) . . . . . . . . . .t .h a r . h
W o m a n , ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . ., . j us t s a i d a f w w or ds t o t h d ri v r , a n d t h n w a l k d a r a r- .
D i a n a w n d r d ( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .s.h w a s . . I t , ss t r a n g t h a t s h d i d n , t v n i n t ro d u
h rs lf , , sh thought .

1) A who B th r w h os Dit
2) A b low Bto on Din
) A You Diana, B You ,r Dia n a , Ar you Dia n a D You ar n , t
ar you is n't i t Diana
4 ) A T h r 's B T h irs I ts D lt,s
5) A out Bin i nsi d D o u tsi d
6) Aso B d spit Ctoo Das
7) Aso B too nough D v ry
8) Aat Bto in Dfor
9) A How v r B Si n I n spit of D Although
10) A sh B w ho a nd D w h os
11) A at Bin C und r Dbv
1z) Bso t o D v ry
13) A^ with
nough Bby Cat D into
14) A how v r B d sp i t a lthough D i n sp i t o t
15) A wh th r B th r w ho D ho ' r. r

4 Compl te e a h s nten with on s u i t a b l e p r p os i t i o n .

Th r w a s a n o t h r W o m a n ( a ) . . . 9 . k . . , . . . . . . . . .t .h bus, a nd Ka t sat
( b ) . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . .h. . . r a n d s t a r t d h a t t i n g . S h s a i d s h w a s g o i n g
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F. o. .r b s R o a d t o o . , I , v g o t a n i n t r v i w ( d ) . . . . ' . . . ' 'a p l a
, I s it ( ) . . th bus st !] it s not
all d ur ott Hous , ,said Ka t .
f a r ' I t , s ( 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. r i g h t ( g ) .. th nd f th st : t''t h
Woman r pli d. , I n fa t, Iliv (h) .. . Wh n ] 1 k . u: r I l-t \ -
windo I an s p opl working (i) ........... \ \ 'h n t : l- rril- d
( j ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. . s t o p , t h y g o t o f f a n d w a l k d u th str tt o g t h r .

rz7
lN ERlvl DlA E tANGUAG PRA ( l E

W h a t w o u l d y o u s a y i n t h e s si t u a t i o ns?

a ) You W arrtto k now if Andr w h s v r b n to Am ri a . Ask him .

b) You W a n t to k no w if Andr w h as v rb n t Am ri a . Ask Am a nd a .

l- { s n.drew evor be .wta erLc ?
) You W a n t to k no w if Rit a lik s ra p m usi . Ask Isa b l .

d) You W a nt to k now if Rit a lik s ra p musi . Ask h r.

) You W a n t to k no w if Nig l n joy d t h film . Ask him .

0 You w a n t to k no w if Nig l n joy d t h film . Ask P tra .

ol
| lbu rv nt to k now if Maria is going to London n t su[rm r. Ask h r.

h r You rv a n t to k no w if a ri a is going to London n x t su m m r. Ask Pa tri i a .

i) Y u t nt to sk Pa tri ia if vou a n borrow h r mobil p h o n . As k h r .

i) You w a nt t ask Pa tri ia if sh ould l nd you h r mobil p h o n . As k h r .

6 C o m p l e t e e a h s n t n e ,usi n g t h v e r b g i v n w h r e n e e ss a r y .

a ) , ( h a v 1 o t )' . . . Y . Q . + . Y9 3 a . t . '' . . . , , a b o o k , h a v n , t y o u? , . Y s ,t h a n k s . ,
b) . Th y,ll b b a k b y 6 . 0 0' ? , . I p t so . ,
.Good id a!,
) .(go) . . . . f o r a r a 1 k ,s h a 1 l w ?
d) ,You (l a v ) .'. . now , ar you? St a y a bit long r. ,
, So r r y , I a n , t . I h a v to at h th bus. ,
) Ji m a n d S a r a h a v s n t h f i 1 m , . . ? , . Y S ,I t h i n k s o .
,You a n m t H l n a t th st a tlon , .Y s,of
0 . . . . ?'
o u rs I a n . ,
.No, I w asn,t. ,
g) b )
, ( . . . . h r y st rd a y,w r you?,
h) .You don , t h a pp n to k now th tim , . . . . ? , , So r r y , I
don't.'
i ) . B o t h d r i v rs W r d r i v i n g t o o f a s t , . . . . ?' , Y s , t h a t , s
right.'
, Y o u ( f r g t ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , No. H r it is. ,
. . . . . . .t h milk , did you?,
')

t22
 GRA lt { AR 31 (oNsoLlDA loN

R e w ri t e a h p a ir o f s e n t n e sa s o n e s n t e n .D o n o t h a n g t h m e a n i n g .

a ) Su r a d a book . Sh r a lly n joy d it .

w hi h
Su . . . 9 , .8(. . .?!. .b. a , ak'.w .L ,L b. .'thr " . .r9.4.l,LY. . . . .njoy
. . . d.
b) Som fri nds visit d m . T h y brought rn a pr s nt .
w ho
T h f ri n ds pr S nt.
) I st a y d in a hot l. I t w as h a p r th a n this on .
th a t
Th hot l t h is n .
d ) I borrow d a fri nd ,s bik . H w a nt d it b a k .
wh s
h ............ . ba k.
) I sa w th v as in th shop . I w a nt d to buy it'
th a t
I want d . . . . .s h o p .
A g irl si n gs i n t h g ro u p . Sh , sg o t g r n h a ir .
w ho
T h girl gr n h a ir.
ol
6/
I m t a girl. r broth r is in rny lass.
wh s
. l a ss .
h) W , r t a k i n g t h t r a i n . I t l v sa t 4' 0 .
th a t
Th train . at 4. .
A m a n k no k d a t th door. H w as s lling brush s.
w ho
Th man b r us h s .
j ) I sa w a film with Luk . I t w as int r sting .
w hi h
h film int r sting.

|2
lN ERr DlA tANGUAGE PRA l

8 Look are fully a t e a h lin e . Som lin es are O rr t but som e h a v e a word w hi h
s h o u l d n o t b e t h r e . i k ( / ) e a h orr e t I i n e .l f a l i n e h a s a w or d w h i h s h o u l d
not b e th er , writ th e word in th e sp a e .

c se of mist k e nid ntit

Af t r a f e w rnin u t s, t h a stopp d in fron t of
a l a rghot l . T h driv w ho op n d t h door, a nd 2...w.hq,
. l a s
said, follo 'm . , h y lt' nt up in to a lift . 3
Th n th r w as a long orridor w it h t w o or t hr 4
d o o rs . A l t h o u g h i t s m d stla ng so th a t th ar hadn,t 5
t a k n h r t o h r a u n t , s h o u s , D i a n a w h o w a s n , t s u r p r is d . 6
H a u n t , r ho sh n'as v I y ri h , w n d s v ra l l a rg 7
hot ls, . hi h sh of t n st a y d in t h m . I suppos sh f lt 8
so mu h bor d a t hom th a t sh d id e d to st a y h r . 9 .....................
, l as you W a it
h r , w ill you?, sa id t h driv a nd 10
disa pp a r d in to a room a t t h nd of t h orridor. 11
h r s m d to b a lot of p opl t h a t in on of t h 12
I ooms. T h n t h driv r, w ho h h a dn , t b n gon l ng , 13 .....................
am b a k a t a nd ask d Di a n a to follo w him . T h y w n t 14 .....................
in to a l a rg room f ull of p opl e , w ho a ll st a rt d l a pping . 15 .....................
h r w as a post r t h a t it sa id , . Di a n a H a rris, Sup rm d l .' 16 ................... " .
, oh d a r, , sa id Di a n a , , I
t hin k so t h r ,s b n a mist a k !, t7 .....................

Pr o b l e m Ch k th diff ere nt us s of so, too a nd e noughin Gra mm ar 22.

h k Wh e n do w e us 50 a nd such?

Che k the diff r n es b tween olthough, however and d spit /inspit of in

Gr a m m a r23 .

C a n you a dd a ny more xpressionsto th list of fun tions in Gra m ar 24?

H o w i m p or t a n t is t h e i n t o n a t l o no f y o u r v o i e i n so u n d i n g p o l i t ?
W h a t d o y o u s a y i n si m i l rsi t u a t i o nsi n y o u r I a n g u a g ?

h e k i n G r a m m a r 2 5 f or w h e n y o u a n l e a v o u t r e | a t i v p ro n o u ns .

Ch e k in G a mm ar 29 for th e m a ning of th ,r th
, ir a nd th r .

Ch k in Gra mm ar 30 for th diff ere n esb e t w e n ot' in a nd to.

rz 4
'l

rld

xplana tions
on and qt tin
Y a rs i 1999
onths in | u r
S asons in t h es u m m e r
Pa rts of t h day i th m or i g / f t r oon / v ig

.o
D a ys of t h w k , Frid mor i g
on W e d sd a on
Sp ial d a ys on m birthd ,o hristm lsD

l t
im s of th day t 4 . 00 , lt midd , t mid igh t
,th w k nd, t the we ke d
Holid a y p riods lt hri s tmrls/ t;st t r
a ls t br e k f ls t / lu h /di n e r
Parts of th day: .night, t ight

: lation to today 5S pt mb r th d b for st rd

6S pt mb r y st rd
7S pt mb r tod
8S pt mb r tomorrow
9S pt mb t thed f t e rt o m oro w
: rts of y est erd a y , est rd f t r oo l st ight
est rd ymor i g
: day and this mor i g this fter oo to ight
: morrow tomorrowmor i g tomorrow fter o tomorrow ig | tt

I al e n d a r r In th UK p opl sa t h se t h of S p t mb e rot S p t mb rtlrc s ' lt t jl'

. feren es P opl w tit e 7 Se p t mb ror 7t h S p t mb ror S p t mb r7t h .
F ull d a t s a r writ t n D a yl on t hlYe a t 7/9/0 .

l In th US p opl sa S p t mb rS e rla nd writ Se p t t b r7 .

F ull d a t s a r writ t n on t h / D a ylY a r : 9/7/0 .

r, sin e a nd go W us for arrd si l i t h t h p r s n t p r f t t t a l k a b o l . r tt l l i l ' i ' : i st

r i o d o f t i m a d s i n e r f rs t o w h n i t s t a r t d .
I , v liv d h refor si e rs. I st t t di d F r t t ltfor fl +o I rs
I , v liv d h r si c e 2oo1. I,ve b t t 1 1 ' . ? i r i i ; s. .i t l . 0'
g o m a ns , b f or t h p r s n t ,
W rri d | Ive hours go. I kll l t | trt t lg s tlgo!

125
 l N ERM D l A E LANGUAGE PRA l E

during or fofl During a nd for ar both use d to t a lk a bout p riods of tim e . Duri g a nsw rs th
qu stion , Wh n?, . or a nsw rs th qu stion , How long?, .
I didn,t feel nervousduring the p rform e.
The perform n el sted for for -f | vemi utes.

by or untiP By m e a ns .on or b for , . Until m a ns . up to, .

W e ,ll b e th ereb 6,oo. (p rh a ps arli r)
I w it d for l e u til 6.oo, nd th e n I l f t' (all th tim up to 6.00)
Pl e segiv e m e our hom workb Frtd . ( T hursd a y would b fin )
I ,ll b e w y u til Frid . ( a ll th e tim up to Frid a y)

on tim or in tim ? o time m ans .at th right tim ,. In time m ans ,with nough tim to do som thing,.
The pl ne took off e tl o time.
We rrived in time to h e me l beforethe pl ne left.

onc a nd on d n e m a ns, a t on tim in my lif , a nd only r f rs to th p ast . ed y a

r f r to th p ast or th futur .
n e I ow n e d motorbik e .
ed I w s t l Iking through the tow e trewh n I met | ill.
ne d I ,ll b e f mous!
, a t th
no w a nd no w d s Now m a ns . a t th pr S nt tim , or ,imm dia t l , . Now d sa lso m a ns
pr s nt tim , a nd is us d to m a k a strong ontrast With th p ast .
Pe t eruse d to liv e in Rom e ,but ow h e ,s livi g i Flore e .
Yo u h e t o f t n is h . . . N o w /
Now d s p e opl e re not s polit e s th e use d to b e .

Not th a t th word , a tu a lly , in nglish do s not m a n , a t th pr s nt tim , . I t

m a ns . i n f a t , or . r a l l y , .T h is is a o m m o n m is t a k .
.n xt, in a s qu n , fterw rds
th n, oft rwords, The and fr rw rds ar similar. Th n is us d lik
ft r and l ter is us d lik .at a lat r tim ,. frerw rds an om at th nd of th s nt n .
W e w e n t to t h e i e m , nd t h e w e h d t piz z .
We went to the i m , rld fterw rds we h d pizza.
We went to th inem a d h d pizz t fterw rds.

f t r is usu a lly follo w d by a n ob j t .

Af t e r t h e film w e h d piz z . Af t e r t h t w e e t hom e .

L t er m a s, a ft r som tim ,.
\ ,[rs | rlttt s ist't,tlrcr lt tll t onlent. you ome b k l ter?

ot t h e e nd , in t h t t l r c e l l d r f rs t o a p o i n t i n t i m .
nd and ot lost t the d of tlrc film w ll ri e d .

I tl tll tld m a ns . a f t r a lot of tim , or v e n t u a lly , .

W w tit d for im for g s, nd in the e d we l fr.

t l lst m a k s a om m n t t h a t w a r pl as d a long w a it h as nd e d .
At l st , w e n b tog t h e r!

.I :
t26
ir
&.
 GRA I ulvlAR 32 lri l E E xPR ssl o Ns

U n d e rl i n et h e orr t w or d or p h r a s i n a h s n t n .

a) I m t ina d y/on -d last w k.

l ) I th esed ys / I'trow d | ys v r on s ms to w t h to mu h t l vision .
) T his morning / T h emorni g I w as bus in th g a . d n .
I d) W h a v to finish this p oj t b / tt tilth nd f th l k.
r) ) By . I ,ll s ou th e d y f t er tomorrolr'/ tlt
ll 'tf 'J.i. . .
f ) D u ri g / W h i l e t h f i l m I r m m b dr h I.d l r- k r-s .
tg. g) John pla y d t nnis, a d f t er / frerw lrds h a d sh rt .
h) H l n ,s birthd a y is in / o Ja nu ary 1 O th .

C o m p l t e t h e s e o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l r m i g t o t h f irs t
senten e.

a) W h a d lu n h , a nd a f t rw a rds w w n t fo ff .
Aft r. . . .W9.
h4!d. / . 4.q(. . .h. .qd. .L .n. h, . .W.9. . | t : !A. .3.r.' " q, . . .
b) Jill is n v r la t for l ssons.
J i l l i s a l w a y s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) I won't l a v b fore 8.00.
I ,ll b h r
d) I , v b n living h r for thr months.
I s t a r t dl i v i n g h r . . . . . . . . . . .
) W h n w m t f or l u n h i t w a s 1 2 , 0 .
W m t for lun h
f) What do you do in your ountly on Janu r .1s t?
What do you do in your ountly on th ....
g) I ,ll s you not tomorrow but th n t d ar'.
['l l s you th
h ) I t , s 1 0 . 0 0a n d I , v b n waiting h si n , " t . !l . t .
I,v b nw a i t i n gh r . . . . . . . . . . . h o u rs .

Comp I t a h s e n t n ew i t h o n s u i t a b l ew or d .

a) Would you lik t o g o o u t . '' . . Q . I . . . . . . .m

. . v. . .b i t h d a y?
b ) R i t a m o v d t o t h i s t o w n f o u r y a s. . . . . . . . . .
I w o n , t p h o n J a so n n o w . I , l l p h o n h i m
d) I w o k u p t w i .. th night.
) . . midnigh t t h frog t urn d in to prin .

0 P opl in iti s us d to t a k th bus, but ' . m os t u s t h i r a rs .

o\
/ L u k i l y R a h l a r r i v d j u s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.i .m. t o a t h t h t r a i n .
h ) W f lt fin in t h r st a ura n t , bu t w bot h f lt ill
r27
lN R DlA IANGUAGE PRA C I

4 Re writ e a h se nt e n e so th a t it h as a similar m e a ning a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold.

a ) I sp nd th e summ er a t th s asid .
in
....' { .. " 9'q...tp...th*.lgliq! .'!.ry..th { ,.. { *.ry!. p-r,.
b) I st art d a t this s hool in 1,997,
sin

) G org h a d a b a t h a nd a f t r th a t w ash e d his h a ir.

th n

d) Din a l f t my hous a t 10.00.

until

) T h tra in ar iv d x a tly w h e n it w as suppos d to.

on tim

I won , t arriv la t r th a n 2.00.

by

s) Pa ul tri d h ard but fin a lly g a v up .

e nd

h) I w as too la t to sa y goodby to Lisa .

tim

5 ompl e t e a h s nt e n e with on e suit a bl e word .

a ) Did you sl pw ..I \' { .t.. night?

b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . . h o t w a t h r ,w h a v o u r m a ls i n t h g a r d e n .
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . . l sso n , i k a n d C a r m n d i d d t o p l a y b a s k e t b a l l .
d ) J o h n h a s n , ts n r i s t i n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. .r. . w e k s .
) I know that ........... d a y y o u w i l l b a s t a r!
f) I t ,s v ry impo t a nt to a riv . . . . . . . . . tim for th x a min a tion .
g) T h obb r ra n out of th b a nk a nd w as arr st dshortly
h ) T h r is a l o t o f n o is i n o u r St r t. . . . . . . . . night.

r28
 Expla n a tions
ountab]e and r A ount a bl noun h as a singular a nd a plura l form . h piura l m a y b
un ountabl irr gular.W a n us numb rs with it .
one book, threebooks o e possibili , t vopossibilities, onepi e,four pi es
o p erso | l,thre ep e opl e on e hild , tt to hildre on -wom four
, wom

r An un ount a bl noun h as only on form . W a nnot us numb rs with it .

work love progress w ter i form tion nglish (languag )

r T ypi a l un ount a bl s ar :

Ma t ria ls a nd subst a n s: pl stic, iro , wood,p p r, w ter, ir, offee

Abstra t id as : Iife, [un, freedom,progress,he lth, time
A tiviti s : work, tr v l, sleep,footb ll, help, r s r h
Hum a n f lings : h ppi ess, nger,ho st ,hope, resp t, our ge

r Not th words b low w hi h ar un ount a bl in nglish but ount a bl in

m a ny oth r la ngu a g s :
ommod tio , dvi ,b h viour'bttsi ss, sh , e quipm e ntfurniture
, ,h e I th ,
homework, i form tion, knowIedge, Iugg g e, m one ,p rmissi o , rubbi sh,
| ffi , tr vel, w ther,work
S enery tr

ountable and r ount a bl nouns a n b singula or plura l.

un ountabl : Th book is over ther .
grammar The books te o er there.
Un ount a bl nouns ar a lw a ys singular.
Fre h is diffi ult.
I I is d i -w asv ery use ful.

r With ountabl nouns W an i se / n arrd some.

Su e h s got book /som e books bout n i e nt F , g pt .
With un ount a bl nouns W a nnot l se / .
Su e h s got som e mon e to go on holid this e r,
ould I h e som e i form tion?

so m or n ? l Som eis ommon in positiv s nt n s. n is ommon in qu stions a nd

n g a tiv s.
W e , v got som e juic e , but w h v e n , tgot n gl ss s.
H ve ou got n ups?

r But W a n : uS Som in a qu stion if it is a n off r o I r qu st .

ould I h v e Som e mor t e ,pl e se?
And w a n us in positiv s nt e n sif w m a n .it d sn , t m a tt r
whi h,.
I ,m fre n d e t week'

tz9
lN EDlA E LANGUAG PRA C I E

l An a lw a ys h as th m a ning of , no limit , . Comp ar :

Is th resomething I do to help? (I know what to do)
Is th ere n thing I c do to h e lp? ( I ,ll do w h a t v r I a n)
H ve ou got some letters for m ?
( T h r ar p arti ular l tt rs I a m xp ting)
H ve you got n letters for me?
( I h a v no id a if you h a v l tt rs for m or not)

mony a nd much n is us d for ount a bl nouns a nd mu h is us d for un ount a bl nouns.

T h y ar us d m a inly in qu stions a nd n g a tiv s.
How m n h irs r th ere? T h er r , tm ny ushio s.
How mu h money h v we got? There is ,t mu h w ter here.

Change of r Som words a n b ount a bl e o I un ount a bl with h a ng in m a ning . T h

meaning ount a bl m a ning is sp ifi a nd th un ount a bl m a ning is g n ra l.

f tsh (th a nim a l) som efish ( a portion of food)

busi ss( a omp a ny)
nois ( a sp ifi n is )
h ir ( a singl pi ) h ir ( a | |t g th r)
p i ti g (on obj t)
work ( a work of art)
lo f ( a lo a f of br a d)
coffee(a up of ff )
a p aPer ( a n wsp a p r)
wood ( a sm a ll for st)
rl iro (for pr ssing loth s)
gl ss (for drinking)
busin ess(in g n ra l)
noise (in g n ra l)
p inti g (th a tivity/hobby)
work (in g n ra l)
som bre d (in g n ra l)
som e off e e(th m a t ria l)
Som ep p er (th m a t eria l)
som e wood (th m a t ria l)
som e iron (th m a t ria l)
som egl ss (th m a t ria l)

r Look a t th s x a mpl s :
I h rd Str ge oise. I c , t st nd oise .
I bought p inti g l st week. Do you lik e p i ti g?
Di h d v rygood e du tion . Edu tion is very import t.
A knowledge of bo ts is us I . K owl dge is the ke to Su eSS'
ou buy lo f from the shop? ou bu some bre d from th shop?
o t h e r p ro b l ms r O n group of nouns only h as a plura l form a nd t a k s a plura l v erbz cloth es,
ont ts,feelings, gl sses(for your s),i s, st irs, trousers
M trous rs re too tight. The st irs r v ry Steep.

r O n group of nouns a n b follow d by ith r a singular or plura l v erb : rmy ,

udie , l ss, omp y, rowJd,f mily, gover ment,grouP,public, te m
The Governm nth s/h ve de idedto resig .

r T h word . n ws, is follow d by a singular v erb .

The ne ,s is on.

r T h word , poli , is follow db a plura l v rb

T h e poli e re omi g .

130
 GRA nAR 33 oUN ABL AND UN oUN ABt NoUNs

U n d e rl i n et h e orr t w or d or p h r a s e i n a h s e n t n .

a) How mu h / Howm y p ast a h a v w got?

b) Wh r is / r m n w trous rs?
) I put som e / ny ho ola t som w h r ,but w h r is it?
d) P t r w nt to br /som glass so h ould fix th brok n .indorts
) I , m a fra id w h a v n , t got mu h / m n tim e ,
fl How mu h/How m n fllt itur shops ar ther ?
g) I , v found th milk but I a n , t find /som eg | ass.
h) Mary,s advi w s/ wer not v ry us ful.

2 Pu t o n e w or d i n e a h sp a e .Pu t a d s h ( _ ) i f t h sp a e s h o u I db e b | a n k .

a ) My t l o us rsn d iro n i n g . H a v y o u g o t . . . ?!! k . ' . . . . . . . iro . ' . . n?

b) ould you go to th b a k r,sa nd buy . . lo a f , pl as ?
) I , d l i k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.n. .f .o. m a t i o na b o u t t r a i n st o P a r i s .
d ) L o u i s h a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' v. . . r. .y g o o d h a l t h .
) Th war nd d . . y a rs a g o .
f ) V a n ss ab o u g h t . . p a p r a n d r a d i t o n t h b us .
g) o u l d y o u g i v m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .d. v. .i ,p l a s ?
h) Do you k now . . p e opl in this villa g ?

3 C o m p l e t e t h e s e o n d s n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i I a rm e a n i n g t o t h e f irs t
s n t e n ea n d o n t a i nst h e w or d i n b o l d .

a ) L t m t ll you w h a t I think you should do.

a dvi
L tm .g Lu .'a..q . | L. . { . o' | w , . . 4d ] { .?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b) I n d a l a n p a ir of trous rs.
p,' any
I h a v n , tg o t . . . . . . . . . . . .
) T h r isn , t a lot of w a t r in th e pool.
mu h
-at ri th o l.
d) I h a v to w ash my h a ir.
washing
My h a ir
) T h book didn , t ont a in a ny inform a tion .
in
T h i n f or m a t io n. . . . . . . . .

131
lN ER EDlA E tANGUAGE PRA l

4 .l
C h o os e t h b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e , or 2 , t o o m p l t e a h s e n t n e .

a ) T h f ir is g o i n g t o g o o u t . a n y o u g o a n d g t . . . !! . | n 9 . . w . p'q . \ ' . . . . . . . .
1 a wood 2 so m w o o d
b) mon y all ov r th f l o o r!
; ;;;; ;;;;,";";;
-;,
) L rnon a d ?S rry, no, w hav n,t got ..........'..
1 som 2 a '
d) P t r k ps at th b o t t o m o f h is g a r d n .
1 a hi k n 2 som hi k n
) Th in form a tion W w r giv n
1w r v ry us f ul 2 w as v ry us f ul
f) p opl w r th r on th b u s?
1 Ho w m a n y 2 Ho w m u h
o)
6/ Lo o k a t Ri t a 's h a ir . . . . . . . . . . . . .! .
1 I t,s gr n 2 Th y,r gr n
h) I , v all d th poli and ............
1 t h y ,r on t h ir w a y 2 it ,s o its w a y
i) Th ass m b l y h a ll w as f u ll o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 a nois 2nois

5 Complete a h senten e with on suitabl word.

a) I want d to hav a b a t h b u t t h r w a s n , t a n y h o t ' . . . w t . a r . . . . . . '.

b ) W h n is t h ......... on? I h a v n , t h ard a ny tod a y.
) T im ,s y sigh t w as b a d a nd h h a d to h a v n w
d) Laura had to pay Xtra at th airport b a us sh had too mu h
e) If you Want to mak an om l tt th r ar som ......... in th fridg .
f) You a n , t ut th a t With a k nif . You n d som
gt \ \- n d som br a d . ould you go and buy a larg
h r \ \ - h n | f u g$ r o i lan ^ llt n { t } r hous h r r . a sa r r s t d | a...........

| 2
 xpla n a tions
lndefinit arti le : r W use / n wh n th l is t n r d o s n o t k n o l r - r t h i r p rs o n o t h i n s W a r
on t a lking a bou t . omp a r :
T im w orks i f tor . lrl' d : : : l] .-' lt hi h f a tory)
T im w orks i t h e f tor do w n t h e ro 'd . trr- kl .-. .'' ; hi ; h f a t rl-l

r If w r f r to som thing for th f i rs t t i m i t l i l l b : l -' . , ' . . : . : : l : 1 n i o r t h

l is t n r a n d s o W u s / . thet r f r n s to th s : rr li : r : : : js ii] .
b a us n o w t h l is t n rk n o w s w h a t w a r t a l k i ns i : : : .
I , v eb o u g h t w m o b i l ep h o n e , I t , sg r t .T h p l t o t t : | | ' : . . :

r W : us / n to d s rib som thing .

It,s lov Iyd . K z kst is o t totls | l, I trl
Not t h s t w o W a ys of sa ying t h sa m t hing :
o lot is w ild nim | simil r to l e op rd .
o e lots r w ild a nim Is, simil r to l e op rds'

r W us / to d s rib th job or t h h a ra t r of a p rs : l
M ry is n e gineer. Peter is fool!

l A / n m a n . on , , So W a n not l s / w it h u n ou n t a bL : ] . . : .s
I , v e got brot h e r d sist e r. (not two)
ou giv e m e som in form tio ? (not *111f fl + + t1 + j-

r Not th a t / ar unstr ss d ,a nd ar plonoun d / r a nd : :

Z ero arti l r W us Z ro a r t i l w i t h p l u r a ls a n d u n o u n t a b l n o u ns rr'l : . . . " . ,+: = : . k i n g

lno arti | ) g n ra lly . omp ar :
Dogs re ot llow e din this shop
The dogs next door b rk ll ight.
Mi I k is good for ou .
The milk on the top sh lf is f t-fre .

H r ar som xampl s showing th us of z ero arti l tt . i : .r . : i l.r- :

a t r i a ls : T h is h i r is m d o f p l ls t i , ; , " ' |l o t h r'
Food a nd drink I l o v h o o l t e . I d o l l , t l i k o rL u l! i l l i .
Abstra t id as : W r is t e rribl t hi g ,
Languag s: S p n is h is s p k e b , l b o u t l - . l l /- lrj : ; : ; . ] !i :. 0 l .
A tiviti s : Sp e ki g is not p r if f . 7 , 7llrjlli iil il-, lt t tit t ,-ltiot-t .

l Z t o a r t i l is u s d w i t h m os t ountri s, st a t s a nd iti s.
omes f om Fr
rie e.
Los ng e l s is i I iforni '
But ountri s whi h ar a group or plural h av a d finit arti I .
W l e f t t h e U it e d Ki gdom d ross d to t h e | i e t h rl ds.
Not a lso t h a t Gr t Brit in h as z ro a rti l .
1 3
lN ER i DlA tANGUAGE PRA l(E

Z ro arti l is us d with g ogra phi a l ar as,la k s, mount a ins a nd isla nds.

We isit d Lake Vi tort . It,s i E st Af ic .
The limb d Mt. Everest i re ordtim .
H e l e sp e tlrcr holid yson re t e .

Z ro a r t i l is us d w i t h m os t s t r ts .
I bottg | tttllis dressfrom shop i Bond Street.
But w us flle for th phras the High Street (this m a ns th m a in shopping
s t r ti n a t o l v n ) .

Z ro arti l is us d with n a m s of buildings with a pla n a m b fo .

\ \ , t'isit dBl e nh e im P I e nd ov e ntry th e dr l.
But i use th w h n th r is a phras With ora f t r th noun .
I 1. I'isit dth e Houses of P rli m e t .

Z o a ti l is us d with n a m s, blt th e is us d with titl s.

rol P rk er is th e Mi ist er of ommunic tions.

Z ro arti i is us d with m a ls w h n w
D i n r is t 7 , 0 .
But omp ar with th s x a mpl s w h r
'lt tlrc d of th e o f re th erew s
T lt dinn er th serv eh er is re lly f
r f r to th m in g n ra l.
W ar not t a lking g n ra lly :
dinn er. (m ntion d for first tim t
t sti . ( w k now w hi h dinn r)

Z ro a ti l is use d with g n ra l histori a l r f r n s

Pre histori Europ e / An i e nt Rom e is f s i ti gp eriod of history .

Z o arti l is us d with b for g n ra l forms of tla nsport .

\ \ t + , ntth reb r.
But omp ar with th s x a mpl s w h r W ar not t a lking g n ra lly :
I \ w nt th rein re I l old r' (m ntion d for first tim )
1 \ ' t + , th
t rein th e r m sist eruses. ( w k now w hi h ar)
\ ot a ]so th a t w sa on foot .

Z o a r t i l is us d with rt a in buildings, w h r th purpos of th building

is m or i m p or t a n t th a n th pla its lf . omp ar :
littt is in prison . ( w h i h p r is o n is n o t i m p o r t a n t t
\ { omp n is r buildi gth e prison . (on p a rti ul a r building)
\ \ : dsof this typ ar :
be i ot go to hospit l, priso , bed, l ss, ourt
be t or go to work, s hool, universit ,se
With , hom , b e t hom e ,go hom e

t34
 GRAlvlr AR 34 AR l t s 1

S Gra mm ar 5 for a tiviti s in luding fh e .

1 U n d e r ] i n et h . e w ri t e e a h s n t n
rrors i n t h e s e s e n t e n e s R .

a ) H a v you v r visit d Unit d Kingdom?

. , q . . .Yo. . . . e 9 I . . w , | it e d'. . th*. . l I t e l.!1, . vd . q wL?
b) on our trip , w visit d th a nt I bury C a th dra l.

) Lov is wond rful thing .

d) h p ts ar not p rmitt d in this hot l.

) Ra bbit is sm a ll wild furry a nim a l with long ars.

f) Th N w York is in Unit d St a t s of t h Am i a.

2 Put o / on or l e a v th e sp a e b I a nk .

a ) . . . . ; . . . . l v m a k s t h w orl d g o ro u n d .
b) Sh ila h as got G rm a n ar.
) Ri t a w or k s i n . . . . . . . . . .o. f f i i n W e s t St r t.
d ) I , v g o t . . . . . . . . . .f .ri n d w h o is l t ri i a n .
) P a u l g o st o sp i a ls h o o l f or . . . . . . . . . .m. usi i a ns .
0 J a k i s i n . . . . . . . . .h. .o s p i t a la n d a n , t g o t o . . ' . . . . . . s. . h o o l .
g ) V a l ri W a n tst o g o t o u n i v rsi t y a n d s t u d y t o b . . . ' . . . . . .d. o t or .

3 F or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t e t h e s e o n d s e n t n eso t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m e a s
t h e f irs t , usi n g n o m or e t h a n t h r e w or ds .

a) ary t a , h s nglish .
a ry . . . . 1 { . . qr! : .'.'. . . . . . . . . . n g l i s ht a h r .
b) h arl s h as a f a tory job .
h a rl e s w or k s . . . . f a t or y .
) You ar not a llow d to p ark h r .
not a llow d h r .
d) F a bio is on a ship a t th mom nt .
At th mom nt . . . .s a .
) W w a l k dt o t h s t a t i o n .
W w nt to .............. . . . . . . . .f .o o t .
135
 Expla n a tions
D finit e a rti | e : t h r W u s t h e w h n i t is l a r w h i h t h i n g o r p I s o n W a r t a l k i n g a b o u t . T h
points b low x p l a i n t h is i n m o r d tail. ompar :
The w r between th two ou tri es l lst d for si w ks.
( w k no w w hi h w a r)
W r is t rribl thi g.
(w ar in g n ral, so Z ro arti l )

r W of t n us th wh w r f r to som t hin that w m n tion d b for ,

usi g t/ tl,
| \ | s w a good film l st igh t . I t'w s t h e e w film b e rghi i .
Bu t lv a n us t h e for t h first tim t h a t w r f r to som t hing if it is l a r
from th Cont t whi h on W m an.
I \ , lrcr ,st h e e wsp p e r?

r \ \ ' oft n us tll with phras s in luding of omp ar :

] t fi I t t t l + , ls lbou t t h e lov of girl for h e r t .
lor, ls Ll \ \ 'ot rf tll t hing! (lov in g n ra l , so Z ro a rti l )

r \ \ - us | l l r t h n t h r is o n l y o n o f s o m t h i n g . I t is l a r w h i h o n W
m an.
Hot t t t t t tL1
t ' ; t r o | l | l tl ls , l d e d on th e moon?

r W us tlle for n a tion allti s and th r groups.

I r ll dmir tlt I t li ltts,
T h e old , t h e si k lld tlt L | t | t tlplo d e d our sp i l r .

r Not th s oth r us s f rh e :

Pl a y i n g m usi a l i n s t r u m n t s : D l'o t tp l t ,t h e g u i t r?
Tim : h t tll p lst / itl t h e f u t ur e
But : t pr S t
Su p r 1 a t i v s ltis is t h e bigg st o . / You r t h e flrst .
Fix d phras s T lt soo r t h e b t t r.
N a m s o f s h i ps I , \ ' s il d on t h e N e p t u n e .
O a ns The P ifL , t h e Atl n ti
Riv rs T h e Am zon , t h e D n ub e

l T h e is usu a lly pronoun d id l b fo onson a nts a 'd l 'l b for vow ls.
T h b e gi i g' T h e d ,

1.36
 GRAlY | nAR 35 AR l L s 2

U n d r I i n et h e orr e t w or d i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) Wh r ,s / th l tri h a t r? I a n , t find it .
b) What h pp n d at n/the nd of /the fi | m?
)D a vid h as / th a ppointm nt a t / th e opti ia n ,s.
d) / T h e old p rson som e tim s f ls lon ly .
)P t r owns /the larg st mod l plan in /the wofld.
f) Lu kily /the fir brigad soon am and put otlt /the fire.
g) H arry ,s moth r bought hlm / th eguit ar for his birthd a y pl s nt .
h) I , m thinking of buying / th e rl e w p a ir of trous rs.
i) I n th nd th r w as / th ew ar b t w n th t wo ountri s.
i) I didn , t k now n / th ea nsw r to / th qu stion , so I l f t it out .

2 C o m p l e t e t h s e o n ds e n t e n so t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f irs t
sent n e.

a ) Fra n s is a v ry good pia nist .

Fran .P.l4.4p.''.. .
'.s .B! Y.l. .t.h* . v ryw ll.
b) Poor p opl n d h lp from th Gov rnm nt .
T h G o v r n m n ts h o u l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. o o r .
) Tra y ,sbik is f ast r th a n e v ryon ls ,s.
Tra y,s . . . fast st.
d) T om h as a do tor,s a ppointm nt .
Tom .......... do tor,s.
) T h e film w as a bout a n artist ,slif .
T h film . . . of a n artist .
f) T h only go a l of th m a t h w as s or d by lt a ly .
T h only go a l of th m a t h . . . I t a lia ns.

3 Put o / on or th in e a h sp a e or l e a v e th e sp a e bla nk .

. si d nit, . . . t hP.'l rg st ru is sh i p i n . . . . t!*'.w orl d .

a ) . .' I t --Pr
b) v ry o n i n . . .'. . . . . . .l a ssa gr dt h a t . . . . . . . . .h. .a p p i n ssW a si m p or t a n t .
) T h r 's s t r a n g p I so n a t . . . . . . . . . .d. o or .
d) Som on w ho sa w robb ry a ll d poli .
) A t . . . . . . . . .b. . g i n n i n go f . . . . . . . . .f.i.l m , . . . . . . . . .t. a. l l m a n s a t i n f r o n t o f m .
n W h n I a r r i v da t . . . . . . . . .s. t. a t i o n ,I a t . . . . . . . . .s. .a n d w i ha n d l v a i t df o
. . . . . . . . .t.r. a i n .
s) p I s o nw i t h . . . . . . . . .g. . o d d u a t i o nu s u a l l y g t s . . . . . . . . .g. .o o d j o b .
h) H a v y o u s n . . . . . . . . .n. . w f i l m a t . . . . . . . . . . .m b a s s y i n m ?

I 7
lN ERI v | EDlA E LANGUAGE PRA t

I n l u d sp r a t i o f G a m m a r3 4 a n d 5 .

Put / on / th in e a h sp a e , or l e a v e th e sp a e bla nk .

a ) . ! . | . | 9 . , .h. i n s e a t . . q t . . . . . . . . ol of t. . . : . . . . .r i .
b ) . . . . . . . . .m
. . o s t p o p l t h o u g h t t h a t . . . . . . . . .B. . a t l sW r . . . . . . . . .v. . r y g o o d
8Iou .
) I u s u a l l r -d r i n k . . . . . . . . .g. .l a s so f . . . . . . . . .m
. .ilk in morning.
d ) \ \ - h a t's diff r n b tw n r a b b i t a n d . . . . . . . . . .h. a r ?
) . . . . . . . . ' .f.irs t p rso n w h o ross s f i n is h i n g l i n is winn r.
f) playing g u i t a r is . . . . . . . . . .i n. t r s t i n g hobby.
g | . . . . . . . . .R. . b ag o t o n bus and bought ti k t.
hl h r 's n Wsp a p rs h o p a t nd of str t.
i l I n . . . . . . . . . p. .a s t , m os t o f population liv d in ountry.
it I n d d n w p a ir of trous rsso my moth r g aY m mon y .

orr t th rrors in th se se nt e n esby a dding or re moving o / n / th .

ai o u l d y o u g t l o a f o f b r a d f ro m b a k r , s?
. . . Q q. + !'d. .' p, | + . .g'e . . t . .4. .!qnf . . f . .b'rg a d. . fro, . .
................t......v...

bi h milk is good for t h hildr n .

t h Joh n is a t a w ork a t mom n t .

dt \ \ : tra v ll d to th Hung ary b a c ar.

) H a v you got a broth r or th sist r?

fl \ Var b t w n t wo ountri s W as long st in th e history .

8) Who w as first astron a ut w ho w a lk d on moon?

hl \ il is l o n g s t r i v in world.

138
 GRAlyllvlAR 35 AR lCLEs 2

3 Re writ e e a h se nt e n e so th a t it h as a similar m e a ing a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold .

a) W tra v ll d th r by tra in .
on
....Wr..trq .p'|!, e!(...thf, : e ..p'r!..th&.trqLw..
b ) T h re isn , t a larg r siz th a n this on .
larg st

) Clara sings for h r living .

singer

d) P opl e w ho are un mploy d of t n f e l d pr ss d .

th

) Ann a is l arning to b a guit arist .

play

ik is an offi .work r.
works

s) Mari is a Fr n h wom a n .
Fra n e

h) D a vid is still working .

at

4
F

lN R DlA tANGUAG PRA C I ( E

5 C o m p l t t h e s e o n d s e n t n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m a n i n g t o t h e f irs t
senten e.

a ) I didn , t xp t to s D arr l.
. . . . D f l . r r r , ' | . . / q { . , t h t , ' , , . . ' . . . . 'l a s t p rs o n I x p t d t os .
b) Do you h a v a dog in your hous ?
Do ............. hom ?
) Ni k t a h s h mistry .
N i k is . . . . . .t a h r .
d) y fri nds g a v m a wond rful pr s nt .
. . . . . .g a v m W a sw o n d r f u l .
) T h Austra lia n a pit a l is C a nb rra .
a n b rr . . . . . .A us t a l i a .
T h Fr n h l sson is th first tomorlow .
. . . . . .F r n h .
s) Som on is phoning you .
Th , sS o m o n o n . . . . . . . ' . . . . .
h ) *:
: : : : : : : : : : : : : :]: : : : ::: :: : : .* } '; , nt rtaining.
" " .,
6 ln e a h p a ir of se nt e n es,fill in on sp a e with th e a nd th e oth er sp a e with a
d ash (-) to show no arti I e .

a ) 1 F or m , . . . . . . . .f.o o t b a l l is m y l i f .
2 . . I h?.' footb a ll in th s ond division is a mu h low r st a nd ard .
b) 1 T h y sa y th a t lov m a k s th world go round .
2 h e sa y th a t lov of a moth r for h r hild is th strong stkind .
) 1 . . . . . . . . . .i n. f or m a t i o n i n t h is a r t i ] w i l l b v r y us f u l f or m y p ro j t.
2 . . . . . . . . . .i n. f o m a t i n a b o u t t h G o v r n m n t , sd f n p l a ns is h a r d t o f i n d .
d ) 1 . . . . . . . . . .s.t u d n tsi n m v n w l a ss a l l s m v r y f ri n d l y .
2 . . . . . ' . . . .s. t d n tss h o u l d b i n t h ir l a ss sb y 9 . 0 0 .
) 1In d . . . . . . . . .h. . l p l
2 h a n k s v r v m u h f or . . . . . . . . . .h. l p y o u g a v m y s t r d a y .
1 . . . . . . . . . . .o m p u t rsi n t h J a n u a r y s a l a r n o t t o o x p nsi v .
2 h s d a vs r- y b o d yn ds t o k n o w h o w t o us . . . . . . . . . . .o m p u t rs .
o)
6/ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . n g l is h a r f a m o us f or t h i s t r a n g s ns o f h u m o u r .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . n g l is h p ro g r a m m sa r q u i t a syt o f i n d o n s a t lli t T V .
h) 1 a ny of my f i nds a studying busin ss a t univ rsity .
2 y f a t h r is i n v o l v d i n . . . . . . . . . .b. usi n sso f b u y i n g a n d s l l i n g h o us s .

r40
 Expla n a tions
l ll
/ l is usu a lly follo w d by a plura l nou n a nd v rb .
All st ud e n ts r e e p e t e d to rriv e on tim e .
In th xpr ssions ll d y , I l igh t , l I t h e tim e , t h nou n is singul a r.

W a n a lso sa y (of ) t h e . . . , a nd in t his xpr ssion w a n r pl a tll b a

poss ssiv a d j tiv (m e t . ) .
A I l (of ) t h e tic k e ts for t h e m t h h d b e e n sold .
Al I (of ) my f i e ds h v e bik es.
N o f is a ls o u s d w i t h /l.
Not I I st ud e ts h v e bik es.
Not I I (ofl my f i e nds h e bik es.

/ / is a ls o u s d a s a p r o n o u n a t t h b g i n n i n g o f a s n t n .
A I l I w t is som p e d qui e t!
ll I e e d is f , 400! All I h v e is f , 50!
ll is not no m a lly us d as a singl -w ord ob j t . I nst a d W us e v e r t hi g .
T l I m e e v e ry t hing t h lt h pp e d o your holid .
(N ,..)

a som e
So m e is u s d i n t h s a m w a . So m e is n o t u s d w t t h o t .
Som e st ud e n ts r e e p e t d to h e lp .

10, none . o
W a n lS no w it h a singul a r nou n or a plura l nou n .
No st ud e n ts rriv e d otim e for t h e l st l esso !
No st ud e n t rriv e d on tim for t h e l st l esson!

W do not us l o if t h r is a not h r n g a tiv w ord . I n t his as W us rz ,?) , .

I did , t Se e a n st ud e n ts rriving o tim e for t h e l st l sson'

. no
W do not us No of . . . ot No th e . . . . I nst a d, W us o o f t | r c o r t t o l r co n i | s
own.
Non of the guests r here yet.
,Were ther ,
y l tters for me?, Sorr , one for ou.
. a l , . h is is m o r
N o t t h a t i n t h f i rs t x a m p l t h r is a p l u r a l v b
om mon , a lt hough a singul a r v rb is possibl .

T4I
r
:
lN Rlvt DlA LANGUAG PRA I
i
i

ll
o mph asiz th e id a of on e w a n us on e t ll, ot rlot on e |ot ot ... .
,How m ny people w re surft g?,) ,No e t ll! ,
I

, Hotvm n p e opl ew eresurfi g?,) , Not o ! ,

i
i , Hott , m n p opl ew resurfing?, ) , Nof singl e o e!,
i
;' Oth xampl s:
i
t
I ot on e p erso h s do e ny hom work!
l
t
I eo h, ver
I lt , n ,ht d si gl epho e- lltod .

h m a ning of h a nd e v eryis similar a nd of t n ith r word is possibl . T h r

I ar both follow d by a singular noun .
ilfi h p erson i th e room w s w e ri g h t'
I
t
v ery p erson i th room w as w e ring h t .
t
t
I
. L7 Jl
\ \ . us h w h n w think of th m mb rs of a group s p ara t ly ,on by
fl on .
fi Slt sp nt some time t Iki g to e ch p rso in the room.
fl'
I lt is of t n us d with on e ,
fi, There-wereten people i the room' E ch one w s we ri g l h t.
t l t o f . . . a n b us d .
I,
i'
h of ou t | 1 rry o e p r el.
l
l
t't ll arl b us d a f t r th subj t , or a t th nd of a S nt n .
I4 sisters e ch h ve their ot lnroom,
i
! y u l eg v e my broth er d I $50 e ch' ( = g a v $50 to a h of us. )

l
t
fl'ery
\ \ us e v eryw h n w think of a ll th m mb rs of a group tog e th r.
llI Ev ry bo w s wr ppedi olour dpap r.
ii \\ annot sa ver of.
t
I \\ a nnot t | See v erya f t r th subj t , or a t th nd of a s nt n .
l
I' bot h' it h r' n it h r both
Bofli r f sto t wo things a nd m a ns , th on a nd th oth r, . I t is us d with
I
I plura l noun a nd v rb . Not e th stru tur sa nd positions.
I
fi
Both people /Both the people /Both of the people in the room were we ri g
I lt lts.

fi
t
The people i the r om utereboth we rtng h ts.
lrcr were two peopl i the room. Both (of them) were we ri g h ts,
I
t. Both of ou n h e lp m .
You n both h e lp m e .

t42
 GRAll | AR 36 D ER I U l l N ERs AND PRo N o u Ns

. eith r
ith er m a ns , this on or th oth r on , . I t is follow d by a singular noun
a nd v rb .
W ca p int it e n or blue. Either colour m t hesth l Ils.
. nd , or .sid , th n th
But not th a t w h n w use e ith erwith th words
m a ning h a ng es to both .
Th re re tre son either side of the street.
W an : s eith r of,
Either of the books will be very us I .

t neither
N e ith er m a ns . not this on or th oth er on , .
W e n , tp int it gre e nor blu e . N e ith er olour m t h esth e w I ls.
There r? treeson either side of the street,
Neither of these books wiI I be very useful.

r43
l N E R 1 t . |E D l A E tANG U A G E PRA C I

1 Und e lin e th e orre t word or hrase in a h se nt n .

a) T h r w re no e / gp e opl a t th e bus stop .

b) y two broth rs e h/ everyhav th ir own ar.
) N .ofon / I'lotno stud nt h as om la t this w k!
d) Som eof /Som er st a ura nts h arg xtr for br a d .
) S rry, but I an,t h at either/neitherof you prop rly.
f) \ Vh n I got on my bik I noti d that both res/ ev rytyr wer flat.

2 Pu t o n e s u i t a b l w or d i n a h sp a e .

a ) I s n t l t t r st o t n p o p l ,b u t ' . . . . . . l . . t . . . . . .. .' .. .. . . . ! n e - . . . .r. . .p l i d !

b) [ , m sorry , but th r ar . . ti k ts l f t fo th on rt .
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. .a. t. . f o r b r a k f s W
t a sa b a n a n a .
d) I t i d . . t h s u p e r m a r k t sb,u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .n. . . w a s l o s d .
) I h a d t wo phon a lls, but th r w r . . fo you , I , m a fra id .
f ) B o t h ro a ds l a d t o t h iW n t r .Yo u a n t a k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .n. . .

3 R writ ea h senten so that it has a similar meaning and ontains the word in bold.

a ) All th dogs in th e g ard n w r b arking .

v ry

Nobody a t a ll a m to th m ting .
singl

) Not on of my fri nds h as got a ar.

non

d) his h a ir is not omfort a bl , a nd nor is this oth r on e .

n ith er

) Th w r n , t a ny boys in th lass.
no

0 W only W a nt to list n to a f w CDs.

a ll

o\
6'
T h t wo books a l int r sting .
both

1 . 44
 GRAtlltlAR 36 D R I Y | l N Rs AND PRo N o U Ns

4 C o m p l e t t h e s e o n d s e n t n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m a n i n g t o t h f irs t
senten .

a ) T h s books ar n , t int r sting .

ga .k..ll / g.r.c.
.thr, : .g.'b.
on ....df int er. t.ul...'...........
b ) You h a v only t n minut s l f t .
All .............
) T h hot ls w r both unsuit a bl .
N ith er
d ) No on r pli d to my l tt r.
Not a .........
) Pa ul a nd his broth D a vid ar ill.
Both ..........
Nobody in th t a m pla y d b a dly .
All .............
g) T h poli s ar h d a ll th hous s in th str t.
v ry.........
h) Not a ll th qu stions in th t st W I e asy .
Som . . . . .'. . .

5 U n d rl i n et h e orr e t o n t i n u a t i o no f e a h s n t e n e .

a ) W look d a t t wo diff r nt hous s but . . .

1 both of th m w r too sm a ll. 2 ith r of th m W as too sm a ll.
b) Liz invit d a doz n gu ststo h r p arty but . . .
1 no turn d up . 2 non turn d up .
) H l n a nd Ma rk a r w ll b h a v d , bu t pl as l t m k no w if
1 bot h of t h m misb h a v . 2 it h r of t h m misb h a v s.
d) i ha la f ls s o t i r d b a us sh ...
1 didn , t sl p for a singl mom nt . 2 sl pt a ll for a mom nt .
) W ri t d o w n t h n u m b r o f t h e o n t h is l is t . . .
1 a h t i m o n p a ss s . 2 a l l t h t i m o n p a ss s .
How m a ny p s ntsdid you g t on ou bi thd a } -?. . .
1 on at all. 2 Non t all.
s) T h r w r t n p o p l s t a n d i n g a t t h b us s t o p a n d . . .
1 all p opl had umbr llas. 2 a h on had an umbr lla .
h) W wrot a ll our a nsw rs n th bla kbo a d but . . .
1 no on of us w as right . 2 non of us lv as right .

145
 Expla n a tions
Adj tives Ad j tiv s d s rib a nou n a nd a r us d in fron t of nou ns. h y h a v t h
form for singul a r a nd plura l . T h y do not h a ng for m a l a nd f m a l .

Order of r Wh n w h a v mor t h a n o n adi t i v , W u s t h is o r d r :

adje tiv s
Opinion lov Iy,difft ult
Si z l rge,long
A8 old , s o d-h d
Sh a p round ,squ are
T mp ra tur hot , old
o1our gree ,blue
a t ri a l wood pl , sti
P u r p o s ( w h a ti t i s f o r ? ) swimming pool
Final noun swimmi gpool

H r a r so m x a r n p l s :
old l th rfootb I lboot . ( a g ,m a t ria l, purpos , noun)
A lov l gr n silk shirt . (opinion , olou m a t ria l, noun)
I t is n o t a d v is a b l t o p u t m or t h a n t h r a d j t i v st o g t h r .

r I n t h . m a t ri a l ,a n d , p u r p os , a t g ri sW a n h a v n o u ns us d a s
a dj tiv s: pl sti , st e I ,swimming ,footb l I .

Gradable r Look a t this s qu n :

adj tives
boili g hot w rm ool old fr zinE

Adi tiv s in th middl of th s qu n ar a ll d . gra d a bl , .W an mak

th m strong r or w a k r with words | ik v ery , bit , e tre m e l .
Ad j tiv s a t t h nd of t h s qu n ar a ll d . non-gra d a bl , . W a n not
mak t h m strong r or w a k r b a us t h y a r a lr a dy x tl m . Bu t w a
mph asis t h m w it h bsolu t I .
I tw s bsolut el boi I ingin th nsl stw e e k .(No )

Adj tives nding Ad j tiv es nding -lng d s rib som t hing t h a t w a r r a ting to (ou tsid
-ing a nd - d us ).
. \ d1 t i r - s n d i n g - e r id s r i b o u r f l i n g s a n d r a t i o n s ( i n s i d u s ) .
. \ 1r'rt'ork t ls tiring . I t m d e m tire d .
ltis fllttt is i t eresti g . I , m i t erest e d in th film'
oth rs of th sa m kind a e : it e d / iti ge ,mb rr sse d / e mb rr ssi g ,
w orri d/ worry,itt g, bored/boring.

l
t46
 GRAtltlAR 37 Ao | lv 5 AND AD v RB5

ld | e tiv es w it h bg r Adj tiv es a n b us d on th e ir ow n , without a noun , a f t r th s v rbs.

[tr 'om , fe l, look This be ch is f t sti ! Sue h s become ri h.
I feel terrible! You look ill!
I f w us mor th a n on a di tiv , not th us of omm as a nd th rr'ord
'a nd':
Sue h s be omeh pp d ri h'
Sue h s b omeh ppy, rt h nd f mous.

W a n ls o e inst a d of r p a ting a noun .

I like our new o t. It,s r ll lovel one!

Adv rbs Adv rbs d s rib a v rb. An adv rb says how (quickly), wh n (tomoog1vl) t
wh (ov erth re )som thing h a pp ns.
Ma ny how , a dv rbs ar form d by a dding - I to a n a dj tiv .
,
slotlt- slowly qui k - qui kly reful _ refull

l Som a dv rbs h a v th sa m form as a dj tiv s. x a mpl s in lud : f st , h rd ,

e , l te, high, Iow, right, wro g'
This tr i is very f st, (adi)
This tr i goes f st. (adv)
It w s very h rd question. (adj)
We w rked h rd. (adv)

r Not th a t th a dv rb h rdl is not r la t d to th m a ning of h rd .

I ould h rdl St dup . ( . h ardly , = a lmost not)

r R m mb r th a t fr qu n y a dv rbs om a f t r b e a nd a uxilia i s,but b for

oth l v rbs.
K therine is e er l te, She h s ever rrived l te.
K therine ev r rrives I t .

Adv erbs of d e gre r Adv rbs of d gr ar us d with a dj tiv sto d s rib how mu h .
(int e nsifi ers) Peter is very/reall / tremel hoppy t his ew s hool.
oth r adv rbs of d gr are : . little, bit, quite, terribl .

-J.47
lN Rlt'lE DlA E LANG UAG PRA ( !

Put e a h group of words into th e b est ord er.

a ) old a plasti larg b a g gr n

...1...l4rg9..o.[d. .r *r*..p[Ntp. a ,.hqlg
b) wood n squ ar t wo t a bl s

) r d a dr ss silk b a utiful

d) silv r a of jugs a ntiqu p a ir

) bo w l sm a ll a pl asti

f) winding ro a d ountry long a

g) boots som old footb a ll dirty

h) otton long a skirt y llow

i) squ z d old jui a freshly glass ora ng of

2 Und erlin th e orre t a dj tiv e in e a h se nt e n e .

)l an,t drink this t a! It,s w rm/b-oili *!

b) Look at that skys rap r! It,s l rge /gig ti !
)Jill ouldn,t driv any furth r that day as she Was so tired/tiri g.
d) I lov summ r ev nings wh n at last it f els cool/freezing.
) h first part of th film was r a | | e ited/ citi g.
f; That was th b st play I ,v v r s n. It was good/f t sti '
g) You | ook ulorried/ulorrying.Isanything th matt r?
h) W won , t go a mping until th w a th r is mo boili g / w rm r.
i) If you fee \ bored/boring,wh don,t w go to th in ma?
i) I didn,t think you wete interest d/interestingin an i nt history.

148
 GRAlt . | i.lAR 7 AND AD v ERBs
^D|E lv s

3 Re writ e e a h se nt e n e so th a t it h as a similar m e a ning a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold.

a ) T h old oupl liv d tog th r a nd w r h a ppy .

happily
...Th*..q!d.. o.*B! ..Li ed,..hqBp'i! ..tpgp'.thr,.
b) T his h as b n h a d work for you .
work d

) Chris a nd Pa ul ar slow w a lk rs.

walk

d) G orgia is a good pia nist .

plays

) Su is a gra e ful d a n r.
dan s

0 Ka t is ill.
w ll

g) i h a l,s sk a ting w s wond rful.

sk a t es

h) ary is a ar ful writ r.

writ s

D Al x didn , t sl p w ll.
sl pt

i) Ann ompl t d th ours with su ss.

su ssfully

149
lN ER EDlA tANGuAGE PRA !CE

4 Compl e t e a h se nt e n e with on e of th words from th e box . Us a h word

on e only .

a) Wh n I h ard th a t Suz a nn a h h a d p ass d h r driving t est I w as r a lly

. . . l , g B p ' , . . '''
b ) J a k d a n sv r y . . . . . . . . . . . a n d n v r s t pso n p o p l , sf t .
) la n W as so tir d th a t h ould . . k p his y s op n .
d) h hot l w as . . , but w didn , t lik th food in th r st a ura nt .
) A l iso n w a s x t r m l y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .n. .d sp n t a m o n t h i n h osp i t a l .
f ) Jo n n , vw a s d i v i n g t o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .n. .d w a s s t o p p e db y t h p o l i .
8) I t ,s not a wond rful film , but it ,s . . good .
h) Gina l k dv y . . . . . . . . . . . and w as giv n an xtra holiday.
i ) W h n I r a l i z dI h a d n , t p a i d f or t h o a t , I f e l t . . . . . . . . . .
i ) I a n't a f f o d t o b u y t h a t b i k e b a us i t , s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x. p. nsi v .

5 Und erlin e th rrors in th es se nt e n es.Re writ e e a h se nt e n .

a) P t r has b n n'orking very ha dl } z

..h ..b.gt.. .p.rBi ..r:r ..l,.g
.'.Pst.pr . rd.:..................
b) y sist r bought m a blu lov ly wooll n sw a t r.

) T his book I , m r a ding is xtr m ly x ll nt .

d) D a vid f lt b a dly b a us h e , d shou t d a t his mot h r.

) v ryon in th t a m pla y d good .

f) T oo mu h x r is a n m a k you f l tiring .

s) Pa ula f lt h a ppily w h e n h x a ms W r ov r.

h) H a ns h as a rriv d l a t a t s ho l n v r.

i) O n box r hit th oth r r a lly h ardly right on th hin .

i) I , m not r a lly int r sting in this ar.

150
I omparatives and
superla tiv s:
E x p l a n a t i o ns
Comp ara tiv s omp ar t wo s p ara t things.
ry is better pl yer th o i .
meaning Sup rla tiv s omp ar on thing in a group With a ll th oth rs.
S r h is the best pl r in the te m.

omparativ s and r O n sylla bl

s u p r I a t i v s :f o r m Comp a a tiv a dj e tiv swith on sylla bl ar norm a lly form d by a dding -er
to th a dj tiv . I n on sylla bl words nding with on onson a nt , th fin a l
onson a nt is doubl d . Words nding in onson a nt + -y h a ng -y to -i.
I g_ Io ger big _ bigger dry _ drier
Sup rla tiv a dj tiv s ar norm a lly form e d by a dding -estto th a dj tiv .
Iong- the longest big - the biggest dry - the driest

r T wo or mor sylla bl s
Comp ara tiv a dj tiv swith t wo or mor sylla bl s ar norm a lly form d with
m or .
mod r _ more modern int resti g_ more int resting
Sup rla tiv a dj tiv s ar norm a lly form d with most ,
moder - th most modern i teresti g_ the most interesting

Som a di tiv s with t wo sylla bl s a n b form d in ith r w a y .

ommo ommo er th e ommon est oR
o | nlnorl more ommo th most ommor
oth r x a mpl s in lud e : qui e t , tire d , l e v er,polit e , simpl e'

r Not from th x a mpl s a bov I h a t th is us d with sup rla tiv es.T h +

sup rla tiv a n a lso b us d without a noun .
S r h is th e b est swimm er.
S r h is the best'

lrr g u l a rf or ms Not th following irr gular forms :

good bett r th e b est
b d worse the worst
f r f rther/further the f rth st/furthest
little l ess th l e st
much/m mo e th most
And th r is sp ia l us of o / d to d s rib f a mily m mb s th a t h as a n irr gular
form :
oId elder t h e e ld st
T his is m e ld e r brot h e r' | e is t h e ir e ld est d t tgh t e r.

151
lN ER ,l DlA E LANGUAGE PRA I(E

ommon
Adv erbs I n g n a l a dv bsfollow th e sa m e rul s as a dj tiv s,a lthough m a ny
short adv rbs an mak omparativ s in two ways.
ould you drive slower, pl s ?
ould you driv more slowl , ple se?
n ou work qui ker?
n you-workmore quickly?
loud,
Adv rbs that an us b th forms lik this in lud : e rly, f r, f st, h rd, l te,
quick , slow .

Making l T h n is us d with omp ara tiv s.

o m p a riso ns M ry is bette th n M i .
ry is better pl yer than oni .

r Not th a t , h n w e omp ar a tions, W us a n a uxiliary a t th e nd of th

s nt n .
ry,pl s betterth n oni does. (NoT ... t + i +l )
Yo | t,l, done more o kth n I h v . (NoT ... th tl I ll ' d e)

W a n a lso sa y :
ry pl ys b e tt er th n oni '
You , v edon e more work th n m e .

l justaS . . . lsis us d w h n w omp ar t wo qu a l things.

M ry is just s good s thy .
ry is just s good pl yer s th .

l not S . . . lSis us d w h n w omp ar t wo things th a t ar not e qu a l.

th is not S good s ry'
th is t | ot S good pl yer s ry.

r As w ll as sa ying more th n , W a n a lso sa y l ss th n .

This g me is tnore interesting th the l st o .
I think this g m is less i teresting than th t o e.

W a n us a dv rbs of d e gr to m a k e omp arisons. Adv rbs of d gr in lud :

l n t nsi f i rs
bit, mu h, lot, f r.
This house is much/ lot/far biggerth th t o .
Th It Ii n ftlm w s tnuch more i tercsting th this one.
That film w s f r less frighte ing th n this o e.

r52
 GRA luAR 38 A lNG o]t ,lPARlsoNs

1 U n d e rl i n et h e orr e t W or d or p h r a s e i n a h s e n t n .

a) Th fish was so t sty S/ st s -- sth m at.

b) T his book is th e most int er sti g / thmore
e i t restingI , v v r a d .
) in urop .
T his t mpl is th e ld est / old est
d) T h a t dr ss is a lot long er th / th tth oth r on .
) Nothing is worse / worsfth a n b ing stu k in a tra ffi j a m .
f) T h a t sk ys ra p ris on of th t ll r / t ll estbuildings in th world .
g) T h t st W asn , t s h rd s / h rd s I thought .
h) A tu lly, today I f e | more b d/ worsethan I did y st rday.
i) our journ y tooklong er th n / th elong estw xp t d .
j) ould you work more qui e tl / morequi e t rpl as ?

2 Compl e t a h se nt n e with a omp ara tiv e or sup erla tiv eform of th e a dj tiv
i n b o l d . l n l u d e a n y o t h e r n e e ss a r yw or ds .

a ) T h N i l i s . . t h * . '! l . r y . . t . . . . . . . . . r. i. v. . . r.i .n. .t h w o r l d .

l ng
b) I w as disa ppoint d as th film w as . . . . th a n I
xp t d.
ent rtaining
) Mos t p l a n s g o a l o t . . . . t r a i ns .
fast
d) Y st rdaW
y a so n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d. a y s o f t h y a r .
hot
) I t h i n k t h is b o o k is m u h . . . .t h o t h r o n .
good
f) T h t wins ar th sa m h ight . T im is . . . . Su .
t a ll
g) T h first x r is W as asy but this on is
diffi ult
h) Th d i t rr a n a nis n o t . . . .t h P a i f i O an.
larg
i ) T h i s l a s s r o o mi s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h o n n x t d o o r .
ttig
j) T his is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. l v i s i o np r o g r a m m I , v v rw a t h d .
bad

153
lN ERI DlA E LANGUAG PRA l

3 Compl t e th e se ond se nt e n so th a t it h as a similar m e a ning to th e first

5 e nt e n e .

a ) D a vid is a b tt er runn r th a n Pa ul.

Paulis not. . g. { 3. !.p'd. g'.
. .rr' . e : . .4.s. . .2q
b) Nobody in th lass is t a ll r th a n Alison .
Alison is th e . . . . . . . . .
) I h a v n , t writt n as mu h as you .
You,v writt n
d) Ja n ,s h a ir isn , t as long as Sophi ,s.
Sophi ,sh a ir is
) No stud nt in th s hool is noisi e th a n I a m!
I,m th
) T his xhibition is mu h mor int r sting th a n th last on .
h last xhibition w as not
g) T his is as f ast as th ar a n go.
h ar an,t. . . . . . . . . .
h) Ka t a t m h l ss th a n Andr w did .
K t didn , t

4 Put on e suit a bt eword in e a hsp a .

a ) o u r t a mi s . . . . . j ' . t . . . . '..... . . . . ' . . 4 . , t .g. o. .o. .d.... . . . . . . g . , | . . y. .o. u. .r.t. a m .

T h y ,r both th sa m .
b ) T h is is o n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f a m o us p a i n t i n gs i n t h w orl d .
) v ryon did .......... work........'. Philip
d) You ,r not a sa f driv r! You should d iv . . . . . . . . . slowly .
) A n n is t a l l r .. i k b u t t h ir so n D v e is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. a. .l.l s t i n
th family.
f) Wh a t a n a w ful book . I t ,s on of . . . . . int resting I , v
v r r ad.
g) I t m a k s no diff r n ,b a us this ro a d is bad

; ; ; ; ; ; ; . . . . . . . : : . 1l . : : i .'o . . y st rd aso
y , I , mw a rin gm y sh orts.
^,
5 Corre t th sp e l | ing of th se words w h ere n essary .

a ) big st 0 fat r k) fiter

b) gr a tt st s) sm a l st l) tight er
) sh rt r h) long st m) n w st
d) lik li est i) h ardd r n) h avi r..
) t a ll st i ) w tt est o) widd r

t54
 GRA } T i T AR 3E IuA lNG Co]Y | PARlsoNs

6 F or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l e t t h e s o n d s n t e n so t h a t i t m a ns t h s a m a s
th e first , using no more th a n thre e words.

) ould you not t a lk so f ast , pl as ?

o u l d o u '' . . t . l t . [ K , ' r y ! 4 r 9 , { 'L .pal' wa.sl . Y?,
b ) T h e last film w sa w W as mor fright ning th a n this on .
T h is f i l m . . . . . . . a. s t h l a s t o n .
) Nobody in th lass ooks b tt r th a n Sa m .
Sa m is . . . ' . . .i.n t h l a ss .
d) You ra n a lot f ast r th a n I did .
I didn't run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. o. .u .
) Sm a ll ars ar mol onomi a l th a n larg ars.
Larg a r sa r . . . . . . . . . . . . . sm a ll a rs.
0 Sk a ting isn , t as x iting as skiing .
S k i i n gi s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . skating.
s) Ri h ard do sn , t work h ard r th a n Ala n .
Al a n w orksj ust . . . . . . . . . . . . Ri h ard .
h) Ja k isn , t as int r st d in footb a ll as his broth r is.
J a k , sb ro t h e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n f o o t b a l l t h a n h is .
i) Bill is th young st in th f a mily .
v ryon ls i n t h f m i l y . . . . . . . B. i l l .
i) I h a v n , t a t n as mu h as you .
Yo u'v a t n . . . . . . . . .

155
 x p l a n a t i osn
Un d e rst a n din g r Th t rm , phrasal r- b'm a ns a n orm a l v rb li k g e t , I oo k , t k e f ollo w d b y
phrasa l v erbs o n o r t w o r p os i t l o n s l i k b k , o f f , u p t . Lo o k a t t h s xampl s:
| l 't I k tlti; | : Ut t ttt I h r.
( n r m a l r' r b r a n i n g : . t o m o v s o m t h i n g f r o m o n p l a to anoth r,)
2 T lk of f t't . tr slt l s| l f r vo om i '
(phrasalr- rb r a ning : .to r mo \ ' som thing,)
1 1 g t o o k o f f i t t t l t t t t i 1 d lo f 0 s t o r t .
l p h a s a 1r - r b r a n i n g : . r h n a p l a n g o s u p i n t o t h air,)

\ \ -h n tl.r p p os i t i o r r is a d d d t h m a ning of th origin al v rb h a ng s.

So l t i . l st h r is s t i l l a r l a t i o n s h i p a n d y o u a n g u ss t h m a n i n g ( s 2
a b o r - ) ,s o m t i m s t h r is a n W m a n i n g t h a t is o m p l t l y d i f f r n t ( s
abov ).

r Th r a r dif f r n t typ s f phrasa l v rbs, d p nding on w h t h r t h r is on

p r p os i t i o n o r t w o , a n d w h t h r t h v r b a n d p r p os i t i o n a n b s p a r a t d .
I n t h is b o o k G r a m m a r 3 8 a n d 9 o v r d i f f r n t t y p s .

r Th r a r m a n y phrasa l v rbs, a nd only a f w om mon on s a r giv n in

t h s t w o u nits. W h n you s a n W phrasa l v rb for t h first tim you
should st udy t h on t x t of us , a nd h k t h m a ning in a di tion a ry .
Phrasa l v rbs a r p a rti ul a rly om mon in in form a l writing a nd sp h.

Verbs with thre e os t o f t h v rbs in thl is t b l o w n d a n o b j t , a n d t h o b j t an only

p arts om a t t h nd , a f t r bot h t h pr positions :
I,m looki g forw rd to m holid s.
* fin a l
Wit h v rbs m a rk d w it h a n ast risk t h r is no ob j t , a nd t h
p r p os i t i o n is n o t u s d .
t h up w it h* (r a h som on by going f ast r)
Y u r st no w t d t h up w it h us l t r.
You ,r egoi g too f st! I l , t t h up!

u t do w n o * (r du th a mou n t of )
Sh il h ls d e id e d to u t do w n o holid ys t his e r.
You ,r e ti g too m Sw e e ts. You should u t do w .

drop i on* (visit fo a short tim )

L t ,s drop i on D id w hil e w e ,r e i P ris.
Th t tim e ou ,r e n rby , pl lse do drop i !

g t llot tg / onw it h* (h a v a fri ndly r l a tionship w it h)

rL1 | ll ds St1 g, te t o w e ll w it h his m t hs t l h r.
I t g rr'ork itl tll s m of fi , bu t w e do , t g e t on .

156
 GRA AR 39 P RAsAL v ERBs 1

k e e pup with " (mov a t th sa m sp d as)

You,regoi g too f st! I n,t ke p up with ott.
P tt finds this l ss diffi ult , nd n , t k e e p up .

liv e up t (b as good as som on p ts)

T h e f tlm did , t liv e up to our e p e t tio s.

look fotw rd to (think you will njoy)

I ,m looki g forw rd to goi g on holid this e r.
Not th a t fo is a pr position h r a nd so is follow d by th -itlg fotm of th v rb .

Iook out onto/over (hav a vi w of)

our hotel room looks out ot | to the l ke.

put up with ( a ptwithout ompla ining)

I c , tput up with ll this noise!

ru out of (h a v no mor of)

I thi k th e r is bout to run out of p e tr l!
T h ereis , t n mor milk . W e , erun out .

Verbs with t wo T h s phrasa l v rbs t a k a n obj t (th word for this is , tra nsitiv , ) .T h obj t
p arts : tra nsitiv e must om a f t r th pr position , not b t w n th v rb a nd th pr position (th
n d i ns e p a r a b l e word for this is .ins p ara bl , ) .
l I for ( om to your hous a nd oll t)
W e ,l I c ll for ou bout 8.00 so pl e se b e re d . (NoT a]a + #)
I l on (visit for a short tim )
I I I ed on Prof ssor| ones nd wished her H pp Birthd .

d e Iwith (t a k a tion to solv a probl m)

ould ou de l with this ustomer,sproblem ple se?

get t (try to say, sugg st)

H le ould ,t u derst dwh t her boss w s g tting t.

g e t ov er (r ov rfrom)
Pe t erw s ill with f7u ,but h 'sg e tti g ov er it o-w'

h e d for (g in th dir tion o0

T h e es p dprison eris thoughtto b e h e a di g for Lo dotl.
join in (t a k p art in , ontribut to)
Wh e n Al e st rt dsitlgittg ,a' ry'oll ioi e d i .

s e e t o ( p a y a t t n t i o n t o , f t n m a n i n g . p a ir , )
The br keso your r need seeing to.

st nd for (tol a t )
I will not st d for so mu h t I kitlg!

t k f t er (b simila in a pp a a n or h ara t r)
K ren t kes fter her moth r.They,rev ry simil r.
157
r
I N ER nEDlA E tANGUAGE PRA C I C

i
t
ri

Compl t a h s e n t n e( a - h ) w i t h a n e n d i n g ( 1 _ 8 ) .

a ) I f you h a v a ny kind of probl m , iust a ll m a nd I ,1ld a l 3

b) I , v b n so busy la t ly th a t I , v d id d to ut
) Ann a nd Su ar r a lly looking
d) our t h r told us th a t sh would not st a nd
) N arly v rybody sa ys th a t ark t a k s
fl Ja ki is v ry f ti ndly a nd g n ra lly g ts
g) H a lf-w a y through th ra , artin found th a t h e ouldn , t k p . . . . . . . . . . .
h) W w r told th a t th on rt w as going to b good but it d i d n , t l i v . . . . . . . . . . .

1 for h a ting in our nd-of-t rm t st .

2 on w ll with th p opl sh works with .
3 with it as soon as I a n .
4 a f t r his f a th ,ssid of th e f a mily .
5 dow n on th a mount of tim I sp nd w a t hing t l vision .
6 up with th oth s a ny mor .
7 up to our xp t a tions a t a ll.
8 forw ard t s ing you both a g a in in July .

2 U n d rl i n et h orr e t p r e p osi t i o ni n a h s n t n .

a ) a n you xpla in th a t a g a in? I don , t k now w h a t you , g tting / with / d

b) H ,s a v ry stri t t a h r.H do sn , t st a nd for / up / witha ny b a d b h a viour in
l a ss .
) I n joy d London , but it didn , t r a lly liv up to / with / formy xp t a tions.
d) I smok 20 igar tt s a day, but I ,m trying to ut off/through/down.
) I think sh has got over/by/downth br ak-up with h r boyfri nd.
0 I ,ll a | |b / i / foryou a t ight o, lo k , nd th n w ,ll go to th p arty tog th r.
g) I ,m going razy! I an,t pttt off/up/do nwith so mu h onfusion!
h) I ,m lu ky, I g t o /off/overrea | | w ll with my oll agu s.
i) I f you miss too m a ny l ssons, it ,s diffi ult to a t h ov er / / with .
i) It,s diffi ult to k p lo glb /upwith hang s in bio-t hnology.
k) y ar needs a servi - th ngin ne ds s ing i /to/ t'
l) T h print I is working , but it ,s run w / out / dow of ink .

158
 GRA } liiAR 39 P RAsAL v RBs l

E 3 C o m p l e t e e a h s e n t e n ew i t h a s u i t a b l ef or m o f o n o f t h p h r a s a lv e r bs i n t h e
b o x . Us e e a h o n e o n e o n l y .

in on g t on with : r', , 1 : : : il : iii ; ; lll

forw d to run out of

a) T h boo kyo u l n t . , d'idi

. . t . , . | vllp,.p. . . t'q . . m
. . .}. . p t a t io
s.n
^"
b ) A n y t i m y o u , r i n t h a r a ,f l fre to . . . .u 5 .
) So r y ,w h a v . . . . . . . . . . or a n g j u i . \ \ : o u l dr- u l i k so m
w a t r?
d) Unfortun a t ly Susi do sn , t ....h n rr.n ighbou s.
) Bill l f t b for I did , but I ra n a nd '. . . him'
0 I , m r a lly . . . . my holid a y in I t a ly n xt r - k .
s) I t w a s a d i f f i u l t l a ss ,a n d I o u l d n , t . . . .t h o t h
s t u d n ts .
h) You should . . . . smoking if you a n , t stop ompl t lv .

4 Re writ e e a h s nt n e so th a t it do es not ont a in th e words in itoli s,but do es

o n t a i n a p h r a s a !v e r b .

a ) Bria n a nd his moth r r v ry simil r'

.,'P.r'L w..t.q.kr '' ft.er..b'll... thr-:'
b) Th r is ,t y food left!

) ik and Tom r ,t very good f i nds'

d) J a n is v ery good a t h ndli g p opl ,sprobl e ms,

) T h h a ndl b ars on my bik n d fi i g .

fl Julia Was v ry ill, but she,s re ov rednow.

g) What xa tly ar you suggesting?

h) Pa ul ,s n w s hool w Srt , t s good s h e p e t e dit to b e .

159
lN ER1YtEDlA tANGuAG PRA C I E

5 Re writ e a h se nt e n e so th a t it h as a similar m e a ning a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold .

a ) Som on e n e e ds to look a t th ntra l h a ting syst m .

se e ing
. . .1.!*'. p .l t .rg . | .'hpg .& .'t . tt .o. . | .L. . . { 44. { . .'tz + i |
b) L t ,s p a y a surpris visit to Julia w hil w ,r h r .
drop

) W ,r going in th dir tion of Paris.

h a ding

d) our hot l room h as a vi w of th m a in ro a d!

looks

) T wo hildr n st art d pla ying , a nd th n th oth rs pla y d too.

I oin d

W p a id a visit to my a unt on h r birthd a y .

a ll d

s) I , m a fra id t h a t w h a v n't got a ny e ggs l f t .

run

h) oni a will om a nd oll t you a t 6.30.

a ll

D Nobody und erstood w h a t I w as trying to sa y .

g tting

I a n , t b ar so mu h a ir pollution!
put

160
 xpla n a tions
elrbs with two T h s p h r a s a l v r bs t a k a n o b j t ( t h w or d f or t h is is , t r a nsi t ir . 't . h is o b i t
pi rt .stra
: nsitiv e a n om a f t r th pr position or b t w n th v rb a nd th p positi n rso th
a r ds p a ra b I v r bs a r , s p a r a b l , ) .
We brought up this hild. We brought h r up.

I n g n ra l, as in th x a mpl s a bov , obj t phras s t nd to b put a f t th

pr position w hil pronouns (su h aS o it , him , h er, uS, th e m) ar a l 'ar.sput
b t w n th v rb a nd th pr position .

bri g up (look a f t r a hild until a dult)

Tom,s unt brought him up fter his p re ts di d.

c ll off ( a n l)
The s hool lled off the m tch b useof b d we ther,

I e rup (m a k l a n a nd tidy)
ould you h lp m I e r up the room fter the p rty?

ut off (b dis onn t d during a phon - a ll)

I ,d just got through to Delhi whe I w s cut off.
T his is usu a lly us d in th p assiv .

fil I in ( ompl t by writing)

ould you ftlI this forr in with Il our det ils, ple se?

giv e up (st p doing som thing)

P ul h d to give up m sti s be useof i jury.

k o k out (m a k un ons ious)

Bryson k nock e d his oppon e t out i th e se o drou d .

I t dow (disa ppoint , f a il to k p a promis )

nn s id sh e would h e lp , but sh e l e t m e dow n .

look up (find inform a tion in a r f re n book)

I looked this word up in di tion r d in n en clopedi '

pi k up ( oll t in a ar)
T h e t i wi I Ipick you up t 6. 0.

put off (postpon )

The w therw s b d, so the put off the m t h for we k.

put up (provid a ommod a tion in som on ,shous )

A frie d in Pr gu put me up for ouple of ights.

761
lN ERlYlE DlA E LANGuAGE PRA C l

t ke up (start a hobby or a tivi

S m h s iust t ken up p r huti g.

try o (put on loth s to se if th y a suit a bl )

I tried the co t o , but it was too big d th wrong olour.

turn o /off (b gin or stop op rating l tri al quipm nt)

Don,t forget to tutn off th light before ou go to b d.

w sh up ( l e a n pla t es, k niv s a nd forks t . )

frer th e p r , M rtin'w sh e d up I l th e gl sses.

Verbs with t wo T h s phrasa l v rbs do not h a v a n obj t.

p arts : intra nsitiv
br k dow n (stop working , sp ia lly ars)
Th r broke dow when we w re o the motor.w '

drop out (stop befor you finish)

Two of the runnersilropped out h lf-w through the r '

get o (m a k progr ss)

Nin likes her new ollege, d is getti g on eII.

get w ( es a p )
ne of the burgl rs w s ught, but th othergot w t .

rrow up ( hang from a hild to an adult)

I grew up i sm Il town i Peru.

set off/out (begin a journ y)

We set off e to void the traffi .

t ke off (wh n a plan l av s th g ound)

ur pl e took off more fu n thr ehours l te.

turn u ( iv , often un p t dly)

We in it d twent p ople,but o Iy five turned up.

L62
 GRA ttiAR 40 PHRAsAt v ERBs 2

Complete e a hs ntan w i t h o n s u i t a b ] w or d .

a ) J ss a s k d i f s h o u l d h l p m l t 'r! , '' . . . .u. p t h d i t y d is h s .

b) I n d a di tion ary , so I a n . . up this word .
) I f I W r y o u I , d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .f.f. a rl y b a us d i n b u r g h is a l o n g w a y .
d) our m ting tomorrow h as b n . . off , I , m a fra id .
) I , m n o t s u r a b o u t t h si z o f t h is o a t , so a n I . . . . . . . . . . i t o n?
f) Rob rt h a d to . . in a fo m , giving a ll his p rson a l d t a ils.
g ) Yo u , l l n v r g u ssw h o . . . . . . . . . . . up at our s hool party last w k!
h ) S i x p o p l a p p l i df o r t h j o b , b u t o n o f t h m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .u. .t .

R e w ri t e e a h s e n t n so t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g a n d o n t a i nst h e w or d i n
bold.

a ) Don , t l a v th e lights on w h n you l a v th s hool.

turn
..........T. + . . . th e . . | g . h ts. . . qf f . . w . h*ru . . q! { . .L9fl'.V. f
b) Ja k a riv d h a lf-w a y through th l sson .
turn

) You a n st a y with us fo a w k.
put

d) art a is doing w ll in h r nglish lass.

g t

) Lidia sp nt h r hildhood in U ugu a y .

gr W

fl How do you st art th omput r?

turn

s) arol h k d th d a t s in a n n v l n dia .
look

h) Surfing is a gr a t sport . Wh n did you st a t doing it?

tak

163
lN RI vtED!A tANGUAG PRA l(

C o m p | e t e a h s e n t n e( a _ h )w i t h a n e n d i n g ( l - 8 ) .

a ) I t , s\ , r y o l d a n d w t a t t h m o m n t So W l v p u t . . . . 3 . . . .
b) r } z'sp a l n ts w r q u i t s t ri t a n d b ro u g h t h r . . . . . . . . . . .
) \ bu room is v ry untidy! ould you l ar
d) I tv as t a lking to H l n w h n sudd nly w W I ut
) Z o t ri d t o p rs u a d h r m o t h r t o g i v
fl im st art d p a inting his room this morning a nd h ,s g tting
gt I f vou lik , w ould om a nd pi k
ht \ bra n h of a tr f ll a nd k no k d

1 it up pl as , a nd put v rything a w a y .
? P t r out for a f w mom nts.
off our g ard n p arty until n xt w k'
-1 up smoking , but sh didn , t h a v mu h su ss.
5 on v ry w ll so f ar.
6 off a nd I ouldn , t g t h r numb r a f t r th a t .
] r'ou up in our ar a t a bout 7.00.
8 up to b v ry polit and ob di nt.

G
dr

t64
 Underlin th orre t word or hrase in a h s nt n .

a ) I t hin k my s hool is j ust s good / b . t t t h a n yours.

b) T h r a r nough a ppl s for on e h / v e ry .
) Sh a ron h as b n w rking v e r h rd / h rdly .
d) ould you giv m e / som in form a tion , pl as ?
) his s t h b st / b e t t e ri - t a m in t h w orldl
f ) I , v b n w orking in t his omp a n y for / sin e t hr e mon t hs.
g) T h r a r e o / o ggs l f t in t h fridg .
h) T h n e ws is / r e on in a f w min u t s.

2 D id e whi h a nsw er (A, B, or D) b est fits e a h sp a .

Lif on t h f rm
I w a s ( 1 ) . . . . P . . . . b. y r n y u n l a n d a u n t a n d ( 2 ) ' . . . . . ' . . . o. n a s m a l l f a r m i n t h
w st of n g l a n d . I t h i n k i t W a S b t t r ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . l. i v i n g i n a i t y , b a us
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . d. a y I r a n a b o u t i n t h op n air. (5) I w nt to s hool,
( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . .I. d i d w a s p l a y o n t h . y aunt and un l
f a r m a l l d a y . ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . .m
w ork d w it h t h a nim a ls, a nd a lt hough t h y w ork d v ry (8) , th y
a l w a y s x p l a i n d ( 9 ) . . . . ' . . . . . .t h i n g s t o m . T h y d i d n ' t h a v (10) mon ,Y,

b u t t h y ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . w l lw i t h v ryon l and w didn,t hav (12) of th

probl ms of living in t h ity . I a l w a ys f lt (13) on t h f a rm . T h r l as
( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . .n. o i s o r p o l l u t i o n , a n d i t w a s ( 1 5 ) p a ful. h a t,s probablr-
why I b am a f a rm r w h n I w as old r.

1) A liv d up to B tak n aft r grown up D b ough u

2) A gr w up B ioin d in C turn d up D put oii
3) Aas Bmor C than D th
4) A v ry Bin for D b th
5) Aby Bn o w a d a Ys in tim D unti1
6) A v ry B a h non D a]l
7) A ith r BBoth N ith r D \ 1i
8) Ahardly Bhard r hard D hard st
9) Aint r sts Bint r sting int r st D int I st d
10) Amu h Blots manl- D too
1 1 ) A d ro p p d i n B got along k pt u D d alt with
12) Bnon no Dany
1 ) A^ hmaup phi l y Bahappy hap i D th happy
14) arry B no non f D not
15) Atoo Bmu h r a]h- D as

165
IN RrvlE DlA LANGUAGE PRA lCE

F or a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l t e t h s e o n d s e n t e n so t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m e s
t h e f irs t . usi n g n o m or e t h a n t h r e w or ds .

a) Th s l a ssro o msa r n , tv r y l a r g .
or . e . , . !f . t . !* : e l a ssro o msa r v r y l a r g .
b) Lu a won , t l a v h r b for th nd of April.
Lu a will b h r th nd of A ril.
) W don , t a llow smoking in this in m a .
No ............. in this in m a .
d) C a n you t ll m w h a t you think I should do?
an you giv m . . . . ' . . . . . .?. .
) Y u,v b n w a iting long er th a n I h a v .
I h a v n , tb nw a iting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you hav .
f) I t ,s 4.00 no a nd I st art d w a iting h r t wo h urs a go.
l , v b e n w a i t i n gh r ' . . . . . . . . . . . .2' .
g) All lassroomsmust b k pt l a n .
a h.......... . . .m u s t b k p t l e a n .
h) os t o f t h l a ssw a l k s t o s h o o l .
Mos t o f t h l a ss o m s t s h o o l
i) T his is as f ar as W a n go a long this ro a d .
W a n , tg o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a longthis ro a d .
j) h fir brig a d arriv d too la t to saY th burning hous .
T h f ir b ri g a d d i d n , t a rri v . . . . . . . . . . . . .t o s a v t h
b u r n i n g h o us .

R e w ri t e a h s n t n so t h a t i t o n t a i ns f or m o f a p h r a s a lv e r b usi n g t h w or d
i n b o ] d . M a k a n y o t h r n e e ss a r y h a n g s .

a ) You a n om a nd st a y with m .
put
. . I. . a w . . p t. . . i14 . . | 4 , '. . . .
b) a r l os a n't st a nd th tra ffi anymor .
put

} P t r is m a k i n g g o o d p ro g r ssa t u n i v rsi t y .
g t

d ) I , i l t i d y u p t h ro o m i f y o u d o t h w a s h i n g - u p .
l ar

166
 GRA I l | AR 41 oNsotlDA loN 4

) W ,r going in th dir tion of Ma drid .

h ad

Why don , t you s ar h for this word in th di tion arr-?

look

s) Ja n is v ry similar to h r f a th r.
tak

h) K lly ,s f a th r is trying to st p srnoking .

giv

5 Lo o k a r e f u l I ya t a h l i n e . So m e l i n e s a r e orr e t b u t so m h a v a w or d w h i h
s h o u I dn o t b t h e r e . i k ( / ) e a h orr e t l i n e . l f a l i n h a s a w or d w h i h s h o u l d
not b th er , writ e th e word in th e sp a e .

Holid y probl ms
Last month w d id d to driv to S otla nd for a 1 .......... { ........
f w d a ys, for a short holid a y . W w r th r a lly 2 th
looking it forw ard to a qui t r st in th ountry . 3
Unfortun a t ly , a lots of things w nt wrong . First 4 .....................
of a ll, th ar W aSbrok dow n iust a f t r w h a d l f t 5 .....................
hom , a nd w e h a d to phon a g ara g a nd th n 6
w a it by th sid of th r a d for hours a go. By th 7
tim th ar h a d b n r p a ir d , it w as to mu h la t 8
to go on , so W W nt th hom . T h n xt d a y w s t 9
off mor arly to a void th tra ffi , but w h a d forgott n 10
th a t it w as a publi holid a y . v ry on singl p rson 11
in th ountry must h a v h a d th sa m id e a , so w T2
found ours lv s in a long tra ffi j a m . W a f t r d id d 1
th a t th b st thing to do w as to t a k a f t r a diff r nt 4
r a d , a nd look up for a hot l. First w got lost on 15
a n arrow ountry ro a d , a nd th n th ar on la n T6
out of th p t ol. Fin a lly , W g a v up a nd w nt hom I7
f or t h s o n dt i m . 18

t67
lN RrilE DlA T tANGUAGE RA lCE

6 Put on e suit a ble word in e a h sp a e , or le a v e th spa e b | a nk .

Whil L a r a w a s v is i t i n g ( a | . , , , t k , , , , . . U n i t d S t a t s , s h d id d to go by
( b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. l. a n from ( ) N w Y o r k t o ( d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
.. st oast.
S h h a d a l r a d y s t a y d w i t h h r f r i n d s ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t .w o w ks, and th y,d
told h r t h a t (f ) a liforni a w as a (g) mor x iting . , I t ,s
( h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
. .a r m r /a n d y o u , l l b a b l t o s w i m i n ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. .a i f i
O a n!, , th y said. Lara didn , t h a v (i) inform a tion a bout flights, so
s h w n t t o ( k ) . . ' . . . . . . . . . . .t. r. a v l a g n t , sn x t d o o r t o ( l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'b' .l k of fla ts
wh r sh w as st a ying. Sh d is o v r d t h a t t h r w r t w o f l i g h t s ( m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n xt morning, but sh ouldn't g t (n) S a t o n ( o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. f. t h m .

For a h qu estion , omple t th e s ond se nt e n e so th a t it m a ns th same as

t h f i rs t , u s i n g n o m o r e t h a n t h r e w o r d s .

a ) Nobody a t a ll pi k d up t h lit t r.
ot ....4.. { l. 'L?' . . . . . . . . . . p So r r p i k d u p t h litt r.
b) T h r isn , t a n y h s in t h fridg .
Th r is .... in th fridg .
) P opl w ho a r ri h a r n , t n ssa rily h a ppy .
h ...........' not n ss a ril yh a p p y .
d) Ja n ,s dra w ing is b a u tif ul .
Ja n dra ws
) I hav n,t s n a Wors film t h a n t his on .
T h is is .... I hav v IS n.
f ) H l n l f t Pa ris in July .
H l n s t a y d i n P a r is . . . .J u l y .

8 Put on e suit a ble word in e a h sp a e .

a ) Yo u w o k . . W! : * 9!l , . . h. .a. .rd

. . r. . . . . . t h!!w . .'.I .d. o .
b ) I n '. . . . . . . . f u t u r ,p o p l w ill li v lo n g r .. th ydo now.
) Al p 1 a ys. . . . . . . . . g u i t a r i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r.o. . k b a n d .
d) h r i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. o. .t 'a t r l f t , bu t th r isn , t . . . . . . . . . . .
t H u l d g o n o r h ' d a n sr r , l d .. th qu stions on
sid s of th f rm.
f ) Jo g g i n g isn't . . . . . . . '' . . int r sting . . pl a ying t nnis.
g) i,ll r ait h r . . 6'0 0 , s o t r y a n d b h r .. th n.
h) That . a s g r a t l I t r v a s t h . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . .m
.. al you,v . . ook d!

168
 G R A r v t Y t A R4 1 oNsot I DA loN 4

9 U n d e rl i n et h e rrors i n t h s e s n t n s .R w ri t e a h s n t n .

a ) I , m r a l l y i n t r s t i n gi n t h t r a v l .
..L .t.r.qY.
...t.Irw..r t!.l... rl.qrt.pd 9,L.,.
..,..
b ) K a t , sb ro t h r is d o t or .

) I a t a food Wit h Ja k , a nd a f t r t h a t I w n t hom .

d ) T h m i l k is g o o d f or y o u .

) a n you giv m a n a dvi ?

f) I'v look d in th b o x . A 1 l is b r o k n , I , r n a f r a i d .

g) T h y w ill h a v finish d t h n w hospit a l u n til t h nd of ay.

h) Th r ,s a poli w a iting outsid .

i) I om to l a ss w i t h t h f t.

i) Your h a ir ar v ry b a utiful.

)roblem im e words lik e fol sinc a nd ogo are I ink e d to th e use of t e ns s. h e k Gr mm ar

:he k 4, 5,6 and 7.

h e sam e word an be ountab I and un ountable with a h ange of m e aning.

W h i h w o r d s o f t h is k i n d d o y o u k n o w ? C h e k w i t h G r a m m a r 3 3 .

Compare th uses of arti les with arti les in your la ngu a g e (if it h as arti l s).
Note that the hoi e of arti l an depend on me aning and ont xt. h k with
Grammar 34 and 35.

Avoid using mor than thr e adje tiv s together. Note the d ; fferen b tw n
hord a nd hordl ' Ch e k w it h Gra m m a r 37 .

W h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n e b e t w n o m p a r a t i v e n d s u p e r l a t i v e s? A r th y us d in
th sa m e w a ys in your la ngu a g e? Ch e k with Gra mm ar 38.

Phrasalv rbs a n h a v m a ny m e a nings, so h e k in a di tion ary. k su e that

you know wh re in the ntry for the main verb y o u an f i n d t h p h a s a |v r b s ( i t
is righ t a t th e nd of th e e n try , a f t er th v arious m e a nin9s of th e m a in v erb us d
alon ).

t69
 xpla n a tions
W h n you l a rn a n lY v rb , it is a dvisa bl to h k in a di tion a ry w h t h r it is
follo w d by t h -it tg fo m ( a tso a ll d t h g ru nd) or a n in finitiv w it h or
w it hou t ro . I f t h in finitiv is w it hou t to it c a l b a ll d a b a r in finitiv .
Gra m m a r 42 a nd 4 in lud som of t h most om mon v rbs, bu t t h s ar
only a s j tion.

V e rbs fo I lo w d by l Som r. bs a n b follorv d a n -i g form , or fo + in finitiv , a nd

-ing or infinitive :
litt I eor no h a ng
of m aning
it h b
th is l i t t l o n o h a n g i n m a n i n g . V r b s i n t h is l is t i n l u d :
b gilt , otltitll | ,| lot b r, h t ' itlt d , I ik , lov , pr e f e r, st rt
I \ . lt t t slt stood t tp , t h Pr sid t . t bt e g n to sp e k / sp e ki g .
Som e p e opl t t h b k on tin u e d h t ting / to h t'
I ltl , t b e r list e ning / to list e n for lo g tim e .
W h t do ou in t e d doing / to do lbou t it?
I don , t lik e w t hing t l vision . I pr e f e r r e ding / to r e d .
I t hi k ou should St rt pr c tisi g / to pr tise no w!

r Th r an b a sm a ll dif f r n n lik to do a d lik e doing . T o +

b tw
in finitiv sugg sts t h a t som t hing is a good id a a lt hough you don't
n ssa rily e n joy it . T h e -i g form sho ws you nioy som t hing .
I lik e to h v e short w lk f t r my e v e ning m e l .
I lik e list e ni g to t h r dio .

r Not t h a t Wit h , p t f r, w e pr e f e r on t hing to a not h r t hing . I f t h t hings a r

a tiviti s, t h -ing form is us d .
Tom pref rs r ding to w t hing televisio '
.I hat to t ll you
l H t e doing ts mor om mon , p t in t h fix d xpr ssion
this, bu t . . .'.
I h t e doing t h e w shi g-up!
I h t e to t e ll ou t his, bu t w , v misse d t h e l st tr i !

r W h n W us t h mod a l rb w ould w it h lik , lov e , pr f e r a nd h t e w m ust

us ro + in finitiv .
I ,d like to go to Portug l this summer.
I , d pr e f e r to do it m s I f , if ou do , t mi d ,

Verbs follow e d by Som v rbs follo w d by t h in finitiv w it h fo . T h s in lud :

a n only b
to + infinitiv fford, sk, hoos , h ppen, help, m ge, offer, r fus , w it, want

|7
 GRA ttiAR 42 v ERBs F oLLo w E D BY -, , vG oR lN lNl lvE 1

I n,t fford to go to th inem twi e i otl ,eek.

I the e d, L ur chose to stud o omi s.
Do ou h ppen to k ow the time?
ould som e on eh e lp m e to rry this? *
(H lp is a lso use d without to. ould you h e lp m e arry , tltis?)
| im n,t mc u | g to come this evening.
I offered to give her lift, but she s id she,d order d l t i.
Th m gerrefused to see me.
There re som people w iting to see you.
Wh t do you w nt to do this eveni g?

V rbs follo w e d by r Som v rbs a n b follow d by th infinitiv with fo, or a th t la us . I t is

to + in finitiv e , or possibl to l a v ol,ltth t in v eryd a y sp h . T h s v rbs in lud ;
t fiot- I a us gree,de id , pe t,hope, le rn, prete d,promise, seem,wish

We de ided to go home' W de ided (th t) .we would go home.

Mike e pects to win, Mike e pe ts(th t) he will wi .
I hope to see ou l ter. I hope (th t) I ,ll see you l ter'
Hele prete ded to be ill' Helen pretended (th t) she w s ill'

Not th a t if w e us a th t- | a lse w e follow th t ns rul es of port d sp h.

So, for x a mpl , will ch a ng s to would in th p ast :
S r h grees to meet ou fter school.
S r h ees th t she wiI I t e t ou fter s hool.
S r h greed to meet me fter s hool.
S r h gr ed-(th t) she would meet me fter school.

T h r is a sm a ll diff r n e b t w n l e rn to a , d l rn th t .
At schoolGr h m l e rn e d to sp e k Fre ch .(l arn a skill)
t s hoolw e l e rn e d th t th e rth go esround th e Su . ( | e arn inform a tion)

Not th t wo forms of se e m .I t + se e m + th t- | a ls is v ry ommon .

You seem to know the swer!
It seems th t you know the nswer'

Wish fo | | owed b to + infinitiv has a similar m aning to 14) nt.

I wish to le ve rI tod y'
Wish fo | | ow dby a th t- | a ls usu a lly in lud s would ot could .
I wish (th t) I could l e v ee .
I . tltish (th t) m t e h er would l e t m l e v ee rl .

t71
lN ER1t ,lEDlA LANGUAG PRA lC

U n d rl i n t h e rrors i n t h s s e n t e n e s So
. m s e n t n sd o n o t h a v rrors .
Re writ e a h s nt e n th a t h as a n error a nd ti k ( / ) th e s nt e n esw hi h are
orre t .

a ) Jim a n , t a f ford going to t h in m a t w i a w k.

..Jl t +. .4n:t' gff.q.r
d...tp3! ..t a...tk..qi ryl!|
..fu.L ..ql
e ..w.
*'k'
b ) D a vid w ish s l a ving t h room .

) Ar you w a iting to us th phon ?

d) I , d r a lly lik going swimming on Sa turd a y .

) mm a pr t nd e d l a ving , but w a it d utsid .

fl Ja m s a gr d to m t m a t th b a h .

g) y bik s ms h a ving som t hing Wlong w it h it .

h) T h dir tor fus d a nsw ring H l n ,s phon a ll.

2 Compl t e a h s nt n w i t h a f or m o f o n e o f t h e v e r bs f ro m t h b o x . Us a h
v erb on only .

ontirru xpr t
off r pr f r

t._,
a ) Jo h n r c a | | ' . . . ! . . 9 . Y9 { . . .sp
. . . . .n. d i n g a l l d a y a t t h b a h .
b) I , m ompl t ly brok , so I a n , t . . to go on holid a y .
) x us m , but do you . . to k now th w a y to old Str t?
d) W . . our t a m to win , but th y w r b a dly b a t n .
) C arolyn . . to sp a k Fr n h a nd G rm a n w h n sh W as a t s hool.
0 v n w h n th x a min r told him to stop , Rob rt . . sp a king .
g) I , m sorry , but I a n , t . . to list n to this a w ful musi !
h) Last w k Chris . . to h lp m p a int my bik .
i) Paul ........... t o h a v a b a d l g so h d i d n , t h a v t o g o t o t h g y m .
j) Sa m usu a lly . . pla ying fo tb a ll to doing hom work .

t7z
 GRA nAR 42 v ERBs F oLLo W D BY. , , { G oR lN FlNl lvE . I

3 Completethe s o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i l a r m a n i n g t o t h e f irs t

se nt n e .

a) Y t a h r wouldn , t l t m l a v rly ,
My t a h rr fus d'. .t, a.L?.t'''ryp.
.. r, .g. .r! .
. .Lq
b) Jill sa ng without stopping for a n hou .
J i l l o n t i n u d. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) App ar ntly you , v p ss d th x a m .
It s ms
d) Ri h ard thinks h ,s going to do w ll.
Ri h ard xp ts
) Wh a t ar your pla ns for th summ r?
What do you int nd . . . . . . . . . .?. .
f) l ring up my room is som thing I dislik e l
I hat
g) Liz sa id sh , d go t th in m a with m .
Liz a gr d
h) T in a a nd Bri a n a r g t ting m a i d.
T in a a nd Bri a n h a v d id d
S you l a t , I hop .
I hop

i) W h a t do you f a n y doing t his v ning?

Wh a t do you w a nt

4 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with on of th e words from th e box .

a ) G r e g o f t n . . . { 9 . e . ! w . . . . t. o. b w orri d .
b) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. o. . t. . l l y o u t h i s , b u t w , v l o s t a l l o u r m o n e y .
) Do you . . to go for a w a lk this a f t rnoon?
d) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. .n. .n. t o w a i t f o r m , b u t s h d i d n , t .
) Ka trin a . . to b om a h a mpion sk a t r.
0 T h poli offi er . . to list n to my xpla n a tion .

s) P t r. . . . . . . . . . t o w or k o n S a t u r d a yi ns t a d o f n F ri d a y .
h) I , d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. o. . s. . y o u a g a i ns o m t i m .
i) Af t r a lot of thought , Jim fin a lly . . to sp nd his holid r in P ru .
i ) I a s k d m y t a h rf or h l p , a n d s h . . t o g ir . m \ t I l sso ns .

t7
IN R n D!A E LANGUAGE PRA !C

5 Re writ a h s nt n e so th a t it h as a similar m a ning a nd ont a ins th e word in

bold .

a ) Wh a t a I you thinking of doing?

int nd
...!: h!| .d.q.
{ .t. . .q.*. t p...
s4d..
.iw. ....''
d.q.?
b) I find g tting up arly unb arabl !
b ar

) I ,1ls you in th moming, I xp t.

to

d ) , I ,ll b b a k a t 6.0o. , sa id Susa n .

promis d

) Pa t w as t a ught to driv w h e n h W as young .

l arn d

. Would you lik m to h lp you?, I ask dJo .

off r d

s) ll n didn , t h a v nough mon y fo th ti k t .

afford

h) 'I w on't h e lp!' sa id T om .

r fused

t74
 Expla n a tions
V rbs fol | o w e d by Som v rbs a n b follow d ith r b a n -i g form , or f + infinitir- , a nd th r
-ing or infinitive : is a h a ng in m a ning . Study th x a mpl s b low a fulir. .
hange of
rememb rand forget
meaning
W us re m e mb er / forgdoi e t g (or re m e mb r / forgfollow
et d b fllrzf- la us for
i
m m ori so f t h p a s t ( t h a t i o n h a p p nsb f or t h r m m b i n g l'\ \ us
r m e mb r / forgto e t do for a tions som on is / w as suppos d to do (th
r m mb ring h a pp ns b for th a tion) .
I re m e mb e t t e lling ou! (t ll € r m mb r)
T h e n I re m e mb ere d th t ou w er out . (go out € r rn mb rl
Re m e mb er to t k e our k e ys! (r m mb r ) t a k )
I ,ll neverforyet le r ing to drive! (I arn € forget)
I forgot th t I , d promis d to phon e ou . (promis € forg t)
Sorry,I forgot to post our lett r. (forg t ) post)

me
W us m e doing (ot m e n follow d | th t-c | a us w ) h n on thing r sults in
or involv s a noth r. W us m e to do to xpr ss a n int ntion .
Ke pi gftt me s t king e er iseever d ! ( = involv s)
Wh e I miss th e bus, it m e ns th t I h v e to w lk to s hool. ( = involv s)
| m e t to w t h th e progr mm e but , sh forgot . ( = int nd d)

stop
W us stop doi g w h e n w nd a n a tion . W us Stopto do w h n w giv th
r ason fo stopping .
| o h s Stopped l r i g Fr n h. ( = g a v up l arning)
We stopp d to look lt th view. ( = in ord r to look)
Stop iS not follo w d by a t h t- | a l 'se .

tr
W us try doi g w h n w do som thing a nd s w h a t h a pp ns. W us tl1'to do
w h n w m a k a n ffort to do som thing , but don , t n ssarilysu d.
, t king t wo of th esepills' ( = xp rim nt t
I f you h v e h e d h e try
Peter trted to lift the t ble, but it tlt s too he , (h f a il d in this s ,
Tr is l;ot follow d b a th t-c | als .

V rbs fo | I ow e d by r S m v rbs a n b follo w e d by a n ob j r lt h u t tl .

t + ing , or a n in finitir-
. r - r b so f
- i n gor i n f i n i t i v e T h r is a h a n g in m a ning . T h s v rbs ar som tim s a 1l d
without to: hang p r p tion , a nd in lud :
of meaning f el, he r, liste to, see, w t h

r If w s or h ar only part of th a tion, or itontinu s. 1 \ . us th -illg

form. I f W s or h ar th whol a tion from b ginning to nd. r us th
in finitiv w it hou t fo .
175
 lN RU I E D I A LANGUAG PRA C I

I omp a :
I ould f el m h nds sh ki g with f
I f e lt th e buildi g mov e!
r! ( ontinuing a tion)
( ompl t d a tion)
(p art of th a tion)
We w t hed | oe eating his lunch.
( w hol a tion)
W e w tch e d I o e t his lun h'

rT h s v rbs a nb us d with a th t- | a ls with a h a ng ofm a ning .

I feel th t tltis is the time to resign. ( = beli v )

We h rd that ,ottwe e ill. (= r iv n ws)

I s w t h a t it w ls too l t e' ( = r a liz )

form or a rrou n .
V rbs follow d by Som v rbs a n b follo w d it h r by a not h r v rb in a n -i g
* n , t h I p , *k p ,mind , pr tise , n , t st nd ,
- i n g or n o u n T h s in lu d : lislik , tljo , f ,
*
h os m a k d h a r' t w o m a n i n g s .
I dislik going out i the r i '
I r tll dislik e m n e w boss.
veryoneenjo s going to p rties.
I e io e d this l esso '
Do ou f n going to the inem ?
If swim!
I n,t help feeling hu gry.
I c n,t help m self! ( = I a n , t stop)
Keep this, Do ,t throw it w y'
Su e k e e psphoning m I t t ni t . ( = ontinu s with a b a d h a bit)
Do you mind w iting?
Do you mind old w e th er?
I must pr tise spe king Fre h more often'
| uti pr tises the violi everyd .
I n,t st nd w ki g up e rl '
I , t st nd hot d spi food .
a n .i g form , or a
Verbs follow e d bY r Som v rbs a n b follow d ith r by a noth r v e b in
Sugg est'
-ing , or noun , or noun , ot a th t- | a s T. h ese in lud : dmit , d e ,im gin e ,
thot- la us The Minister dmitted t ki g bribe.
P uI dmitted th t h w s wro g.
T i d e i e d st e ling th e mo e '
oth men de i d th t they h d done a thing wrong.
Im gine tr velling to notherpl net!
Do ou re I I im gi e th t I w nt to see ou g i ?
l suggest goi g for pizz .
l sugg est th t-w e go for pizz .

l Sugg esta n a lso b follow d b should'

I suggest th t w should go for pizz .
 GRA nAR 43 v RBs F oLLo W E D BY -, NG oR lN FlNl I vE 2

ontrasts with v rbs from Gra mm ar 42 are in lud d h r .

U n d e rl i n et h e orr e tw or d or p h r a s e i n h senten .

a) T om sudd nly r a liz d h , d forgott e n to lo k o kinghis door.

b) on th w y b a k w e stopp d to h e / h vingsom t a .
) ould you stop to t lk / t I ki gpl
, as .
d) L arning a la ngu a g m a ns to b e / b e i gint r st d in a noth ult .
) g windo but it w as too high to a h .
Ann tri d to op e n / op e i th
f) Pl as r m mb r to t k e / t ki gth dog for a w a lk .
g) a thy sa ys sh ,ll n v r forg t to sk -div e /sk -divingfor th e first tim .
h) I don , t r a lly r m mb r to st rt /st rtings hool w h n I w as fiv .

or e a h q u e s t i o n , o m p l t e t h e s e o n d s e n t e n eso t h a t i t m e a ns t h e s a m e a s
t h e f irs t , usi n g n o m or e t h a n t h r e w or ds .

a ) Would you lik to go to th b a h?

o " . , . .Y. 9 . *'f T'rp . . . .'. .'. . . . . goin gt o t h b a h?
b) T h boy a dmitt d st a ling th bik .
T h boy a dmitt d stol n th bik .
) Why don , t w w a it for th bus?
w a iting for th bus.
d) D a vid of t n int rrupts m .
David . . . . . . . . . .m
... .
) Is it a ll right if you om b a k la t r?
oming b a k la t r?
f) T hink Wh a t b ing a million a ir would b lik e l
a m i l l i o n a ir !
;;;;;;;;;";. ;;;;;;;;.;.
-, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e a t i n ga l o t .

U n d e rl i n et h e orr e tv e r b i n e a h s n t e n .

a) H l n e n joy e d / os tol arn Fr n h .

b) I r ally can,t st d/ ffordto travel by plan .
) Do o. ; mind / w t coming b a k in h a lf a n hour?
d) T in a sugg est e d / m e tto buy som pot a to s, but sh forgot'
) d ning th offi sa f .
mily d e ni e d / re fuseop
f) Bill admitted/ greedmaking a s rious mistak .
g) d s nd m to a diff r nt s hool.
y p a l nts dislik e d / d e id to
h) I r a lly lik / f n ya trip to th ountry .

177
lN ER DIA E LANGUAG PRA lCE

4 omplet a h sent n w i t h a f or m o f o n o f t h e v e r bs i n t h b o x .

d ny
ry
a) I f r . o u . . t . r . Y . . . . . . . .t.o. . w or k a b i t h a d r ,I , m s u r y o u , l l p a ss t h xam.
bl r- i n . . . . . . . . . t o h a v t o o t h a h ,a n d l f t s h o o l a rl y .
l h b u i l d rs a r n o t s u r o f t h x a t d a t ,b u t . . t o s t a r t w or k
soon.
dt mma .. to all you last w k , but sh forgot.
r h \ \ .om a n arrest d by th poli .. r bbing th bank.
f r \ ou should . . sp a king to a n a udi n , to gain onfid n .
g r I t ' s i n t r s t i n g t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m
. . y. s l f l i v i n g o n a d s r t i s l a n d .
ht I phon d th dir tor six tim s, but sh . . to sp a k to m .

omp | t a h senten with on e suitab I e word.

a , D o n , t . f qrg . p . t'. . .t .o. .b u y so m m il k o n y o u r w a y h o m .

bi I f ]'m la t , it .. I have to w ait until th n x t l ss o n b g i n s .
' I . . ' . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. .r o w i n g t h ball, but I didn,t br ak th window.
dr Pau] an,t .......... t h i n k i n g a b o u t h is f a v o u r i t t am.

' Lisa .' forg t ting w h r sh pu t h r k ys.

f r Gina .......... to limb in through th windo but it w as lo k d.
g , I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. l. . y i n g w i t h m y f r i n d s w h n I w a s l i t t l .
h r ] an,t .. walking hom in th ra inl I t ,s horribl I

' )ra
l'

- . ' / --- v?
t / ,'

t78
 xpla n a tions
r Som e v rbs a r follo w d by a p a rti ul a r pr position . \ bu an h k t his in a
di tion a ry . Som om mon x a mpl s a giv n b lorv .

About
dre m I dre m e d bout H rry l st ight .
know Do ou k ow lot bout e onomi s?
t lk Wh t re ou t I king bout?

AL

I ugh Do , t l ugh t m e .
look Look t th t b utiful h errytre e!

For
pologiz I must pologize for being l t .
apPl | ill h s ppli e d for l e w job .
sk Why do , t w sk for th e bill?
I ook I , m looking for th bus st tion .
p y Sh e il p id for m ti k e t .
w it I ,ll w it for ou outsid e .

I
b e li e v e Do you b e li e v e i ghosts?
su e d H l e su c e e d e di oll e tingt 5 for h rity'

of
uSe Albert w s used of spyi g.
re mind T his ity re minds m e of Bu e os ires'
t ste Does our offee t ste of so p?

dep d I might ome, It dep nds o th we th r.

rel You n re l o nn to work h rd .

To
belo g Do s this belo g to ou?
e p I in ould ou e pl in som e thing to m e pl e s ?
I e nd Bri l e t his r to m for th e w e e k nd .
W a n a lso sa y : Bri l e nt m e his r.
list You ,re ot list e ning to m e!
t lk ll e w s t I ki g to h er moth ero th e pl lt

179
lN ERlt ,l DlA E LANGUAGE PRA ICE

r I n qu stions th pr position usu a lly go s a t th e nd .

Wh t re ou t lki g bout?
Who r ou looking for?
Wh t re ou liste i g to?

b e + d j e tiv Not th a t in th list b low th following a dj e tiv so ur t wi i ngry | o ed,

p r p os i t i o n pl se d ,sorry , on e of th pre positions is us d w h n th y r f r to p opl a nd on
w h n th y r f r to things (this is show n in th list) .

bout ngry ( + things), no ed ( + things), e ited,h pp ,ple sed

( + things) , right ,sorry ( + things) , pse f
Helen is e cited bout wi ning the prize.
I ,m sorry bout your difficulties' n I help?

t b d , good
Dor is re ll good t m ths.

For f mous, l te, re , sorry @ p opl )

ur i is f mous for its be utiful buildi gs.
I w s sorry for Georg whe he c me l st in the r e.

From different
This room is different ftom the oth r o .

In i terested
re ou i terested in omputers?

of f id, fo d, frightened,fuI I , je Ious,tired

M sleepi gb g w s full of ts!

On keen
I ,m not very keen on f i d food.

To ki d, m rried, used
Ellen is m rried to l ck.

with ngry ( p opl ) , n oy e d( + p opl ) , bore d ,pl e s d( + p e opl )

I ,m re I I 8r with ou.

180
 GRA n IYlAR 44 v ERBs F oLLo W D BY PR Pos I T l o Ns

Compl t e a h s nt e n e with on e suit ble word.

a ) F i o n a is v r y d i f f r n t 'ft .q. . . . h r s is t r .
b) Pl as try a nd list n . . . . . . . . . my instru tions.
) y hom t o w n is f a m o u s . . its p a h s.
d) x u s m , b u t d o s t h is u m b r l l a b l o n g . . r- l. t'
) What x a t l y w a s A l i s t a i r t a l k i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . .
f) I think w s h o u l d a s k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. .o. m i n f o r m a t i o n .
g ) G m m a is v r y k n .......... growing h r own v g t abl s.

2 ompI ete th sent n es with on w o r d f r o m l is t A a n d o n f r o m l is t B

A su ds
B

a ) I don , tlik him. I think " . . . .!q. ... b hind my ba k.

. W . . . . . ..'.. .. . g , t . . . . .m
b ) I , l l b s u r p r i s di f h . . . . . . . . . ' w a lkingto t h top of t h
mountain.
) I s a b ls n ds h r l o v a n d . . . . n o t o n t a t i n gy o u .
Sh , sb n r a l l y b us y .
d ) I t ,sdif f i ul t to k no w w h n t h bus will om . It ............
th tim of d a y .
) Sh ,s v ry int llig nt . Sh . . . . . .a lot onomi s and
things lik that.
f) T his di tion ary isn't min . I thin k it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jorg .
g ) T h is m u s i . . . . . .m th tim I sp nt in I ndia .

Compl te th s e n t e n e s w i t h o n e w o r d f r o m l is t A a n d o n f r o m l is t B .

A annoy d
B

a ) I w a s . . . . . . . r . U l 1 t . . . . . , .' . . \ b ! ! 4 t ' . . t h train tim s. I t do s l a v a t 16' i)

b) I lov s i n ' but I ,m not v ry math ti s.
) Ist a nbul is . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . th b autiful Blu osqu .
d) Ar you ............ Am ri an movi s from t1-t f1i: l s]
) I'm Paul. H should hav a l l d I ] ] 'f J : h hasn,t.
f) | i z a is v r y h r d o g . S h r r . a l k sl | r' r r -d a r . '
g) I know it,s ridi ulous, but I ,m quit ......'.. sp i d rs'

181
lN R n DlA E LANGUAGE PRA C I C

4 Re writ e e a h se nt e n e so th a t it h as a si m i l a rm e a n i n g a n d o n t a i nst h e w or d i n
bold .

a ) Di k found his work boring .

bor d

b) his to w n is a bit lik Gl asgo w .

r inds

) Sa ra h as a good k no w l dg of biology .
kn ws

d ) I ,m trying to find th art gall ry.

lo king

) I lik a m a k s.
fond

f ) Su is Adri a n ,s w if .
to

s) Din a a lw a ys tr a ts a nim a ls kindly .

kind

h ) Ugh! T his a k h as a rubb ry t ast !

rubb r

i) You m a k Lisa f l j e a lousl

is

i) O ur n w hous m a k es m f l x it e d!
about

r8z
 GRAlti AR 44 v R s F oLLo W E D BY PREPosl l o Ns

5 For a h qu estion , ompl e t e th se ond se nt n so th a t it m a ns th sa m as

th e first , using no mor th a n thre e words.

a ) You , v m a d e m a ngry .
| .'.ryL.1'l.r ''. w . | th . . . . .'...... .you
.. .
b) I , d lik my lu n h no w .
I,m ............ fo lun h.
) G e ogra phy is Ri h ard ,sb st subj t.
Ri h ard is v ry . . . . . .g og ph-v .
d) T h b a d n ws m a d m f l ups t .
I ................ . . . . . . . .t .h b a d n w s .
) y dog w as in my d a ms last night!
I ................ . . . . . . . .m. y d o g l a s t n i g h t .
f) Su is a lia bl p rson .
Yo u a n . . . . . .Su .
g) Ja k borrow d my bik fo th w e k nd .
I l nt my . . . . . .f or t h w k nd.
h) T h d ark m a k s m a fra id .
I,m ............ th dark.

6 o m p l e t e e a h s e n t n ew i t h o n s u i t a b l v e r b n d p r e p osi t i o n .

a ) W a s k d o u r t a h rt o . . . % 'Lr!iY! , '' , . a. . d. ' i f f i u l t p ro b l m . . . . ' . . t . 0 , , . . , , ' , ls .

b) T h ring I found . . . . . a n old la dy in my blo k of fla ts.
r- ) W m a y om e to your p arty , but it . . . . . . . . . our finding a
b a bysitt r.
d) Wh n Jo fl w to Austra lia , his a unt . . . . . his ti k t .
) H a rr y . . . . . . . . . t o h is n e i g h b o u rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . h. .is
. bad b haviour.
0 You . . . . . . . . . . . . m . . . . . . . . . . . . .m. .y. b r o t h r .Y o u , r v r y a l i k !
s) T o n y . . . . . . . . . p a ssi n gh is d ri v i n g t St a t t h f irs t a t t m p t .
h) S you in a minut ! I ,ll . . . . . . . . . . . y o u o u tsi d t h in ma.

7 C o m p | e t ee a h p a r t s e n t e n e( a _ g )w i t h o n e o f t h e e n d i n gs ( 1 - 7 ) .

a) l l n is n o t r a l l y i n t e r s t d. . . . . + . . . . 1 a t m a king n w fri nds.

b) T h h o t l w a s d i f f r n t . . . . . . . . . . . 2 abottt losing my n lt. al ulat .
) Littl Suzi w as j a lous 3 for a noth r big m a l.
d ) I w as r a lly a nnoy d 4 in l arning horr. to ski.
) Pa ul is v yk n 5 of h r n w sist r a t first .
0 Ja n is a lly good 6 frorn what - xp t d.
o\
6/ I d o n , t t h i n k I , m r a d y. . . . . . . . . . . 7 on oll ting old b ttl s.

183
r
a

!,

Explana tions
Indefinit \ \ . ords lt k v e ryo e , t hi g e t . a r a ll d ind finit pronou ns. T h y r f ::

I
pronouns p opl , t hings or pl a s w it hou t sa ying x a tly w ho , w h a t or w h r th y a .

Il
P opl : Som e o (1 yo | 1 v ryo o or1
hings : som e t hing t hi g e v e r t hi g ot hing
Pla s: somewhere 1'nuher ver ' + uh re nowher
T im : som e tim e y tim e ( a ll t h tim ) (n v r)

In th ,P opl , list w an mak a form w t t h -bod w it h no h a ng in

m a ning : som e bod , ybod , e v rybod , obody ,

r I nd finit pronou ns a r follo w d by a singul a r v rb , bu t w r f r b a k to

th rn in a s nt n with the / them/ their,

l
Som e on e is w iti g for you . T h e h v e b e w iti g for som tim '
Som e on e pho d , d I told t h e m ou w e r e ou t .

som onq on on \ t-ords w t t h som e - a nd n y- foll w t h rul s giv n in Gra m m a r 3:

t .
l Sot t t is om mon in positiv s n t n s a nd n in qu stions a nd n g a tiv s.
ll r ,s Som on e t t h e door' Som thing is worr ingm .
D es n on e k now th nsw er?
h reisn , t bod t hom .

l But W a n lS Som ein a qu stion if it is a n off r or r qu st .

I sk ou som e thing?

r . { nd W a n uS ny in positiv s nt n sto m a n ,it do sn , t m a tt r w hi h

W go ny w h ere w e w a nt duri g our holid s.

l Sottl h as th id a of a d finit id a , a nd h as th m a ning of , no limit'.

omnar :
Is som e on e omi g to oll e t ou? (th r must b a p arti ular p rson l
Is o e omi g to oll t ou? ( a nyon a t a ll)
H v ou got som e l e tt ers for m ? ( T h r ar p arti ular l tt sI a m
xp e ting)
H v e ou got l e tt ers for m ? ( I h a v no id a if you h a v l tt rs
for m or not)

v r on ' no on \ \ 'ords with e v ery-m a n a ll th p opl , things or pla s in a group .

et . verybod Iikes Sue.
Everythi g in the room w s red.

v ryo e (t wo words) h as a diff r nt m a ning . I t m a ns e h si gl e o a ni '

i
us d to giv mph asis. I n pronun ia tion , both words h a v qu a l str ss.
T h r w ere t e ho ol t esi th e bo d ou , v e t e e v ry on e!

184
 GRA } | AR 45 PRo N o U Ns

l g us d as a singl word subj tinst a dof a / / .

v erythi is
Everythi g h sgo wrong. (NoT ]aa* )
AI I m pl s h vegonewro g.
Words with no- m a n no p opl , things or pla s.
No o e k ows the swer.
Nobod is t h m e .
There is nothing to e t'

Doubl n g a tiv s are not us d .

No on e k nows. (N O T llffi)

l:fl xive l R fl xiv pronouns ar us d for tions th a t w do to ours lv s.

lpo ouns : myse lf I h ve ut myself. We enio dourselves.
. Did ou cut ourselft H ve you hurt ourselves?
He ut himself. The i trodu ed th mselves.
She i troducedherself.

V rbs oft n us d in this way in lud : ut, joy,hurt, introdu e,kill'

t th d of the pI , leop tr kills herself.
But oth v rbs ar not norm a lly us d with a r fl xiv pronoun , v n though
th y are in oth r la ngu a g es. x a mpl es : h g e( loth es) , omPl i ,d e id e ,
dr ss,fe I , meet,rel , remember'rest, sit dow , st nd up, w k up | w tsh |worry.

R fl xiv plonouns ar a lso us d fo mph asis.

| o cooked I I the food himself. (no on h lp d him)
lr p rson a lon e r I n norm a l onv ersa tion w e lse ou to r f r to , p opl in g n ra l, .
s ou get older ou te d to forget thi gs.
You t ke the tr i to the irport from the entr I St tion'

But in form a l sp h a nd writing w a n lse o e with this m a ning . T his is

onsid r d ov r-form a l by m a ny sp a k rs.
e t kes the tr i to the irport f om the entr l St tion.

h r is a poss ssiv form on e ,S'

ne,s lugg g is rri d i spe i I comp rtment.

If o is us d as a subj e t , a ll la t r r f ere n sa lso us o e .

ne t kes the tr in to th irport ftom th entr l St tion nd o e r S rve
on e's se t in dv e.
I f you | | Seon e |you must ontinu to us it . Do not mix on e a nd ou'

I n v ryd a y sp h it is mor ommon to us you or a p assiv th a n to ls on e .

You c reserv s ts in dv ce.
Se ts c n be reserved i dv n e'

185
lN ER DIAT LANGUAGE PRA I(

1 UnderIin th orr e tw or d i n e a h s e n t n e .

a) T h r isn , | o e / oon e i th g ard n .

b) x us m , ould you mov ? I a n , t s nythi g /som e thi g .
) h is n thing / nothi to g drink .
d) h ,s t on e /som e otoe s you outsid .
) You a n do ythi g /som e thingyou W a nt .
f) e th mon y , but w don , t k now w ho.
tt } 'otrc /Som e ostol
g) I don , t k now thing / othi g bout it .
hl o otl /Som onwould e t ll m th a nsw r, so I gu ss d .
i) I , v lost my b a g a nd I a n , t find it som e w h ere / 1 h ere'
j) I must h a v put my b a g som e w h re / y w h but re , I don , t k now w h er .

2 om pl e t et h e s o n d s n t e n eso t h a t i t h a s a si m i I a rm e a n i n g t o t h e f irs t
s nt n e.

al I ould do .
wvthL u
..
....
t !..9..... r.... l

bt lr t h a n a n yon .
\ o on
L' \ o on W as on tim y st rd a y .
v ryon
d r I h a v n , t got a n y w o k .
I,r, got . . . . . .t o d "
} h r 's som t hing I , d lik to ask you .
\ Iay I........ . . . . . . . . l.
t-) \ V , a ll milk drin k e rs h r I
r, rybodv . . mi i
g) lVh n I phon d , th r w as no r ply .
\ o on
h ) . \ r w going to b d iv n th r ?
I s . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .
I m a k n w fri nds w h r v r I go.
v ry w h r
You h a d a a ll this morning .
So m o n

186
 GRAlt [nAR 45 PRo N o U Ns

3 Compt e t e e a h se nt n e so th a t it in lud es a suit a bl e form of on of th v erbs

from th e box , a nd a r fl e xiv e pronoun .

a ) H a v a good holid a y , both of you! . . .?'! . Q'Y. . . . . . ...q. .4r. { . e l,Y.9. ,!'
^ nd
b ) O ur t a h r told us to stop shouting a nd to
) Wh n I f ll off th hors , I didn , t
d) B t h k n o w s a l o t o f F r n h , b u t a n , t . . . . . a si l y .
) L tm . . . . .. I , m Sus a n P rr y .
0 Th a id nt w asn , t your f a ult . Don , t
s)
h) Whil T om w as pi king up th brok n glass, h

4 R writ e a h se nt e n eso th a t it h as a similarm e a ning a nd ont a insth e word in bo I d .

a ) T h box isn , t mpty .

som e thing
''. T hp-r. , / .l'.l9. | !p . t!,'L'L . .iru . t . k . . h . QX, .''. , . , . . .'. . ,
b) All th p opl w r d a n ing .
v rvone

) I f l a n noy d .
s m t hing

d) W h a v n , t got a ny food .
n thing

) Th offi is mpty.
no on

fl Julia is v ry popular.
*l
v rybody

g) You a n h a v w h a t v er you lik .

anything

h) T h e b st pla is hom .
Now h r
l N ERME D l A E LANGUAGE PRA l E

5 C o m p l e t e a h s n t e n ew i t h o n s u i t a b l ew or d .

a ) h a t ,sa n asyqu stion! . r ,h .qd knows

.. th a nsw !
b) Is .......... t h m a t t r ?C a n I h l p y o u ?
) . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. s. .W
. . r o n gw i t h t h a r ,a n d i t w o n , t s t a r t .
d) h r ,s . . to se you . Sh a ll I ask th m to w a it?
) h y introdu d . . as H l n a nd Ann .
f) '. n v I r a lly k nows w h a t will h a pp n , do s on ?
g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. ,. v. . .d o n s o f a r t o d a y h a s g o n w r o n g !
h ) . . . . . . . '' . . . . . . . .y.o. .u. o u l d s a y w o u l d m a k m hang my mind, I ,m afraid.
i ) D i d y o u d o i t a l l b y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
i ) Y s ,I d i d i t b y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .

6 . e w ri t e e a h s e n t e n e .
U n d rl i n t h e rrors i n t h e s s e n t e n e s R

a ) so m o n sp o k t o m , b u t I a n , t r m m b ri ts n a m .
..'5 l pp. lp,lP!k.'t!.. e ,... 4t.. I ..a kt..r?'n4e lhe .r'
b) A1l in t h g a rd n h as b n gro w ing a lot l t ly .

) arol didn , t do nothing y st rd a y .

d) T h r isn , t no on w a iting for you .

) P t a nd Ka t nioy d th ms lfs a t th p arty .

f) on fills in a n a ppli a tion form , a nd th n you W a it for a n a nsw I .

g,)W n d to do som shopping . T h r isn , t som thing in th fridg .

f:

188
 xpla n a tions
s ( a p os t ro p h es) r W us a postloph 3 to sho w t h a t som t hing b longs to a p rson . W an
us t h ,s form w it hou t a follo w ing nou n if t h m a ning is l a r'

This is fim,s s rf. T his is lim's.

T hose re H e l e ,s glov es. T hose re ll e l n ,s.
Wh re is the dire tor,s offi e?

r A n a p os t ro p h is so m t i m sus d w h n so m t h i n g is p a r t o f a n o t h r t h i n g .
Wh t is th e book ,s titl e?
Wh t is this pl t ,s m e?

r With plura l nouns w a dd th a postroph only .

T hose re th e stud e nts, co ts,

r A sp ia l us f ,s is to r f r to Som on ,shom , a shop n a m or a pla

nam .
Georg bought this melon i the gr engro er,s/ i Smith,s.
I w e nt to th e do tor,s nd th e d e ntist ,s o th s m e d .

r I f t h r is n o p oss ssi o n w
, d o n o t us a n a p os t ro p h .N o t t h is o m m o n
mist a k : W .

r Not th a t a n a postroph a n a lso b a short form of is ot h s.

It,s lovel d y. (It,s = It is)
It,s got b ttery' [t,s = It h s)
r W us of t show th a t on thing b longs to or with a noth r thing .
The end of the street. ,NoT tl 4t*4\
The l st twent p ges of the book. (No )

r ompound nouns are form d from t wo nouns tog th r.T h first noun is 1ik
a n a di e tiv a nd d s rib sth s ond noun .
I s w th e shirt i shop wi dol .
I boughtSom e w footb I l boots.

r Comp und nouns ar v I y ommon in t hni a l d s riptions.

Loose the orner br ckets first.

r So m t i m sa h y p h n is us d t o j o i n t h w or ds . C h k i n a d i t i o n a I \ .t o 5
w h n a hyph n is use d .
I bought ho ol t ei e- re m .

189
 lN ERlYl DlA E tANGUAGE PRA C !C E

;,t

iil
rll
Possessiv e r Poss ssiv a dj tiv s ar us d b for nouns. T h y ar :
ill adj tiv es m your her its his our their

r W e do not us a n arti l (th e ot a ) with a possessiv a dj e tiv e .

P ter is m ousi . He does ,tli e i our town.

r W a n a dd o$)nto a possessiv a dj tiv for mph asis.

P ul ooks Il his ol me Is'
This isn,t m own bike. I ,ve borrowedit f om f i nd.

Possessiv r Poss ssiv pronouns ar us d inst a d of a poss ssiv a dj tiv a nd noun .

pronouns h y ar :
mi e yours hers his ours theirs

l Poss ssiv epronouns st a nd on th ir ow n . T h y ar not us d with a noth r

noun .
T his is m bik e , (poss ssiv ea dj tiv + noun)
T his bik e is min e . (poss ssiv pronoun)

r Not th a t th er is no a postroph in poss ssiv pronouns nding in s.

Whose ke s re these?Are the ours or mine?
Yours re o th t ble. These re mine,

D o u b l e p oss ssi v e Th ar t wo ommon situ a tions w h r W use t wo poss Ssiv forms tog th r.
Both ar w h n w d s rib e th r la tionship b t w n p opl .

7 of arrd apostroph
Jo is frie d of my brother,s.
2 of arrd poss ssiv plonoun
I m e t cousi of min e t th e p r ,
A ommon usa g of this stru tur is to d s rib things ow n d by p opl .
Do ou lik e this n e w h t of mi e?

190
 GRAlt AR 46 PossEsslo N

U n d rl i n et h e orr t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s n t n .

a) Ja n m t a fri nd of h erh ers in th str t .

b) Lu y do s a ll h erse lf / h erow d ora ting .
) Ar th s s issorsyour / ours?
d) T h d sk n xt to th e window is m / mi e .
) Chris a nd Ann a introdu d m to a n ighbour of th e ir / th e irs,
f) x us me, is this our/yo rsseat?
g) D a vid asks if you , v s e n th a t old o a t of his / him .
h) P t h a s b orro w d m / m i n e b t k '
i) W h a v n , t brought our / oursbooks with us.
j) T h dog is bla k a nd w hit , a d its / it ,s a s ar v ry long .

2 Put a n a postroph e w h er n e essary .

a ) T ll oni a its l n as tu n , not h rs.

....gq.nug..,it.,
.'.T. l .. [p. .i..t*n .'' !.p.h*w,'
.....',,
b) Ali s young r broth rs a ll d Bill.

) T ims sa nd wi h s W r t asti th a n ours.

d) T h films b gin ning is good bu t its nding is w a k .

) Ar th s k ys yours or h s?

f) Barb a afills in th p a ti nts r ord ards a t th do to s.

g) Wh n its ra ining , v rybodys ra in o a ts 8 t . t .

h) T h m a n a g rs assist a ntr a ds a ll th ustom rs l tt rs.

Your sist rsdog runs f ast r th a n ours.

i) O n s our t a h rs ar a nd th oth rs a visito s.

191
lN ERtUl DlA E LANGUAGE PRA C l E

3 Ma k e t wo ompound words from th e words list e d .

a ) footb a ll h s boot sa nd wi h
. .f.. qtb
. q. quh.'a . a . t .''.
. .'.. ... . ,a h*eI. .l. q! w .L J*. . . . . . .
b) window p k t oat shop

) gat g ard n light bi y l

d) d p tm nt ott a g stor ountry

) ngin sing r ro k fir

) post sh a p n er offi p n il

g) ground r polt s hool footb a ll

h) assist a nt shop st a tion ra ilw a y

4 or e a h qu stion , ompl t e th e se ond se nt e n e so th a t it m e a ns th e sa m as

th first , using no more th a n thre words.

a ) N a omi is a f i nd of my sist r,s.

N a o m iis . . . r r v . f ; , . t l + t . *! : t . . . . . . . . . .f.r.i. . n. d .
b) T h s sho s b long to sa m .
h s sho s.
) I m t on of my fri nds outsid e th s hool.
I met a outsid th s hool.
d) T his is my f a vourit progra mm on t e l vision .
his is progla mm .
) Wh a t ar your t a h rs a ll d?
What ......... . . . .n a m e s ?
fl Hav you got a thing for op ning tins?
Hav you got ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. . . . '
g) T hos bik s b long to our n e ighbours.
T hos . . . . . . . . . . b. .i.k s .
h) I put my books on th t a bl in th kit h n .
I put my books . . . . . . . . . . t. .a.b l e .

192
 GRA lvlAR 46 Poss sslo N

U n d rl i n et h e rrors i n t h e s s e n t n sR
. e w ri t e a h s e n t n e .

a ) T h r ar t wo bus stop ,s n ar my hous .

.,'rhr"e.. b' |'. # .aJ..'n&r .' L..h.! $.a
r r e'.tN.a..
b) our a t sl p ,sa ll d a y in it ,s b d .

) H a v you m t th sist r of Ja n ?

d) r a t ur ,s lik t h s liv at th s a ,s bot tom .

) T h is b o o k is t h min .

f) T hos ar t wo fri nds, of my f a th rs.

g) v rybodys dra wing ,s W r b tt r th a n our,s.

h) Ar th s your,s or min glov ,s?

i) T h hous st a nd ,s on it ,s ow n a t th str e t'se nd .

j) I noti d th s sho ,s in a window ,s shop.

19
 xp I a n a tions
T his unit in lud s words a nd phras s us d to org a niz id as in sp a king a nd
writing . Noti th position of th words in th x a mpl s nt n s.Som tim s a
word om s in th middl of a s nt n to join t wo la us s,su h as d . oth r
tim s th word or phras om s a t th b ginning of a s nt n a nd is follow d
by a omm a in writing or a p a us in sp h , su h as First of I I , , . . .

nd, both, too, l d is us d to ioin words or p arts of s nt n s.T o mph asiz th f a t th a t

s w Il, olso th r ar t wo things W a n : seboth . . . d .
H e l nput o h er o t nd pi k e d up th suit se'
H e l npi k e d up both h er suit se nd h er umbre ll ,

l T oo, s w e ll, s w I I s a nd Iso are us d to d s rib t wo a tions a t th sa m

t i m . N o t t h p osi t i o ns .
H l e pi k e d up h er suit
H e l e pi k d up h er suit
H l e n pi k e d up h er suit
H e I e pi k e d up h er suit
se d h er umbre ll too.
se d h er umbr I l s w e I I .
se s w e I I s h er umbre ll .
s ,h er o t d lso h r umbre ll '

For ex mpl , r Not th possibl positions of For e mpl e .

such s Di t t , ri esf tom pl e to pl e . For e mpl e , in hot ou tri es,p opl t e d to
t mor f lit .
I hot ountri s,for e rlmpl , p opl te d to t mor fruit'

r W : usesu h s in th middl of a s nt n to giv a mpl s. I t is th sa m as

lik e . Su h 4s a nnot b us d a t th b ginning of a s nt n .
I hot ou tri s,su h s Gre e,p oPle tend to e t more f uit.

First (of oll), r W a n us First (of IL)to b gin a list of points in form a l sp h a nd writing'
s condl et ., For oth r points W us Se ondl t '
finolI T e l e visio h s h ng do r liv es i se er lw s. First of I l, it h s .'' .
S e c o n d l ,m or ep e o p l '' . . F i n I I , i t h s h g d t h e w t h t . . . .

r T o introdu our fin a l point in form a l sp h a nd w iting W a n sa I n

on lusio .
In on Iusion, we | 1S t th t tel isio h s both good nd b d fe tures.

As well os this, T h s ar us d in form a l sp h a nd writing to show th a t w ar a dding a point "

besides this T h m a ning is . a nd , but th phras s om s a t th b ginning of a s nt n .
T e l e visio h s h g e dour liv es in se v er lw s, First of l I , it h s ', . ,
S ondl more , p e opl e . . . . s w e I I s this / Besid es this, morep e opl e. . . '

i
t94
 GRA I tilt ,lAR 47 LlN lNG WoRDs

hl foct, octuoll I f t and tu I I are used to giv mor d tail' or to giv surprising
inform a tion .
D ve h s Sev r Idogs.In f ct, he,sgot four. (mor d t a il)
I thought Gi w s do tor but, i f ct, she,s vet' (surpris )
I thought Gi l s do tor but, ctu ll , she,s v t. (surpris )
ln m vi T h s ar us d in form a l sp h a nd writing to introdu ou ow n id as.
p rson lI Somepeople b lieveth t televisio h s killed the rt of onv rs tion.In m
view /Person ll , I think it gives people somethingto t lk bout.

ither, or l ith er . . . or ts us d to d s rib a hoi or a n a lt rn a tiv .

W c n either go to the inem , ot St t home.
Either .we n 80 to the cinem , or we n st t hom .
(NoT ' e*' + 5 ...)
Not th a t th stru tur r. . . or. . .do s not xist in nglish . I t is possibl to
b gin a s nt n with or only w h n w ompl t som e on ls ,ss nt n .
: , W e ouldgo to th e i m I suppose. . . ,
B : . . . . ot w e ould st y t hom e nd w t h vid e o. ,

hlst od (of) r W lusei st e d(ofl to m e a n .in th pla of som thing lse , .

I ste d of cookingI ordered t ke- w yme l'
| ill me to th p rty i ste d of her sister.

r At th nd of a s nt n , i st e dis us d without of
I didn,t cook. I ordered t ke- w me I inst d.

E cept and e eptfor m an,not in luding,.

The g ve presentsto ev ryon e ept me.
We h ve p i t d Il the house, e cept (for) the f ont door.

r W e lse e v e to sa y th a t som thing is surprising .

S m studies very h rd, He ev n gets up t 5. 0 to stud !
E e S m fou d th e m diffi ult.

l Ev e n is a lso us d to mph asiz omp ara tiv dj tiv s.

This questio is even h rder th the l st o e.

m w ords w it h T h tim wo ds si e , e t a nd-w hil e h a v a ompl t ly diff r nt m a ning a nd us

oth r m e a nings as linking words. With this us th y ar mo I ommon in writing .

since rrrearring'as' I ould , t sw im , sin e I h d old'

et meanilg,although' No o e r pli d to m k o k, t ll the lights w re
on.
while meaning .although, Th first two buses fuI I , while the ne t w s
ompl t l mpt .
lN ER EDlA E LANGUAGE PRA C I E

U n d rl i n et h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s i n e a h s e n t n e .

a) rs Davis taught ls e eptfor/ stesd-of r Taylor.

b) W an either/orwait h r , or phon for a taxi.
) l n plays th guitar arrd lso/toowrit s songs.
d) I n S a ndin via n ountri s, for e mpl e /such s Finla nd , th y h a v v ry old
wint rs.
) v ryon in th t am play d bad | Iso/ e cePtSam.
0 All th shops w t w as a publi holid a y .
los d , si e / it
g) Ja k studi s nd / bothg ogra phy a nd history .
h) T h P a k worth t nt is strong a nd w a t rproof, si e / e light
t to arry .

2 R e w ri t e a h s e n t n eso t h a t i t h a s si m i l a r m e a n i n g a n d o n t a i nst h e w or d i n
bold .

a ) D bra visit d both th astl a nd th mus um .

too

b) Jill w as th only p rson w ho a m la t .

x e pt

) Alth ugh I sa id it w as ra ining , it isn , t!

fa t

d ) Kar n hurt h r l g , so sh ouldn , t pla y t nnis.

sin e

) y opinion is th a t smoking is b a d for you .

vi w

I a t th ho ola t a k a nd th a ppl pi .
as w ll as

8) D a ni l pla y d in go a l, in his broth r,spla .

inst a d

h ) Fin a lly , I , d lik to th a nk th h a d t a h er,Ann Col s.

in

196
 GRA 'lAR 43 LtN I NG WoRDs

D e id e w hi h a nsw er (A, , or D) b st fits e a h sp a e .

N o w a d a yst h r a r m a n y g o o d r a so nsf or usi n g b i y l s ( 1 ) , , , , Q - . . . .a rs t o

tra v lin ity n t r s . ( z ) , . . , , ' . . . . . b, i y l s a r ( 3 ) si l n t a n d l a n ,
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . .a. .r a s yt o p a r k . ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . .,. .u s i n g a b i y l ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . .k. . p sp o p l
fit . How v r, ity ntres must (7) hav y l la n s (8) b fr of
p ri v a t e a rs o m p l t l y .So m l a r g i t i s , ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . .A. ms t r d a mi n t h
N th rla nds, ar a lr a dy org a niz d in this w a y . (10) , a ombin a tion of
th e us of bi y l s with v ry h a p or fre publi tra nsport solv s th probl m
of tra ffi j a ms a nd m a k s th ity ntre a mor pl e asa nt pla .

1) Abut B x pt fo C inst a d of D su h as
2) A As w ll B First of a ll In fa t D P rson a lly
3) A both B a nd C too D as w ll
4) A a lso B for x a mpl th y C x p t D a nd as w ll as this
5) A And B Y t C W hil D S ondly
6) A a nd B both a lso D too
7) A in on lusion B ith r b s i d s t h is D both
8) A su h as B y t C a ls o Dor
9) A su h as B as w ll C in my vi w D w hil
10) A p rson a lly B fin a lly for x a mpl D a tu a lly

4 Comp | e t e e a h se nt e n with a word or phrase from th box . Use e a h word or

phras on e only .

a) v ryon . , . % 9?.P. t . . , , . Julia r m mb r d to bring th ir di tion ari s.

b ) W , v r p a ir dt h ro o f , a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w , v r p a i n t dt h
w hol hous .
) , I don , t think th a t th er ar a li ns or flying sa u Is.
d) I m a n a g d to los my p asspolt a nd my w a ll t .
) I w s going to go to th in m a , but I w nt to th th a tr

0 P opl think th a t im is shy , but h ,s v ry t a lk a tiv .

s) S o m i l l n s s s ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t h ommon old,do not hav a ur .
h) W ,r going to .............. . .' g a m p i n g , or s t a y w i t h so m f ri n ds .

197
lN ER DlA E tANGUAG PRA l

5 C o m p l t e t h e sp a e s( a _ j )w i t h t h e w r ds ( 1 _ 1 0 ) .

( a ) . ' . . ? . . . . .I , d l i k to thank v yon who has h lp d with th s hool play.

( b ) . . . . . . . . . . t. h a t o rs , a n d t h st a g h a nds, h a v work d v ry h ard, and
v ryon who mad th os t u m s w o r k d h a r d ( ) . I would (d) '..........
lik t o t h a n k a l l t h os w h o h a v s o l d t i k t s . T h is y a r w had an ( ) ...........
l a rg r a udi n t h a n l ast y a r, a nd (fl u sd a y v ning , v ry singl s at
w a s s o l d . T h is y a r t h play ran for a w k ( g ) . . . . . . . . . . f. o r t w o d a y s . W did not
hav a lot of tim f o r r h a rs a ls , a n d ( h ) . . ' . . . . . . . .t h play W as a gr a t su ss .
( i ) . . . . . . . . . . ,. I f l that w should ongratulat all th a t o rs f o r t h i r w o n d r f u l
p rforman . ( j ) . . . . . . . . . . ., I , d l i k to giv Judy W alk r, th dir t r , t h is p r s n t
from v ryon at th s hool .

1 v n
2 et
3 as w ll
4 x p t for
5 first of a ll
6 in on lusion
7 a ls o
8 p rs o n a l l y
9 b th
10 inst a d of

198
 Expla n a tions
a p i t a I l e t t e rs r C a p i t a l l t t rs ( a ls o a l l d u p p r - a s l t t rs ) a r u s d :
to b gin a s nt n T h is is b e u t i f t t pl I .
f or n a m s o f p o p l | i l, H I tt
for a ddr ssingp opl \ { rs | olt s, L-tl I P t r, \ I t u l
for p rson a l pronou n I I s t + ' ll t t l lst t tigllt ,
f or t i t l s o f b o o k s t . .|\. r
d P l ,is g r t b o o k .
f or n a m s o f p l a s Fr trc , Hu g ry
for a l nd a r in form a tion Wed sd ,M r h , N e w Y r,sD y

r I n book a nd film titl s, sm a ll w ords \ ik nd , / t h e a nd pr positions do not

usu ally h a v a p i t a ls , u n l ss t h y a r a t t h b g i n n i n g .
, F our W ddi gs d F u r l , is
f u n fi I m .

r Som w ords an b writ t n w it h a pit a ls, or in lo w r- as . T h s ar :

n a m s o f t h S a so ns i Spri g, i spri g
d ad s the Fifties, the fifties
j o bs S d rso w s goodpresid nt . (g n ra lus )
P ul m e t Presid e ntBru sl'ryi k . (job titl )
o m p a ssp o i n ts I liv e i th orth of S otl d . (d s ription)
S I I works i th e F r st . (pla n a m )

r F ull stops ar us d a t th nd of a s nt n . T h y a r a ls o u s d i n
a bbr vi a tions to sho w t h a t l t t rs in a w ord a r missin .
e.g. et .
F ull stops a r of t n l f t ou t a f t r t h a bbr vi a tions r a nd rs.

omma (,) r A omm a in writing r pr s nts a bri f p a us in sp h . I t is a ls o u s d i n l is t s ,

x pt for th last t wo it ms wh r w us d.
I b o u g h ts o m b l lss| m e r a g S t t t ds o t t t p o t a t S.
If th last t wo it ms of th l is t a r l o n g t h n r d u s a o m m a .
ll d w l e d tlt f | oors, , tsll t tlt ,l , lls, llt , 1ti li d tlt llot ts .

r Li n k i n g w o r d s a t t h b ginning of a s nt n a r f o l l o r r - db v ommas.
F irst of I I , t his b e d tlg rous.
Li n k i n g w o r d s i n t h middl of a s nt n har. ommas b for and a ft r.
, on t h e ot h e r h d , did tlot a 9r '

r omm as ar us d with non-d fining r 1a tir. la us s.

To , w ho is usu lly l t , t ur e d up t 10 , 0 .

r omm as ar us d in dir t sp h.
, I , ll b I t . ,
I im s id'

t99
!N R]t DlA E LANGUAGE PRA C I C E

But th y ar not us d a f t e r porting v rbs in r port d sp h.

| im s id h e would b e l t e'
Comm as a nnot b us d to join s nt n sdir tly , without a ny oth r
h a ng s. Look a t this x a mpl .
Two me were w Iki g down the stre t.They were c rryi g bo .
T h s t wo s nt n s a nnot b join d simply by h a nging th full stop to a
omma.
T 'emg ,er welki g detll tll stre a thE'tv r err''i t brx.
But th r ar oth r W a ys to ombin th s nt n s.For x a mpl :
Two me were w Iking dow the str et, rrying bo .
Two men c rrying bo were w Iking down the street.

Semi- olon ( ; ) W a n join t wo s nt n eswith la t d m a nings using a s mi- olon .

Ro d users nnoy pedestri ns;pedestri ns t t o ro d users.
A s mi- olon is a lso us d to s p a la t long it ms in a list .
Stude ts re sked ot to le ve bicycles by the erltr nce ;not to le ve b gs in tlu
sitting room; nd not to le ve o ts in the dining room.

Colon ( : ) A olon introdu s it ms in a list .

Th re re two rules: one, don,t do it; two, don,t get ught.
I t a n a lso introdu a n xpla n a tion of th pr vious p art of th s nt n .
Fin lly, we h d to Stop:w were tired d it w s d rk.

Sp e e h m a r k s ( , , ) Sp h m arks ( a lso a ll e d quot a tion m arks) ar use d with di t sp e h .

(tttr) Pun tu a tion go s insid . T h y a n b singl or doubl .
, I t might r in l t er, ,I e pl in e d .
,Wh re we le ving so e rly?,,He I n sked.

T itl s of books, films, pla ys t . ar put insid singl e quot a tion m arks.
Pun tu a tion is put outsid e in this as .
We we t to perform nceof Ibsen,s,Ghosts,.
How v er, in print d t xt , th titl s of books, films, pla ys e t . ar usu a lly put
in it a li s.

Q u e s t i o n m a r k ( ?) Q u stion m arks only o ur a f t th qu stion .

and ex lamation Wh t,s the time?
m ark (!)
x la m a tion m arks ar us d in inform a l w iting , but ar not onsid d
a ppropria t in form a l writing .
You,Il nev rguesswh t! I ,ve iust got e g ged!

200
 GRA tulAR 48 APl At LE ERs AND PUN UA loN

Und erlin e th e se nt n e w hi h is pun tu a t e d orre t | y .

, Would w ar ?, P tra ask d .
a) 1 } zoumind t lling m w h
2 . Would you mind t lling m , w h r W ar P tra ask d?,
3 . Would you mind t lling m , w h t W ar , , P t a ask d?
b) 1 I a gr d ,th a t a ott a g in th mount a ins, would b b tt .
2 I ag dth a t a ott g in th mount a ins would b b tt .
3 I a gr d th a t a ott a g , in th e mount a ins would b b tt r.
) 1 Ang la w ho arriv d a f t r I did , ask d m w h n th pla y finish d?
2 ng | a ,w ho arriv d a f t r I did , ask d m w h n th pla y finish d .
3 Ang la , w ho arriv d a f t r I did ask d m , w h n th pla y finish d .
. I ,ll se you la t r.'
d) 1 P t er told m , not to w a it a nd sa id
, I ,ll s you la t r. ,
2 Pe t e t told m not to w a it a nd sa id ,
3 P t r told m not to w a it a nd sa id I ,l1s you la t r.
) 1 I n th nd I w nt hom , I w as w t a nd hungry , a nd f e lt ill.
2 I n th nd I w nt hom ; I w as w t a nd hungry ; a nd f lt ill.
3 I n th e nd I w nt hom : I w as w t a nd hungry a nd f lt ill.
0 1 I bought som flour, som ggs,t wo l mons a nd som sug ar.
2 I bought som : flour, som : ggs,t wo : l mons a nd som sug ar.
3 I bought som flour som ggs t wo l mons, a nd som sug ar.

2 R e w ri t e e a h s e n t e n ep u t t i n g i n a n y n ss a r y a p i t a l l t t rs .

a ) w ,r m ting un l d a vid on tu sd ar- v ning a t ight .

'..Y { . :'r. .'ryL. -o'.tL .g.'!l. L*'.D.q L'd,, n. T t.d ... "
b) last f bru ary i m t m s wilkinson f th first tim .

) tim liv s in t h e sou t h of fra n n al a n n s.

d) w sa w a gr a t film a t t h ab a ll d , t h m ins of t h day,.

) w W nt to a p a f t a t mrs h arrisons, hous on n w y ar,s v .

f) julia ,s r a ding . a portr it of a la dy' by h nry j a m s.

zoL
 lN ER DlA E LANGUAGE PRA ( I ( E

3 Re writ e e a h group of words so th a t it ont a ins th e pun tu a tion list e d .

a ) First of a li w ho is going to arry th suit as ask d mili

(on full stop , on omm a , on e qu stion m ark , sp h m arks)
.. i.r'tt''.a .f-,q!L,.. 'tfu'..l + ,go.t .g..t.q..(4. . { ..the'.s
b) Ka t sa id sh , d b on tim but I didn , t b li v h r
(on full stop , on omm a )

) Ja m s sa id th a t h , d miss d th tra in got lost a nd b e n arr st d

(on full stop , t wo omm as)

d) Wh n th b ll ra ng our t a h r stood up a nd sa id Stop writing pl as

(on e full stop , thr e omm as, sp e h m arks)

) on th oth r h a nd w ould go to th in m a ouldn , t w sa id D a vid

(on full stop , t wo omm as, on qu stion m ark , sp h m arks)

Good morning Ala n sa id T in a how do you f l tod a y

(on full stop , on omm a , on qu stion m ark , sp h m arks, on e a pit a l
l tt r)

s) I f I wr you I , d ask for som h lp or p rh a ps st art a g a in

(on full stop , t wo omm as)

h) h old st a dium W as v ntu a lly d molish d v ry f e w p opl w nt th r a nd

it w as b oming d a ng rous
(on full stop , on omm a , on olon)

202
 Expla n a tions
Adding -ing to r o n -s y l l a b l words w hi h nd in on vow l and on onson a nt doubl th
v rbs last onson a nt .
swim/swimming put/puttitxg
Compar th s words w hi h do not doubl th onson a nt :
shoot/shooting lift/lifti s

r T w o -s y l l a b l w o r d s w h i h nd in on vow l and on onson a nt doubl th

last onson a nt w h n th s t r ss is o n t h s ond syllabl .
b gi /begin ing ontrol/ o trolling
ompa th s words with th S t r Sso n t h f i rs t s y l l a b l .
wo der/ wo deri g thr te / thre te i g
on x p tion to t his rul in British nglish is tr v e l / tr v e lli g .

r Words w hi h nd in on vo w l , on onson a n t a nd - e drop t h fin a l - e .

write / writi g l v /le vin {

nding in h suffix -ful h as only on / .

b e utiful su ssful
W h n - / y is a d d d t o m a k a n a d v r b ,t h / b o m sd o u b l .
b utifull su ssfull

T h r is a us ful rul : l b for e pt a f t r .

f t e ld ni e c e
but re e iv e
B u t n o t t h a t t h is r u l o n l y w or k s w h n t h so u n d is , ,
/ i : / . F or x a m p l i n
this word th sound is diff r nt a nd e om s b for l :
reign

S i | n tl tt rs r M a n y w or ds o n t a i n l t t rsw h i h d o n o t f or m a so u n d . T h s so m t i m s
r f rr dt o a s , si l n t l t t rs , .T h si l n t l t t rsa r u n d rl i n d .
btlmb doubt plumb r thumb
kn k e e f ; if k now
ps ps holo ps hi trist
S d s e d ls d

t qandu
T h l tt r 4 is a lw a ys follow d by .
qu estio squid quir

20
lN R1t ,l DlA LANGUAG E PRA C ! E

Words ommonly sp ll d wrongly ar a lso in lud e d h re .

Corr t th e sp e lling w h ere n e essary .

a) o)
6/ thi r
b ) swrmlng h) beatitul
) foto D r i pt
d) q stion i) b gining
) w histl e k) phy hia trist
fl k now n l ) su sfull

2 Us th e l e tt ers in bra k e ts to m a k e a word w hi h fits th e sp a .

a ) Su sa id sh , d (n hop) .'. .B! ' . . m but I h a v n , t

(ir dv .). . 9&9tY.9d. . a all y t .
b) Wh n th ref r blew th (st wlih) th playersl ft
th ( dlif)
) ll n (f lyslusu s) ompl t d th e ours in nu l ar
(ships y)
d) I didn , t ( wonk) how to ut th e string Without a
(ink 0
) T h poli arr st e dth (itf h) as h w as
(n gvia l) th b a nk .
0 Jim ask e d a (siqontu e ) , but his t a h r w asn , t
(nilsig nt)
g) At th (nig ngibn) of th film , I h a d a poor
(wiv )
h ) T h s a n i n t( m u l o s n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .r. .
( y i t b u l f u a l.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mad .

3 Writ e e a h v erb with a n

a) ontrol g) ups t
b) thi k n h) hook
) grip i) writ
d) h o os j) improv
) fly k) swim
0 mak l) rid

204
 G A! n'AR 49 sPE tLl N G AND PRo N U N C l A !o N 1

4 Corre t th e sp I ling in this t e tt er.

D ar B k y ,
I , m so y th a t I h a v n , t writ n to you for so long . I , m a f ia d I , v b e n v y
bussy a t shool, a nd I h a v n , t h a d mu h tim for w it ing l t rs. Last w k I
finis d my examenations, so now I ,m g ting r dy to 80 on holyday.
I was wund ring weth r you wood like to ome to stay fo a fi w days? You
a nn m a t my fr inds, a nd w oud a ll go swim ing . T h w h a th r is r a ly good
now h ar in ltaly, and I ,m shure you will engoy you sh lf.
B st wish s,
Silvia

5 corre t th ese words ommonty sp e tl e d wrongly .

a ) tommorow
b) W nsday
) a dv rtism nt
d) n ihbour
) thrugh
f) gr atfull
g) n ssarry
h) dissa ppoint d
i) wheath
j) r mb
k) libary
l) a ns r

6 Und rlin e th e sil e nt l e tt er /s in th ese words.

a) d bt i) a utumn
b) xhibition k) answ r
) high l) daught r
d) knif m)ha
) l a mb n) light
f ) psy hologist o) sa lmon
g) r ip t p) whol
h) what q) would
i) ya ht r) w iting

zo5
 x p I a n a t i o ns
Sa m e sound , I n nglish on p arti ular sound a n b sp lt using diff r nt l tt rs. I n a h
diff r nt sp l I ing group b low th sound und rlin d is th sa m .

Vow ls
mP ny br ther I Q e trauble r bbish blopd
rogd most home thoush la
e rth filrther wgrd hurt
xt it gre t l te w ht
| lorv shout drgwn Plo sh

Conson a nts
rel fron sho k Sure o s ious deli ious
hur h ftlrniflre w t h
I ei ure me Sure o fil5io

Same Diff r nt words a n h a v e e x a tly th sa m pronun ia tion . Common e x a mpl s

pronun ia tion, are :
dif f e r n t sp lling ourt/ ught st ir/st re Sore /S lw lIotryed/ Ioud
lesson/lesse 'w ste / w ist
and meaning ftnd/fined f re /f ir
w it/ weight oR ow two/too
'v m/ wor
Words w hi h look Som words may hav only a l tt r or two diff r n to oth r words, but th y
similar h a v a ompl t ly diff er nt m a ning . B sp ia lly ar ful with th s ommonl
onfus d wo ds :
l ter/l tter quiet/quite
r ent/rese t c ept/ cept
through/thorough formerly/form Il
i sure / e sure Iose /loose

Words w it h a Som words ar p arti ularly diffi ult to sp ll b e a us th y s m to h a v a

s y l l a b l e w h i h is la bl w hi h is not pronoun d . T h
not pronoun ed sylla bl s ar a tu a lly pronoun d in sp
t mp r ture(3 syllabl s)
Wed esd y(2 syllables)
people (2 syllabl s)
x a mpl s b low show how m a ny
h:
Iibr ry(3 syllabl s)
veget ble (3 syllabl s)
interesting(3 syllabl s)

N o u ns a n d v e r bs Noun dvi e pr cti e

with a nd s V rb dvise pr tise

How to improv e I Us a di tion ary to h k th pronun ia tion of n w words.

spelling T R la t th sp lling of n e w words to words you a lre a dy k now .
I a k lists of th words you usu a lly sp e ll wrongly . T st yours lf or ask fri nds
to t st you .
R a d wid ly to giv you xp ri n of th w a y words ar sp ll d .
206
 GRA nil I AR 5o sP LL!N G AND PRo N U N l A I o N 2

Words ommonly sp ll d wrongly ar a lso in lud d h r .

F i n d p a irs o f w or ds w i t h t h s a m e so u n d u n d rl i n d .

a ) Q )- = - l omp a ny
b)plum 2 m su e
\
)h art \ 3 furnitur
\
d) at h \+ ^ fisr -
) phon 5 l
f) gure 6 brqwn
g) dg bt 7 to ast
h) fo a d 8 onfusion
i) aution 9 p ark

2 U n d e rl i n et h e orr e t w or d i n e a h s e n t e n .

a) Pl as stop looking a t m lik th a tl I t ,s v y rud to st ir / tt a t .

b) I think you should pr ti e /pr cfisediving v ry day.
) Th do to gav Martin a through/thorough xamination.
d) Could you giv m som d ic e / dvisea bout la ngu a g ourses?
) W want d to go by train, but w ouldn,t afford the f ir/f re.
l f) ould you w a it a mom nt? I , m not qui e t / quit er a dy .
,t g) R a ding llow e d / I oudis h ard unl ss you h a v tim to h k first .
h) Sorry I didn,t om to olur part , but I just f | t two/tootir d.
: i) You a n h a v mod l J6 or mod l J8, but th e l t r / l tt eris mor xp nsiv .
ril
I j) T h b a k of th h a ir is n arly f a lling off _ it ,s re a | | lose / loos '
,'.ii
,t
.
.!r
3 i k ( / ) if a p a ir of words rhym es.
?
* a ) sw t/ at .. { .. i) hos / bruis
"5:

b) wors / hors t) lowigo

) worn / torn k) a bro a d / a ffo d
d) los / loos l) quit / di t
) t a/b m) fui nd / l a n d
fl thought /short n) blood / food
g) la t r / la tt r o) w ight / h ight
h) word / h ard

zo7
lN R n DlA E LANGUAG PRA l(

4 Corre t th sp e lling in this l tt er.

D ar Silvia ,
T h a nks for your l t r a nd your invitt a tion to lt a ly! I , v e n v r tra v l d a bra od
b e for , a nd I , m r a ly looking forw rd to st a ying with you a nd your f a milly . I'
spok k n to my p a lr nts a nd th y , v a ggr d . h y sa y th e y ,r going to phon
soon to dis us th ara ng m nts.
I , v di id d to h a v som I t lia n l sons so th a t I a n pra ti w h n I om t
I t a ly . I , d lik you to writ som simpl s nt a n sfo m . Pl as not my n t .
a dr ss.W mov d last w a k a nd now I , v got a mu h big er b droom .
b st wish s,
B ky

5 Corr t th ese words ommonly sp e I l e dwrongly .

a) v gt bl
b) l ng a g
) q u u
d) r i v
) p pl
f) b atiful
g) intl sting
h) bis it
D i ling
j) difr nt
k) knowlig
l) indip nd a nt

6 h ere is a noth r word with e x a tly th e sa m e pronun ia tion as th e word giv n .

Writ e it in th e sp a .

a) at h) nun
b) b en i) p e a
) z k j) p ar
d) flour k) right
) hol e l) ros
) muss l m) s w
8) no n) st ar

zo8
U n d e rl i n t h e orr e t w or d or p h r a s e i n e a h s n t e n .

a) Pa ula k ps t a lking a bout th a t n w bik of fo91g / h r / h r,s.

b) I ask d my t a h r for h lp , but sh r fus d to h e lp / h lpinyrr, '
) D a vid isn , t int r st e d t / for / i ll ting st a mps.
d) Su ouldn , t swim I though / ssh h a d a b a d old .
) I t ,s r a lly d ark . I a n , t s thi g /som e thi g / nothi g .
f) I r ally 'jo to spe d/spe di gtirlre with you!
g) Ann is not v ry good t / b / forFr n h .
h) H l n h asn , t told m n thi g / nothinga botlt th trip .

D e id e w hi h a nsw r (A, , or D) b est fits a h sp a e .

unfortun t misu d rst ding

o
Last y ar w ( 1 ) . ''' - . , . . t o h a v an xp nsiv holid a y , so w (2) t o v is i t
som fri nds, Bria n a nd Ann , w ho ( ) t live by th s a. Th y (4) ...........
t o p u t u s u p f o t 'o ' ks, and as w a l w a y s ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . s. ing th m, it
( 6 ) . . . . . . . . ' . t. o b a good id a. Th y sk d us if w (7) . . . . .'. . . . .sl p i n go n t h
sof a , a nd said th a t th r o u l d ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . ' . t. o m a k us omfortabl . W (9) ...........
to g t th r by bus, a nd vh n r a riv d r o u l d ( 1 0 ) . . . . ' . . . . . 'B i a n a n d A n n
sitting in th e gard n. T h ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . .t. b glad to s us, but it w as obvious
t h a t t h e y h a d n , t ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . 't. o s us. h r' sa id t h a t r had (1 ) to t ll
th m wh n W W I a i v i n g , a n d t h r - t 1 4 l . . . . . . . ' . ' .a s k i n g u s h o r r . l o n g w w r
going to stay. W ( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . ' .f ling m b a r r a ss d , s o t h .rt dar. r w nt
hom .

1) A ontinu d B ouldn , t a ffo d lik d D p ro m is d

2) A f a n i d B tri d i ls h d D d id d
) A m ant B k pt hop d D h a pp n d
4) A off r d B a dmitt d nior- d D int e nd d
5) A d ni d B im a gin d njol- d D pr f rr d
6) A b g a n B s m d imagin d D xp t d
7) A mind d B sugg st d r ant d D r m mb r d
8) A pra tis B m an l arn D try
9) A sugg st d B t ri e d manag d D st rt d
10) A w a t h B s k p D w a it
11) A int nd d B pr t nd d C xp t d D sugg st d
72) pr f rr d B forgott n C promis d D xp t d
13) A forgott n B d ni d s m d D h os n
14) A lov d B w a nt d k pt D ouldn , t st a nd
15) A imagined B mind e d ouldn , t h lp D se m d
lN RME D l A LANGUAG PRA ( l E

For a h qu estion, ompl t e th e se ond se nt n so th a t it m e a ns th e sa m e as

t h f i rs t , u s i n g n o m o r e t h a n t h r e w o r d s .

a) J ff was th only stud nt who forgot th t st.

v ryon r m mb r dth t st ! e . tJ9.ff .
b ) Ro b r t a k n o w s t h is t o w n b t t r t h a n a n y o n .
No ..'........'. this tow n b tt r th a n Rob rt a .
) h s t w o p a i rs o f g l o v s b l o n g t o t h twins.
h s ar ............. glov s.
d) Andy w ouldn , t a rry my b a g .
Andy ......... my bag.
) P t r is r l i a b l .
You an ....P t r.
f ) S r n a is o n of my broth r,s fri nds.
S r n a is . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . .m y b r o t h r , s .
g) h sno w b g a n y st rd a y v ning .
It ............... . . . . . . . y. s t r d a y v n i n g .
h) Do you think y u ould l os t h window?
Would you mind .... th window?

4 a h l i n . So m l i n s a r
Lo o k a r e f u I I ya t orr t but som e h a v a word w hi h
shou I d not b th ere . T i k ( / ) a h orre t lin e . lf a lin e h as a word w hi h should
not b th ere , writ th e word in th e spa e .

Winnittg millio
Lif hang d ompl t ly for arol il s wh n sh won 1 ..........!........
1 , O O O , O 0 0i n t h l o t t r y . . I d i d d t h a t t o b u y a t i k t 2 ....th4lt......'.
whil I w as w aiting for tak th bus. I didn,t g t x it d 3 ...................
about it, b aus I didn,t p tm to win. In fa t, I 4 ...............'...
ompl t ly forgot it to h k m y n u m b rs , u n t i l a 5
fri nd r mind d for m to do it. You an imagin how 6 ................'..
surpris d I w as] , arol h a d of t n b n dr am d about 7 ...................
b ing ri h , bu t sh h as got dis ov r d th a t h a ving lots 8...................
,I an,t 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' . .
f mon y do sn,t alw ays rn a n b ing h appy.
n]oy for a nything now . Wh n I go out with my fri nds, 10 .................
fo ampl , th y ith r Xp tm to pay or th bills, 11 ...............'...
or th y,r angry with m w h n I off r to p a y it . Som 1 2 . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . ... .
- l3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p op1 th y ar j alous of my good lu k , I think , and
a us m of thinking only about mon y. Nobody s ms 14 ..................'
to hav u n d rst a n d . I t hou g h t I w ould njoy mys lf, but 15 ..................
v Iyon has start dto tr at m with diff r ntly, x pt for 16.................
on fri nd of min who has ask d m to l nd it him 10,000!, 1 7 . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . ''
2r0
 GRAtvtMAR 5l (oNsoLlDA loN 5

5 Complete a h senten with on e suitabl word.

f t r oon t t h e bus st tio

annah had b n w a i t i n g r a l . . . f a . r . . . . . . , . . . .a, o l l a g u o f ( b ) . . . . . . . . .
fath r,s to oll t h r frorn th bus st a tion for mor than an hour, and sh w as
tir d ( ) .. waiting. h r w a s ( d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l. s. t h r , a n d i t h a d
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r.a. .i n i n g . A f r i n d o f ( f ) . . . . . . . . . . had 1 nth r an umbr lla
to tak on h r trip, but sh (g) .. to b g tting ' t . P rh a ps h r
f a t h r W a S a n g r y ( h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .h. . . r , s h t h o u g h t , o r h a d s i m p l y
( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.o. . o l l t h r. H r mobil phon Wasn,tworking and th r
W a s n , t ( j ) . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . , , .a. . p. h o n . b o x i n t h bus sta tion. Why did
( k ) . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .a l w a y s 8 0 W l o n g w h n s h t r a v l l d b y b u s ? ( l ) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
th bus w as rowd d a nd sh f lt v ry un omfortabl , or it (m) . . . . . . . . .
stopping and th j o u r n y l a s t d f o r h o u rs . S u d d n l y s h (n) .. a ar
s t o p p i n g o u t s i d . ( o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W
. . a. s w a v i n g a t h r . I t w a s h r f a t h r l

6 R e w r i t t h is l e t t e r , o r r e t i n g t h e s p l l i n g a n d a d d i n g a n y n e e ss a r y a p i t a |
l e t t e rs a n d p u n t u a t i o n .

17 H arford Str t,
B i ls w o r t h ,
B 3 4JG
T l:08143 678

d a r d a vid
it w as gra t too h r from you a ft r s l ng 1 n1oi d h aring al1 l-our kn ws
i d i d n , t r a l l i z t h a t y o u , d s p n t a r - a r a b b a d r . o u l u s t h a r . h a d a r a I l' g o o d
tim in gr iv di id d to go th ir n \ t su l r pla ps \ r- oud g t wog th I
iv had a fantasti k a r a t o l i d g t h l v o r k is h a d r t h a n t h r v o r k w d i d a t
s o o l b u t i t s m o l i n t r s t i n g i m s t u d i n g b u ss i I l ss a d n r i n is t r a t 1 o n a n d o m p u t r
si n a t t h m o m m n t i v a ls o m a i d l o t s o f n l t . f r i n d s
i m t h i n k i n g o f o m m i n g t o b r is t o l f o r a i t d l -s t l - lss i t m . v s is t r w o u d
you lik to m a t you oud show m th sit s a nd rt oud talk abowt our old
s oold a ys
w h y don t you giv m a ring a nd w ud dis us it it lr. oud b w u nd rf ull to
s you a g a n
b s t w is h s
l1 n

211
lN Rlvl DlA E LANGUAGE PRA l E

7 Pu t o n e s u i t a b | ew or d i n a h sp a e .
I?
I 9 4! . . . ' . . . p r . . . . . . . '' . . .g. .o i n g o u t t o l u n h , w s t a y d a t h m e .
a) . . . I
b) T h r w r a d o z n o l a n g s i n t h b o w l b u t y o u'v aten.........
..on .
) I thought it Was W dn sday today, but ..................... it's
T u sd a y!
d)
; ; i; ......, I wouldlik tothank v I yon whohasgiv n
) T d is a f ri n d . . . . .b ro t h e r , s ,b u t is n , t a f ri n d o f

0 } o bough t t w o shi ts a nd a j a k t
s) I r a 1 l yl i k this n w o a t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... W
.. h r did you buy it?
h) at f ll ov r and u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. n. . a p i o f bro k n g l ass .
i) I supp s it d p nds .. wh th r you b li v . . U F os

or n o t .
j) h t s t W a s so h a r d t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . o u r t a h rd i d n , t k n o w t h a ns w rs .

Pr o b l e m Wh a t is th diff re n e b t w e e n th ese p a irs of s nt e n es?Ch e k with Gra mm ar 43

he k if you are not sure .
a ) I t ri d t o t a k n a sp iri n .
I tri d t a king a n aspirin .
b) I r m mb r to do my hom work .
I r m mb r doing my hom work .
) T h boys stopp e d h a ving a r st .
T h boys stopp d to h a v a r st .

h e sa m v erb or a dj e tiv es a n b e fo]low e d by diff ere nt pre positions.Ch e k

t h e s e m e a n i n gsi n a d i t i o n a r y :
a ) You r mind m e of my broth r.
C a n you r mind m a bout th t st?
b) W ,r pl as d with him .
W ,r pl as d for him .
W ,r pl as d by him .

3 O nly use on e in form a l sp e h a nd writing . Don , t mix on a nd you .

4 R e m e m b e rt h a t usi n g a n a p os t ro p h e a n m e a n t h a t a l e t t e r is m issi n g ( i t 3 = i t ls)

or it a n show possession( nn hot) .

h e b e s t w a y t o i m p ro v e y o u r p u n t u a t i o na n d sp e l l i n g is t h ro u g h w i d r e a d i n g .
Ma k e lists of words you of t e n sp e ll wrongly .

z12
. \ , h ny o u f i n d a I f you a r r a ding a nd you find a w ord you do not k no , , do not im m di a t ly
. w Word us a di tion a ry . Ask yours lf :
r Is t his a n import a n t , us f ul w ord?
l Do I n d to k no w t h x a t m a ning?

If th word s ms import a nt , a nd you h a v tim , th n of o u ls us a di tion ary

a nd a dd t h w ord to your vo a bul a ry not book .
If th word s ms unimport a nt , or you ar r a ding just for pl asur , or you
don,t hav tim , th n you an:
l l av it and om ba k lat r
r try to gu Ss t h m a ning of t h w ord from t h on t x t
r omp a r th n w w ord w it h ot h r w ords t h a t look simil a r, t h n gu ss
r ask som on
\ , l a k i n gt h e m o s t h o osa di tion ary whi h h as all th informa tion you n d. To us a
: f your di tionary di tion a ry f f tiv ly you n d to k no w :
r how to find words in a lph a b ti a l ord r
r what th a bbr r,ia tions in a h ntry m an
r h o w t o l o o k f o r r o r d s i f v o u d o n , t f i n d t h m a t first ( . g .look furth r dow n
in th sam nt v to find oth r rvords in th f a m i l y o r t h o l l o a t i o ny o u
ar looking for)
r w h n to a rry it w it h r'ou
r w h n t o uS i t a n d w h n n o t t o u s i t r r - um l g h t g t b o r d i f r . o u u s i t t o o
mu h)
(. p l n ga a ny p opl , w h n th y find a n r r ord . iust rtrit th tra nsla tion a t th sid
' abulary o f t h p a g e a n d d o n o t h i n g m o r . B u t t h is is n o t t h b s t r a r' t o 1 a n a . o r d ;
. ot book f i rs t i t is h a r d t o r m m b r w o r d s i n is o l a t i n ' a n d s o n d r . u n d tra
i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t h o w t h w o r d is u s d , n o t j t iS t i t s b a s i m a n i n g . So i t is a
g o o d i d a t o k p a v o a b u l a r y n o t b o o k t h r \ - o u a n r r - i r r a. n d r v is n w
words. For a h word in th book you might \ r nt to in lud :

D finition
Grammati al l a ss ( . g . n o u n )
Pron u n i a tion
T ra nsl a tion
ollo a tion ( words w hi h ombin with th main r ord)
An x a m p l s n t n t h a t s h o w s h o w t h r r - o dis u s d
Fr qu e n y (m a ny di tion ari s h a v a syst m to show how o m m o n i t is )
F orm a l or in form a l

z1
lN Rr DlA LANGUAGE PRA C I E

I f you put th words in a not book it will b asi r to r m mb r th m . But if

you org a niz th words insid th book th n it is v n b tt r. H ar som
id as:

r R ord words in a lph a b ti a l s tions.

. F a mili s a nd Fri nds,'
l Ma k s tions for diff r nt larg topi ar as lik
. H o b b i sa n d I n t r s ts , , , Pl a s , .
l a k a .L xi a l s t , . T hiS is a sm a ll gloup of words b as d on on sp ifi
topi .
G ard n
la w n h dg sh d flow rb d
You a n writ this as a word sDid r :

r ak , Word f a mily , . T his is a group b as d n word form a tion .

b a uty noun
b a utifu] a dj e tiv
b a utify v rb
r ak s tions for idioms a nd sp ia l xpr ssions.
r ak s tions for words th a t ar us ful to you p rson a lly , or th a t int r st
vou , o I th a t a us you probl ms.

o1
 Words a n b form d by a dding a pr fix to th b ginning o a suffix to th nd .
T h r ar m a ny pr fix sa nd suffix sar in lud d in this unit a nd in Vo a bulary .
x a mpl s of pr fix s : un-, dis-, im-, mis-
u - + rt i un ert i dis- + pp e rdis pp e r
im- + possibl impossibl e mis + u d erst dmisu d erst l d
x a mpl s of suffix s : -n ss,-ful, -l ess,ship
h 'pp + - ssh ppi ss r + -ful reful
e d + -l ss e ndl ess frie d + -ship frie dship
Words of t wo or mol syllabl s nding in.y hang -y to -l. S Grammar 49.

Add a word from th e box to th pr fix in a h s nt n to mak a n gativ

word.

1].'.]]; .i1dvantag agl

pati nt
lllll]].]l.T *s

a ) I didn , t r a d a ll of t h book b a us I fou nd it .LW . . . e . S { . t I . $ ..'

b) y ling has on d is'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . It mak s you f l hot and sw aty.
) Su h a d a ti k t for th th atr , but un........ sh f ll ill that night.
d) rry a n, t st a nd w aiting in qu u s,b a u s s h , Sr . r y i m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) y brot h rs a l w a ys dis. .'. .'. .'. . .'. i h n it,s tim t do th washing-up.
f) Af t r Ja k lost his iob , h - a s u n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . . .f.o. .r t h months.
8) o h , I o m p l t l y d i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r i t h l - o u . I think it r as a g atfilm.
h) B a us of a mis. . . . . . , ha1fth l ass r t n t t o t h \ rlo 1 g l assroo m .

2 Complete th word in e a h se nt n with a pr fi f om th box.

a) y a l a r m l o k d i d n , t g o o f f , a n d s o I . . . . ' . . ' ' 9 ' , 's' 'l' ' .p t t h i s m o r n i n g .

b) P t pa k d som shirts a nd so ks, som . . . . . . . . . . . . . '\. f. a l , a n d h i s i a n s .
) I t , s v r y o l d t h i s m o r n i n g , s o W a I y o u l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. a t .
d) our t a m W as ompl t ly pl a r' d br t h t a m from W a l s.
) I,v d i d d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w. .r i t m y l t t r,b aus I mad too m a ny mist a k s.
f) St v ook d th m at, and it r as burnt in pla s.
g) I h a v to 8o to t h libra ry tod a y a nd n W my ti k t .
h) T h st a f f w n t on strik b a us t h y w r p a id a nd ov rw ork d .

215
 lN R tl DlA E LANGuAGE PRA C I E

{i
II
t 1;
It
3 Compl e t th e word in e a h se nt e n e with a suffix from th e box . Ma k e a ny oth er
l
n e essary h a ng es to th e word .

a ) Af t r t wo y ars of fri nd . . . . { b . t . .'. ,Ka t got to k now D a vid r a lly w ll.

b) I f you don , t sp a k th la ngu a g y u f l mor lik a for ign . . . .
) S a r a h sp n t a v r y h a p p y h i l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .n. a s m a l l isl a n d .
d) I ask d a st w ard . . . . w h a t tim th pla n arriv d , but sh didn , t k now .
) v ry t nage......k nows th a t p are nts worry a lot .
) Don , t fo g t to a dd a spoon . . . . . . of sug a a nd som milk .

8) w liv in a b autiful n ighbour.. on th outskirts of th ity.

h)Tinapi k dupahand. .ofsno andthr witinmyfa .
i) Und r the floor th r was a rumbling sound of ma hine
j) Th o l l g e s e n t Su a s m a l l b o o k . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. .e. s ri b i n gi ts o u rs s .

4 Comp | e t e a h se nt e n with a noun m a d e from th e v erb giv e n .

a ) T h r ar ov r on million . . , t b . tt! | n # . .'''. . , , . in this ity .

inh a bit
b) Gr g of t n suff rsfrom in th s hool holid a ys.
bor
) T h is is t h t a l l s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in th whol of the ountry.
build
d) Som e stud nts a n , t find suit a bl e
a ommodate
e ) I w as ups t by C arol,s to h lp m .
r fus
f) I t took Ri h ard y ars to b om a su ssful
a t
g) v ry in this omp a ny h as r iv d a p a y ris .
mploy
h ) Yo u n d a lot of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. o w i t ' good sto y.
imagin
i) Don,t forg t to tuln off the b for you l a v .
ook
i) I sa w a n int r sting in th lo a l p a p er.
adv rtis

zt6
 v o ABULARY 2 WoRD FoR A loN 1

5 Compl e t e a h se nt e n e with a nou e nding in -n essm a d e from a word in th e

box . Ma k e a ny n e essary h a ng es.

of th journ y surpris d m , as I thought it would b

a) Th .. { 'lp. .rtJ.1&,!.,f..
longer.
b) Su w as impr ss d by th . . of v ryon in h r n w s hool.
) W k n w it w as going to ra in b e a us of th . . of th sk y .
d) old rs Holt ,s . . w as ur d w h n sh w as giv e n a p t a t .
) T h do tor told P t r th a t his . . W aSa r sult of ov rwork .
f) W ndy ,s t a h r w as impress d by th . . of h r work .
8) w e wish d th brid a nd groom . . in th ir n w lif e tog th r.
h ) Jo e , st a h rsb g a n t o g I o W t ir d o f h is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.n. . . l a ss .
i) I f lt ra th old w h n I arriv d b a us of th . . of my loth s.
i) J a n took a t a v l . . . . . . . . . pill, a nd th n sh f lt mu h b tt r.

6 Comp | e t e th e word in e a h se nt e n e with a suffix from th box .

a) v ryon th a nk d th fir -fight sfor th ir h ro . . . . . . . fforts.

b) Pa ul r iv d most of his musi du tion f om his moth r.
) T h gov rnm nt is going to p ovid m r hous s for hom . p pl .
d) Lisa ,s moth r. . . . . . . . . .qu
. a liti s m a d h r a f a vou it with th hildr n .
) T his ro a d is xtr m ly d a ng r. . . . . . . . . w
. . h n th w a th is b a d .
0 . you to l a v a ll th do rs nd windows op n .
I t w as v ry fool. . . . . . . . . . of
s) on ra in .'. . . . . . . . .d a ys, w e sp nd a lot f tim indoors w a t hing t l vision .

zt7
 Und rlin e th orr t word in e a h se nt n e .

a ) B y 1 1 . 0 0 I f l t s o t i r d / t i r i gt h a t I w n t t o b d .
b) I h a rd t h film w as good , bu t it w as v t dis ppoi t e d / dis lppoi ting .
) B ing a lon in a n old hous a t nigh t a n b frigh t e d / frigh t e i g .
d) Juli W aS so mb rr ss d / t b rr ssi gt h a t h r w hol f a t urn d r d .
) Jim 1 e ts bor d / bori gif h h as to st udy too m u h .
0 I t ,s v ry o f us d / f usi gto b t a ugh t in So m a n y l assrooms.
g) Andy sa id t h a t t h t w n ty-mil w a lk w as h t ust d / h usti g .
h) Ar oll i t r st d / i t r sti gin going to t h b a h tomorro w?
i) I w as r a lly stlrpris d / trprisi g w in l ^ t y boss g a v m t h d a y of f .
j ) W h y don , t you go a w a y a nd stop b ing so o d/ o i g|.

2 C o m p | e t e t h e w o r d i n i t o l i c si n e a h s e n t n e w i t h a p r e f i x o r s u f f i x f r o m t h bo
Make any oth r n ss a r y h a n g e s t o t h e w o r d .

-ag d is . -ful im- un- - - n ss ]

a) I s u p p os P a u l m i g h t h l p us , b u t i t s msl l k e l y .
h) a us th r 's a w a t t short .
Fr d a n , t fill his pool b
I found most of th m a ths qu stions ompl t ly possibl e .
d) Ja n h as t a k n up photogr phas a hobby .
T h a nks for thos not s. T h y w r r a l | us .
f\
I lik e wint r spolts so I n v r go skiing .
) Wh n it ,s tim for b d I st art f e drt gsl e p .
ol

h ) T his is a r a lly usu I st a mp . I , v not s n on lik it b for .

I r a lly lik D a n . H ,s a lw a ys so h a ppy a d h e er'
I , m writing to th a nk you for th kind you sh w d m .

C o m p I t ee a h s n t e n w i t h a w or d f or m d f ro m t h e w or d i n b o l d .

a ) I t , s . . . l + V 1'!4 , t . l , 1!1 . L |o l.d. .t.o. .d. a. y , o nsi d ri n gi t , s s t i l l s u m m I '

us u a l
b ) \ t u a l h - , I f o u n d o n y , sb o o k w a s i n t r St i n g .
s u r p ris
J .............. , m y f a t h ru s d t o g o t o s h o o l w i t h y o u r f a t h r .
int r st
d) Th poii manag d t o f i n d t h m issi n g h i l d r n .
su ss

zt8
 v o ABU t ARY 3 WoRD FoR A loN 2

J a n ,s ompositions ar a lw a ys writt n .
b autiful
I,m ............ a s h a m do f o u r b h a v i o u r!
thorough
T h is q u s t i o n is . . . . . ' . . . . . . d i f f i u l t , is n , t i t!
awful
Mik tri d to phon a thy s v ra l tim s.
su ss
T h s i ns t r u t i o nss m.......... . ompli at d.
n ssary
So m o n h a d . . . . . . . . . . . . l f t t h f ro n t d o or o p n .
tlvi us

Compl e t e a h w ord w it h a w ord form e d from t h e Word in bold .

a ) I a n , tsit on this h air.I t ,sr ally un . . Q a . Lfi,rt . .q!b!9.

. .
omfort
f Ann h as l f t hom a nd is in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of h r par nts.
t
f,
d p nd
h-- T h s o l d n v l o p sa r ...... . . so W a n s a v em o n y .
us
Not b ing hos n for t h t a m W as a g a t dis
a ppoint
a ri a a n d Lo u is h a v a r a l l y g o o d . . . . . . . .ship.
r la t
B ing un.... . . . . m a ns t h a t v o u s h a l l . i t h o t h rs .
s lf
Not t a king x r is is ra th r un
h a lth
David has a r ally un. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t m p r ,a n d g ts a n g y a si l y .
ontrol
h s t l o us rsw o n , t g t s m a l l r .T h y , r u n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
shrink
T h y didn , t giv G ary th job as h w as in
xp ri n

21.9
lN R1Y | EDlA E tANGUAG PRA C l C

5 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with a word form e d from th e word in bo!d .

a ) H a rr y a s k d f or u . . . ' . * 2L . Pt . . . . . ' .a.n. .d t h a s h i rg a v h i m o n .

r iv e
b ) N i n a w a n ts t o b a . . . . . . .a n d j o i n t h g o v r n m n t .
politi s
) No on knows th xa t . . . . . . o. f t h w a t r h r .
de p
d ) Yo u h a v t o h a v a l o t o f . . . . . . . . . t o g f is h i n g .
p a ti nt
) . .'. . . . . . . . . . . is a s ri o usm a t t r ,a n d y o u h a v t o t h i n k a b o u t i t .
marry
f l T o m s n t i n h is . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or t h j o b t h n x t d a y .
apply
g) H l n ,s mind is fill d with a ll kinds of unusu a l
know
h) T h r w as no . . . . . . .for th rash of th a irlin r.
xpla in

6 Compl t e e a h se nt e n e with a word form e d from th e word in bold .

a ) T h . . 't k l . t . . . . . . ' . . . . . .o. f t h d i a m o n ds b a f f l d t h p o l i .

thi f
b) os t p o p l h a v n o r a l . . . . . . . . . . . . i n g h os ts .
b e li v
) Tina had no . . . . . . .t h a t a n y t h i n g W a sW ro n g .
susp t
d ) W m a s u r e dt h . . . . . . . . . . . . of the oom with a rul r.
long
) our t a h r w as a lly . . . . . . .w h n sh found out .
ang r
0 G rg Won a m dalfor .............
brav
s) Looking in th mirror too mu h is a n x a mpl of
valn
h) Do you think you hav th ............ t o p a ss t h t s t?
ab1

220
 Complet a h s nt e n e with a word from th e box. E h w o r d is u s e d HR E
times.

hav t k grv

a ) . . . t t . u . q . .a. .n. .i . . d a r' ]

b) At th w k nd I lik t o r l a x a n d j u s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. o. .t h i n g .
) a n I . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . a. . . h a t w i t h y o u s o m t i m a b o u t A n n a ?
d) H llo? Is th a t th do tor,ssurg ry?I ,d lik t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. n. a p p o i n t m n t .
) I'll . . you my a nsw r by t h nd of t h w k.
f) I'm going to h a v an arly night to m a k sur I . . . . . . . . . a good
p rform a n tomolro w .
g) If you hav a h ada h you an . . a n aspirin.
h ) So m t i m s i t , s d i f f i u l t t o . . . . . . . . . a n y p r o g r ss w i t h n g l is h .
i) Sorry , I a n , t om out tonight, I hav t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .m
. . y. h o m w o r k .
j) That w as a lov ly m al. I ,1l .. th d is h s i n a m o m n t .
k) W a l w a ys . . a lot of f u n w h n w go lubbing on Frid a ys.
l) W an,t wait any long r. W hav t o . . ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a' . . t i o n .
m)Would you lik m to .. you a lift to th st a tion?
n) You an a t h a t a xi or .. th bus.
o ) Y o u s h o u l d d r s s w l l f o r y o u i n t r v i w t o . . . . . . . ' . . . . ' ' . . . . .a. 'g o o d i m p ssio n .

2 Mat h a h group of adj e tiv es (a-i) with a noun (1-10).

a) a n a mbitious / a l v r / a thr -point _. . 1 sof a

b) a s u d d n / av i o l n t / a l o u d 2 sist
) a pow rful / a not book / a d sk top ontrol
d) a omfort a b | e la thr -s a t r / al a th r + plan
) a n a t / a suspi ious / a sof t w ar 5 omput r
0 ompl t /stri t / qu a lity 6 l lpIov m nt
g) a onsid t a bl e la dra m a ticla short-t rm 7 nt
h) a s riousla d a dl larrinf tious 8 p l os i o n
i) a n ld r / a mu h-lov d / a n unm arri d 9 dis as
i) monthly / a fford a bl / unp a id i0 pa kag

22 \
lN ERr DlA E LANGUAGE PRA C I E

3 C o m p l t e e a h s n t e n ew i t h a v r b f ro m l is t A a n d a n o u n f ro m l is t B .

A appear l
B b haviour

a ) You should us Sunt a n lotion w h n you go to th b a h to . . . .PI | . | . t'

yo u'. . . .{.!9 . 1 k . . . . . . .
b) I n d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. . . . . . . o n m y d s kf o r m y n W o m p u t .
L' I h a t i t w h n I , m u s i n g m y o m p u t ra n d r r o r m s s a g .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .n. . .

) I t , sg o i n g t o b x p nsi v t o l i v i n Lo n d o n . I , l l h a v t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. . . .
. . a nd p a y for a ll my food .
f) B lgium ar losing by t wo go a ls to nil a g a inst Bt a zi | . Now th y h a v to r a ll
.. for..........
g) Could you giv m a h a nd? I t will only . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
h ) T h p ro b l m w i t h m o d r n so i t yis t h a t p a r n tsd o n , t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . .
. . of th ir hildr n .

4 ln a h se nt n e on e of th e a dv erbs in itolicsdo s No T m a k e a ommon

ol | o a tionwith th e v erb in bold . Cross out th e wrong ollo a tion .

a) .I ,m ba k,, sh said 4lJ /simpl / lmly.

b) 1 p rti ul rl /strongly/properly
dislik r staurants wh r th wait rs ar rud .
) Th gov rnm nt a t d ftrml / ompletely/immedi t ly against th thr at of
t rrorism .
d) Sh sp k briefly/gre tl / w rml abotlt h r grandmoth r.
) H W nt to th poli and onf ss d his crim ope l /re Il /volu t ril .
f) T h pri of oil ros highl /sh rpl / dr m tic ll | astmonth .
g) Th sun Was shining brightly/dire tly/perfe tlonto th old town squar .
h) R naldo was deliber tel /l rgel /sudd pushI d in th p nalty ar a.
i) H h ld th rop and pull d de pl /h rd/gentl .
i) always spends his mon y strongl / refull / wisel .

222
 v o ABuLARY 4 oLLo A l o Ns AND Flx D xPR ssl o Ns 1

C o m p l t e a h s e n t n ew i t h o n n o u n f ro m l is t A a n d o n e n o u n f ro m I is t B .

spa stoma h
l an p i sh

a ) I a n , t sp n d m u h m o n y t h is w k n d . y . . . b . \ n k . . . ' . 4 a a . * t . .is
. in th
r d.
b ) o n l y f or t y u ros f or a t o p - n a m sp or tss h o IT h a t , sa a l . . . . . . . ' .
) T h y sa y th a t in th futur w ,ll b a bl to go to th moon for our holid a ys
by ..............
d) T h r ,s a lot of vol a ni a tivity on th th a t w don , t
no m a lly s .
) I ,ll n d to g t a .......... . . f ro m t h b a n k t o h l p m ompl t my
univ rsity studi s.
f) I w nt to Sa ndra ,shous last night a nd sh m a d us a ll a l v ly

g) I think I ,m going to go hom now. I ,v got a bit of a ............

Comple t e e a h s nt n e with a v rb phras from th e box.

.
. : .1'd sig1 "*6 folg t to hard t op ..i; :l......iikuly to
& i * " howt t y not to willing t

a ) D o n , tbr a ki t . I a n , t u r. .a n l t o n .
f f p . d . . t! . . . . . . .b.'.
b) h w e a t h r is h a nging . I t ,s g t ting m u h old r a nd rv 'r
h a v snow tomo or .
) I ,d lov som mor ho olat a k . ] t's . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. sist .
d) W h a t do you g a in br- r. ou a tions?
) I t ,s t h first tim I , v tri d i -sk a ting . Pl as l a ugh!
f) an you ........... ...'play h ss as l ll as vou?
g) Th governm nt was ......... ...... a t to th thr at of war.
h) Don,t a s k h i m a b o u t h is m o t h r . S h , s b n ill r ntly.
i) Th s x r is s a r . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .' str ngth n your Stom a h mus l s.
_ sh a r h r lov of
i) Sh ,s a gr a t m usi t a h r sh ,s
oz a rt w it h us a ll'

22
 Compl t th e x pr essio n b as e d o n t h word tim in e a h se nt e n e ,using a word
from th bo .

L ; -L
in los on p ass sp a r t ll tim

a) om onJohn! . . . i 1 ' L $ ! i . . . . . . .t .i .m. you st art ddoing som work!

'' , '
b l \ \ ' h a t d o y o u m os t njoy doing in your .. tim ?
t l don,t go sailing oft n, but I njoy doing it from tim to
dl \ \ 'h n I hav to wait at th a i r p o r t , I d o a r o s s w o r d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h.
tim .
l \ \ . h n C a r o l w a s g i v n h r f i r s t w a t h , s h l a r n d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. tim
f r S a l l y i s n v r l a t . S h , s a l w a y s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. i. m
. f or h r l sso ns .
gt h a n k g oo d n ss t h do tor hurri d. Sh sa v dJim ,s lif just. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'
t1m .
ht Hurry up. W ,v no tim t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... T. .h train l av sin fiv minut s]

omp | et the s nten es with th m os t s u i t a b l v e r b f r o m t h e b o x .

burst a ught gor had l os t B d€ p a id sp nt told took

a ) P t I , sf a t h r . . . , , 4 , . 4 . g . ' .l.o. ,t .s. o f m o n y b y s l l i n g o l d a rs .

b t So p h i .. a party last w k a n d m os t o f h r f r i n d s a m .
l I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. o. .m v r y g o o d p h o t o s o f o u r d o g w i t h m y n W a m r a .
dl Dav . . a l o t o f m o n y o n r b u i l d i n g h is m o t o r b i k .
l h nding of th film w as so sa d th a t m a ny p opl . . i n t o t a rs
f t -\ ording to t h story , G org W ashing ton a l w a ys .. th tru t h .

. l lly . . into troubl a t s hool for playing a jok on h r t a h r.

} - t t\ b u d i d n , t u n d r s t a n d b a u s y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. .o a t t n t i o n t o t h
1nst I u tions.
il I . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. . . o l d l a s t w k so I ouldn,t pla y in th football mat h.
1l \ \ - . . our W a y ompl t ly a nd h ad to ask for dir tions.

oo
 v o ABULARY 5 otto A loNs AND FlxED xPR ssl o Ns 2

3 Compl e t e a h se nt e n e with a word from th e box .

mad B€s E s r t t mp r-,

a ) I m a d a o m p l t ' . . . r y!&. s' { ' . . o. ''f . o. .n x a m , a n d h a d t o t a k i t a g a i n .

b ) W h n I s w i m u n d r w a t rI a n h o l d m y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. or
... two minut s.
) P t rt o l d t h b o y t o l a v h i s l i t t l b r o t h r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d ) C a n y o u t l l t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. . . t. w
. e nb u t t ra n d m a r g a r i n ?
) T h loud musi from th hous n e xt door drov a y
0 Wh n I st pp d on H l n ,s foot a g a in , sh tri d not to lose h r
g ) I , l l t l l y o u , b u t o n l y b a us I k n o w t h a t y o u a n k p a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
h ) B o b w a n t d t o h a n g h is w a ys a n d t u r n o v r a n W . . . . . . . . . . .

4 T h e words in itolicsare in th e Wrong se nt e n s.Find th e orre t se nt n for

ea h on .

a ) Now th a t my summ r holid a ys h a v b gun I f l as fr as houses.

. . . . q . . b .!rd . . . . . . . . .
b) Without my glass sI , m as b | ind as pig .
) Af t r our se a h ,sudd nly D a vid turn d up as larg as r in |
d) As ool as b t , th obb ask d f r a ll th mon y in th b a nk!

) our dog a ts too mu h , a nd is g tting as f a t as pi tur .

0 Littl Sara h look d as pr tty as l tttlb erin h r n n- dr ss.
s) Tak this m di in , and in a f w da s ou'll b as right as life.
h) D o n , t b f ri g h t n do f b i n g o n t h is p l n . I t . s s s a f a s b ir d .

5 Compl e t e th e e xpr ssionsin itolicsin e a h s nt n with a wo d from th e box .

sound then tim l v i d q - " . , : l : ; , ''l

- ^ lh l - : l ; 1 ; *- li ,i

a ) I t , s x t r m l yi m p or t a n t . I n f a t , i t , sa m rl t t r . . ' . . . ' . | LJ'9 . . . . .n. .d d e t h .

"r
b ) A n n is g r a t f u n , a n d is a l w a ys t h l i f t l d . . . . . , . '' . . . , . . . ' .o. .f .t h ep r ,
) T h poli h a v b e n s ar hing f r nd . . for th stol n i w ls.
d) W w e ompl t ly lost , a nd drov ro ld tttd . . for h urs.
e ) I , v told you ., d g in not to writ t sts in p n il!
f) T h t wo missing xplor rs h a v b n found s f e nd
g) T h a t m a n h as b e n w a lkingup nd . . outsid e th hous a | | d a '
h) I don,t s P a u l v r y o f t n , b u t I v isi t h i m ow d .'. . . .'. . .'.

225
lN R1t'EDlA LANGUAG PRA IC

6 R e p I a e a h p h r a s e i n i t o l i csw i t h o n e o f t h e e x p r ssi o nsi n t h e b o x .

g t
take

a ) I , m r a lly tir d . I , m going to go to b d b e for it g e ts l t e .

b) I think w should pre p r ourse lv esfor th trip as arly as W an.

) I f lt ill l ast T u sd a y , so I d id d to St a y t hom e d ot go to w ork .

d) L t ,s go out tonight a d e jo ours I v es.

e ) I do , t h v e n y w ork t his v e ning , so W a n go to t h in m a .

f) I , v b n working v ry h ard , so I , m going to re l d h v e som e rest .

 Comp I t e a h ompound word with a word from th box.

a h lip ut gl ass s la .th post t a bl

a) Mak sur you walk on th toot... 4.t b aus th a d i' d a ng o us'

h') I n d to fi th s two sh ts tog th r. H a v you got a pa I
As I w as doing up rny sho , my sho . . . . . . . . . . . brok .
d) O n our first d a y a t s hool , w opi d down our tim ............
Tom had a hair.......... y st rd a y a nd his fri nds m a d fun of him.
f) I t ,s r allr. Sunnv tod a y , a nd I ,v forgott n my sun . . . . . . .
o\
6/ ould I h ar- a oupl o f asp iri ns? I , v g o t a t rri b l h a d . . . . . . . . . . .
h) Th b u s sr' v r r - dt o a v o i d a d o g a n d h i t a l a m p

2 omp | ete a h sent n with a ompound noun m ade from two words from
the box.

a ir a l a rm birt hd v nt al l k onditioning €+ i€* h a ting

ma hin part po t s ho l 5 * + sti k walking washing

a ) I l o v . , . . { , 9 L 9 ' . : , ?' . , , , , . , '''' , ' f i l ns l t t h ro b o ts i n t h m .

b) old r Lo w h a s a b a d l g a n d a l ' , ' . . a r - s . . : l l s . . l ihl i s ' ' ' ' '

) D a v i d , s t a h rs w r o t lots of goori : t . : .-. . : ' -'

d ) As so o n a s t h
) Wh n it,shot,
th r om.
fl Julia invit d a ll h r f r i n d s f r o m s h o o 1 t l l i
g ) h is h o us h a s ''' : . : l i t h r is a r a d i a t or i n
v r y ro o m .
h) If you hav a ny dirty loth s, iust ut th ]]].ll tl.r

227
l*e:

lN Rlt ,lE DlA LANGUAGE PRA l E

3 h e o m p o u n d n o u ns i n i t l i csa r e i n t h e w ro n g s e n t e n e s .F i n d t h e orr t
s e n t e n f or e a h o n .

a ) I ouldn , t uns l w tt : , ePo k e tmon 'so I ouldn , t drink my ola .

b ttle tap
b) on my W a y to s hool, I sa w a f a nt asti bik in a b throommirror.

) y bik had a flat tyr , and I didn,t hav my televisionscreenwith me.

d) As th girls w r l a ving , th y sa w th ir t a h r a t th bottl e top .

) W h n I sa w my f a e in t h e s hool e n tr n e , I k n w I r a lly w as ill .

f) During my f a vourit s ria l, a n e wsflash a pp ar d on th door h dl e .

g) Paul,s par nts gav him a small amount of bi le pump ev r w k'

h) Susi W as too sm a ll to r a h th shop wi dow , so sh k no k d .

4 Ma t h e a h situ a tion with a n obj e t from th box .

a ) Comb it first a nd th n us this.

1 . 1 PL

b) Just put a ll th dirty pla t s in h r .

) I , v dropp d ink a ll ov r my w hit trous rs.
d) Us this in a n m rg n y .
) I , v just brok n min , a nd I a n , t w it .
f) I , m r a lly thirsty but I a n , t op n this l mon a d .

8) T h a t grass r a lly n ds utting .

h ) I t ,s mu h qui k r pr p aring a a k with this.
i ) I f you n d a b a th , I ,ll turn it on .
i ) I f you , d lik a up , I , v just put it on .

228
 Vo A ULARY 6 o PoUND WoRDs

5 Ma k e a ompound word w hi h d es rib es th e p erson in e a h se nt n e . using on

of the words in it li s, and a word from the box.

a ) Som on w ho sp nds a I |d y lost in pl asa nt thoughts. d v-dr ar

b) Som on w ho ow ns or runs a shop .
) Som one who is lying in the su to get a tan.
d) Som one who looks aft r a b by wl: .ll'eyou,r out.
) Som on w h x is swith obj ts of gr a t w ight'
0 Som on who is a m mb r of th ftre brigade'
6/
\ Som on w ho is in h a g e of th bra n h of a b nk .
h) Som on who is away from hom ol holid ,

6 Compl e t e e a h ompou nd w ord w it h a w ord from t h e box .

a ) Ja n h as a high in . .9.!. W . . . . . . . . ., but sh wo ks v ry h ard to arn it .

b) I , m sorr y I s a i d t h a t . I h o p y o u , r n o t u p . . . . . . . .
) You h a v to turn l f t a t th n xt round . . . . . . . . .
d) K vin f ll dow n . . . . a nd hu t his a nkl .
e ) I t , s o l d t o d a y , so y o u , d b e t t rw a t y o u o v ............
0 T h a t h i l d is so p o l i t . Sh o t l v i o usl y h a d a g o d u p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s) I t , sa l o v l y d a y . W h y d o n , t w h a v l n h o u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . .
h) h y l i v e i n a s m a l l h o us n t h e o u t . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .o. .f . t. h t o w n .
ll I t ,s asy to tra v l in London if y u us th Und r. . . . . . . . .
j ) on our w a y hom w got so a k d in a t rifi dow n . . . . . . . . . .

zz9
 Repla t h w or ds i n i t I i csw i t h o n e o f t h p h r a s e sf ro m t h e b o x .

in a sal p y you b k sav up in d bt ls o c-lltt .d

. ' r : : l , l r.
b w ll-off a nnu a l in om a n , t a ffo d it , : , : , , , . ' 1 .: . .
. . r ' . . r , l r ' , 1 .. ..' ,

a ) K a t ,s a r W as o w d b som e o e ls b for h e r.
s , and.hnn'd
b) W ,r not going on holid a y t his y a r, b a us w a r short of mon e .

) Don , t Worly , n x t w k | , IJ,giv you t h e mo ou l n t m .

d) W d id d to pu t mon e sid e so w ould bu y a sm a ll bo a t .

) I don , t W a n t to nd up o w i g lot of mo e to t h bank

f) Wh a t a tly is th a mount of your r i gs v r y e r?

g) I bought my DVD-pla t w h e th e pri Sw er re du d.

h) ary us d to h e l lot of mo e y ,but sh ,squit poor now .

2 C o m p l e t e t h e s n t n ew i t h a o m p o u n d n o u n f or m e d f ro m t w o w or ds i n t h e
b o x . o n w or d is us e d t w i e . So m e o m p o u n dsa r w ri t t e n a s o n e w or d .

assist a n t bag book a rri r a rd sh r dit ut

d p rtm nt d sk ffi€f ;€ €k €+ pri shop stor

ost p a r n tsg i v t h ir h il dr nSo m . . . . . .P. q . 9 . k t , , . !!! . 4&Y

l
t o sp. . . .n d .
b ) P rh a psyou l ft your w all t a t th wh n you p aid.
) Ja n buys all h r Ds h ap in alan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s.t. o r .
dt I bough t t h n w nov l by Ri h a rd Fra n is in my lo a l
) You a n bu y n a rly a n y t hing in a big
f) h ............ . . . . .w h o s r v d m h lp d m buy what I want d.
o\
6J
W h n I go a bro a d I a l w a ys t a k a w it h m .
h) I brought my shopping hom in a strong

z o
 v o ABULARY 7 1 t , t o N E YA N D s H o P P l N G

3 Und erlin e th orre t word or phrase in e a h se nt n .

a) Do a e r s / g ins / wi mor s mon e y in h r j b th a n I do.

b) Th fa tory work rs ask d for a is in th lr in om /r w rd/l 8es.
) Pa ul borrow e d / l e t / lo n som
ed mon y from m but didn , t p a y it b a k .
d) I , m sorry , but w don , t a pt r dit ards, onl-v sh / oins / mo .
)Is it all right if I pay with cheque /by heque /f om heque?
f) W don,t ex hang goods unl ss you still har. th bill/ heque /r eipt.
8) I ,m afraid I ,v only got a €5 0 not . Do you hav h ge /t one /r st?
h) I still debt/owe /owtz th bank mor than d50oo.

4 Compl e t e th e shopping situ a tions ( a-h) with a re m ark ( 1 - 8 ) .

a) I an,t d id w h e th r to buy it or not , so I think

b ) H a v you got a p a ir lik this in r d?
) a n I p a y b y r d i t - a r d?. . . . . . . . . . .
d) C a n I h lp you? No th a nks,
) T h a t ,s fl45, pl as .
0 T h a n k s v r y m u h f or y o u r h l p . . . . . . . . . . . .
ol
o/ T h r isn , t a pri la b l on this shirt .
h ) T his omput r looks diffi ult to us .

1 Not a t a ll, m a d a m . I t's pl asur .

2 I'm just looking .
3 ould you xpla in how it works?
4 How would you lik to p a ?
5 W ,r out of sto k a t th mom nt . Sor .
6
7 Sorry , w only a pt ash or h qu s.
8 How mu h is it?

5 compl e t e e h phrase with a suit a bl e word from th e box .

;... l af
*et

a l a . . .P19!f * t . .o. .f.bis

. u i ts
b)a . . of toothp ast
)a .. of tomato s
d)a . . of milk
e)a larg .......... o f t issu e s
f)a .. of ho olat
g)a .. of bananas
h)a . . of br ad

2 1
 lN R EDlA LANGUAGE PRA C I E

r
| 6 D e id e w hi h a nsw er (A, , or D) b est fits e a h sp a e .
I
Shoppingi the street
W h n | ( 1 ) ' . . . . . . . s h o p p i n g , I e n j o y v isi t i n g s t r t( 2 ) and looking fo
( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . .. . I w a n d r a o u n d l o o k i n g a t a h ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . ., ' a n d a s k i n g a b o u t
( 5 ) . . . . . . . . ... M . a n y ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . o sna l a r l s s ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . .t.h. a n t h o s i n h i g h - s t t
shops, though th (8) is not a lw a ys as good . I t a lso d e p nds on how
m u h y o u w a n t t o ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . .. . C l o t h s a r o f t e n ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . ., .b u t i t is d i f f i u l t
' to (11) t h m o n . I t , sa l w a ys ( 1 2 ) ' . . . . . . . . .l'o o k i n g a t s o n d - h a n db o o k s ,
b a us y o u a n ( 1 3 ) . . . . . . . . . .a. l o t o f m o n e y i n t h is w a y . F r s h f r u i t a n d
v g t a bl sar usu a lly good (14) , a nd th r is a lw a ys a n e x ll nt
s l tion . T h m a in probl m is w h e th r you a n arry hom lots of (15) . . . . . . . . . . .
b a gs!

1) A lik B mak cgo Ddo

2) A m ark ts B tra d s C shops D sal s
) A v a lu s B h e a p er C sp ia l D b arg a ins
4) A ount er B t a bl C st a ll D d p artm e nt
5) A os ts B pri s C v lu s D figur s
6) A produ s B shopk p rs C offe s D goods
7) A xp nsiv B ost pri d D heap r
8) A xp ns B pa kag C kind D quality
9) A sp nd B us e C mak D ash
10) A f ashion B h ap r C worn D logi a l
11) A pur has B arry try D wrap
12) A worth B mor C b n D tim
13) A b or o w B sp nd C sa v e D ount
14) A h a lth B valu C tim D t ast
15) A hand B p a p rs mor D h avy

2 2
 Compl te a h s nt e n e with a word from th box.

alp t urtains €' lshi€n draw r pillow adiato sofa so k t

a) Is that h air omfortabl , o would you lik t o u s a '' . ! . : ! . . '''' , 1 . '' | . '' . , . . . . ?
b) ark ouldn , t us his o m p u t r a s t h r w a s n , t a . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i .n. t h loom.
) T his hous h as n t r a l h a t i n g , a n d t h r , s a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . .i'n. v r r -I o o m '
d) I w as so tir d th a t I f ll asl p as soon aS my h a d tou h d th ....'....
) ould you draw th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?, 'S. o m o n i s s t a r i n g t h r o u g h t h window.

0 y b droom h as a fitt d .. whi h o v rs t h whol floor.

g) Th kniv s and forks ar in th se ond .. on th l ft.
h) om v r h r a nd sit n xt to m on th ............

2 Complete a h art se nt e n e ( a-h) with on e of th e e ndings (1-8) .

a ) Pl as sit dow n a nd m a k vours lf . . . . t . . . .

b) any of our languag stud nts shar '. .'. . . .'. .
) I l i k D o - I t -Y o u rs l f , b u t I , r . d i d d t h a r ,
d) Alan s ms to hav s o m a n \ . l o t h s t l - r a th an n v I find...'.......
) If you an,t find th hous \ - o u a n a l r t a l's a s k f o r
f) Susa n liv s on th t nth floor of
g) I f you,re short of mon y you a n b' } . .... . .
h ) As w liv in a s mi-d t a h d hous , tr. il :

1 room fo all of th m in th w ardrob '

2 a blo k of fla ts on th south sid of th i t l -'
dir tions a t th b u s-s t a t i o n .
4 at hom , whil I mak som t a.
5 a om mod a tion in t h vill a g s n a rbr'.
6 th d ora ting don by a lo al firm.
7 a l o t o f n o is through th W all from th f ami]r. n rt door.
8 furnitur from th str t mark t n al th ath d al.

Z3
lN ERr E DlA LANGUAGE PRA l

3 E a h s e n t e n e o n t a i nsa n i n a p p ro p ri a t ew or d or h r a s e .U n d e rl i n et h is w or d ,
n d t h n r e p l a ei t w i t h a w or d or p h r a s ef ro m t h e b o x .

a) U n f or t u n a t l yt h b a l l hit th hous a nd brok a g ass.

. win.dq.w....
b) I w ash d my h a nds in th b a t hroom a nd dri d t h m w it h a lot h-

) Th r w as a sm a ll w ood n door l a ding in to t h fi e ld .

d) As I sa t do w n a t t h kit h n t a bl , I k no k d my up on to t h grou nd .

) In th or n r o f T o , sroom w as a sm a ll libra ry for his books.

f l A l l ro u n d t h g a r d n t h r w as a high w ood n w a ]l .

g) on th roof-tops in a ould s a t a ll fir pla pouring out sm k .

h) T h floor of th kit h n is a bit low r, so mind th st a ir.

4 U n d e rl i n et h orr e t w or d i n a h s e n t n e .

a) Will you b t hom e / thouse| a t er this v e ning?

b) Pa ul,s room is a t th top of th e st irs /st psopposit th b a throom .
) a n you r m mb r to l a n th e w sh-b sin /sinkin th b a throom?
d) T h looms dow nst a irs ar so low I a n tou h t } reroof / e ili g'
)T ony is a k n ook er / ook a nd a lw a ys us s a n l tri ook er / ook .
f) You ,ll find pla t s in th upbo rd / w rdrobne xt to th fridg e .
g) Ann w as sitting t / to h e t d sk , but hris w as sitting i / o a n arm h a ir.
h) I won , t b long . I , m just going upst a irs for b th / b th e .
i) Lisa didn , t lik doing hom work / house work so, sh p a id a l a n r.
i) Und r th hous th r ,s a v e / e ll w r h r w k p our old things.

2 4
 v oCABULARY a LlvtNG sPA

5 C o m p l t e t h e s e n t e n e sw i t h a ompound word form d from t wo words in th e

box . on word is us d t wi .

a ) I t ,sv ry old in my . . .hr.drgp.r!*. .,. .a.nd I find it h a d to sl p.

b ) Sara h sp nt a ll a f t e noon sitting in a la g
'. . . . . in front of th V.
u) I l f t my so ks so a king in th . . . . . .in th b a throom .
d) D o y o u t h i n k y o u o u l d p u t a l l y u r r u b b is h o u tsi d i n t h . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . .
) T h r ,s a b a utiful . . . . . .full of ros s right outsid my window .
0 Don , t worry a bout th w ashing-up . W ,ll put v rything in th

s) I a n , t op n th f ont door. Som thing is stu k in th

h) I f you r a lly insist on smoking , pl as us this
i) an you om ......... ? Th , sso m o n a t t h d o o f or y o u .
i) I n this . . . . . . ar th di tion a i s a nd a n n y lop dia .

6 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with a v erb from th e box in a suit a bl e form . You a n use

a v e r b m or e t h a n o n e .

a ) I , v g o t n o w h r t s t a y t o n i g h t . C a n y o u . . . . . . P' l . . . . . . m
. . . u p?
b) W e , v b o u g h t a n W h o us b u t w a n , t . . . . . . . . . . in until n xt month.
) Adria n do sn , t . . on with his n ighb urs, b a us th y ,r so

d) Ja n lik s ooking , but sh sa ys it . . up a lot of h r tim .

) D o n , t f or g t t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .f.f. t h t l v isi o n b f or y o u g o t b d .
0 H l n h as d n most of th d o a ting a nd pla ns to . . it off
tomorrow .
8) I h a v a larg room , a nd it . . out onto a b utiful g ard e n .
h ) Kar n a nd ik liv e n xt door a nd th y of t n . . in for a h a t .
F.

U n d e r | i n et h orr t w or d i n e a h s e n t e n e .

a) Wh n h r bi y l w as stol n , Jill b a m tr m ly ngr / n ervous.

b) P t r f lrt shrlm d / e mb rr sswdh n h h a d to m a k a sp h.
) I a lw a ys writ th a nk-you l tt rs, iust to b e g e tl e / polit e .
d) You n v r do a nything to h lp m ! You ,r so l z / tire d .
) nny n v r do s a nything silly . Sh e ,s v r s sibl e /se sitiv .
f) T h hildr n h a d to st a y in th hous a ll d a y a nd f lt bore d / tire d .
g) Ja ki do sn , t Worry a bout a nything a nd is a lw a ys h e erful /s mp th e ti .
h) r Ja kson is v ry nno e d / b d-t e mp ere d of t e n shouts a t p opl .
a nd
i) Wh n h h ard a bout th a id nt , Ala n w as v er d m g e d / upse t .
j) I , v got a n import a nt x a m tomorrow a nd I , m a bit j e I ous / rvous.

2 o m p l e t e a h s n t e n ew i t h o n e o f t h v e r bs f ro m t h e b o x . Us e a h v e r b o n e
only.

a ) Pl as look a t th am raa , ' , { 1 L i ! a , , . , , , . ' . . . .S. a. .y. . h s ,I

b) lf you a gr e with w h a t I sa y , just
) T h f o o d i n t h r s t a u r a n tW a s t rri b l so w d id dto . . . . . . . . . .
d) I had to .............. Ann,s nam thr t i m s b f or s h h a r d m .
) T h l i t t l b o y f l l o v r a n d t h n s t a r t dt o . . . . . . . ' . . . . . '
f) At th n d o f t h Pr si d n t , ssp h ,t h ro w d b g a n t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g) Pa ul h ardly e v I sa ys , no, . H t nds to inst a d .
h) Wh n I try to I put my lips tog th r but I a n , t do it!

3 ompl e t e a h se nt e n e with a word form d from th e word in itoli s.

a ) Yo u a , t r I y o nJo .H , s v r y . , , '* p ] g . P . ! . ? . . . . ... . '

b) a rl a h a s v r y | i t t | ep t i e n e Sh
. e , sv r y . . . . . . . . . . .
) J a k s h o w s o i n t e r e sitn t h is s u b i t .H , s . . . . . . . . . . .
. , s. . . . . . . . . .
d ) P a t is l a k i n g i n h o e s t ySh
) B i l l d o s n , ta t l i k a f ri e n d .H , S. . . . . . . . . . .
0 Lisa do sn , t h a v mu h e p eri e of e this work . Sh ,s
g ) P t r n v r a tsp o l i t e l .H e , s ' . . . . . . . . . .
h) T h offi ia l did not h e lp v ry mu h . Sh e w as
i ) G r a h a m d o s n , t o nsi d e or t h r p o p l . H e , s
i) Ann r fus d to o.op era t with
e th poli . Sh w as

236
 Vo ABULARY 9 PERSo N AL rilA ERs

4 Compl t e e a h se nt e n e with a n a di e tiv e from th e box . Us a h a d | e tiv on e

only .

a) Wh n h r t am lost th up final, Su f lt u " , .d.k !intet.. .

b) I w as ......... wh n Ja k a pt dmy invit a tion to dinn r but
didn , t om .
) ark was ............ wh e n h sa w smok o m i n g f ro m t h p l a n , s
ngin .
d) T h a nks for you l tt r. I , m . . . . . . . .to h ar th a t you ,r f ling b tt r.
) D a vid W as . . . . . . . . . . . . to t ll his p ar nts th a t h h a d b n s nt to prison .
f) Aft r running for fift n kilom tr s, Za a f | t ompl tely
g) H l n f lt . . . . . . . . . . . . w h n sh sa w h r boyfri nd t a lking to a noth r

h ) Mrs H o bso n t o l d us a b o u t h r l i f . Sh , sa . . . . . . . p. rso n .

5 Re pla e th words in itoli sin a h se nt e n with on of th e phras s from th

box .

a ) I ,m re ll looki g forw rd fo a f w w , holidav!

. .I.q . ryst
ry fg..q . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b) Sa ra h h as d id d to do w it hou t ting ho lat .

) I want d to study biology, but my t a h r dis our gedme.

d) Sports progra mm s on t l vision re lly a | | o | , | e .

) Do oll f el like going to th in ma this l. ning?

0 Why an,t you t ll th truth? I'rr, tired of vout x us s!

o\
J
T r y a nd I / ik e going for w a lks in th ountry .

h) G o g agr d to h lp m , but t } : n dis ppoint dm -

z 7
lN ER EDlA E tANGUAGE PRA l

6 Compl e t e a h se nt e n e with a word from th e box .

a) h hildr n w h a ppy b a us th ir t a h r w as in a good . . . .ryl4. a . d . . . ... . . .

b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. o. . . D a w so n , o u r a r w a s r p a ir di n t i m f or o u r h o l i d a y .
) Ru t h w a s h l p f u l , a n d w n t t o a l o t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. o. . .m a k us o m f or t a b l .
d) H arry w as l e a ning out of th window a nd shouting a t th top of his

) Wh n Ali h ard th b a d n ws, sh burst int

0 N i l is a v r y k i n d p rso n . H is . . . . . . . . . . is i n t h ri g h t p l a e .
8) I f you do som thing b a d , it will b on your . . . . . . . . . . for a long tim .
h) I w a s r a l l y a n g r y l a n d l os t m y . . . . . . . . . . . . . a nd shout da t p opl .
D W n e d s o m h l p . C o u l d y o u g i v u s a . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . ?, . . . ,
j ) T h f irs t t i m I s a w a h orror f i l m , I w a s s a r dt o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Ma t h positiv e a nd n e g a tiv e words a nd put th e m in th e olumns b e low .

P sitiv N gativ

ktnd r. !P'l: ! { .!!.w-

2 8
 .
*.
€
d

.* .

Complete e a h sent n with a word from th bo .

a lik hildr n upl ld ng a g d fri ndship

hous wif h**sb d sins1 tr irt

a ) J a n g o t m a r r i d t o h r , , , : ' \ : * ' | . : : , ' : ' , ; ' 'o iour l irs g '

b) J a n 's f ri n ds t h i n k t h a t sh arld Bob ar tl.i rf t
h y h a v n't Sot n\ .' i t , b u t t h v w a n t a l a rg f a .rilr-.
d) Ja n ,s s is t r , a r y , w - a sb o r n h a l f a n h o u r b f o r s h r r . a s .
) Jan a nd \ I arl- look .. but ar not xa tly th sam .
f) a ry isn , t m a rri d . Sh sa ys sh pr f rsto b .........'
s )/ S h s a y s s h b l i v s i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b, u t d sn, tb li v in m arri g .
h ) D i a n a is J a n a n d M a r y , s . . s is t r . S h a l ls t h m h r , l i t t l s is t rs , .
i) Diana has b n . . for thr y a rs , b u t h a s n , t g o t m a r r i d y t .

i) Sh has a ar r and do sn,t lik th id a of b ing a

2 Complete a h sent n with a noun form ed from a v rb in th box.

a quaint lebrat die . engag gr t marr,v f l t r s mble

a ) All Su ,sf ri n ds a n d'. . . . ! . .!q | t . | . | 1 , { / . rg [ ga. t ilut.oq lh. .'r a r t r . .

b) I o asion ally m t T rry ,bu t h ,s mor an .............. ''' t l-r a rl
fri nd.
) Wh n Pa ul arriv d , h r iv d a W arm a nd fri ndh
d ) Si x m o n t h s a f t r t h i r \ 11 1l : . . ]: il]J LiSa !]o t

m arri d .
) h r was a gr at . . . .i t t l - t r . . i ' . . : r- ' \ i l nt h i l t a m
won th up.
f) In an id al . . . ., h u s b a t l , ':l: l . l - ' r ' i f s h a r a ho t h r , s
probl ms.
g) Dina and h r moth r look alik Th r is a st I lr]] {

b tw n th m.
h) T im ri e d w h n h h a rd a bou t t h o f h is o l d d o g .

2 9
lN Rlt ,lE DlA E LANGUAG PRA C I C E

Und rlin e th orre t word in e a h se nt e n .

a) Childr n ar not allow d to s this film. It,s fo dults/old on | .

b) By th tim th v t arriv d , th iniu d a t W as a lr a dy d e d / di d ,
) Unfortunat ly it rain d on Ni k and H l n,s weddi g/m rri geda '
d) David and Diana hav two sons and one d ught r/girl.
) I think w e should try to und rst a nd th p obl ms of . g e d / oldp opl .
f) Th r should b mor fa iliti s fot outh/ oungp op | in this town.
g) Mor than fifty rel tiv s/p reinfs w r invit d to Ja k,s party.
h) I t ,s m y a y . I'm ight n y ars old .
nniv ers ry / birthd tod

4 o m p l e t e e a h p a r t s e n t e n e( a _ j )w i t h a n e n d i n g ( 1 - 1 0 ) .

a) I , v st art d going 1 t a k s a f t r his f a th r.

b) Wh n littl T in a is grow n 2 tog th r a g a in n e xt Frid a y v ning?
) I wond r if you ould put 3 up by a n a unt a f t th ir p a nts di d .
d) C arol do sn , t r a lly g t 4 in on St v for a h a t .
) v ryon says that Tom 5 aft r my dog whil I ,m awa ?
\ 6 out with G org ,syoung r sist r.
0 L t ,s h a v som fri e nds
8) Do you think you ould look 7 round for dinn r on Frid a y .
h) Why don , t w e a ll g t 8 on w ll with h r moth er-in-la w .
i) ll e n a nd La ura w r brought 9 up sh e W a nts to b a n astron a ut .
i) I f I h a v tim I ,ll drop 10 us up for a f e w d a ys n xt w k?

5 Ma t h a h se nt e n ( a _h) with a s nt e n (1-a ) w hi h h e lps to e xpla in th e

m a ning of th e word in itolics.

a ) W , v got a n W e ighbour a ll d H l n Willis. . . . . . . . .

b) T his is Su . Sh ,sa ll e gu eof min .
) Andr w is going to b our b st m n .
d) At th nd of th v ning I thank d ottt h st'
) I , m sur th a t ary will b a wond tfu | brid e .
f) N xt w k I , m going to st a y With m gr ndp r ts.. . . . . . . . . . .
g ) I , v a l w a ys g o t o n w l l w i t h m sis t e r- i n - l w. '. . . ' . , . . ''
h ) G or g i n a is t h i d a l g u e s t .. . , . . . . ' . . .

1 I w as h a ppy th a t h , d invit d m to his p arty .

2 v n b for sh m arri e d my broth r w , d b om good fri nds.
Sh a lw a ys off ers to h lp in th hous w h n sh st a ys with us.
4 W both work in th sa m d p artm nt a t th b a nk .
5 Sh mov d into th house n xt door y st rd a y .
6 T h y ,r both in th ir s v nti s,but th y liv a v ry full lif .
7 Wh n John a nd I g t m arri d , h ,ll st a nd n xt to John .
8 Sh ,sa dr ssm a k r,a nd h as d sign d h r ow n w dding dr ss.

240
 V O CABULARY I O FAIt,I ItV AND FRI ENDS

6 Comp I e t e e a h se nt e n e with a word or phrase from th e box . Use e a h word or

phrase on e only .

a ) I t would b ni to m . . h with you n xt

t a g a in . I ,ll g e t . . .L 7.'. . . . . . . . .tou
week.
b) I , m a fra id Sonia isn , t h ere . Sh W nt . . . . . . . . . . for th w k nd .
) I ke p leaving and oming ba k. I ,v liv d here .. for s v al
y a ls.
d) Matthew br ught up the hildr n .. his own aft r his wif di d.
) T h b a by w as a ll e d Clare , . . . . . . . . its g I a ndmoth er.
0 Pe t r is . . a t th e mom nt but h ,ll b b a k in h a lf a n hour.
s) Ann d id d t g t m a ri d . . th e wish s of h r p are nts.
h) Aft r thei final quarr l, arrie told Luk theil r lationship was

7 Who ar thes peopl ?

a ) your moth rs, p ar nts

b) your moth er,s broth r
c) you moth r,s sist r
d) your husband,s son from a pr vious ma iag
] th sist r of th p rson you m arry
0 your broth r,s (or sist ,s)m a l e hild
g) your broth r,s (or sist r,s)female hild
h) a hild with no broth rs and sist rs
i) som on e from a noth I ountry

i) som on you have not m t b for

241
 U n d e rl i n et h e orr e tw or d i n e a h s n t e n .

a) h trous rs ar th right l ngth , but th stom h / w is.ist too sm a ll.

b) I lik this w a t h , but th stra p is too sm a ll for my p I m / wrist'
) T h h a nd h as four fing rs a nd a thumb / to e .
d) Wh n Rob rt is n rvous h t nds to bit his n ils / joints.
) T his b a g h as a st I a p a nd I a n arry it on my e k /should er.
0 Gin a t wist dh r kl e / e lbowa d sh a n , t w a lk v ry asily .
g) Pa ul dropp d th st n on his foot a nd brok t wo to s / fi g ers.
h) Wh n you ,r worri d lin s a pp ar on your e brows / for h e d .

D e i d e w h i h a ns w r ( A , B , or D ) b e s t f i ts e a h sp a .

loth es
h o osi n g l o t h s a n b d i f f i u l t . So m p o p l W a n t t o b ( 1 ) . . . . a . . . . , b u t t h , ,
don,t w ant to look a t l y ( 2 ) . . . ' . . . . . . . v r y b o d yls .N o t a l l l o t h s a r
( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . .f .or w or k or s h o o l , p r h a psb a us t h y , r n o t ( 4 ) n o u g h'
or simply not (5) . I t is asy to buy th (6) siz , a nd find th a t
y o u r t r o u s r sa r t o o ( 7 ) . '' , . . , . . . . , s p i a l l yi f y o u , r a l i t t l b i t ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .. .\ {.
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . l. o t h sm a k y o u f l(10)
, b u t w h n t h y h a v ( 1 1 ) . . . . . ' . .. .
in th w ashing m a hin , th n you h a v th sa m probl m! I f you buy light
( 1 2 ). . . ' . . . . . . . l o t h tsh, n t h y m i g h t n o t b ( 1 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . .n o u g h f o r w i n t r .l f
y o u r s h o sa I n o t ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . .,. .a n d i f y o u a r n , t( 1 5 ). . . . . . . . .f.o. r t h old ,you
might look good , but f l t rribl !

1) A of f ashion B f ashion d C f ashion a bl D f ashion

2)Aalik Blik Csimilar Dsam
)Afitt d Bsuit a bl omfort D qual
4) Aformal Bstri t uniform Dsuit d
5) A omforting B omfort omfort d D omfortabl
6)Af a ls Bmist a k wrong D rror
7)Astra ight B los Cstiff Dtight
8) Aslim Bov rw ight thin D normous
9) Aloos Blos loos n d Dlost
r0) Athin Bslim n arrow Dspar
1 1 ) Al ss n d Br du d d r as d Dshrunk
12) of ott n B in otton C otton D otton d
1 ) A^ w a r m B old Chot D ool
14) Atight B n los d firm Dw at rproof
15) Aworn B lothed dr ss e d Dfitt d

242
 v oCABULARY l1 HE BoDY AND Lo Es

3 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n with a v erb from th box . Us a h v erb on only .

look put on

a ) T his dr ss do sn , t rtt . . m . I t ,s f ar too big .

b) T h h i l d r n d i d d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .s. .a s t l o n a u tsf o t h p a t y .
. . .us rs .Sh s a ys t h y ,
) Su e a l w a ys s e mst o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. ro m or
omfort a bl .
d) I l i k y o u r n w h a ir u t . I t m a k e s y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. .o. u. n g r .
) I t ,s a ni pullov r, but th olour do sn , t . . you .
0 Th . lf as a poli m n.
s a p dp riso n r m a n a g e dt o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h. .i.ms
ol
6r I got up lat nd had only a f w minut s to ......... my loth s.
h ) I d o n , t t h i n k t h a t y e l l o w so k s . . . . . . . . . a bla k suit.

4 Ma t h th e words from th e box with th d e finitions.

a ) p art of a n it m of lothing for ov ring th arm

l
. . . . . | , I , * . q . . .''.
fu
b) Wom a n ,s or girl,s lothing th a t ov rs th body from should rs to k n or
b low
I

.
) j a k t tog th r with trous rs o skirt m a d f om th sa m m a t ria l

d) a sof t ov ring for th h a d wo n by 1,oungp opl , a nd in som sports

) trous rs th a t nd a bov or a t th k n

f) it m of lothing for wom n or girls th a t h a ngs from t h w a ist a nd ov rs a ll

or p art of th l gs

g) it m of lothing for wom n or girls ov ring th upp h a lf of th body

h) sof t it m of lot hing t h a t ov rs t h lo w r l g a nd foot insid th sho

243
lN Rlt ,l DlA LANGUAGE PRA I(E

5 Compl t a h e xpression in ffoli swith on e of th e p arts of th e body from th e

box .

a ) T h word is on th e tip of my . . .'. t . q' u!4&.,. .but I just a n , t r m mb r it .

b ) Crossi n g t h m o u n t a i ns n m y o w n W a s a . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ' . -r isi
a dnvg n t u r .
) I k now this is h a d to b li v , but you must . . . . . . . . . th e truth'
d ) I t is n o w o v r t h i r y y a rs si n m a n f irs t s e t . . . ' . . . . , . . . ' , . . . 'o. .n. t h m o o n .
) Af t e his long t ip T om ,s p ar nts w e l om e dhim with op e . .''. . . .'. .
f ) P t r k n o w s t h so n gs b y ' . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . .a. n. .d d o s n , tn d to look at a book.
8) T I y to st a y a lm , a nd don't lose our . . . . . .'. . . . , a nd v rything will Lr
fin .
h ) H a v I r a l l y w o n t h p ri z , or a r y o u orr | p u l l i g m y ' . . . . '' . . . , '' . . . . ' .?. .
i ) Lis a n ds so m h l p w i t h h r s u i t a s . o u l d o t l g i v e h e r . . . . . ' . . ' .
i ) I w a v d a t A n n , h o p i n g t o t hh e r . . , , , . . . , . . , , b u t s h d i d n't S m .

6 La b l th e dra wing with th e words in th e box .

244
 C o m p l e t e e a h s e n t n ew i t h a v r b f ro m t h e b o x .

xplod d
t app d

IT

a ) Y s t r d a ya l orr y . . . 9 . r . 4 { . r 9! . 'i .n. t o b us a t t h t r a f f i l i g h ts .

b) T h f a lling roof til s . . s v ra l p ass rs-by though
, not s ri usly .
) T h old wood n building . . in a high wind .
d) A t rrorist bomb . . a t th ra ilw a y st a tion last w k.
) T h r i v r b u r s t i t s b a n k s a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h. . . .t o w n d u r i n g t h n i g h t .
0 R o k s a n d m u d f r o m t h m o u n t a i n . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . .t .h. . .m a i n r o a d y s t r d a v .
g ) T h s t or m a t s a . . . . . . . . . s v r a ls m a l l f is h i n g b o a ts .
h) T h rising w a t r . . t wo f a mili s in th ir hom s for six hou s.

2 U n d rl i n et h orr e t w or d or p h r a s i n a h s e n t n e .

a) Th do tor gav Su a pIgl l1ptipdre ipefor som m di in .

b) T im ,s moth r us d a th rmom t r to t a k his f e v er / t e mp r tur '
) I t took Juli a long tim to g e t ov r / g eoffh
t t illn ss.
d) T h ut on Ka trin a ,s l g took a long tim to ure / h e l.
) I ouldn , t run b a us I h a d a hurt / p inin my l g .
0 I bought th s s a-si k n sspills from th h e mist ,s / physi i ,s.
g) D a vid w as ill with flu / flu for t wo w ks.
h) Di k ouldn , t sp a k b us h h a d a thro t h e /sorethro t .

3 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with a word from th e box .

t
l^.
a ) A long w hit . . .P.4 I!.192' w as wound around my a lm .
b) T his . . w as built only t wo y ars a go, but is a lr a dy too sm a ll'
) Th . . i n t h b d n x t t o m i n W a s a m a n w i t h a b ro k n l g .
d) T h do tor told Jim th a t h would h a v to h a v a / a n
) D a vid ,s b d is in a sm a ll . . with t wo oth rs.
fl Jo a nn a w as op ra t d on by th b st . . in th itr. .
g ) So m p o p l f l f a i n t w h n t h y s .............
h ) S t p h nw a s h u r t i n a n a i d n ta n d a p a s s r - b y a l l d a . a n . . . . . . . . . . .

245
lN ERlt E DlA LANGUAGE PRA C I

4 Comp I e t e e a h se nt e n e with a ompound noun m a d e from t wo words from th

box .

a ) T h roa dsw re rowd da nd I w as stu kin u . . . tr4ffi.q : j g . r L. . . .'.t.o'

...
h o u rs .
b) T h . . . . . is b a d in this ity . I t ,s g tting h a d to
br a th !
) A l l t h l i g h ts w n t o u t b a us t h r e w a s a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d) I l f t m y a r i n t h w ro n g p l a and th poli gav m a .....................

) I o u l d n , t us t h r a i l w a y y s t r d a yb a us t h r w a s a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f) I h a d to p a y a f rtun to l e a v my ar in a multi-stol y . . . . . . . . .

g) I w a it d a t t h for hours but a ll th bus s w

f ull .
h) T h r is a lw a ys a lot of tra ffi
i ) I t do sn , t ra in a lot h r . a nd

i) T h e Gov nm nt h as d id d to b a n a ll ars from th

5 M a t h t h e b e g i n n i n gso f t h e s e n t n e s( a - j ) w i t h t h e e n d i n gs ( 1 - 1 0 ) .

a) Fir -fight ersm a n g d to put . . Q . . 1 fir a id ntally.

b) Af t r a f e w minut s a fire . . . . . . 2 fire to th hous d lib rat l .
) I t w a s b l i v e d t h a t so m o n s t . . . . . . 3 sp ark from a p assing tra in .
d) Lu kily Pa ul arri d a fir . . . . . . 4 into fla m s.
) T h fir w as st art e d by a . . . . . . 5 h a t i nsi d t h b u r n i n g a r .
) t a l m l t d f ro m t h i n t ns . . . . . . 6 out th fir after two hours-
g) I o u l d h a r d l y b r a t h b a us o f t h . . . . . . 7 thi k loud of smok .
h) Th old th atr aught ...... 8 - xtinguish r in his ar.
i) Th wood n hut w as bu nt to ...... 9 a h a p of ash es.
| ) I n s o n dst h b u i l d i n g b u rs t . . . . . . 10 ngin arriv d a t th bla z .

246
 v o ABU t ARY l2 E v ERYD AY PRoBL l u ls

6 Ma t h e a h se nt e n e ( a-h) with a s nt e nc (1-a ) w hi h h as a similar m e a ning .

a ) T h e y a rri v d t o o l a t t o s r. . . . .3-. . . .

I
b) T h y didn , t think it w as sa f .
L) T h e y ask d h r to om e n xt w e k inst a d .
d) h y argu d with h r.
) T h e y w r in jur d .
h 0 T h e y didn , t k now w h r th y w r going .
s) T h y a s k dso m o n t o t l l t h m t h W a y . . . . . . . . . . . .
h) T h y , v an ll d th i p arty .

1 T h y ask d for dir tions.

z T h y h a d a row with h r.
3 T h y miss d h r.
4 T h y w r hurt .
5 T h y put h r off for a w k.
6 T h y f e lt it w as d a ng rous.
7 T h ir p arty is off .
8 T h v , d lost th ir w a y .

7 M a t h t h e b e g i n n i n gso f t h s e n t e n e s( a _ i )w i t h t h e n d i n gs ( 1 - 9 ) .

a ) All th su f a sin th living room ar . . . .3. . . . . 1 b a k to front .

b) T h b a throom door 2 blo k d .
) T h sin k is . . . . . . . . . . . 3 dusty.
d) T h e b r e a dh a s . . . . . . . . . . . 4 r as d .
) Th ola has ........... 5 gon fla t .
0 You ,r w aring your pullov r 6 gon st a l .
o\
6/
T h t a bl loth is 7 i n a m e ss .
h ) T h a t shirt n ds ironing , it ,s v r y . . . . . . . . . . . 8 st a in d .
i) y lif is . . . . . . . . . . . 9 won , t lo k .

247
 D e i d w h i h a ns w e r ( A , B , or D ) b s t f i ts e a h sp a .

Holid s
os t p o p l n j o y g o i n g ( 1 ) . , , . Q . . . .f ,or t h ir h o l i d ys , a n d h a v i n g t h
o p p o r t u n i t yt o ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . .i.n. a n i n t r s t i n g i t y o r a s a s i d ( ) . . . . . . . . . .. .I f y o u
sp a k (4) la ngu a g s,you a n m a k n w fri nds, a nd (5) hom
so m i n t r s t i n g( 6 ) a s p r s n ts .B u t b f or y o u a n d o t h a t , y o u h a v t o
( 7 ) . . . . ' . . . . .y. o u r d s t i n a t i o n ,a n d t h a t is o f t n a p ro b l m! I f y o u f l y , t h n y o u
may find that your flight has b n (8) . ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . b. .y t r a i n a n a lso b
d i f f i u l t , si n t r a i ns a r o f t n ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . i nt h s u m m r' a n d y o u m i g h t h a v
t o r s r v a ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . .i .n. a d v a n .W h i h v r W a y o u ( 1 2 ) , you an
h a v probl ms with your (13) , a nd it is of t n diffi ult to find good
( 1 4 ). . . . . . . ' . . .A p a r t f r o m t h i s , y o u m i g h t n o t b a b l t o a f f o r dt h ( 1 5 ). . . . . . . . . I. .

1) Aout Bforw ard abroad D for ign

2)Ar main Bp ass sp nd D st a y
3)Ar sort Bpost Ctoo D on
4) Astra ng Bstr a n g for ign r D for ign
5)Af t h Btak go D g t
6) Am mori s Bsou v nirs m moirs D r l l t i o ns
7) Ar a h Barriv Cgo D tra v l
8) Await d Br v rs d d lay d D book d
9) AJourn ys B Tra v ls Voy a g s D P a ss s
10) Afilling Bo upi d Cov rdon D row d d
11)Apost B hair s at D p osi t i o n
\ 2) Btrav l trip D tour
1 ) A^bvaogygaagg s Bluggag Cgoods D sa ks
14)Ast a ying Bhom s lodg s D a ommodati n
15)Afar Bfair far D fur

Complet e a h s e n t n e w i t h a w o r d f r o m t h e b o x . Us a h word on only.

aft r d9t tlt fol . . . : . , . .of

. . .f in ou t .U

a) Th a r b ro k . . . . . 4' a . w . 1 ,i.n. . t. h. . m o u n t a i ns , a n d w ouldn,t find a garag .

b ) J a m sh a d t o s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .t. d. .a w n t o a t h t h a r l y t r a i n .
) Su , sb i k p a ss dm , a n d I h a d t o ri d f a s t t o a t h .. with h r.
d) I arriv d a t th a irport , h k d . . , a nd th n h a d som off .
) W w r h a d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. .a. r. .i s ,b u t w e W r n o t i n a h u r r y t o g t t h .
0 J i l l r a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .f. m
. . o n y a f t ra w k ,a n d h a d t o g o h o m .
g) our n xt-door n ighbours look d . . our dog w hil w W r a w a \ ''
248
 v o ABULARY 13 RAvEL A N D H oLl D AYs

3 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with a word form d from th word in bold .

a ) T h e y told m to ask a t th . . . t . fp.rr t!!.L. . . .d. s .

inform
b) Th pla n e g a th er d sp d as it ro ar d long th
run
) Th ........... . of our plan has b n d la d.
depart
d) T h pla n e m a d a bumpy a nd I f lt ill.
la nd
) Th l e r k a s k dm i f I h a d m a d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r serv
0 I got a s a t b a us of a noth er p ass ng r,s
an el
s) W a rri v d l a t a t t h e . . . . . . . . . . ' . , a n d m iss d t h p l n .
a ir
h) W f ast n d our s a tb ltsa nd pr p ar d for
tak

4 C o m p l e t e e a h p a r t s e n t e n e( a - | )w i t h o n o f t h e e n d i n gs ( l - l 0 ) a n d m a k e a
o m p o u n d w or d .

a) I s n t m y f ri e n d a p os t . ' . . . 7' . . . . 1 suit it h ou to t h

b a h.
b) I f ast e n d my se a t z t a bl t u n d ou t to b l ong'
) W s t a y do n a s m l l a m p . . . . . . . . . . . 3 b lt , a nd rsa it d fo t a k f f .
d) I always forg t my guid 4 po t , ou ust t ll t h poli .
) Don , t forg e t to t a k your swim 5 hiking n b d a ng ous.
f) I f y o u l o s y o u r p a s s. . . . . . . . . . . 6 sid rth n I r as littl .
8) W s t a y di n a q u i e t g u s t . . . . . . . '... 7 a d of th t rt r r 'h I stay d.
h) T h tra in tim 8 book lr-h n I risit ld iti s.
i) I use d to lik going to th e s a 9 hous doll t b1't h iv r.
j) N o w a d a ys I , m a f r a i d t h a t h i t h . . . . . . . . . .1. 0 sit iust outsid th town.

I
F.

249
lN ERillE DlA LANGUAG PRA C I (

5 Und erlin e th e orre t word in e a h se nt e n .

a) In Gr e w visited s v ral ie t/ tiquetemp | es.
b) Wh nev r Lu y trav ls by boat she fe ls se si k /dizzy.
) Brighton is a popul r / touristis asid tow n .
d) Holidays in th mountains are always more r l ed/r I i g.
e) W always t th lo I /topi lfood when w ,r abroad.
f) on my summ r holid a ys I lik g tting su t nn e d /sunburnt .
g) It may not b asy to find a ommodation at re so ble /logi pri l s.
h) Aft r y ling a | | da , Bill was ompl t ly e h usted/tired.
i) Th ownel of the hot l gav tls a hospit ble / w rmw l om .
j) Ja k lik s sp nding most of his holid a y in th op e n / pl i a ir.

6 h e words in itolicsare in th e Wrong se nt e n es.Find th e orre t se nt e n for

ea hone.

a ) W sp nt t wo w ks in a lov ly s asid st tion .

. . . r? ^ ! . A . t r . . . . . . . . . . .
b) Jim st a y d th night in a sm a ll b d a nd host e l.

) Kar n w as xh a ust d a f t er h r fif t n-mi | e holid '

d) Martin a nd C arol h a d a gr a t tim on th ir a mping rds.

) As it w as h a p r, I bought a l turn sfop .

f) We manag d to find som p trol at a r mot filling vill ge,

g) T h bus m a d a n ov rnight br k f stin a tow n n ar th bord r.

h) Th family rent d a ottag in a ountly w lk for the summ r.

i) If you,r a stud nt, you an sav mon y by staying in a o:uth ti ket.

j) D a vid n v r arri d ash on holid a y . H a lw a ys t a k s re dit resorf .

250
 Underlin th most suit a bl e word in a h s nten e

a) Unit d manag d to b t / w i l l i t r' i n t h 1 a s t l - t l i n u t f t h m a t h .

b) At th n d o f t h p l a y , v I \ : o n i r l t h t h t - ' t ' / t l , l , p1 p l t t d d .
) I f y o u W a n t t o n t e r f o r / s i g t ;o i l t h o ] l lLr t i t i o n . r - l : . 1 1n d a f o r m
d) Th y l i n g l u b is d o i t t g / | t o l , 1 i t t . l l l t 1 n s I l \ t h u r 5 d a \ - .
Th y o u t h o r h s t r a h a s l t , l 'r i r t t t ,a1l l o r - ur .
f) I , m d o i n g / g o i gf is h i n g n - \ t \ \ k . D \ - o l - l\ a n t t o o m ?
b/
) T h f i n a l s o r \ { a S 2 _ 2 , s o R r . rs , 1 r t / l t L I tl h d g a m .
h ) D a v i d p t ss s / s p t t ta7s
n hou l' r' d a r - p l a _ i n g o m p u t I g a m s .
i) Did you jov/pl lsr - u s l f a t t h f l k f s t i v a l?
i) W w r lat a n d s o r / os t l i l iss e d t h b g i n n i n g o f t h f i l m .

2 a t h e a h word from th box with on e of th e e xpla n a tions.

a t hl t s a udi n ast omp titors f a ns

group rn mb rs 5 €t €* €f 5 t am vi w rs

a ) P opl who w a t h a sporting p rform a n .

, , i, r i t ' q ' t ' Q . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b) P opi who x r is a n d t a k p a r t i n g a m s o f s p d and str ngth.

) P o p l w h o s u p p or t a sp or t , or a f a m o us p rso n .

d) P opl Who tog th r t a k part in a sport.

) P opl who all b long to th sam lub.

f ) P o p l w h o p l a y ro k m usi t o g t h r .

g ) P o p l w h o l is t n t o o r w a t h a p l a or p rfor ran .

h ) P o p l w h o w a t h t l v is i o n .

i) P opl who a t tog th r in a play.

i) P opl who ar all trying to win th sam riz .

251
l N ERlt ,l DlA E LANGUAGE PRA lC

3 Compl t a h se nt e n e with a word from th box .

a ) H l e n w o n f irs t . ' . P . r . L'&. . . . . . . . . .i.n. . t. h omp tition.

b ) W h n St v w o n t h r a ,h w a s g i v n a g o l d . . . . . . . . . . .
) W had to wait in a ................ b f or w ould g t into th inema.
d ) R a h l h a d t o p us h h r b i k a f t r s h g t a f l a t . ' . . . . . . . .
) Th r Was so mu h shouting that no one h ard th ef r ,s
f) I , v got a sp ar . . . . . . .for tomorrow ,S on rt . Do you W a nt to
om ?
g) H a v you s n th n w . . . .'. .of p a intings a t th N a tion a l G a ll ry?
h) I , m going fishing tomor I ow . I , v just bought a n W
i ) K a t W a st h f irs t u n n r t o rosst h f i n is h i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i) w didn , t n joy th film b a use W W r too los to th

4 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n with a word from th e box .

a ) L nny , T h . . his
Fist , Smith , th e box r, sa id h would . . . . k p . . c .K. . .out
oppon nt .
b ) C a ro l w o n t h m a t h b a us t h o t h e r p l a y r f a i l d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u. .p. .
) T h si n g r a s k d t h a u d i n t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.n. . .a n d a l l si n g t o g e t h r .
d) I t w as a r ason a bl film , but it didn , t r a lly . . up to my
xp t a tions.
) T om a nd Su us d to . . out tog th r.
f) From my s a t , I ouldn , t . . out w h a t w as h a pp ning on th st a g .
g) The r f r m a d i t l a r t h a t h w o u l d n o t . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f.or
. . .b a d b h a v i o u r
h) P t r h a d to . . out of th e ra a f t r his ar b ok dow n .

z52
 V O CABULARV 14 lN REs s AND FREE I

5 Mat h ea h a tivity (a-h) with a pla e (1-8).

a) Sunbathing and w aring swimming stu s. 1 a st a g

b) W a t hing l ph a nts d a n ing . 2 a running tra k
) Doing k e p fit x r is s. 3 a party
d) Crossing th finishing lin . 4 a funfair
) Taking a dog for a walk. 5 a ir us
0 C l brating som on ,s bi thday. 6 a park
s) Riding a ghost train or a big wh l 7 agym
h) Speaking learly so th audi n an h a . 8 ab a h

6 De ide whi h answer (A, B, or D) best fits ea h spa e.

Musi
W h a t k i n d o f m usi d o y o u ( 1 ) ' . . . a ' . ' , ? So m e p e o p l l i k g o i n g t o ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . .
on rts, and listening to (3) . The (a) W ar v ry formal loth s,
a nd th (5) . . . . . . . . . .is
. sil nt until th e nd of th (6) . Perh a ps you ,r a
ro k m usi ( 7 ) . , ' . . . , ' . . . Ro k o n r tsa r o f t n h l d a t f o o t b a l l ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .or
. in
p arks. (9) . . . . . . . . . .of
. th a udi e n dan to th e musi , or sing th songs.
( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . .m. usi is ( 1 1 ) a t w d d i n gs a n d p a r t i si n m a n y o u n t ri e s ,a n d
so m p o p l e ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . .t .h e ir o w n m usi a t h o m . N o w a d a ys w ( 1 3 )
musi in sh ps a nd lif ts, a nd m a ny p opl e (14) . . . . . . . . . . th
. ir ow n musi with
th m , or v n (15) . musi w h e n th y study . Musi is v ry w h r !
. . . . . . . . . . to

1) A list n B n joy hav D pr f rring

2) A lassi B lassi s C lassi a l D lassifi d
3) A a group B a n or h estra C a b a nd D ar o d
4) A musi ia ns B a tors C musi a ls D instrum nts
5) A sp t a tors B p opl e C gu sts D a udi n
6) A h a pp ning B a tion musi D p rforman
7) f arr B e nthusiasm r ad D fri nd
8) A mat h s B st a diums C pit h s D pools
9) A mb rs B Se l e tions C P rsons D hos
10) A Histori a l B Nation C raditional D An i nt
1 1') A a t e d B form d C don D play d
L2) do B g t C mak D tak
13) A list n B h ar C p fo m D und rst a nd
14) A arry B w ar lift D pla y
1 . 5 )A h a r B hav C follow D list e n

25
 D e id whi h a nsw r (A, B, or D) b est fits e a h sp a e .

, l / l', t i i t h o u t r
'
l . t h u s is s i t u a t d a m o n g b a u t i f u l ( 1 ) . . . . n . . , t w o m i l s f r o m t h n a S t
i ilia g , surround d y (2) . o n a ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . .a. s h o r t d i s t a n f r o m t h
l . t u s is a ( 4 ) , and a small (5) flows past th nd of th gard n
t h i h a is o o n t a i n s a s m a l l ( 6 ) . . . . . . . .. . h nam of th h o u s , Ros ottag . .
on th g a r d e n ( 7 ) . . ' . . . . . . . . ,f t o m w h i h a ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .l . a d s t o t h ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . .d. o :
on th ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . f l o o rt h r i s a l a r g ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . r o o m ,a d i n i n g l o o m , a
kit h n, a d (72) a n d t o i l t . ( 1 ) . . . . . .. . . . t h r a r t h r b drooms. h : .
is a lso a g a l a g n xt to th hous . Th v i l l a g h a s a p o s t ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . ,a S m a ] l
shop a nd a pub , a nd th r is a ra ilw a y (15) . . . . . . . . . . . thr mil s a w a y .

1) A vi w B s n ry si g h ts D looks
2 t A gr ass B f l a ts arth D fi lds
l A mountain B p ak hill D summit
-lt A wood B gr n ry jungl D for st
5 ) A riv r B hann l str am D ana]
t A s a B bath wat r D pond
,t Agat B d o or op ning D ntran
Et A road B path way D av m nt
p
9 t A forw a rd B front first D f urt h r
10t A bottom B ba k g ro u n d D arth
11l A l ung B s ating saloon D living
12 I A ba throorn B bath C b a si n D w ashing
13l A ov r BUp U ps t a irs D High r
1 + ) A shop B ntr pla D of fi
15t A station B stop post D bas

Und rline th m o s t s u i t a b | ew o r d i n e a h s n t n .

3 r \ \ - a rra ng d to m t in t h n tr of to w n in t h m a in pl e / 5q g.
b h ir ot t a g is in t h h a rt of som b a u tif t tl ou try / ou tr sid .
} -t hildr n sp n t a ll d a y pl a ying on t h e sa ndy b l h / s lsid .
dr I dropp d rn y i - r a m on t h rt h / grou d , so I ouldn , t a t it .
l h is f t p t h / p v m e t | e a d sa r oss t h f i l d s t o t h v i l l a g .
f) Th r , as a w ond rf ul s e r / vi wfrom my hot l room .
8) \ 'ou a n , t stop h . .r e . a r-p rk / P rki g is not a llo w d in t his str t.
h) H 1 n d id d to l a v tln e ou try / I d a nd w ork a bro a d .

254
 VoCABULARY l5 PtA s

3 CompI ete a h senten e with a word from the box.

a ) T h e poli offi er ask d m e to om with him to th p li . . . . t . tl!. k . .''

b) Wh n you r a h th road .. turn right.
) T h m a y or , so f f i is i n t h t o w n . . . . . . . . .
d ) M a r g a r tl i v s o n t h t o p f l o or o f a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .f. .f l a ts .
) Cars hav to stop for you if you us a p d strian
f) Whi h .. of town do you liv in?
g) You an buy fr sh fish in the mark t .. ev ry Frid y.
h) T a k th first turning on th l f t a f t r th n xt s t of . . . . .'. . . lights.
i) T h ntr of tow n is now a tra ffi -fr . . a nd ars ar b a nn d .
j) A n w shopping . . h as b n op n d on th dg e of th tow n .

4 Re pla e th e words in itoticswith on of th e words from th e box .

a ) It,s mu h h althier to liv in a ountry area, fat away from the ity.
. . . . r*ry!!. . . . .
b) Su e h as just mov d to a n e rb tow n .

) W liv d in th e middl of now h r in a n out of th e w y ott a g .

d) Paris is th e most import t ity of Fra n .

) Th r is not a lot of world n ws in this n wspap r.

0 I do my shopping at th neighbourhoodshops, not in th town ntr .

g) At w k nds the town ntr is always fuI I of peopl .

h) Ther is far too mu h pollution nowadays in ci arcas'

255
I N ER n DlA E tANGUAGE PRA C I E

5 Comp | e t e e a h ompound noun with a word from th e box .

a ) our hildr n sp nd a lot of tim h a ving fun a t th lo l pla '3' . .*v1d .

b) Wh e n you r a h th e ross. . . . . , t a k th ro a d to Linton .
L) Y u h a v to turn l e f t w h n you r a h th e n xt round . . . . . . . . .
d) W a n , t l e a v th ar h r . W e ,ll h a v to look for a ar. . . . . .
) Follow this foot . . . . . until you r a h th m a in ro a d .
0 T h r w as a n old Wom a n s lling fruit a t th ro a d . . . . .
o)
6/ P a u l a l i v s o n t h o u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .f. t. h t o w n , w h r t h o u n t r ysi d
b gins.
h ) Yo u a n ross t h r a i l w a y l i n b y w a l k i n g o v I a f o o t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 a t h th e words from th e box with th e xpla n a tions.

a ) A strong building m a d in th p ast to d f nd p opl a g a inst n e mi s.

. . . a q { tle
b) A sm a ll hous on w h ls w hi h is pull e d b a ar'

) A hous w hi h is on of a p a ir of hous s join d tog th r.

d) A hous with only on floor.

) T his arri s a ro a d or ra ilw a y ov er a riv r.

f) A house w hi h is p art of a row of houses a ll join e d tog th er.

g) A sm a llhouse in th ountry .

h) A t a ll building st a nding a lon , or as p art of a astl or hur h .

256
its
U n d rl i n et h e orr e tw or d i n e a h s e n t e n .

a) Would you lik a bre d / tp]] with your soup?

b) T h f irs t o u rs / p / f eo nsis t do f o l d f is h a n d s a ] e i'
) T h a t w a s a r a l l y l o v l y f o o d / m e IPl. a s l t m ! r : l : r- u'
d) I f l t so t h irs t y t h a t I d r a n k t w o ns / t i so f kr ... .
) Now a d a ys m a ny p opl tlu froz e / i dfood in5t a i : : : : sr f od
f) o u l d y o u g i v m t h r e i p t / r i fpor e t h is a k ? I t r .i i.l;s.
g) T his pi is f a nt asti l I t's rc a | | t st e ful / t st ,
h) H l n is a r a lly good ook / ook er.
i) a n I h a v a fork /spoo so I a n stir my off ?

2 Com letee h s e n t n ew i t h a s u i t a b I ev e r b f ro m t h b o .

t:1,:,
add. glat mlx p l feirs squ Z

a) I : : ; :S.

b ) Pu t a l l t h i n g r d i n tsi n a b o w l a n d
) F irst . . . . . . . . . . . th onions into small pi s.
d ) I w a n t d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. o. .m a k s this m n::.:
) T ast th soup , a nd .. salt and p p : ;
f\ . . t h p o t a t o s ,a n d t h n u t t h m l : l : - .
/ T h s v g t a b l tsa s t g r a ti f y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . :. 'a. .=.
o) ;: in hot oil.
h) . . so m h S ,a n d sp ri n k l i t r- l : :
D . . a l mon a nd sprinkl th jul \ .i] .]. :
i) .. th ri in salt d w a t r for t n -il . : ;s

C o m p I e t e a h p h r a s e w i t h a s u i t a b I ew or d f ro m t h b o x .

b a on bis uits butt r hips fork fl + + sa u n e g ar

a ) p p p Ia n o . . . . :l ,t . i . : : . . . . ' . . . . . . ) : isr e nd
b) knif and ..................... fl : ] ; nJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .--
) g ga n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . O)
-. . .--.
r-lln,]nd

d ) b r a da n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I r t a and

257
lN ER n D!A E LANGUAG PRA ICE

4 Compl e t e th phras with a suit a bl word from th box .

a ) u ' . . l . L k '' . . . . o . .f. b a do r a k ) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. f. .b r a d

b) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .f . h o o l a t e f) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. f. .w a t r
) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. f. . j a m g ) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. f. . s a l t
d) a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. f. . t a h) .......... of milk

5 a t h e a h d es ription with th e n a m e of a kind of food from th e box .

a) Gr n or purpl fruit w hi h grows in bun h s.

qr p e

b) Sm a ll v g e t a bl with a strong sm ll a nd t ast .

) Pla nt with larg gr e n l a v s us d in sa la ds.

d) a t from a young sh p.

) M a t , v g t a bl sor fruit b a k d in p astry .

0 Sm a ll sw t fruit with r d or y llow skin , a nd a ston in th ntr .

g) Solid food m a d from milk .

h) Pi of pork or la mb with a bon , ut from th ibs of th a nim a l. I

t;

6 Compl e t a h se n t e n w it h a w ord from t h e box .

a ) W w r n , ts u r w h a t t o h a v , so w a s k d f or t h ' . . . ' , . ! | . e . !P! . . . .. . '' .

b) ony finish e d his m a l, p a id th . . . . . . ., a nd l f t th r st a ura nt .
) Af t t wo ours sw f lt full, so w didn , t h a v a ny
d) W had a v ry tas Indian . . . . . . .f or t h m a i n o u rs .
) T his is a popula r st a ura nt a nd you h a v to . . . . . . .a t a bl .
f) T h s rvi w as x ll nt so W l f t a larg . . . . . . .on th t a bl .

258
 v oCABU t ARY 16 FooD AND DRlN

7 Compl e t e e a h se nt n with o or so 'e'or l e a v e th e sp a e bla nk .

, . . g' . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .h.i k n , p l a s ,a l a g o n f or ro a s t i n g .

a) I , d l i k
b ) Could I h a v . . br a d , pl as ?
) D o w h a v t i m f or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. .n. a. k b f or o u r b us l a v s?
d) W o u l d y o u l i k t o o m t o . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l u. .n. h w i t h m o n T h u rsd a y?
) The ,s . . milk jug in th upbo ard n ar th f idg .
fi G org h as d id d to go on . . di t , st arting n xt w k.
s) I , m going to h a v .. h s a nd tom a t sa nd wi h .
h) For br a k f ast I at . . to ast a nd m arm a la d , a nd d ink glass of
milk .
D o y o u l i k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y. .o. g. h u r t? P rso n a l l y ,I a n , t s t a n d i t!
Tim managed to at .. hi k n, but f lt too ill to at anythi g ls .

8 La b e l th e v e g t a bl es using th words from th e box .

259
 Und r| ine th orre t word in a h sent n .

a ) P n n y took t hr x a ms a nd m a n a g d to p lss / su dt h e m a | ]''

b) ost p opl w ould pr f r a iob / w ork w hi h W as n a r hom .
) im h a d to l e r / t h fif ty hildr n ho w to sw im .
d) I a n , t om to t h in m a tonigh t . \ , m r ding / st ud i gfor a t st .
) Rit a did v ry w ll , a nd w as giv n m a xim u m gr d es / m rks'
f ) v ry Frid a y , t h building w ork rs a r giv n t h e it s l r / w g es.
loud oudly w h n you don , t u nd rst a nd t h w ords.
g) I t ,s h a rd r a ding
h) T h m a n a g r told D a vid to m a k a n a ppli a tio / i vit tio for t h job .
i) An n w orks in a dv rtising a nd r s / w i s a v t high sa l a ry .
i) Would you lik to om in to my bur u / of f t ?W a n t a lk t h r .

Complet ea h sent n with a word from th e box.

a ) B f or h r h is t or y x a m' L a u r l a n t a l is t o f d a t sb y ' , . h a 4 r t . . . . . ' . ..

b ) T h m a n a g rw i l l b w i t h y o u i n a m o m n t . H , s o n t h
) I h a v n , ts p o k nS p a n i s hf o r a g sa n d I , m a b i t o u t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d ) v r s i n T i m l o s t h i s j o b h , sb n o u t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) B r i n g i n gy o u r m o b i l p h o n t o t h l a s si s a g a i n s tt h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. . . . .
t ) T h i s f a t o r yi s n , t v r y m o d r n . o s t o f t h m a h i n sa r o u t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g) our m a ths t a h r is a lw a ys la t . H ,s n v I on
h) r s S m i t h i s n , t h r a t t h m o m n t . S h , sa w a y o n . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C o m p l e t e e a h s e n t e n ew i t h a w or d f ro m t h e b o x .

stand tak

a ) I f y o u d o n , t k n o w t h a ns w r ,. . . | p . p . K . . . . . .i't. .u. p i n t h b a k o f t h b o o k .
b) y boss wouldn , t l t m . . tim off to go to a footb a ll m a t h .
. ith your workl
) S t o p t a l k i n g ,a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .n. .w
d ) G or g f i n ds i t h a r d t o . . u p w i t h t h r s t o f t h m a t hs l a ss .
) a ro l s t a y di n F r a n a n d m a n a g dt o . . . . . . . . . . . up th languag .
f ) I f y o u sp a k so f a s t I a n , t . . d o w n w h a t y o u'r s a y i n g .
g ) D o n , t f o r g tt o h k o v r y o u r w o r k b f o r y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.t. .i .n. .
h) r s W o o d i s g o i n g t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.n. . f. o. r y o u r t a h rw h i l h , sa w a y .

260
 -1
v oCABU t ARY l7 WoR AND s UDY

ll
4 Compl e t e a h se nt e n e with a word form d from th e word in bold .

a ) Now a d a ys it ,s v ry import a nt to g e t a good . . . . . d . .Y . . . . . . . '

l
du at
b) our omp a ny h lps p opl to find n w jobs.
mploy
) P a u l h a s g o o d i d a s ,b u t w ri t e s v e r y . . . . . . . . . . .
ar
d) H e l e n h a s b ome a ................ b usi n ss w o m a n .
su d
e ) I hop to l a v s hool with som use ful
qualify
0 r D a l W as my for t n y e ars, a nd p a id m w ll.
mploy
s) A ording to th , th Fr n h l sson st arts a t t n .
tim e
h) C a thy h as thr j bs, so sh h as a high
om
D John ,s of history is a m a zing for a boy of his a g .
know
i ) All th in this omp a ny a giv n fr m a ls.
employ

5 Mat h e a hs nten ( a - D w i t h a s e n t e n e( 1 _ 1 0 )w h i h h a s a si m i l a r m e a n i n g .

a ) Sh e w a s g i v n t h s a k . . . . , , 7 . . . . ' 1 Sh w as giv n a b tt r job .

b) Sh got a ris . 2 Sh a nsw r d a n a dv rtis m nt .
) S h e g o t a p r o m o t i o n .. . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sh d e id d to l a v .
d) Sh r tir d . 4 Sh did th job arefully.
) Sh did it for a living . 5 Sh didn , t h a v a job .
f) Sh r sign e d . 6 She earned h r money that way.
g) She was unemployed. 7 Sh e w as dismiss d .
h ) Sh a p p l i d f or t h i o b . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Sh e w a nt e d a b tt r job .
i) Sh w as a mbitious. 9 Sh w as old a nd stopp d wo k .
i ) Sh w a s o ns i n t i o us . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sh e w as giv e n mor mon y'

26l
lN ERIUl D IA LANGuAGE PRA I E

6 D e id e w hi h a nsw er (A, B, or D) b est fits a h sp a e .

The wro g ge for school!

Ar th y ars you (1) . . . .P. . . . a t s hool th b st y e ars of your lif e? P rson a lly , I
f o u n d m os t ( 2 ) r a t h r u n i n t r s t i n g .W h a d t o si t a t o u r ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . .i n.
si l n a n d ( 4 ) a t t n t i o n .T h t a h rsus d t o ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .o. n t h
bla kboard nd (6) us d i f f i u l t q u s t i o ns .W a lso h a d t o ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . .l o. ts
o f h o m w o r k , a n d ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . i. t i n o n t i m . W had to W ar a s hool (9)
a nd w h a d to ob y lots of (10) . I (11) s hool as soon as I ould
a n d s t a r t d( 1 2 ) . ' . ' . . . . . . ' I. r a d b o o k s a t t h p u b l i ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . .,. .a n d l a t r I
d id d to (14) oll g . I r a lly n joy d studying b a us I w as old r a nd
k n w th a t I w a nt d som (15) . Wh n I w as a t s hool, I w as iust th e
wrong a g !

1) Ago Bhav C p a ss D sp n d
2) Al tur s Bl sso ns C th m D lass
3) A h a irs Bd sks C posts D p arts \
4) Apa Bmak C h ve D follow
5) Ar ad Bsit writ D t a lk
6) Amak Bdo C g t D ask
7) Aansw r Bdo C tak D finish
8) Awrit Bhand C p ass D ompl t
9) Auniform Brob C dr ss D loth
10) Aw a ys Brul s C la ws D tim
1 1 ) A p a ss d Bqualifi d C x a min d D l ft
12) iob B labour mploy D work
1 ) Abookshop Bsh lv s C library D univ rsit1
14) Ago Batt nd C study D follow
1 5 ) A q u a l i f i a t i o ns B x a m i n a t i o ns C p a p rs D gra d s

262
Underlin e th e orr t word in a h senten e.

a ) B for W s t of f , w list n d to t h I im t / w t h l for ast .

b) Pa ul a sa w a fl ash of ligh t ning / t h u nd e r a nd t h n h a rd a d p b om .
) T h tra f fi h a d to s]o - do w n b a us of t h t hi k fog / v pour.
d) T h r m u h ra in . I t ,s only a short sho w r / str e m .
w on , t b
) Spring is my f a vourlt e se son / t rm of tlr at
f ) Last su m m r W as v rv hot , a nd t h r w as a rc a | h e t w v / t mp e r t ur .
g) Look a t t hos loudsl h ,s going to | e a bl st / storm .
h) on a hot d a y in su m m , I look forw a rd to t h hill / ool v ning .
i) W e w e r a ugh t in t h ra in a nd got d mp / so k d to t h e skin .
j ) I n t h morning t h r as h a lf a m tr of i e / s o w blo king t h ro a d .

C h o os e t h e w o r d w h i h b e s t m a t h e s t h des ription.

a ) La rg w hit w a t r bird 'it h a long n k. du k /q 19)

b) Four l gg d a nim al with horns, good a t limbing. goa t /sh p
) S a a nim a l w it h a sh ll a nd fir- p irs of l gs' ra b / frog
d) I ns t w it h l a rg b a u tif ully olou d lr. ings' b / butt rfly
) Sm a ll r p til w it h fou l gs a nd a long t a il . liz ardlsn a k
f ) Sm a ll flying ins
t w hi h drin ks blood f om t h skin . flylmosquito
g) Sm all long- ar d a nim al th a t liv s in a hol . m o us / r a b b i t
h) Anim a l with long l gs a nd n k a nd ora ng r-skin . a m 1 / g1 a ff
i) ight-l gg d r a tur whi h a t h s ins ts. b a t / sp i d r
j ) You ng a nim a l w hi h b a rks, of t n a p t . kitt n / puppy

C o m p l e t e a h s e n t n ew i t h a w or d f ro m t h e b o .

bark berry blossorn brffi€h l f root thom t unk

a ) Su m a n a g dt o r a h t " , . , h r n r h . . . . o f a t r and limb up to th

window .
b ) I f l t i l l a f t rI a t a r d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f .r .o. m
. a bush in th woods.
) T h w a ll w as ra k d by th . . oi a tr growing und rn a th it .
d) I n the autumn, v ry ......... on th tI t u ns y l l o w a n d t h e n f a l ls
off.
) Li z h u r t h rs l f o n a . . . ' . . . . . . . w h i l s h r v a sp i k i n g so m ros s .
f) T h . . of this t I an b mor' d a nd us d as a kind of p a p r.
g) I n spring a ll th a ppl tr s ar ov r d in lr-hit
h) An o a k tr h as a v ry bro a d . . , som tim s t wo m tr s thi k .

z6
 IN Rlt , t DlA LANGUAGE PRA !C

4 C h o os e t h e b e s t e n d i n g ( 1 - a ) f or e a h s e n t e n (a_h).
a ) I n i t i s t h a ir is h a r d t o b r a t h b a us o f a r
'. . .f. . . . . 1 Wast
b ) T h a r t h , s l i m a t is h a n g i n g b a us o f . . . . . . . . . . .
2 pollution
) N o t h a v i n g n o u g h o f so m t h i n g is a l l d a . ' . . . . . . . . .
3 r y ling
d) Air, s a a nd la nd a n suff r from
4 gtob a l w armin5
) T hrowing things a w a y unn ssarily is a ll d 5 rubbish
f) A mixtur of smok a nd fog is a ll d
6 xh a ust fum s
g) T hings w hi h w throw a w a y ar a ll d
7 short a g
h ) T o a v o i d w a s t i n g t h i n gs W a n us . . . . . . . . . . .
8 smog

D id w hi h a nsw r (A, B, or D) b est fits a h sp a .

The thre t to the E vironme t
Now a d a ys p opl ar mor a w ar th a t wildlif a ll ov r
th world is in (1) '. . . . .'.
a n y ( 2 ) . . . . . , . . ' .o. f a n i m a ls a r t h r a t n d ,a n d o u l d
a si l y b o m ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . .
i f w d o n o t m a k a n f f or t t o ( a ) . . . . . . . . . .t .h m . T h e r
a r m a n y r a so nsf t h is
I n so m a s s ,a n i m a ls a r ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .f .or t h ir f u r or f or
o t h r v a l u a b l p a r ts t
t h ir b o d i s . So m b ir ds , ( 6 ) a s p a rro ts ,a r a u g h t ( 7 ) . . . . ' . . . . . . ,a n d so l d
as p ts. For m a ny a nim a ls a nd birds, th probl m is th a t
th ir h a bit a t _ th
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . .w. .h th y liv _ is (9) . o r ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . .i.s. u s d f o r f a r m s '
for hous s or indust y , a nd th r ar f w r op n (11)
th a n th r on
w r . F a r m rsus p o w r f u l h m i a ls t o h l p t h m g ro w
b t t r ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . ., . . r :
t h s h m i a lsp o l l u t t h n v iro n m n t a n d ( 1 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . w i l d l i f .
T h m os t
su ssfula nim a ls on e arth _ hum a n b ings _ will soon
b th only on s
( 1 4 ). . . . . . . . .,. .u n l s sW a n ( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . .t.h. i s p r o b l m .

1) A dang r B thr a t C probl m D v a nishing

2) A m arks B mor C sp i s D forms
3) A disa pp ar d B v a nish d C mpty D xtin t
4) A h arm B sa f prot t D s rv
5) A hunt d B h as d gam D xtin t
6) A lik B su h C or D wh r
7) A liv ly B aliv for lif D for living
8) A spot B point pla D sit
9) A xh a usting B d p arting s a ping D disa pp aring
10) A a th B la nd soil D ar a
11) A spa s B a ir up D p arts
1 2 ) A p ro d u ts B fi lds C h rbs D rops
1 3 ) A sp o i l B h arm wound D wrong
74) surviv d B ov r C missing D l ft
1 5 ) ^ a ns w r B a l ula t C solv D xpla in

264
 -l
v oCABULARY l8 } | E NA URAt NvlRoNlvlEN

6 Compl e t e e a h se nt e n e with a p a ir of v erbs from th e box with opposit e

m e a n i n gs .

a ) P opl should b n oura g e d'to . .' I!. t .*t .''. . . . . , . th e e nvironm nt , ra th r

T.
t h a n . . . '4 . % ! t r . . . . .i.t... . .
b) W should tly to . . .'. . . . . disast rsh a pp ning , not just
. . . . . . .t h m h a p p n .
) v eryon should try to . . . . . . . . . b a h es, a nd not
th m .
d) I t would b a good id a to . . . . . . .mor tre s, not to
. . . . . .t. l s.
) W e a n us t h i n gs a g a i n i f W e . . . . . . . . . . . . . r a t h rt h a n
th m .

7 Compl e t th e se nt e n eswith th e p a irs of words from th e box .

a) lderly p ople oft n move away from t e ...9!. .. to liv in th

. . . . a . a .* | .rY. . . . .'. .
b) I , v of t e n w a lk d ov r th . . . . . . ., but I don , t lik e limbing

) A boat an sail up a . . . . . . . . . . . , but a . . . . . . is

. too small.
d) I f you go for a w a lk , st a y on th . . . . . . . . . . . . . I f you follow a ny of th
animal . . . . . . . y o um i g h t g t l os t .
) F arm ers try to g t rid of a ll th . . . . . . . . . . . . a nd in r as th qu a nti of
. . . . . . .t h y g ro w .
0 I om from a littl . . . . . . . . . . . T h n a r s tb i g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i .s. . . . .
B dford .
s) o n fi ldhas a wood n.............. , t h e o t h rh a s a . . . . . . . . .
m a d e of bush es.
h) I n t h e m i d d l o f t h ......W
. a sa l o v l y o l d . . . . . . . . . . . . with a
g ard e n .

265
 Und er I i e th orre t word in e a h se nt e n e .

a) I n th UK it ,s a , mobil phon , , but in th US it ,s a e ll pho e / p k phon

t e.
b) In Britain most privat als run on g s/petrolor di s l.
) Ann,s fri nds bought h r an ele tri / el tri mixet
I for h r birthday.
d) P t had to push his bik wh n h got a flat e / wheel.
) This ar has got a r ally pow rful e gi e /m hin .
f) Wh n th m a hin is on , a littl rcd light / tor h om s on .
g) Th noise of the workm n banging in ils/s r wswas disturbing.
h) Th radiators will hav to b fitt d b a he t r/plumber'

2 Ma t h th words from th e box with th e e xp I a n a tions.

a ) Us this if you a n , t st a y in to t a k your a lls. LtL l

b) Us this to m a k a lls w h n you ,r out a nd a bout .
) Us this to do your ow n dr ssm a king .
d) Us this to g t id of dust a nd dirt .
) Us this to t a k a .sn a pshot for your a lbum .
0 Us this to d a lwith dirty utl ry a nd ro k ry .
s) Us this if you n d se v ra lp a g s a ll th sa m .

3 Compl e t e e a h phrase in itoticswitha v erb from th e box .

a ) I , m sorry I a n't t a lk n w , but | , | | . . .rLry . . . . . . . . . .b ck in h a lf a n hour.

b) Th poli t h i n k t h a t a a r b o m b w a s us d t o . . . . ' . . . . . '''' ... . ' . .uP t h b u i l d i n g .
) T h s tyr s a I stlong , a nd Won , t . . o f for a g es.
d) Ja n ,s old ar us d to . . dow a ll th tim .
) Yo u c a rr. . . . . . '' . . . . . . . ''''i .n. t h o m p u t r t o t h so k tb y t h w i n d o w .
f) I f you don , t p a y th l tri ity bill th y will . . ou off .
g ) I t h i n k i t , s t i m t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .f.f.t h e t l v isi o n a n d g o t o b d .
h ) W h n v r t h r is a t h u n d r s t or m , a l l t h l i g h ts . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ' . . . '''
o u. t'
D I t , sn o t n ss a l yt o . . . . ' . . . . , ' .' '. ,. . . . 'u p t h e n g i n f irs t , a l t h o u g h i t , s so o l d .
i ) I f y o u l a v t h r a d i o o n a l l n i g h t t h b a t t r yw i l l . . . . . , . . . .' .. .. . . ' . . .o u t .

266
 v o ABU t ARY l9 oots AND E HNoLoGY

4 Compl t e th e se nt e n s a bout omput s with a word from th e box .

L
a) Th omput r stor s larg e a mounts of inforrn a tion n its . . . . h4!: d .'dk k'. .
b ) W h n a p ro g r a m is u n n i n g , i t is usi n g t h o m p u t r , s. . . . . . . . . . . .
) A s m a l l p i t u r t h a t r p r s n tsa p o g r a r nis a l l d a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d) T h flashing symbol th a t shows w h r t xt will a pp ar is th . . . . . . . . .
) W h e n y o u , v f i n is h d W l i t i n g t x t y o u o f t n w a n t t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 You a n li k th l f t or right mous
o'\
6t org a niz a tions us th int rn t to provid inform a ti n a bout th rns lv s_
t h y p u t t h i n f or m a t i o n o n t h ir . . . . . . . . . .
h) Yo u o n n t th o m p u t rt o t h i n t rn tv i a a . . . . . . . . . .
i) Hold dow n th e l f t mous button a nd dra g th ursor a ross a ny t xt th a t
you want to ..............

5 Re pla th e group word in itolicsin e a h se nt e n e with a n e x a mp | word f om

th e box .

a ) T h poli dis ov r d lh v e hi l emor th a n t w nty mil s a w a y .

. . . . 4Lr . . . . . . . . . .
b) My sist r bought m this g dg e tto l a n my t th as a pr se nt .

) T h build rs l f t th ir e quipm e toutsid th hous .

d) T h ost of th kit h n in lud s a n e l tri l ppli e.

e ) T his kit h e nut e silis light w ight a nd non-sti k .

f ) I h a d to uS a tool to ut th floorbo a rds in h a lf .

g) on of th robb rs w as arrying a w e po | l'

d- h) T his i strum e tis ra th r h a vy to a y .

267
lN R n DlA E LANGUAGE PRA lCE

6 Comp | e t e a h se nt e n with a word from th e box .

.::]:]::::3.,*]'i:q'w

I ll

a ) Lisa turn d th door .'.!3!I . !4'L. Q,. .op

. . . n d th door a nd nt r d th room .
b) My w a t h s t o p p e dw or k i n g b a us t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h. .a. .d r u n o u t .
) T h t l vision Won , t work in this oom . as th r isn , t a n l tri

d) Bill pr ss dth light . . , but non of th lights w as working .

) T o wind up this old lo k you n d a sp e ia l kind of
f) ary put th k y in th ............ but it wouldn,t turn.
g) I ,v bought an l t ri k t t l ,b u t t h l a d h a s n , t g o t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. .n. . i t .
h) T h l tri b ll didn , t work b a us th .. had b n ut .

7 Ma t h e a h se nt n e with th e n e essaryobj t from th e box .

a ) T h r is no a ir in ith r of th s tyres.
oI,L VI,D
b ) Do you f a n y som e tinn d b a ns for lun h?

) T h grass in th b a k g ard n is a w fully long .

d) Sa m h as b n l tting his b ard grow but now h ,s going to sh a v .

) Wh n it ,s long lik this you n e d mo th a n a tow l.

Q I , v got to ut th nds off th l gs of my n w i a ns.

8) lo you think I , v e got a t mp ra tur ?

h) I t ,s dif fi ult to s w ild a nim a ls w h n t h y ,r so f a r a w a y .

i) J a n w as ompl t ly lost , a nd n d d to k now w h er north w as.

| ) You a n , t go out with a ll thos r as sin your shirt .

268
 Underlin the orre t word in e a h s nt e n .

a) I hav t o d o s o m s r v i n g .D o r - o u h a r ' :i;i '; ; ..71.]

b) Y o u n d s p i a | g l t t / s t i k lr h n r - o u a k ]]l. .' e ro la n s.
) I a lw a ys arry a r v i g k i f / p t l k l t i | i n I l l r Lr r r i i ,
d) P a u l k p s h is p a p I s t o g t h r 'i t h a r t i l b r l . . t l ; , lr l , i . i . ; r . i , : . i'
) Sh tsof p a p r a n b f ast n d tog th I rvith , - t , r. ' , i : z : t '
f) I wra pp d up th p ar l using brow n p a p r a nd r lp t ril : . ;'
g) H l n took th u t t r s / s i s s o rasn d s t a r t d t i m m i n 8 \ 1 l r . . : l . . '
h ) o h b o t h r! o n o f m y s h i r t b o t t o m s / b u t t o n sh a s f a ] l n o i t '
i) As D a vid w as tying his sho e l l / sho stringit, brok .
i) Lit tl Susi usu a lly ti s up h r h a ir w it h a r d ribbotl / strip .

2 Mat h e a h sent n w i t h t h e n e e ss a r y o b j t from th e box.

diary di tion ary nv lop orr tion fluid fil

not pad €t i€ rul r sh a rp e n r st a mp

a ) I t's import a nt to l t v ryon k now w h a t tim th e m ting st arts.

..,, ,t. + Q ....
b ) H a n g o n a m i n u t , I , l1j ust w ri t d o w n t h os d t a i ls .

) oh d ar, I , v writt n my n a m in th Wrong pla .

d) Writ down th dat of th n t m a t h so you don , t forg t .

) I'v writt n my l tt r but I , v got nothing to put it in .

f) I k p l os i n g t h sh ts l wrot my hom work on.

g ) H o w l o n g is t h is p i o f p a p r x a t l y?

h ) W h a t a n u is a n ! My p n il h as brok n .

D y l t t r , sr a d y f or t h p os t . H o w m u h w i l l i t os t?

j ) I , m n o t r a l l y s u r w h a t t h is w o r d m a n s .

269
lN R nEDIA LANGUAGE PRA ! E

3 h e words in itolicsare in th wrong se nt e n . Find th e orre t se nt e n e for a h

on .

a ) You a n hang your oat on tl:'e frrepl ceb hind th door.

.''. g a . k
b) I t ,s tim for lun h . C a n you put th e doorm ton th t a bl ?

) I , v bought a b a utlful hook with long l a v s for your room .

d) Don , t forg t to put a ll th rubbish from th kit h n into th broom'

) a thy pull d b a k th pl nt a , d look d out a t th str t.

You a n sw p th floo with th curt insin th a t upbo ard .

g) y moth r insists th a t w a ll wip our f e t on th t bl e loth .

h) Som logs w r bla zing a nd ra kling in th dustbin .

4 Comp I e t e e a h se nt e n e with a word from th e box .

a) y h a ir is i n a n a w f u l m ss . H a v y o u g o t a . . . . a Q ' . ' . . ' . . . . ' . ?

b ) W h n I g t u p I p u t o n m y d r ssi n g . . . . . . .a n d g o d o w ns t a irs .
) I t , sso m t i m sa s h o k t o S your own fa in th ............
d ) H l n a l w a ys si ts a t h e r d r ssi n g . . . . . . .a n d b r us h sh r h a ir .
) Wh n I , m in th hous I t a k off my sho s a nd put on my
0 I w a nt to l a n my t th but I a n , t find a ny
g ) v r y m or n i n g a t 6 . 3 0 t h . . . . . . . . . . . . l o k g o so f f a n d I w a k u p .
h ) Yo u a n w a s h y o u r h a n ds h r , a n d t h r , sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b hind th
door.
0 I a n , t g t to sl p unl ss I h a v a r a lly omfort a bl
j ) Yo u a n p u t y o u r o a t i n t h w a r d ro b o n a o a t . . . . . . . . . . .

270
 v o ABU t ARY 2o E v RYD AY oB,E s

Ma t h th e words from th box with the explana tions.

qtr. esign
t h dg . .: , . . : , , l a m p p os t p aY m n t
pee s + + i - rssias .'.gat subwa

o) T h is is a s a f p l a to go from on sid of th stl t to th tl.i r

pod strLqw ra$Lnq
b ) T h is h a s a l i g h t a t t h top in th str t.

T h is is w h r p opl walk in th str t.

d) T h is is a k i n d o f w a l l m a d of a living plant.

T h is l os s t h op ning in a n outsid w all.

f) T h is is a l i n of Ston s b tw n th footpath and th road.

ol
6/
T h is h l p s y o u k n o w w h r you Want to go.

h) h is is a W a y o f r oss i n g u n d r t h road.

277
 UnderIine the orr t word in e a h se nt n .

a) rs Gra n t is a good mploy / p]B at nd p a ys h r st a f f w ll .

b) x us m , bu t a r you t h e o w r / o w n e r of t his bik ?
) om w orks in a lo a l 8 a l a 8 as a a r e i e r / m h i .
d) I w a n t t o b o r r o w So m m o n s o I , m s i n g t h b a n k b oss / m ger.
) Lit tl Jim my h as got a n W prof ssor / t e h ra t his prim a ry s hool .
f) H l n j o i n d t h a r m y a s a o f f i e r / o f f i i l ,a n d is n o w a a p t a i n .
g) T h hous
r a lly n d d d ora ting so I a ll d a p i t r / w I lp p e r.
h) Pl as ask t h sh / lshi rfor a r ip t .
i) H a v you t hough t a bou t g t ting a iob as a w it r / t bl s rv r?
j ) I w a i t d f o r m y l t t rs , b u t t h p os t r / p os t m a w a s l a t a s u s u a l .

M a t h a p rs o n f r o m t h e b o x w i t h a h proble m.

arp nt r d ntist l tri ia n guid

h a irdr ss r opti ia n photogra ph r plumb r v t

a) h l a w n is r a lly long a nd t h r ar W dS v ry w h r .
. . . .:.:ii l . 9*! . Y 2 t . . . . . . . . .
b ) I w a n t t o v is i t a s m u h o f t h old i t y a s p oss i b l i n a n a f t r n o o r r .

) Th t a p s d o n , t w o r k , a n d t h r is w a t r a l l o v r t h floor.

d) I want to hav a sp ial portrait mad fo my ight nth birthda y.

) on of my fillings h as om out , a nd I , v got t rribl tooth a h .

ll I w a nt to us th wood from th se sh lv s to m a k a book as .

g t \ \ rh n I t urn on t h t l vision , a ll t h ligh ts go of f .

h) I an,t s to r ad v ry w ll and I think I n d g l a ss s .

i) B nny hurt on o f h is p a w s w h n I w a s t a k i n g h i m f o r a w a l k .

i ) I t , sf a r t o o l o n g a t t h b a k a n d t o o u rl y a t t h f ro n t .

272
 v o ABULARY 21 P oPLE

Complete a h sent n w i t h a w or d f ro m t h e b o x .

mploy gu st h st
support r t am-m t

a ) P t r h a s j us t b o m a l a n , . . . l 9 , P'1 '? , :or ^ .t,h | is h i n g l u b .

b ) I s t a r t dt h i s b u s i n s sw i t h m y . . . . . . . . . . . . . D o r a , a b o u t t n y a r sa g o .
) I 'v g o t a n W . . t o h l p p a r . t h r n t . Sh m or . di n l a s t w k .
d) W provid v ry.......'. i n t h h o t ]r i t h r h a t r . hr o s h n ds.
) At th n d o f t h p a r t y ,B i l l t h a n k dh i s . ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .n. d. t h n l f t '
0 Any . . w h o w is h s t o r or k a t r v k n dss h o u l d s th manag r.
g) I,v b n a/an .. of ull ity F f or a s l o n g a s I a n r m m b r .
h ) M a r y W a sm y . . l a s t y a r i n t h b a s k t b a l lt o u n a m n t .
i ) T h i s i o b i s a l o t f o r o n p s o n ,s o w t h i n k y o u n d a l a n . . . . . . . . . . .

4 M a t h e a h w or d f ro m t h e b o x w i t h a n e x p l a n a t i o n .

a ) Som on w ho do s not h a v a ny oura g .

a wqrd
b) Som on w ho h a t s sp nding mon y a nd b om s ri h by k ping it .

) Som on w ho saYs t h a t a bot tl is h a lf f ull .

d) Som on w ho is v ry w ll k no w n in t h m di a .

) Som on w ho is lov d mor t h a n a n y ot h r.

f) Som on w ho h as sp ia l k nowl dg r tra ining .

g) Som on w ho do s som thing silly or mist a k n .

h) Som on w ho h as v ry gr a t a bility or sp ial tal nt.

i) Som on w ho sa ys th a t a bottl is h a lf mpty .

not t ll the truth.

27
 lN R]vl DlA E tANGUAG PRA C I E

5 Compl e t e e a h s nt e n e with a group word from th e box .

a ) T h ' . . Q r . e . N . . . . . ''o,f. t. h e s h i p h r e da s t h n w a p t a i n a m o n b o a r d .
b ) P a u l a h a s j u s t j o i n d t h d r a m a t i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .t. s. . h o o l .
) T h h a d t a h rt h a n k d t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. or . . . w o k i n g so h a r d .
d) h r w as a long . . of p opl w a iting in th post offi .
) A hug . . h a d ass mbl doutsid th pr sid nt ,sp a la .
f) T h m mb s of th . . pla y th violin , th pia no a nd th 1lo.
g) A sm a ll . . of us W nt on a t ip to Rom l st summ r.
h ) W h n t h m usi s t o p p d ,t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . .a.p. .p l a u d df o t n m i n u t s .
i) Last y ar H l n w as th a pt a in of th e b ask tb a ll
j) Wh n th pla y nd e d a ll th . . a m on st a g a nd took a bow .

6 Compl e t e e a h se nt e e with a word form e d from th e word in bold .

a ) T his ity h as ov r h a lf a million

inhabit
b) a r g a r e th a s d i d dt o h a v a a r e la s a . . . . . . . . . . . .
p liti s
) v ry . . . . . . . .in this ountry h as th right to vot .
ity
d) ri studi d h ard to b om a ro k
guit ar
) Af t r th ash , C arla w as th only
surviv
f) D a vid's moth er is a f a mous
s i n
g) At nin t n , T ony b a m a prof ssion a l
rim
h) I , v a lw a ys w a nt d to b a j a zz
musi
i) I t ,ll t a k Ka t y ars to b om a
law
j ) J a k W a sm y . . . . . . . i.n t h t n n is m a t h .
op s

274
 .l
e nses

Pr s nt simpl
I l oulw e lth y lik . Sh 'h it i1k s.
Do you lik ? D o ss h l i k ?
You don , t lik . H d o s n ' ti l k .

Pr s nt ontinuous
I am going. \ u/l / t h r-a r g o i n g .
Sh / h / i tis g o i n g .
Ar you going? m I g o i n g?
I am not going. I s s h g o i n g?
Sh is n , t g o i n g . You ar n , t going .

Pr se nt p rf t
I l ou / w e lth y h a v l f t . Sh / h / i th a s l f t .
H a v th y l f t? H a s s h l f t?
Th y hav n,t l ft. H h asn, tl ft.

Pr s nt p rf t ontinuous
I l o t t l w l t h yh a v b n w a i t i n g . Sh / h / i th a s b n w a i t i n g .
H a v you b n w a iting? H as sh b n w a iting?
W e h a v n , t b n w a iting . H h asn , t b n w a iting .

Past simpl
1 I / y o u / s h l h e l i t l w l t h ys t a r t d .( r g u l a r )
D i d y o u s t a r t?
You didn't st art .
2 I l olllsh e lh e litlw lth y w nt . (irr gular)
D i d y o u g o?
You didn't go.

Past ontinuous
I / h / s h / i tw a s g o i n g . Yo u / w / t h yW r g o i n g .
W as h going? W r you going?
Sh w a s n , t g o i n g . Yo u w r n , tg o i n g .

Past p rf t
I l oul sh e lh / itlw / th y h a d l f t .
H a d h l f t?
h y h a dn , t l f t .

275
lN ERI t ,lED!A LANGUAG PRA lC

Futur p rf t
I / you /sh / h / it / w / th ywill h a v finish d .
Will th y h a v finish d?
T h y won , t h a v finish e d .

2 R e p or t e d Sp e e h

'I a lw a ys drink milk .' H sa id ( t h a t) h a l w a ys dra n k milk .

. I , m l a ving . , Sh said sh w as l a ving.
, I , l l b b a k so o n . ' H sa id h w ould b b a k soon .
. I , v forgott e n it . , Sh sa id sh h a d forgot t n it .
'I took it.' sa id h h a d t a k n it .
, I w as r a ding . , Sh sa id sh e h a d b n a ding .
, I h a d l f t by th n . , H sa id h h a d l f t by t h n .
' I m us t g o . ' Sh sa id sh h a d to go / m ust go .
, I an h lp., H sa id h e ould h lp .
, I would lik to h lp . , Sh sa id sh e w ould lik to h lp .

3 Passiv e T e nses

A tiv Passiv
H h l ps . H is h l p d .
H is h e lping . H is b ing h lp e d .
H h as h lp d . H h as b n h e lp d .
H h lp d . H w as h lp d .
H w as h lping . H w as b ing h lp d .
H e will h lp . H will b h lp d .
H will h a v h lp d . H will h a v b n h lp d .

4 lnfinitives

P s nt : to lik
Pl s nt p assiv : to b lik d
Past : to h a v lik d
P a s t p a ssi v : to h a v b e n lik d

5 P a r t i i p l e s( - i n g f o r m s )

Pr s n t : liking
Pr s nt p assiv : b ing lik d
Past : h a ving lik d
P a s t p a ssi v : h a ving b n lik d

276
lnfinitive Past simple Past parti iple
b w as / w r b n
b at b at b at n
b om b am b om
b gin began b gun
b nd b nt b nt
bit bit bitt n
blow bl w blow n
br a k brok brok n
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt / burn d burnt / bu n d
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
at h a ught a ught
hoos hos hos n
om am om
os t os t ost
ut ut ut
d al d a lt d a lt
dig dug dug
do did don
draw dr w drawn
dr a m dr a mt / dr a m d dr a mt / dre a m d
drink dra nk drunk
driv drov driv n
at at at n
fall f ll f a ll n
f d f d f d
f l felt f lt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly fl w flown
forbid forb a d fo bidd n
forgiv forgav f giv n
fr z fuoze froz n
g t got got
giv gav giv n
go w nt gon
grow gr W Srown
h a ng hung hung
hav had had
h e ar h ard h ard
hid hid hidd n
hit hit hit
hold held h 1d
hurt hurt hu t
k p k pt k pt
k now kn w kno -n
|a la id laid
l ad 1 d l d

277
 tN Rlu | E DlA E tANGUAGE P A lCE

l a n l e arnt / l arn d l arnt/l arn d

l av l ft l ft
l nd l nt l nt
l t l t l t
li |a la in
light lit lit
l os e lost lost
mak mad mad
m an m e a nt m e a nt
m t m t m t
pa p a id p a id
put put put
r ad r ad re a d
rid rod ridd e n
ring ra ng rung
rise I os ris n
run ran run
sa y sa id sa id
s SA W s n
s ll sold sold
se nd s nt se nt
s t s t s t
shak shook sh a k n
shin shon e shon
shoot shot shot
show show d show n
shut shut shut
sing sa ng sung
sink sa nk sunk
sit sa t sa t
sl p sl e pt sl pt
sp a k sp k spok n
spell sp lt/sp lled sp lt /sp ll d
sp nd sp nt sp nt
st a nd stood stood
st a l stol stol n
sti k stu k stu k
swim swam swum
tak took tak n
t a h taught taught
t a tor torn
tell told told
think thought thought
th ow thr w thrown
und rstand und rstood und rstood
wak wok wok n
w ar wore worn
win won won
writ wrot Writt n

278
 T

Ability 18 , 19 F or
Ad j tiv s 37 tim . 1 ,6 , 2
Adv rbs 7 p u p os 2 1
Advising 24 F or e mpl e . | 7
Af t e r 32 F qu e n r' dv e rbs
Ago 4, 2 F u n tions 2 . l
ll 6 , ill , sh ll , goit tgto 9
lthough 23 F u t ur on tin uous 9
o e, n bod , nythi g 45 Futur p f t 9
Arti l s f / ,t h e , z e ro] 3 , 34 , 35 Futu tim 8. 9
As 2 2
Going to 8
As r esult 22
Asking for information 24 H d better \ 8
Asking, agr eing and refusing 24 H d to 79
t l st 2 H v som e t hin don 77
H ve to 18
B b l et o | 8 , 7 9
Hop 15
B use 22
Howe r 23
Bot h 6
But 23 If I wereyou 14
B 2 If o I |5
|8 f fse n t n es 13
I n f t 47
n,t 18
I order to Z1
C , t h v 19
In spit of 2
a pit a l l t t e rs 48
I t h e nd 22 , 32
rt a in ty 18 , 19
I ndir t qu stions 28
Comp a ra tiv a di tiv s 38
Infinitiv of purpose 21
Comparative adverbs 38
I st e d 47
Compou nd nou ns 46
Int nsifiers | very,re I I ,e tr melfl 37
ould 1 . 8
It and there 29
ould h e | 9
.[tsand It's 29
Cou n t a bl a nd u n ou n t a bl e 33
L ter 2
D spite 23
Did ,t e d to 1.9 aking off ts 24
Doubl e poss ssiv [ f ti e d of | oh n ,s] 46 M and much 3
M 18
E ch 36
M h v e 19
Eit h e r,n it h e r 36
Might \ 8
it h e r,or 47
Might h v 19
ough
Mod a ls
Nof + a d j tiv e + e nough 22
in ondition a l s n t e n es 14
Not + enough + rro.un 22
pl s n t a nd f u t ur 18
Eve though 23
past 19
v ntu ll 22
N I ust tB
Every 36
Must h v e L9
Everyone,ev rybody,everythi g 45
E cept 47 N e e dn , th e L9
No 36
F ilst ondition a l 13
No-on , nobod ,nothitlg 15

279
lN ER EDlA LANGUAGE PRA C l E

None of 36 Si ce
Not 36 reason 22
Now d s 2 time 6, 2
So 22
O blig a tion 18 , 19
So much, so m n ' So f w, So little 22
Offering 24
So t h t 2 |
n the other h nd 23
So/su h+ adje tive + [noun] th t 22
n time 32
Som e 6
o e 45
Som one,somebod something
, 45
opinions a nd a dvi 18 , 19
Sp lling 49 , 50
ught to 18
Stat and a tion v rbs 3
ough t to h v e | 9
Sugg sting 24
Passiv voic e 16 , | 7 Sup rl a tiv a dl e tiv s 38
Past on tin uous 4
Tag qu stions 28
Past p f t simpl 5
T xt organiz rs 47
Past simpl e 4
T h t 25
Pe rmission L8 , 24
There and it 29
Phrasa l v rbs 39 , 40
There, the ,re and their 29
Pl a e a nd position 30
T hird Condition a l 14
Plura ls 33
Though 23
Poss ssiv ad | e tiv s | m et .] 46
T im 32
Poss ssiv a postroph 46
i ,o , t
Possessiv of 46
during
oss ssiv pronouns fmi e etc.] 46
T im e xpr ssions 32
Possibility or u n e rt a in t | 8 , 19
with past simple and past ontinuous
Pr positions 30 , 44
with pr s nt perfe t simpl 6
Pl a a nd position 30
Too + adiective 22
t, to, in
Transitive and intransitiv v rbs 16
bove,belo over,u der
in, out, i side, on Unl ess 13
ne t to| e r, b , beside U til 32
opposit Used to 5
Pr s nt ontinuous 2, 3
Pl s nt ontinuous futur us 8 V rbs followed by infinitiv 42, 43
Pr s nt p rfe t ontinuous 7 V e rbs follo w db -ing 42 , 43
Pr s nt p fe t simple 6, 7 V rbs follow d by pr positions 44
Pr ese n t simpl e 2 , 3
Wh t I w nt'.. 26
Present simpl tim tabl futur 9
Which 25
P omising 24
While and where s 23
Pun tuation 48
W hil e a nd w h e n 4
Q u estions 27 , 28 Who 25
Whom 25
Reflexives [m self etc.] 45 Whose 25
R lativ lauses 25, 26 wilt I
Reply qu stions 28 Wish s 15
Re port e dsp h 1'1 ,12 Wouldin f u n tions 13 , 24
R porting verbs 12 Would | tepeat da tions] 5
R questing 24
Ye t 6' 2
S , tell, spe k IL
S ond ondition a l 13 , 14
Sh ll 9
Short a nsw rs 27
Should 1 , 8
Should h v e 19

280
 ln so m as s m ol t h a n o n a nsw r is Grammar 3 5 a) 'o k e u p , t old
a e p t a bl . b) - as \ T a i t in g , a l iv e d
a)2 b)1 ) | d)2
.] - nted .h s
)2 01 gz h)2
G r a m m a r1 d ) - as st u d \ -in g ,p h o n d
1a)12b) 4 )2 d)3 2 a) I do ,t belie e ) f u n d' r as lo k in g f o
)8 h)l b) h as 0 w as - a t h in g . a rrir . e d
0 10 9t
) I , m l a vin g
i)s i) 6 k)7 r) 11 g ) w n t o u t , w as h-in g
m) 14 n) 9 d) a r yo u doin g \ t ^ ron + lil r . n'' o +

) Yo u , b in g
2a)2 b) 4 ) 5 d)1 I'm driving Grammar 5
0
)B 0 7 3 h)6 g) ar w a t in g 1 a ) W h n w e h d rl t o t l t l l t' l + '
a) 2 b) | )2 d)3 h) t ast s 5 l[ i th g rd .
i) a r yo u goin g b ) W h i l I w a s | o o k i n gf o r m r .
G r m m a r2 j) I do n , t u n d st a n d k v s .l m m b r dI ' d
a) do ougo 3 a) h te l ft th m at hom .
b) are you waiting b) a r yo u goin g ) Anna us d to play badminton
) do sn,t know ) d yo u w a r w h n sh w as a t s h ool .
d) I'm having d) t h in k d) When ot into b d,l f |l
) do you l av ) do sn , t usu a lly si t asl p im m di a t ly .
f) is happ ning f) are you looking at ) W h n l f , n a l l v / , df i n a l l t .
g) doyo u k n o w g) D o s t h is b us st op found th hous , I k o k d
h) I,m ha ng h) a m n o t t a k in g at th door.
2 a) does Sue li e 1 b)7 )2 d)5 f) Aft r Jill ga'v 1had-g1Y Ni k
4a)
b) yo u k n o wJim h)3 h is boo ks, sh w n t h o m .
rs -i
)6 08 c) + g) aria us d to liv /liv d in
) ar you doing at the mom nt
d) you sitting h re 5 a) do ou usu ll do Sw d n wh n sh was a
) we hang trains h r b) o n iy a ts h ild .
f) ar you W aring two ) Do you know h) I us d to g t up arly wh n
pullove s d) ar you staring I w n t s a ilin g .
) Do you sp ak i) Th Vikings sail d to North
a) N omi d Bill ren,t f) is staying
w t hi g t I isio . A m i a a t h o us a n d y a rs
g) You,r puttin8 a go .
b ) P t e r do sn , t li k h o ol a t h) Are th y sp aking j ) Ju li e t w as su l sh , d s n
ak .
th tall man b for .
) I ,m not using this pen il at G r a m m a r4
th mom nt. w s w shing, ra g 2 a) w s w iting, oticed, h d ,t
d) Th hild n a n,t having be en
b ) did you f l
lun h in th kit h n. b ) w nt, found, had stol n
) got, r iv d
) I don,t g t up a ly on m t, thought, had s n
d ) went swimming
Saturday. d) got off, was walking,
bi t , s r a m d
f) l na isn,t writing a nov l. r a liz d , h a d 1 e f t
0 sang, at had bought, didn,t hav
4 a) Do ou lik ol
o/ f il , h a p p n d
b) do s t h su n ris h ) was washing.up, brok
fl s a id , h a d n , t a iv d
) ar you r ading i) s , m iss d a ) had brok n g) didn,t knolt
d) I'm having i ) W you doing, phon d b) want d h) had fl .n
) don , t w t h vid os h a d st ol e n i) h a d b n
I did ,t e jo th o ert.
f) I t's snowing b ) Did you at all th br ad?
d) t h o u g h t i) t o k p1 a
g) ar you talking ) Jo h n sp n t a lo t . ) h a d do n e had tak n
h) go s fl n ded pl a
d) I didn,t f el w ll y st day
i) D o yo u w a r ) Anna bought a ar. a) used to h t
j) Sh ,sb u ildin g fl Did th y win th priz ? b) w o u ld / us d t o r a d
5 a) writing i) using o)
6J Pa u l sp a ks Gr k . ) w o u ld / us d t o m t
b) digging i) waiting h ) I did n , t p a y a ll t h bills. d) did n , t us t o li k
) taking k) washing ) us e d t o w ri t
a) whil 0 ago fl used to lir-
d) d iding l) riding b) Last w k g) wh n
) swimming m) flying o) us d t o b
) when h) in J

1 i
1) having n) studying i) Wh n h) w o u l d / u s dt
d ) at
g) lying o) Soing a) h d t k tt
Whil i) ago
h) r e a din g b) did n . t us
a) b)l )6 d) 5
) t) 7 ) didn . t h ar- i i jn :
2 ) 8 h) 4
d) us d to lar.

287
 lN Rlvt DlA E tANGuAG PRA t E

)
g t up 8) hop ,
,v ook d b)
0w , d m iss d hav tak n up
h) ) Th boat is turning ov r! I think
8) w o u ld / us d t o sp e n d r a h d,w er n,t
i) it's going to sink!
,s
6a) orcn I,d l shed d got re d t ) has had, gon d)/
I w nt out to m t m f i ds. 3a) H ve ou se e , ,ve b e e) h w ath r fore ast says it,s
b ) I k n w m u h m or a bo u t Iooki gforw rd d flnit ly going to b sunny
t h j ob w h n I , d visi t d b ) ,v b n studying, haven,t tomorrow.
t h ir o f f i s. flnish d 0
) W h n I , d loo k d a t t h n w ) 'v b en phoning, ,s gon o) Sor y, I won't s you
dr ss for ag s, I ask d how mu h d ) Hav you h ard, has obb d tomorrow. I hav to go to
it ost . ) ,v brok n, has writt n Lo n do n .
d) I f lt mu h mor , e be e livi g here h) By for now. I ,ll s e you
4a)
in d p n d n t w h n I , d l a t r t h is v n in g .
b ) has gon
pass d my dliving test.
) , v e b e n 1 e rn in g 5a) I'm goi g to stud ngin ring
) Ann W nt on holiday wh n in Fr e.
d ) hav n,t finished
sh ,d sav d nough mon y. *
t) Wh n th t am had flnally
,) iust l e f t b) I ,m going to hav a paft

won th mat h, th y an
r) hav n,t b n n xt Friday.
:t

hav n't at n / ,v n v I at n ) W ,r going to the do to ,s,

round th pit h to l brat . 6/
so w a n , t o m .
h ) forgott n
d) K lly will probably g t th
Grammar 6 5a) so f) t a hing
b ) sin g) y t iob.
a) H ve ou ut ) artin,s wif is going to
b) ,v h d ) b en h) has
hav anoth r baby.
) has n v I s n d) m t i) pra tisin8
d) has stol n ) I e ently j) taught 0 Sarah isn,t going to g t
m a lli d y t .
) hav n,t sl pt 6a) M p nfriend h s b n writing
f) ,ve c) I think it'll snow tomorrow.
iust brok n to me for e rs. h) h s or will b 3_0.
g) h asn't w o n b) We started this ou se thr
h) Hav you ev I at n w ks ago. G r a m m a r9
,ve be n m rried ) ,What hav you
a) b n doing I a) wiI I b l i g
b) ,v b n all d a y?,. I ,v b nW itins b) rings
) ,v writt n 1 t t e rs. , ) W ,11b mo ng
d) ,v n v r e at n d) Wh n did you arriv in this ity? d) do s you train l av
) ,ve lov d ) Hav you ver be n to India? ) you le av
f) ,v brok n f) Paula h s b n sta)ring in a hot l f) will you b working
by th s a. g) I , l1b
a) sin ) yet h) So far g) I ,v b n fe ling ill fo thr h) w o n , t st p
b) always f) for i) often
w ks/ I f lt ill thI w ks ago.
) v r g) n v r j) alr ady 2 a)5 tl)z c)7 d) 6 )3 fla
h) I , v liv d / I , v b n livin g in t h is
d ) iust a)/
i t y sin I w as born .
a) ,v llork d here i) I , v b n w a i t in g h r f or b) you grow
b) haven,t b n / ,ve n v b n ag s. Wh r hav you b n? )/
) y p n h as i) T o n y h as l f t h is boo ks o n t h d) you giv
d) hav l ft bus. ) arriv s, I ,ll l t
) , v iust s n l) b using
t ) h a v n , t f , n ish d Grammar 8 g) sh ,ll hav l ft.
g ) yo u b n la) 2 b)2 )1 d)1 h) I 'll do i t .
h) ,v l ft ,2 f)1 4 a) Sh I I we pI t n is?
i) h a v n , t spo k n b) I ,m going to study Arabi in
a) is joini g /is goi g to joi
i) A n n a / sh w o k n b) won,t b a iro .
Grammar 7 ) 's going to snow ) I 'll b h o m b y m id n ig h t .
d) 'm going out d) I ,ll me t you lat r.
I a) I ,ve liv d h r ,r going ) Will you go to th shops for
to kno k
b) l ft m ?
) h s j ust st ol n 0 will probably rid
o)
o, is going to giv /is giving fl We won't mak too mu h
d) I , v d e id d n ois .
h) 'm goin g t o go
) I lost ,r going Shall I h lp you with thos
f) I t,s start d D to hit o)

i) will probably win b a gs?

g) W ,v visit d h) We,ll om ba k l t r if you
h) I , v b n st a n din g 'm h vi g p rt
]ik /Shall w om ba k
i) h as b n b) going to rain
later?
i) W w nt ) our t am Will
,l1 hav finish d
d) won,t b 5a)
2a) lost, 've just lost
) is goin g t o f in ish b ) m t n x t / a g a in , I , l1p h o n
b) work, ,ve d id d , ll m t yo u ) I he k th sp lling
) ,v b n, ,v om
fl
o\
6/ ar w m eting / going d ) l t m shar h
d) Have you s n, l ft ) w have
h) will visit / will om to visit
) had, aught 0 l av / go until I
0 ,v n v r aten, ate 4a) I ,m goi g swim ing e t
c) th l sson has finish d
S turd y. Would you like to
h ) you b doing
282 ome?
 GRA ] AR A Ns W Rs

Grammar 10 G r a m m a r1 1 b) hris invit d J an to (go to) th

I think in m a .
a) I used to ide t a) S Il s id th t she,d lost Ircr
) Patsy advis d Dave not to at
b) shall I k s.
t oo m u h .
) Hav you s n h r b) hris said / told m that h
fs d) Ni k suggest d going for a walk.
d) hav you b n wo king must l ave arly.
) Carol apologiz d for br aking
) I haven,t finish d ) aria and Tony said th v
th window.
f; I was washing would s us tomorro1t.
l Bill off r d to do th washing-
g) ar you staring d ; Tom said,, I ,m oming to
up.
h) I,m ha ng your party.'
. l in a's m o t h I o n gr a t u l a t d h e
i) stops ) Su s a id t h a t sh , d rl i t t n
o n p assin g h r drivin g t st .
i) did you last go l t t e r t o Lis a .
h. a t f us dt o op n h is m o u t h .
f ) St e v t old us / s a id t h a t h
a) do ou do
was arriving at 8.00. G r a m m a rI 3
b) ran
8 g ) . I , v bo u g h t a n rv bi k .'
) was sitting : rc . -i / b/ e
Pa m t old us.
d) do n't u n d rst a n d b , iir' d' l 'd s
h ) , W h a t ,s t h m t t e r?. ll n
e) a liz d
ask d .
, t a k . 1 t' . ll ri \ '
' fl 'm studying d r d n . t h urn-' rt '1l b
g) was r ading a) I've finished r . rt u ] d b bl t o
h) know tr) I , ll b b a k a t 6 . 0o t do n . t r r' r-o u . ll t l
i) 'm staying ) I , m goin g t o go sh op pin g st u di d . o u id g t
{ d) I want to mak a phon a ll
ol

i) did you do hl had, ].d rid

{ ) I'v forgott n my hom work i) l nd, I,Ill t
a) rrived, St ve h d
f) I hav to b ba k by . 0 j ) h a d , l'd gir .
b) I h lp
A g) I ,ll l t you know
fl
&
) do you usually
h) I , m goin g t o b l a t
a) g t
f ll i , will ,d
fi d) has b n playing b) w r / -as, go
'$ ) I , 1l a)3 b)5 )2 d)1 ) kn w, ,d t ll
*l f) was ating / having e)4 d ) ru n ,
, ]1 a t h
g) is staying 4 a) told d) told /saying ) a ins, 'l1 go / o u ld go
h) hav n,t s n b) spok , said ) told / tell fl h a d , 'd j oin
i) you doing ) said, told l) told /spok Would
a) would fl
1) 2) ^ 3)D 4)D 5 a) would ,t b th re be usesh t s b) u n l ss g) w o u ld
5)B 6)A 7) 8) h vi g p rt ) would h) If
e)D 10)B 11)B 12)D b) ,d lost th map and (h ) d) U n l ss i) w o u ld
1 3 )A 14) 15)A didn,t know th way. ) W o u ld j) u n l ess
a) befor f)nev ) she flnish d th bo k, sh a) 8 b)6 )9 d)10
b) sin g)lat ly /re ntly was going to wat h t l vision ) 1 0 3 S) 4 h)z
) all w k h)at| Il d) was doing som hom work but i)
d) yet i)for h wouldn,t b long 'hi ) d,
7 ,d be ble
5 a)
) As soo n s j)By th tim ) ,d got up lat and (had)
b) take, ,1l f l
7) / 13) , / m iss d t h b us
\) be e ) at , would liv
2) / B) a r 14) b n
G r a m m a r1 2 d) b am , ,d buy
) / 9) b n | 5) , / ) l av , will giv
10) will 16) hav I a) whether,w s ,ll om
4) hav f) follo
17) b b) w h n , w o u ld
5) had 11) shall g) us d, wouldn,t b
) iflwheth r' had
6) / 12) hav h) tou h, won't bit
d) iflwh th r, took
a ) i t h d st op p di gin g i) le av , ,ll giv
) wh r
in b ) [ h v n , t pl y d i t b f or . i) own d, wouldn't visit
f) Iflwh th r, had
) When did Pet Writ to you
l ast?
2 a) re ou h vi g lu h or goi g out G r a m m a r1 4
b) What did you do y st rday -1, a) Wh t would
d) Do you ev l go to th in m ? ou do if ott h d
) Do you oft n go s iling wings?
) I w nt to th b a h v ry
d) How many G man books have b) [f I we you, I ,d l a nor .
day.
you r d ) How would you f l if r-ou
0 Sh ,s playing bask tball. e ) Are you going to hang s hoo]s
o) I ,v b n Waiting her for liv d o n a rs?
a g s! 0 Who do you sit next to in lass d ) I f I w r yo u , I , d b ur' a bi k .

H ve ou flnished t? 3a) if / whetherI w s st i g ther Il ) What would vou do if r-ou r

8a)
Summ r ri h?
b ) I ,ll s you tomorrow!
b) What .plo I astinat ' m ant 0 W h a t w o u ld vo u 5 a \ -ii Jim a m
) Did you hav a ni e tim ?
d ) Do you know what I m n?
) iflwheth r I,d don my hom work w i t h us?
d ) wh n h r bi thday was o) I f I w r 1-o u ,I 'd t a k t h b us.
) Ar you oming out for a h ) W h a t rvo u ld r-o u do i f vo u
drin k l a t r?
) iflwh ther I ,d r m mb red to
lo k th door o w n d a robo t?
0 Hav you be n waiting long?
0 w h | 'd turn d of f th t l e vision 2a) ll ld plto d' u' ttltl ll t' si-t' tl
4a) Mike promis d Sue he would be t b ) t oo k' m ig h t f l
her hous before8.00. ) h d d ir- n'l o u ld n , t h a v
ash d

28
 lN RlvlE DlA E LANGUAG PRA I E

d) had om , would hav enioy d )- ) sold a ro k on I t ti k t

) I ,d kn wn, would have sent f) by the postman
f,1 h lp d, might b
0 his hous brok n into
g) by the poli c) W I you
g) had s or d, ould hav won h) by som on h ) was giv n this ring by my
h) wor , wouldn,t g t i) is b ing k pt
a) Was qu stion d
3 a) h d l e rl , would ,t h e b) is wat h d i ) w ill b s n t
miss d ) will b finish d
b) ,d bought mor milk, would 3a) I,m h vi g m r serviced
d) has b en el t d
hav had tomorrow.
) is b ing built
) ,d tak n / ,d r m mb r d to tak a f) has b en losed
b) I had my bik stolen y st rday.
map, wouldn't have got lost is Wlitt n
) W had our house paint d last
8)
d) 'd gone to b d, would hav h) was stolen aI,
wok n up d) I'm having my tooth taken out
i) will b m t
) had mad a shopping list, tomorrowl
i) was won
wouldn't hav fol8otten to ) I ,v iust had my hair ut.
a) M n pet dogs r lost v ry e r, 0 W ,r ha ng our new
buy / would have r m mb d to
b) Th injured man was tak n to alp t f,tt d tomo ow.
buy
hospital.
f) ,d r aliz d you w r tir d, I 8) Ann has just had h r portrait
) A n w bridg is being built paint d.
wouldn,t hav ask d you to go
a Ioss the riv I .
g) had sai] d a oss th Aflanti , 4 a) is believed to be living
d) All th food at the party Was
wou]d h v r a h d b) is supposed to fall
at n.
h) ,d turned l ft at the station, ) is expe t d to Win
e) Nothing will be de id d
W o u ld n , t h a v los d) is t h o u 8 h t t o b e l a n n in g
b for n xt Saturday.
e) is said to b making
Grammar l5 f) Th mat h is b ing pla } z don
f) is r port d to disagr e
Friday ev ning.
T a) h dn,t sunb th d
g) Th robb r unlo k d the door G r a m m a r1 8
b) ould stay
With a fals key.
) ould swim a) might f.) may not
h) This book was written by Sam's
d) had b) an,t b g) an,t b
fath r.
) o u ld s ) must b h) must b
0 did n't si t 4 a) h s bee dis o ered d) ould b i) ould b
g) had b) will b op n d ) might 1.) an,t om
h) e n ioy ) was paint d by
a) n swim r ll
i) ould d) Wirl be nnoun d
b) might
i) r1l ) is b ing r d orat d
) an,t b
0 hav be n arr st d
2a)2 b)2 ) 7 d)2 d) must work
g) a sold by
)1 D2 92 h)1 ) an,t om
h) is b ing built
i)1 i)r f) might (b abl to) se you
5 a) The sino h s be n losed. tomorrow
3 a ) h d bro u g h t
b) The mat h has b n pos on d. o\ youl tea h r an,t om
b) had bought 6/
) nglish is spok n all ov r th h ) must Ll very hot
) W nt
world. i) an I open
d) kn w
d) Th n w swimming.pool has
) had tak n
b e n op n d .
i ) must b
f) hadn't bought 3a) s b)D )s d)D
e) This puls was l ft in th
g) had finish d e) s 0D s)s h)s
lassroom y st rday.
h) spok / ould spe ak i) D i)n
f) Traffi has b n bann d from
4 (Sugg st d answ rs) th ity nt . 4a) You ought to s e de tist.
a) Ih d s dwi h g) A new gov rnm nt has b n b) W don,t have to go to s hool
b) you hav a good le t d. tomorrow.
) ,d b n h r / ,d ome h r / h) Th flat was brok n into last ) T h a t a n , t b Jo h n , b a us h e ,s
,d visit d it
we ek. in Paris.
d) liv d d) Ann ould / might / may b at
e) dan d / uld dan G r a m m a r1 7 hom .
5 a ) h a d n't w ast e d 1a) ut ) You'd b tt r W a I a Warm oat
b) w r n't b) taken today.
) w re ) sent 0 I may be lat .
d) ould d) s rvi d c) I don't think (that) you
) had ) broken should /ought to go skiing.
f) didn,t hav to fl offe d h ) You n,t l ave you bik her .
g) hadn,t mov d c) w r you born 5a) h e fl had
h) wasn't h) r pair d b) should g) an,t
0 was giv n ) must h) hav
G r a m m a r1 6 i ) was mad d) maylmight i) abl
1a) someone 2a) h d his ) m ust / sh o u ld i) o u g h t
b) b ) Was lent to m by 6a) I think you,d b tt r/ you should
) by a do tor ) had on of my t th tak n tak mo e ex ise.
d) d ) was bo n b ) Th plane should land soon.
284
 \

GRA lvlAR A Ns W Rs

) You an,t us a di tionary. 5 a) k w the swer,I would lrclp ou 3 a) I work e , he ould go

d) That an,t be Su . Sh ,s abroad. b) you run fast, you,ll f l ti d b) w s r built, mak it
)I may / might om to youl palty. ) was arr st d by an off-du ' ) gav Ja k h r phone numb r, h
f) You mustn,t drop litt r in th poli ewoman ould / would all
stI t. d) had l ft arly, w wouldn,t d ) p u t o n so m su n t a n oil , I
g) You don,t hav to Wait. h v e m i ss d t h e r r i n do n't / w o n't g t
h) You should stay /ought to ) I h a d n , t e a t n a ll t h l - am ) h id t h pl s n ts, n obod y
stay in b d today. f ) t ll m w h e r t h b us st a t io n is rr . o u ld / o u lds
g) is b ing built by th lo a] oun il f t h a d t h p a l t y in a l a rg e h a ll ,
Grammar 19 h ) w e yo u , I 'd go t o t h do t or's p opl w o u ld / o u ld
* I a) must h ve iLropped i) w as bro k n v so m o n l gr a rriv d a ly , h o u ld / w o u ld g e t
b) ould / maylmight hav miss d w i t h / usin g a h a m m r hr h a n g d s a ts in t h in m a , I
lrt ) ould / was able to i) A m y t o b u y so m m il k o u ld s
d) should hav told 6 a) h v to go i) so m s n dr i h s,w o u ld n , t f e l
) didn,t have / n d to b) I w r hung '
f) an,t hav tak n ) my hair ut i) 1 { o a iu n n v h a t , h is fri n ds
g) maylmight not hav d ) h a v m iss d r o u ld n o t i
h) n dn,t have e) was inv nt d
i) hav / n d to buy Grammar 22
f) hav forgott n
j) shouldn't have g) had a) suclt ft so mu h
h) must hav work d b) so m a nr- gl in th end
a) h ve studied s l te
you abl to stop him i) was giv n , t oo h) so mu h
b)
d) so f w il tall nough
) hav to/ n d to work hard i) n e d n't h a v
) so i) so l i t t l
d) hav lost his way 7 a) h ving our house
) have hurt you self b) had his a 2a)so 8) f l
f) hav told me ) h ,d b) t oo h) su h
g) h v nioy d it d) wouldn't take ) mu h i) so
h) hav help d h r d) many j) too
e) t ll m w h n
i) not to have l ft / to hav stay d f) unl ss ) nough k) so
j) hav don it g) wouldn,t hav f) littl
a) should h e t ke n umbrell h) an,t have a) too
b) must hav l ft it on th bus i) had to b) as/ b ause /sin
) ouldn,t g t through i) ask d ) so mu h
d) should have bought h r a 8 a) witte d) so many
pI s nt b) an,t ) so
) an,t at /stand olang s ) w h r t h tr a in st a io nW as. f) so f w
f) might hav forgott n th addr ss d) might hav b n g) nough
g) ought to have studi d harder ) you hav to h) so
h) ould hav had fun h a d t o / m ust f in ish i) so little
fl
g) must hav op n d i) As / Sin / B a us e
Grammar 20 h) I w r tall r! a) I st ed t home d h d r st
a) sked i) l have my a I r pair d be useI felt re Il tir d.
b) had j) I,d s r am b) I didn,t us that pi of string,
) had b aus it wasn,t long nough.
d) said she didn,t Want m to G r a m m a r2 1 ) I t was su h a diffi ult qu stion
) an,t have stol n I a) So th lt that I had to ask for h lp.
0 had b) to d) Th r W I e too f w s ats for all
g) you,d b tt r ) in ord r to t h g u sts.
h) would b d) d ess d, ould / would ) Th r W r too many gu sts and
i) hav b n )for n o t n o u g h s a ts.
|) w ,d r m mb ed f) ouldn,t / wouldn,t 0 W an,t put that box in th a
1) 3 7) 13)3 g) an as t h r ,s t oo li t t l sp a .
2) if 8) m ust 14) w as h) o u ld g) I , v e go t t oo li t t l t im t o do a ll
3) th y 9) h a v 15) i f 2a) I w nt to the shops for some eggs. my work.
4) to 10) i f 16) b n b ) Ni ola am h e to hav a h) I , v go t so m u h W o I k t h a t I
5) paint 11) an 17) us m tingwith th dir tor. a n , t go o u t .
6) to 12) h a v 18) 3 ) W w nt on holiday for a st. i) Sh h a d so m a n y h ild n t h a t
d) Mik plays h ss to r lax.
sh did n , t k n o w w h a t t o do .
1) 2) 3)B 4) ^ ) I op n d th window for som T h pl a y w as so good t h a t t h
5)D 6)D 7)B 8) air. audi n h d.
')
9)A 10) 11)D 1z) ^ Sorry, but I htlv ,tgot lottgll
15)D
0 Cristin w nt shopping for som 5 a)
13) 1 4 )B n w lo t h s. tir e.
a) do ,t h ve to ) must c) I W nt to a private s hool to b) ri a is n o t old n o u g h t o driv
b) mustn,t 0 ould l arn nglish. a ar'
) might hav g) had to h) sam Went t a spe ialist for ) Pa u l h as so m a n v f i n ds t h a t
fld
d) hav to h) should tr a t m n t . h ,s a l w a ys b usy .

285
 IN Rlut DlA E tANGUAG PRA C l E

d) We had too little tim to 8o ) I think you should talk it ov r 6 a) Frid y.l''l s th l st tim th t I s w
sight-s eing. with you pal nts. Iim.
) I t,s so hot that I an,t think! d) shall I arry it? b) Th island that / whi h we visited
0 Th r was so mu h snow that e) ow about going to th was xtr m ly b autiful.
w ouldn,t trav l. inema?/L t,s go to th ) Th girl that / who I met Was a
8) I t was su h a long way that w in ma?/ Why don't w 8o to th fri nd of Philip's.
de id d to driv th r . in ma? d) Th m al that / whi h we at
h) As I'd run a long way, I f lt 0 Can I l av s hool a ly? wasn,t v ry tasty.
xhausted. / I ,d run su h a g) ould / an you tell m how ) Gina was th first person
long way that I felt xhaust d. mu h it osts? th t / who I ask d.
6a) slo w t o b e i t h ru n n i g t e m' h) Would you lik som l monad ? f) Th book that / whi h I re ad
b) to th hous , b aus / as it,s not i) Could you op n th window? didn't xplain th probl m.
v ry fa . i) o' I won,t. g) Th t a hel that / who w
) su h a long film that we miss d 4 a) ou mi d t ki g usually hav was away ill.
our last bus. b) 'd rathe hav / ,d pr f r h) Th fri nds that / who I m t last
d) unhappy that sh ri d. ) an you Wait night s nd you thei lov .
) mu h mon y that he do sn,t d) an / ay I l av
know what to do with it. ) you turn off
G r a m m a r2 6
f) old nough to 8 t malri d. f) How about going 1a) thich f) that
g) nough mon y to buy this bik . g) won't talk b ) What g) whos
h) enough plat s I ,m af aid. h) Shall I h lp ) who h) who
i) mind telling m d) whos i) whi h
G r a m m a r2 3 ) that j) who
i) w you,
I a\ however 2a) his ) / ) it
5 a) should d) she
b) Although ) it f) / g) th y
b) an / ou1d / Would
) Although
) Can /Could / Would 3a) The museum th t we w nt to v it
d) on th oth hand
d) W.ill/ Would opens t 12.00,
) but
) L t,s b) Th boy whos bik was tak n
f) d spit
l) mind visit d the poli e station.
g) In spit of
h) although
g) rath r ) The friend who m t me at th
h) Can /Could / Would ailpolt a ri d my suit as .
a) I though ) still i) Would d) Th m al that Tom ook d was
b) but f) although i) n / may d li ious.
) How v r g) D spit ) Th fri nd who is staying with
d) ven h) spit G r a m m a r2 5 me omes from Paris.
a) the s ow, we went out for w I k. I a)who ) that 0 Th man whos wall t I found
b) some exp I ts think pri es will b)whose f) whos gav me a reward.
fall, others disagr . )who g) whos c) The shop in th ntre that I go
) losing at half-time, ity won in d)whi h to is h aper. / The shop that I go
the nd. 2a) -whos e) whose t o in t h n tr is h e a p r .
d) it was hot, Diana wor h r b) that f) who h) h girl whos party I w nt to
wint r loth s. ) whos g) who phon d m .
) but / , howev r, this summ r it,s d) who i ) I know som one who lik s you.
rained all th tim . 4a)/ e)/
3a) D b)N )N d)D
f) ha ng a h ada h , / his
) N ON 9 b) what f) what/who
h ada h , James still re ad until )/ g) What
lat . 4 a) The book fu tt | oh w s
d) what h)/
g) but / , how vet, h (still) did w ll re di g w s bit f tening.
in th t st. b)/ Grammar 27
) In th nd, our holiday was the
I a) Wh t time do ou usu lly get up?
Grammar 24 b st that w had ev r had.
b) What w r you r ading?
I a) 4 b) 2 )7 d) 10 d) Th dentist who I go to isn,t
) \ Arhy did you go ther ?
)6 03 h)t v ry xpensiv .
9g d) What hav you don so fa ?
05 ) Th film whi h W saw last we k
i) ) What do I have to do now?
was mu h bette I than this on .
2 a) Would ou mind f) How did you f l y st day?
b) If I w you, I ,d w it D,/ g) What ar you doing?
) go 9"t h) Why have th lights gon
5 a) Th se re the bovs I-went o
d) Could you out?/ Why ar n,t th lights
holid with.
) Would you lik working?/ Why isn,t the any
b) This is the l tt l,ve b n
f) I won't do it l tri ity?
waiting fo .
g) Shall I h lp i) Wlr I did you l av your
) That,s th shop Su bought h r
h) Why don't you go bik ?/ Wh r 's your bik ?
bik f om.
i) ould I bo row i) \'Vho oming to youl party?
d) That,s th hot l I stay d at.
j) should go
) Tim is someone I hardly
a) I ,il be b k ver writ to.
b) I ,l1 hav i - r am t)/
g/
h) Unit d w r the b st te am (that)
286 w play d against.
 GRA n AR A Ns w ERs

2a) Who lives ne t door? 3a) There is sm I I r st ur t 5a) H ve ou ever bee to Americ ?
b) Who do you play with? b ) I t,s stlange that you w nt b) s Andr w v r been to meri ?
) Who t a h s you maths?/ What ) Th re,s a big tl e at th nd of ) D s Rita lik ap musi ?
do s Mrs Dawson t a h you? my d) Do you lik rap musi ?
d) What do you (usuallY) e at for d) I t se ms that Brian ) Did you njoy the film?
lun h? e) I t,s re ally old 0 Did Nig l nioy th fllm?
e) What fright ns you? 0 I t,s a long way from h re o)
o/ Ar you going to London n xt
0 Wh do you talk to most? c) Th re ar n't anylTh r ar no summer?
ol Who do you sit n xt to in batt i s in youI h) Is aria goins to London n xt
nglish? h) I t a pe als that w , I summ r?
h) What helps you studY? i) an I borrow your mobile phon ?
G r a m m a r3 0 i ) Could you l nd me your mobil
3a) h e ,t ) I didn,t phon ?
I an,t 1a) L 0in
b) am f)
b) o n g) ov i a) You'vegot
,) did g) I do
) to h) on
d) will h) h isn,t b) won't they
d) in i) on ) L t,s go
) b low in , not l aving
Gr a m m a r 2 8 i) d)
1 a) I h ve 't f) th y an 2a) D/ ) hav n,t th y
b) I do g) I won't b ) in 9on f) an,t you
) I am h) sh hasn,t ) in h)/ g) You Wer n,t
d) she didn't i) it is d) dL i) i h) do you
) he has j) she didn't ) bylbeside i) ov r/ th ough i) w r n,t th y
f) insid i) didn't forget
2 a) H ve we f) Is th 3a) tn
b) Don,t you g) Has sh b ) on 8) on 7 a) re il book whi h she re lly
) Did sh h) Haven,t you ) on h) out b) who visit d m brought me a
d) Don,t you i) Isn't th e d) in i) on ) that I stay d in was he ap r
) Is h i) Did you ) on j) at than
e) o n d) friend whos bik I bor ow d
3 a) ren,t we f don,t th y 4a) in
want d it
b) have you g) do You b) at 0 to
) to buy th vas (that) I saw in
) a en't you h) don,t you ) in c) in
th
d) will you i) hasn't he d) in h) ov r
j) fl who sings in the grouP has got
) isn,t he should I 5a) i e) op osit
8) I m t a girl whos b oth is in
4 a) P ul doesn,tlike footb ll, does he? b) next to f) n a mv
b) You,v got a sister, hav n,t you? ) to 8) on h) that w 'r t king l av s
) You hav n,t don you d) insid h) on i) rt'ho kno ked t th doo / as
hom work, have you? 6a) t ) on /ov I s ing
d) You sat n xt to ll n, didn't you? b) ov r 0 n j) whi h I saw with Luke was
, Th guests hav n't arrived, hav ) ne ar C) on a 1,) ,/ 7) sh 13) h
th y? d) und r h) in 2) v ho 8) th m 14) at
0 Your nam is John, isn,t it? 3) to 9) mu h 15) , /
c) Yout nam isn,t John, is it? G r a m m a r3 ' l 4) h n 1o) you 16) it
h) I didn,t l av my wallet on th a) in ord r to f) b aus 5) so ll) , / 17) so
d sk, did I? b) too g) Although 6) who 12) that
r) William hasn,t got marri d, has ) they,re h) in
h e? d) whos i) so G r a m m a r3 2
j ) This book is by artin Aimless, ) for j) In spit of 1 a) o e il y
isn't it? b) Nowadays
a) but we ile ideil
5a) 2 b)2 c)z d)r b) used to work ) This morning
) 2 f)2 h)2 ) su h a d) by
6a) wh t the tim is d) th rain ) th day after tomolrow
b) what this m ans ) about sp nding fl During
) how mu h this osts f) Th re a e g) aft rwa ds
d) what time the mus um op ns g) don,t / won't f l h) on
) iflwhether I'm in the dght se at h) I t,s st ang 2 a) we h d / h d h d lu h, we we t for
0 wh re Asham stI t is i) nough mon y offee
j) you mind
c) iflwh ther this is Tlafalgar Squar b) o n t im f or l sso ns
h) wh n this bus l av s 3 1)B 2) 3) 4)a ) until 8.00
s)d 6)d 7) l) 8)a d) th months ago
Gr a m m a r 2 9 e)d 10)b 11) 12) b ) at 1.2.00
I a) there e) th , ther 13) d t 4) a 15) f) first ofJanuary
b) I t's f) I t',s on g) day aft r tomorrow
4a)on 0
) th y, c) th i h) for thr
b) b sid c) at
d) its h) its h) opposit a)on )At
) to
2 a) There, It e) I t d)at 0 insid b) ago f ; nowadaYs
b) I t, it f) Th r , it e) ne ar i) ) lat 9 ln
) I t, th I g) I t, there, th r d) du ing h) aft rwards
d) It
287
lN ERIYl DlA E LANGUAG PRA l(

4 a ) I go to the s side in Sumln r. a)- b)a d) Th pr sent (that / whi h) my

b ) I , v b n a t t h is s h ool sin ) an, - d) a, an fri nds
1,997. e) a,- f) -,- ) is the apital of
) G org h a d a b a t h a n d t h n 8) -,a l) h f i st l sso n t o m or o w is
wash d his hair. a) is g) th phon for you
d ) Dina was at my hous until b) ina h) Th fllm (that / whi h) w saw
10 . 00 . / D in a did n , t l a v m y ) Parking is l ast n ig h t
h o us e u n t il 10 . 00 . d) Fabio is at 6a) - 2The
) Th train arriv d on tim . e) to th station on b) _ 2th
fl I , l1a rriv b 2 . 0 ' ) h 2-
o \ Paul tri d hard but in th
6/ nd h G r a m m a r3 5 d) Th 2-
g a v u p . / h e g a v u p in t h e e n d . I a) the f) the, the ) _ 2l } : .
h ) I w asn , t in t im t o s a y good b y
t o Lis a .
b) th ' th 8) a 0 The 2-
) an, th h) a Th 2_
5 a) l st ) o n / so m d)An i) a h) _ Zth
b) D urin g 0on ) th , th i) th , th
) Aft r g) afterwards a) pl s the pi o
G r a m m a r3 6
d) fo h) at b) h lp th I a) o d ) So m
) bike is th b) a h ) ith r
G r a m m a r3 3 ) Not on l) both tyr s
d) is/ has an appointm nt at th
I a) How much ) mu l:r ) was about th lif 2 a) ot on d ) a ll , a h
b) ar f) How many
0 was s or d by th b) no ) non
) som a ) A1l f) ith r
d) some h) was a) The, the, the ) the, th , a
b) th , - 0 th , a, th a) Every dog i the g rd w s
2 a) ) m a n l- ) a, th g) A, a, a b rki g,
b)a 1a d) th , th h) th , the b) Not a singl p rson am to th
) so m g ) so m
m ting.
d) - h) a lman G r a m m a r3 4 a n d 3 5 m i x e d ) None of my fri nds has got a ar
a) give ou so dvi e I a) The, , - f) _, th , an, - d ) N i t h r o f t h s h a i si s
b) any le an trous s b) _, th , u g) -, the, a omfortable.
) h r isn,t mu h ) a, -, th h) a, th , th ) T h r w e t e n o boys in t h l ass.
d) n ds washing d) th , a, a i) th , th , th f) A1l w Want to do is listen to a
) wasn,t in th book ) Th , th , th i) a , t h f w C Ds.
2 a) ould ou get lo f ofbre d f om g) Both books ar int r sting.
a) some wood
b) Th r was the b ker,s? 4 a) Non ofthes books is/ re
) any b) il k is good f or h ild n . i ter sti g.
d) a hi k n ) Jo h n is a t w o k a t t h m o m n t . b) All you hav left is t n minut s.
) was v ry us ful d) We t v ll d to Hunga y by a I . ) N ith of th hot ls was/ w r
f) How many ) Hav you got a broth r oI sist l? suitabl .
g) I t,s gr n 0 Th war b tw n th two d) Not a single p rson r pli d to
h) th y,r on th ir way o u n t li s w as t h lo n g est in my l tt r.
i) n ois . history. e) Both aul and his broth r David
a) IJ t r
c) Who was th flrst astronaut who a r ill .
walk d on th moon? f) A1l of th te am play d w ll.
b) n ws h) h N i l is t h l o n g s t i v ri n g) v ry hous in th str t Was
) gl ass es t h w orld . s ar hed y th poli ).
d) luggag h ) So m o f t h q u est io ns in t h e t st
) ggs 3a) W tr v ll d th r o th tr in.
b ) T h i s o n i s t h l a r g s t . / h i si s w r e di f f i u l t / h a rd ,
f) s issors
g) loaf t h e l a rg st siz . 5a)1 b)2 )2 d)7
h) poli o f f i r / poli man/ ) ] ra is a (prof ssional) sing . )1 02 2 h)2
poli w o m a n d) Th un mploy d oft n f l
d pr ss d . G r a m m a r3 7
G r a m m a r3 4 e ) Anna is le arning to play th I a) l rge old gr pl sti b g
I a) H we you ver visit d the U ited guitar. b) two square wood n tabl s
Ki gdom? 0 Mik works in an offi . ) a b autiful r d silk dress
b ) o n o t lip , w e visi t d c) arie om s from Fran . d) a pair of antiqu silv r iugs
C a n t rb urv a t h dr a l . h ) David is still at work. ) a small plasti bowl
) L o v i s a w o n d r f u |t h i n g . 4a) h)- o) f) a long winding ountry road
d) Pets a I not p rmitt d in this b) a i) a p)an g) som dirty old football boots
) a h) a long y llow otton ski t
hot l. t) - s)- i) a glass of old fr shly squ z d
) A rabbit is a small wild fu ry d) * k) th r)
animal with long ) - l)a s)a orang iui
a r s . / R b b i tas s m a l l w i l d f u r y 0 th m) th t) _ 2 a) boili g f) fantasti
anim ls with long ars. o) - n)a b) giganti g) worri d
f) N w Yo k is in th Unit d Stat s 5a) D rrel w s the ) tir d h) wa m r
o f A m e ri a' b ) you hav a dog at d) ool i) bor d
) a hemistry ) x iting i) interest d
288
 rl

GRA r AR A Ns W Rs

3 a) The old couple lived h ppil 4 a) just s, s 0 W alled on my aunt on h r

together. b) th most birthd y.
b) You,v work d hard. ) m o / l ss,t h a n , did 8) I ,m afraid that we,v run out of
) hris and Paul walk slowly. d) mor g gs.
d) Georgia plays th piano w ll. ) than, th h) o n i a w ill a ll f or yo u a t 6 . 30 .
) Su dan s gra fully. 0 t h e l ast i) Nobody understood what I was
f) at isn,t w ll/ do sn,t f l w ll. g) iust as, as 8 tting at.
g) i ha l skat s wond rfully. h) l ss, t h a n i) I a n , t p u t u p w i t h so m u h a ir
h) ary w it s a fully. 5 a) biggest i) ha d pollu t io n .
i) Al x sl pt badly. b ) gr a t st |) -
j ) A n n o m pl t d t h o urs Grammar 40
) _ k) fitt I
su ssfully. 1) - I a) ' Lsll ) try
d)-
b ) loo k f) f lll
4 a) h pp fl fast ) _ m)-
n) - ) s t g) t urn e d
b) w ll g) quite 0 fatter drop p d
g) small st o) wid r d ) a l1 e d h)
) hardly h) hard
d) good i) t rribl h)- 2 a) Tum the lights off whe ou le v
) ill i) xtremely t I k more slowl t h e sc h ool .
6 a)
b) isn,t as f ight ning b) Ja k tuln d up half-way th ough
5 a) Peter h s be e working ery h rd,
) th b st ook t h l sso n .
b) My sist I bought m a lov l)r
blu wooll n sw at f. d) as f ast as ) W an put you up fo a w k.
) l ess e o n o m i a l t h a n d) arta is g tting on w ll in h r
) This book I ,m r ading is
f) mor x iting than n glish l ass.
x ll nt / e tr m ly good.
g) as hard as e ) Lidia gr w up in Uruguay.
d) David f lt bad b aus h ,d
shouted at his moth I . h) is mor int r st d 0 How do you tum on th
i) is old r than omput r/ turn th omput I on?
) v ryon in th t am play d
m or t h a n m
o\
6/ Ca ol look d up the dat s/
w ll . i) looked th dates up in an
fl Too mu h xer is an make you
fe l tir d. Grammar 39 n y lopedia.
1a) 3 b)5 )8 d)1 h ) Su flng is a gI e at sport. Wh n
s) Paulal lt hanpv wh n h r
) 4 t)2 h)7 did you tak it up?
xams w r ovel. 96
h) Hans has n v r arrived lat at g) up 3a) 3 b)8 )1 d)6
2a) at
s h ol . b ) for h) on ) 4 f) s h)
i) on box r hit the oth r r ally ) to i) u p
h a ld rig h t o n t h h in .
Grammar 41
d ) do w n i) u p
a) bett r ) b st
i) t,rn not r ally intelest d in this ) over k) to
ar' b) a h 0 fo
0 fo l) out
) hard o) no

G r a m m a r3 8 a) didn't live uP to d ) so m h) is
b) drop in on
1a) aS t st S 2 \)d 2)a 3) 4)a
) run out of
b ) the most int I stin8 5)d 6)d 7)b 8)
d) g t on with
) old st 9)b i0)a 11)b 12)d
e) aught up with
d) than ljt 1 + )b 15)
f) looking forward to
) w ols g) k p up with 3a) of tlt s
0 tall st h) ut down on b ) u n t il
o) as hard as
a) Bi t kes fter his mother. ) sm o k in g is a llo w d
h) WoIs
d l so m a dri
i) long r than b) W ,ve lun out of food!
ike and Tom don,t g t on w ]] as lo n g as
i ) mor quietly )
f ) srn
With a h oth I .
2a) the lo gest ol l ass oo m
d) J an is v ry good t d aling with
b ) l ss nt taining h ) o n f oo t
p e opl .
) fast r than i ) anv fu th r
) The handl bars on my bik n ed
d ) the hott st ll in t im
s in g t o .
) b tt f than f ; Julia was v Iy ill, but sh ,s got 1al I tltl put you up.
0 iust as t a ll as over it now b) arlos an,t put up with the
o\
/ mor diffi ult t affi any mor .
h) as larg as 8) What a tly a I you s tting at?
h ) Paul,s n w s hool didn,t liv up ,) P t r is g tting on w ll at
i ) not as bi8 as/iust as big as/ bigg r
to his exp tations. univ Isity.
tnan
d ) I ,ll l ar up th room if you do
i) t h w orst 5a) The entr I he ti g s stem ne ds
se i { to. th washing up.
3 a) s good run er s D vid (is) W ,r he ading for adrid.
b) L t,s drop in on Julia whil w 'r
b ) t a ll est ( p rso n ) in t h l ass 0 Why don't you look uP this
h re.
) mor than m / than I hav wo d /look this wo d up in th
d) long r than Jan ,s (hair)
) W ,r h ading for aris.
d) our hot l room looks out
di tionafy?
) noisi st stud nt in th s hool c) Ja n t a k s a f t r h f a t h r .
onto/ov r th main road!
0 as int esting as this one (is) ) Two hild en started playing, h) lly ,s f a t h r is tryin g t o giv u p
g) go fast r than this/ go any fast r sm o k in g .
a n d t h n t h o t h rs ioin d in .
h) at as mu h as Andr w (did)

289
I
I

lN Rlt ,lE DlA E LANGUAG PRA lCE

s1) 7) a go 13) aft r g) to go to th in ma with m 4 a) Di k w s bored with his work.

Ll the B) mu h 14) aft r h) to g t marri d b) his town r minds me of
it g) th 15) up
3) i) to s you lat r Glasgow.
4) 1 0 ) m or 16) on i) to do this vening ) Sara knows a lot about biology.
s ) was 11) on 17) th a) se ems t) refus d d) I ,m looking for th art gall y.
6) r2) ,/ 78) ,/
b) hat g) hos ) I , m f o n d o f r a m a k es'
6a) th 0 _ k) th ) want h) lik f) Su is marri d to Adrian.
b) o) lo t 1) th d) ask d i) d id d g) Dina is kind to animals.
6l
) h) mu h m) th ) h op s h) Ugh! This ak tast s of ubb !
i) a gr e e d
d) in " i) th n) a a) Wh t do ou i te d to do?
i) Lis a is j a lo us o f yo u!
j) I f l x it d about our n w
) fo l ) an o) ith b) I an,t be al g tting up arly! h o us !
7a) si gl ) I pe t to s e you in th
DJ no h s m o n in g . 5 a) ,m gry with
) ri h a r d) Sus a n p o m is d t o b b a k a t b) r ady
d ) b a u t i f u lly 6 . 00 . ) good at
) t h w orst f ilm ) Pat l rn d to driv wh n h was d) f lt ups t about
0 u n t il youn8. ) dre am d about
f) I off r d to h lp Jo . f,1 r ly on
8a) uch, th ttt ) a ll , bo t h
g) ll n ouldn,t afford the ti ket. g) bi k t oJa k
b) th , than f,) as, as
h) Tom r fus d to h lp. h) afraid of
) th , 8) u n t il , b y
d) so m , m u h h ) b st' v e l 6 a) e pl i , to
G r a m m a r4 3 b) b lo n g d t o
9a) I ,m re I I illt est di tr el. I a) to lo k ) to op n ) d p nds on
b ) K a t ,sbro t h is a do t o .
b) to hav f) to tak d) paid for
) I a t so m f ood rvi t h Ja k , a n d ) talking g) sky-diving ) apologized, for
aft I that I w nt hom .
d) b ing h) starting f) r mind, of
d) il k is good f r 1 . u .
2 a) g) su d din
) a n yo u giv m so m a dr'i ? ou f
h) wait for
t'\ I , v loo k d in t h bo . b) (that) h ,d
v ry t h in g is bro k n , I 'm a f a id . ) I sugg st / How about 7a)4 b)6 )5 d)2
o) T h y w ill h a v f ln ish d t h n w d) k ps in t e ru p t in 8 e)7 01 c)3
h ospi t a l the nd of l D o / W o u ld yo u m in d
ay. / Th y won,t hav finished fl I m a gin e b in g G r a m m a r4 5
t h n w h ospi t a l u n t il t h nd g) d n i d w i t in 8 a) one f) Som on
of ay. ht an,th lp b) nything g) anything
h) h r ,s a poli offi r/ a 1 l t os e) deni d ) nothing h) No on
poli m a n / poli w o m a n W ai t i n 8 b) affo d fl admitt d d) som on i) anywh r
o u tsid . ) m in d d ided ) anything j) som wh r
8)
i) I o m t o l ss o n f oo t . d) m ant h) fan y a) do n thi g
i) Your hair is v ry b autiful. 4a)try ) d nied b) knows ary b tt r than I do
)was lat y sterday
Grammar 42 ) n etenrl rl fl
r a t is
d) nothing / no work
) xp t 8) i m a 8 i n
T a) | im n,t fford to go to the in m d) m ant )ask yo u so m t h in g
h ) r f us d
twi we ek. f) h r d inks
b ) David wish s to l av th room 5 a) forget ) k pt g) r pli d wh n I phon d / answ r d
) b) m ans f) tri d the phon
l,d r llylik to go swimming ) admit c) r m mb r
d) h) someon going to driv us th r
on Saturd y. d) st op h) st a n d / b a i) I go I make fri nds
mma pr t nd d to l av , but j) a ll d for you this morning
W a i t d o u tsid .
G r a m m a r4 4
I a) e) about a) enjoy ourselves
fl ftom
b) to f) for b) behave ou s lv s
o\ y bike se ems to have
) for ) hurt mys lf
som thing wrong with it' 8) on
d) to d) expr ss h rs lf
h) Th dir tor r fus d to answ I
) introdu mys lf
H l n ,s p h o n a ll . 2 a) l ughs t f) blame you s lf
a) lov s f) ontinu d b) su ds in g) talk, mys lf
b) affo d g) b ar ) a poiogiz s f or h) ut himself
) happ n h) off r d d) d e p n ds o n
) knows about a) There,ssom thi g i the bo .
d) e p t d i) pr tended
f) b longs to b) v ryon was dan ing.
) l a rn e d i) pr f rs
g) eminds, of ) Som thing has annoy d /is
a) to let m l ve rl annoying m .
b) singing / to sing for an hour 3 a) right b ut
d) Th r ,s nothing to at. / W ,v
without stopping b ) good a t
go t n o t h in g t o a t .
) (that) you,v pass d the xam ) famous for
) Th r ,s no on in th offi .
d) t o do w e ll / t h a t h 'll do w ll d) int r st d in f) v rybody lik s Julia.
) to do for th summ r ) annoy d with g) You an hav anything you
f; l ring up my loom f) kind to
lik . /Anything you like you an
g) f ight n d of
hav .
h) Nowh r is b tt r than hom .
290
 GRAM]v | AR A Ns W Rs

a) Everybod / E eryone 0 a tin op n r 0 Julia's re ading 'A Portrait of a

b) so m t h in g o)ar our n ighbours, Lad , b H nry Jam s.
) Som thing h ) on th kit h n 3 a) ,First of ll, who is goi g to c rry
d) som on /som body 5a) Th re re two bus Stops ne r y the suit s ?, sk d Emilie.
) th mselv s h o us e . b) a t s a id sh , d b o n t im , b u t I
0 One b) ou a t sl ps a ll d a y in i ts b d . didn,t b li v h r.
g) v 1.thing ) Have you m t Jan 's sist I? ) Ja m s s a id t h a t h , d m iss e d t h e
h) Nothing d) I atul s lik th s live at th t a in , 8o t lost , a n d b e n a rr st d .
i) yours lf bottom of th s a. d) \ \ rh n th b ll lang, our te a h I
j) m ys l f ) T h is boo k is m in . st ood u p a n d s a id , 'St oP w ri t in g ,
a) Someo spoke to m , but I fl,t r) hos ar two fri nds of my pl as .,
) , o n t h o t h r h a n d , w o u ld go
rem mbertheir me. f a t h r ,s.
b) ve rthing in th gard n has 8) v rybody,s d awings wer t t h in m a , o u ld n , t w ?, s a id
b n growing a lot lat ly. b t t e f t h a n o u ls. D a r-id .
) a ol didn,t do an)zthing / did h) Are th se glov s yours or 0 'Good m orn in g ,' s a id T in a . 'H o w
nothing yesterdaY. min ?/Ar thes your glov s or d o r . o u f I t d a v ?'
d) The isn,t an } zon / Th r 'sno m in e? g) I f I lv r r'o u , I , d ask f r so m
on Waiting for you. i ) Th hous stands on its own at h lp , o p h a ps st a l t a 8 a 1 n .
) P t and Kat njoy d th n d o f t h str t . h) T h old st a diu m lr . as v e n t u a lly
th ms lv s at th party. 1) I n o t i d t h s sh o s in a sh op d m olish d : r' r'f . rvp opl
f,1 You fill in an appli ation form, window. w nt th . a n d i t r as b o m in g
and th n you wait for an d a n g o us.
a nsw r . / O n f ills in a n Grammar 47
I a) i ste d of ) x pt Grammar 49
appli ation form, and th n on
walts for an answ r' b) ith r f) sin I a) d idi t t g g ) t h il
g) W n ed to do th shopping. ) a lso g ) bo t h b) sw im m in g h t b a u t i f u l
Th r isn,t ngth]ng in th d) su h as h) y t ) phot il r ip t
fridg . d) qu stion ir b ginning
2 a) D br isit d the stle d the
) / k l psY h i a trist
mus um, too.
G r a m m a r4 6 b) v ryon was on tim pt Jill. f) k n ort . n ll su ssf u l
1 a) hers ) th irs h) my ) I s a id i t w as l a in in g b u t , in f a t , 2 a) phon , r il' , I
b) h r own f) youl i) our i t isn't! b) . h ist l , f i ld
) yo urs g ) h is i) i ts d ) a r n o u ld n , t pl a y t n n is, sin ) su ss f u l l r - . p h r . s i s
d) min sh , d h u t h r l g . d) kn r , knif
2 a) T ell o ic it,s I en ,s turtl, ot ) In my w, smoking is bad for ) t h i f' l rin g
hers. you. ) q u st io n . list n in g
b) Ali ,s young I broth r's all d 0 I a t t h h o ol a t a k as l ll g) b 8in n in g' \ -1 1V
Bill . as the appl pi . h) o] u m ns. b a u t l f u llr .
) Tim,s sandwi h s W r tasti I g ) D a n i l pl a y d in go a l inst a d o f 3 31 6611 rollill5- gl u ps t t in g
than ours. his b oth ' br t h i k n in g h t h oo k in g
d) Th fllm,s b ginning is good but h ) I n o n lusio n , I , d li k t o t h a n k i g ip pin g i) w -ri t in g
its nding is w ak. t h h a d t a h I ,A n n Col s. dr h oosin g i t im prov t n g
) A th s k ys yours or h rs? 1) 2)b )a 4)d . f l } -in g k ) sw im m in g
fl Barba a fllls in the patients, 5)d 6) 7)b 8)d fr m k in g 1) ridin g
l ord a rds a t t h do t o I 's. 9)a 10)b .l D a B r'-,
g) Wh n it,s laining, v rybody,s ) inst ad I . m so rr . t h a t I h a v n , t W [i t t n t o
a) ept
I ain oats g t W t. . l- uio so lo n g . I , m a fr a id I , v b n
b) as well as this 0 a tuall-Y
h) The manag l,s assistant r ads all g) su h as r- 'b usv a t s h ool , a n d I h a v e n , t
) P rsonally
t h e ust o m e rs,l t t rs. h) ith r had mu h tim fol Writing l tt s.
d) both
i) Your sist r,s dog runs fast r than L st l k I flnish d my
ours. 5a)5 b)9 )3 d)7
g)10 h)2 a m in t io ns, so n o w I , m 8 e t t in g
j) on ,s our t a h r,s ar and th )1 04 r dy to go on holiday.
oth r,s a visitor's. i)8 D l l as wond ring wh th you would
a) footb ll boot, h ses dwi h G r a m m a r4 8 lik to om to stay foI a few days?
b) shop windo oat po ket
)z d)2 You an m t my f i nds, and w
1a) l b)2
) gard n gate, bi y l light ould all go swimming. Th W ather
) 3 01
d) d partment stor , ountly is ally good now her in ltaly, and
otta8e 2a) We,re me eti g Un I e D vid on I ,m su you will nioy youlself.
) flr ngin , ro k singer Tuesd ve ingri eight. B st w ish es,
post offi , p n il shalp n r b ) Last F bruary I m t s Silvia
0
g) football ground, s hool r po t Wilkinson for th f,rst tim .
5 a) tomorrow
h) shop assistant, railwaY station ) Tim lives in th south of Fran W dn sday
b)
n a a n n s.
4 a) m sister,s ) adv rtis m nt
d) W saw a gr at film at th AB
b) ar Sam,s d) neighbour
a ll d , T h R m a ins o f t h D a y , .
) fri nd of min ) through
) W w nt to palty at Is grat ful
d) m y f a vo u i t t l sio n l)
Harrisons, hous on N w Y ar,s
) are your t a h rs, g) n ssary
ve.
291
 lN ER EDlA tANGUAGE PRA I

h) disappoint d G r a m m a r5 1
i) w ath r/ wh ther
j) I a) hers e) anlthing
rem mb r
k) library b) to h lp f) sp nding
1) )in at
answ r
d) as h) anything
6 a) deBt i) autum
2 I)b 2)d 3)d 4)a
b) xhibition k) answ r
) hi 5) 6)b 7)a s)d
l) dau t r
d) 9) 10)b 11)b \2)d
lnif m) half
) lamb 13)a 1 4 )c 15)
n) lig h t
f) psy hologist o) salmon 3 a) e c pt |eff
g) r t p) whol b) on knows
h) what q) would ) th twins,
i) ya ht r) writing d) r fus d to a y
) r ly on
f) a fri nd of
G r a m m a r5 0 8) b g a n / st a rt dsn o w in g
a)4 b)1 )9 d)3 h) losing
)7 D2 h)s 4 1) ,/ 7) b n 13) t h y
i)8 2) th t 8) got \ 4) /
a) St re f) quit 3) tak 9) / 15) h a v
b) p a tise g) aloud 4) m 10) f or 16) w i t h
) thorough h) too 5) it 11) o 17) i t
d) ad i) latt r 6) for 12) ft
) far i) loos 5 a) for i) forgotten
a)3 b)_ )3 d)- b) h r i) v n
)3 03 8)- h) ) of k) som thing
D _ i) k)3 t\ d) no on / nobody l) ithe
m)- n) - o) - ) begun /started m) kept
4 D a Silvia, f) h s n) saw
Thanks for your l tt r and your g) s med o) Som one
invitation to I talyl I ,v n v r h) with
trav ll d broad b for , and I ,m 6 Dear Da d,
r ally looking forward to staying I t was gr at to h ar from you ft r
with you and your family. I ,v so long. I nioy d h aring all your
spok n to my par nts and they,v n ws. ] did n , t r a liz t h a t yo u'd
agre d. They say th y,r golng to sp nt a y ar abroad. You must hav
phone soon to dis uss th had a r ally good tim in Gl e .
allang m nts. I ,v d id d to 8o th I e n xt
I ,v d ided to hav som I talian summ r. P haps w ould go
l ssons so that I an pra tis wh n ] tog th r.
ome to I taly. I ,d lik you to W Iit I 'v h a d a f a n t ast i y a r a t oll g .
som simple s nt n es for me. The work is hard than the wo k
Pl as note my new addr ss. We w e did a t s h ool , b u t i t ,s m o e
mov d last we k and now I ,v got a int I sting. I ,m studying Business
mu h bigg r bedroom. Administration and ComDut r
B st wish s, S i n a t t h m o m n t . I ; v lso
B ky made lots of n w f i nds.
a) v get ble I ,m thinking f oming to Bristol for
g) int I esting
b) languag a f w days to visit my sist r. Would
h) bis uit
) queue you lik to m t? You ould show
i) iling
d) r iv m the sights and we ould talk
i) differ nt
e) peopl about our old s hoold ys.
k) knowl dg
f) b autiful Why don,t you giv m a ring and
l) ind p ndent
w e o u ld dis uss i t' I t w o u ld b
a) e t h) non wond rful to s you again.
b) b an i) pi B est w ish s,
) he k i) p a ir 1l n
d) flow k) w it
) whol l) rows
7 a ) I ste d of 0 as well
f) mus l m) so
b) ev y singl c) yours
g) know n) stair
) in fa t h ) h rs lf
d ) In on lusion i) on, in
) of my, min 1 ) ven

292
 a) unusu Il d) s a f loor
Vo a b u l a ry2 ) st u d n t lo a n
b) surPrisinglY
a) u i t r sti g ) Int r stingly ) m a t dish
b) disadvantag d) su ssfully g) st o m a h a c h
) unfortunately e) b autifully
6 at fford to f) t a h m how to
d) impati nt f) tho oughly
bl lik l to g) s1ow to
) disapp ars g) awtully
i ha d to h) f org t t o
f) un mploy d h) unsu ssfully
di h op t o i) d sig n d t o
g) disagr i) u n n e ss a rily
) t ' not to ]) w illin g t o
h) misund rstanding j) obviously

2 a) ov rslept ) r Wlit 4 a) u omfort ble

b) und rw ar f) ov r ook d b) indep nd nt V o a b u I a r 5y
) ov r oat g) ren w ) usabl
d) disappointm nt
7 a1 ligh dl ss 8 ) i n
d) outplay d h) underpaid
b) spar r t ]l h) los
) r l a t io nsh ip
a) )rime fr n
ftiendship f) uns lfish
b) f ign r g) unh althy n d ) b u st h l p id
2 a)
) hildhood h) un ontrollable had [r totd il aught
b)
d) st ward ss i) unshrinkabl j t lost
) took 8l got
) t nager j) in xpe i n ed d) sp n t
f) spoonful
g) n ighbourhood 5 a) re eipt ) ar iag 3 a ) m ss r mad
h) handtul b) politi ian f) appli ation b)br ath fl t mp
i) ma hin ry ) d pth g) knowl dg ) a lo n e g' s t
j) boo k l t d) pati n h) explanation d) diff r n h' l i

4 a) i h bit ts 6 a) th | t ) angry 4 a) bird . a Plg

b) bo do m b) b li f f) brav ry b) a bat l .' a pi rur e
) building ) suspi ion g) vanity ) lif g' ain
d) a ommodation d) l ngth h) ability d) a u umb hr hous s
) r fusal
a tol 5 a) lif l tim
0
g) employ Vo a b u l a ry4 b) so u l f' so u n d
h) imagination ) r id gr dolr t
1 a) H ve f; giv k) hav round hl th n
i) ook r d)
b) do g) tak l) tak
i) adv rtis m nt
) hav h) mak m) giv 6 a) l t' il | l L1rh llitl1t
5 a) shorfuess 0 tho oughn ss d) mak i) do n) tak b) g t r ad\.
b) fri ndlin ss g) happin ss ) giv i) 6o o) mak ) tak a d r- off
) darkn ss h) sillin ss d) hal. un
i) thinn ss 2a)4 b)B )5 ) ha \' nothing to do
d) lon lin ss
j) si k n ss d)1 )10 03 ) tak i t a sv
e) t ir d n ss
c)6 h)e 1)z
6 a) heroi ) dang rous D
b) musi al f) foolish
a) prote t, ski V o a b u l a r y6
) h o m l ess $) r a in y
b) l ar, spa \ a) f oo tP t h ) hai ut
d) moth rly
) app a1 s re n bl p a p r lip f) su n gl ass es
d) r tu n, all ) sh o e l a g) h ada h
e) rent, flat
Vo a b u l a ry3 flght, suvival
d} t im t a b1 h) l a m p post
fl
a) tired l) onfusing g) tak , minut 2 a) s ie fl tio
b) disappointing g) xhausting h) ontrol, b haviour b) rvalking sti k
) frightening h) int r sted ) s h ool r port
d) mbar ass d i) su pris d a *p*i 0hi6hl d) a l a rm lo k
j ) a n n oyin g ) p+ p g) €+ fe€t t ) air- onditionin8
) bor d
) e + et r h) l J€€t f) birthday PartY
2 a) unlik l t) dislik d) €{ € *I i) c€€p l g) ntral h ating
b) shortag g) sl py ) r i) stf€f l€l h) washing ma hin
) impossibl h) unusual
d) photography i) h rful 5 a) b nk couflt 3 a) bottle top
) us f u l j) k in d n ss b) bargain pri b) shop window
) spa shuttl ) bi y le pump
29
 I N ER i DlA LANGUAG PRA ! E

d) s hool entlan e Vo a b u l a ry8 6 a) mood f) h art

) bath oom mirr r b) Thanks g) ons ien
f) television s r n I a) ushion ) ultains ) troubl h) temper
g) po k t mon y b) so k t f) arp t d) voi e i) hand
h) door handl ) radiator g) draw r ) t als j) de ath
d) pillow h) sofa
4 a) h irdi r 7 Positiv N gativ
b) dishwash r 2a)4 b)5 )6 d)1 Ki d U ple s nt
) stain r mov t )3 D2 c)8 h)7 h ful | az
d) fir xtinguish I l v t nse
) p n il sharp n a) gl ss--wi dow
g n Ious me an
0 bottl op ner b) loth - tow l
elax d miserabl
g) lawn moW I ) doo - gat
ha d-working stupid
h) food mixer d) ground - floor
i) water h at r ) library - book as
j) off mak r f) wall _ f n e Vo a b u l a ry1 0
g) fir pla - himn y
5 a) d -dre mer h) stair - st p I a) husb d 0 singl
b) shopk p r b) ouple
4a) t home c) fri ndship
) sunbath r f) upboard ) hildr n h) ld r
d) babysitt r b ) stairs g) at, in d) twin D ngag d
) w ightlift r ) w ash-b asin h) a bath e ) a li k
d) iling i) housework i) hous wife
f) fl e-fight r
g) bank manager ) ook, ooker | ) ellar 2 a) rel tio s/rel tives
h) holidaymaker b) a quaintan
5 a) bedroom f) dishwash r ) gr ting
6a) income fl upbringing b) arm hair g) k yhol d) ngag ment
b ) upset g) outdoors ) wash-basin h) ashtray ) el bration
) roundabout h) outskirts d) dustbin i) downstairs f ; marriag
d ) downstairs i) Und ground ) flowerb d i) boo k as e g) r s mblan e
) ov r oat i) downpour h) d ath
6 a ) put d) tak s g) look
b) mov ) tum h) drop 3a) dults ) old
Vo a b u | a ry
7 ) 8 t f) finish b ) d ad f) young
) w dding g) r lativ s
I a) se o d-h d d) daught r h) birthday
b) an,t afford it Vo a b u l a ry9
) pay you ba k 4a) 6 b)9 )10 d) I
I a) ngry 0 bor d
d) sav up ) 1 f) 7 s)s h) L
b) mbar ass dg) h ful
) in d bt
) polit h) bad-t m red
i) 3 D
f,1 annual in om
g)
d) | az i) ups t
in a sal 5a) 5 b)4 )7 d) 1
h) be w ll-off
e ) s nsi b l e i ) ne vous e) 8 f)6 h) J
z
2 a) srnil e) ry
2 a) pocket mone 6a)i ) aft r
b ) n od f) h r
b) ash d sk b) away f) out
) omplain g) shak his h ad
) ut pri ) on and off g) against
d) shout h) whistl
d) bookshop d) on h) ov r
e) d paltment store 3 a) unr Ii ble
f) shop assistant 7 a ) gr ndp re ts f) n ph w
b) impati nt
g) redit ard b ) un l g) ni
) unint r st d
h) ar i r bag ) aunt h) only hild
d) dishon st
d ) st pson i) foreign r
e) unfri ndly
3 a) e ms ) by h qu ) sist r-in-law i) stranger
f; in xp ri n d
b) wages f; r ipt
g) impolite
) borrow d g) hang
h) unh lpful
d) ash h) owe V o a b u l a r y1 1
i) in onsiderat
4 a)6 b)5 )7 d)2e)a |1 j) un o-op rativ I a) w ist ) should r
g)8 h)3 b) wrist f) ankle
4a) dis ppoi ted ) asham d ) thumb g) toes
5 a) p ket ) b x b ) annoy d f) xhaust d d) nails h) fo eh ad
b) tub f) bar ) t rrifi d g) ie alous
) tin g) bun h d) glad h) fas inating 2 1) z)B 3)B 4)
d) arton h) lo a f 5)D 6) 7)D 8)B
sa) lo ging for ) fan y e)A 10)B 11)D 12)
6 |) 2) ^ 3) D 4) b) siv up f) fed up with 1 )A L4 ) D 15)
s)B 6)D 7) 8)D ) put me off g) ar fond of
e)A 10)B 11) 12) d) get on my h) l t m down
13) 1 4 )B 1s) D n Iv s

294
 v o ABULARY A Ns W ERs

3 a] frt ) su i t 3 a) inforrnatio e) s rvatlon 4 a) rur I ) int rnational

bt d ssu p fl disg u is b) runway f) an llation b) n ighbouring f ; lo l
) w at g) put on ) d p a rt ur g ) a irport ) isolat d g) rowd d
d) look h) go with d) landing h) tak off d) apital h) urban

1 a) sle v d) ap g) blous 4a) 7 b) )10 d)8 5 a) pl ground ) footpath

b) dress ) sho ts h) so k )1 f) 4 s) e h)z b) rossroads f) roadside
) suit f) skirt i)6 i)s ) roundabout 8) outskilts
d) a park h) footb idg
5 a) tongu ) arms i) hand 5 a) ie t f) suntann d
b) hair f) he art ]l b) s asi k g) re asonabl 6 a) stl
) fa e g) h ad ) popular h) xhaust d b) a avan
d) foot h) l g d) r laxing i) warm ) s m i-d e t a h dh o us
) lo a l i) op n d) b u n g a lo w
6 a) h k h) should r ) b id g
b) hin i) lbow 6 a) resort f) station f) t r a d h us
) ne k |) wrist b) br akfast g) stop ottag
8)
d) bust k) hip ) walk h) villag h) t orv r
) waist l) bottom d) holiday i) host l
fl thigh m) ankl ) ti k t i) ards
g) kn n) foot V o a b u I a r y1 6
V o a b u l a r y1 4 7 a ) roll l l ip
V o a b u l a r y1 2 b) ours 8) tast,v
I a) be t f) going ) m al h ) oo k
1. a) cr shed ) flood d b) applauded g) dr w d ) a ns i) spoo n
b) injur d f) blo k d ) nt r for h) sp nds ) froz n
) ollaps d g) sank d) h oldin g i) n ioy
d) xplod d h) trapped ) p rfo m d |) miss d 2 a) ro st fl P l
b) mix g) ft)'
2 a) pr s ription ) p in 2 a) spe t tors 0 gloup ) h op h) Gr a t
b) t mp ratur f) h mist,s b) athl t s g) audi n d) bak i) Sq u z
) g t ov 8) flu ) fans h) vi w rs ) add Boil
i)
d) he al h) sor throat d) t am i) ast
) m mb rs j) omp titors a) s It ) h ips
3 a) b nil ge ) ward b) fo k 1 in ga
b) hospital f) surgeon a) pize 0 ti k t ) ba on 8) s a u r
) patient g) blood b) m dal g) xhibition d) butt r h ) bis u i ts
d) op ration h) ambulan ) queue h) rod
d) tyl i) lin 4 a ) sli ) loaf
4 a) tr ffi i m ) whistl j) s r n b) ba f ) gl ass
b) ai pollution ) jar ot
t/
nin h
r__'*'-
) pow r failur 4 a) kno k d) liv g) stand d) up h) a rt o n / 8l ass
d) parking ti k t b) turn ) go h) drop
) train strik ) ioin f) mak 5 a) gr p ) pi
f) ar pa k b) o n io n f l plu m
5a)8 b)5 )7 d)2
g) bus stop ) l ttu 8) h s
h) rush hour )6 03 g4 h)1 d) lamb h ; h op
i) wat r shorta8
6 | )B 2) 3)B 4) ^ 6 a) rctlu d) tak away
1.) ity ntr
s)D 6)D 7) ^ B)B b ) bill ) boo k
5a)6 b)10 )2 d)8 9)A 10) 11)D 2) ) d ss t f) tip
)3 h)l 1 3 )B 14) 1s ) D
05 8)7
i)9 ^ 7a)
D
b ) so m
6a)3 b)6 )5 d)2 Vo a b u l a ry1 5 )a
e) 4 0 8 g) t h)7 d)-
1 1)B z)D 3) 4)A )a
'X
a) b)9 )2 d)6 5) 6)D 7) 8)B
0a
)50]c)sh)4 9)B 10) 11)D 72)
8)a
il 7 13) 14)D 1 5 )A h) -
r 1)-
ifl 2 a) squ re ) footpath
i) so m
V o a b u l a r y1 3 b) ountrysid f) vi w
) b a h g) Parking 8 a) l ttu h) asparagus
1 1)C 2)D 3)A 4)D d) ground h) ountry b) bro oli i) oulg tte
5)B 6)B 7) 8) ) auliflow l ry
3 a) st tio f) part i)
9)A 10)D 11) 1'2)B d) p pp r k) abbag
1 3 )B 14)D 1s) A b) jun tion g) pla e
h) ) l k l) b an
) hall traffi
f) onion m) arrot
2 a) down d) in g) after d) blo k i) zon
g) mush oom n) aubergin
b) off ) for ) rossing i) ntl
) up f) out
295
 lN Rtt,lED IA E LANGUAGE PRA l

V o a b u l a r y1 7 ) w ds, rops 3 a) hook ) urtains

f) llage, town b) tabl loth f) broom
I a) p ss f) wag s g) f n , h dg ) plant g) doormat
b) iob g) aloud h) fa m, ottag d) dustbin h) fir pla
) t a h h) appli ation
d) studying i,1 ains 4 a) comb f) toothpast
) m a ks j) offi Vo a b u l a ry1 9 b) gown g) alarm
2 a) he rt ) ) mirror h) tow l
rul s 1' a) ell pho ) ngin
b) phon d) table i) pillow
fl date b) p trol
) p a ti e fl light e) slipp rs j) hang r
8) time ) l tri g) naits
d) work h) b u s i n ss d) tyre h) plumb r 5 a) pedestri rossing
a) Iook ) pi k b) lamp post
2 a) nsweri g m hine ) pavement
b) tak f) writ b) mobil phone
) g t g) hand d) h dge
) s wing ma hin ) gate
d) ke p h) st a n d d) va uum l aner f) k rb
4 a) edu tio | 1 ) am a g) str et sign
D mploY r
b) u n e mPloy d f) dishwasher h) subway
g ) t im t a l
,) al ] ssiy g) photo opier
h) rn m
d) su essful i) knowl dg 3 a) ring ) plug h) 8o
) qualifi ations j) mploy s b) blow f) ut
Vocabulary 21
i) warm
5a)7 b)10 ) w ar g) turn i) run T a) emplo er
)1 d)9 D offi r
) 6 d) br ak b) own r
0 8) 5 h)2 g) paint r
i) 8 i) 4 4 a) ) me hani h) ashi r
hard disk
d) manag i) waiter
6 1)D 2)B b) m mory
)B 4) e) t a h r j) postman
5) ) i on
6)D 7)B s)B
e)A l0)B d) ursor 2 a) g rde er
11)D 12)D D alp nt I
1 ) 1 4 )B ) p int out b) guid
1 5 )A g) eleit i ian
f) button ) plumb r h) opti ian
g) websit d) photog apher i) v t
V o a b u | a r y1 8 h) modem ) dentist j) hairdr ss r
i) highlight
I a) we th f) h atwave a) membo f) mploy
b) lightning 5 a\ r ) fryin g p a n b) partn r
g) storm g) supporter
) fog h) b) le tri f) saw ) flatmat
ool h) t am-mat
d) show r i) toothbrush g) gun d) guest i) assistant
soak d
e) s aso n ) ladd r h) llo e) host
i) sn o w
d) oven
2 a) sw n fl mosquito 4 a) ow rd f) xp rt
b) goat 6 a) h ndle ) k y b) mis r
g) rabbil g) fool
) ab h) giraff b) battery f) lo k ) optimist h) genius
d) butt rfly ) so ket 8) plug d) leb ity
i) spid i) pessimist
) liza d d) swit h h) wir ) favourit
i) puppy i) li a r
3 a) br n h 7 a) pump f) s issors 5 a) rew
e) thorn f) trio
b) b r y f) b) tin-op ner g) the mom t r b) so iety
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4 a)B b)4 )7 d)2
)1 08 c)s h)3 6 a) inh bit nts f) s ientist
Vo a b u l a ry2 0 b) politi ian g) iminal
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9) d 10)b 11)a r2)d b) glu c) s issors e) survivor j) oppon nt
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296
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C o n s o l i d a t i o na n d x t e n s i o no f v o a b u | a r yi n o m m o n
topi ar as.

V o a b u | a rsyk i l | si ,n | u d i n gw o r d - b u i | d i n agn d d i t i o n a y
w o r k , d e v I o p e da n d p r a t is d .

P T xam-forma t x is isn l u d e d .
a G a m m a i n d xa n d w o r d I i s t .
O l d a |f o r s e l f -s t u d yo r | a ss o o mu s e .

E l e m e n t a ry Int rmediate F irst tifi ate Advan ed

La n g u a g Pr a t i La n g u a g P a t i e La n g u a g ePr a t i e L a n g u a g e Pr ti e

With Key 9 7 8 1 4 0 5 0 0 7 6 4'l 978 1 4050 0768 9 978 1 4050 0766 5 978 1 4050 0762 7

Without K y 978 1 4050 076 4 978 1 4050 0767 2 9781 445007658 978 1 4450 0761 0

Cambridge KE P F E A / P
SoL e x a ms

Co u n i I o f B' I B2 1l 2
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