I 1 . . X VI I .

T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARABI A N ELEMENT 7

an d h i s ar m as th e Arabi an h o s t y
S o , to o , th e P er si an p er i o d .

l as te d fo r ab ou t 2 00 y ear s an d p r e su m abl th e s ettl em e nts o f Asi atics y

t hat n ow o ccu r r e d incl u de d a p r o p o r ti o n Of Arabs T h e p re su mp ti o n .

is m ad e m o r e c er tain by th e fact that wh en Al exan der th e G r eat

c o nqu er ed Egy p t in 332 B C h e app oin ted C leo m en es o f N au kr atis . .

t o b e g o v er n o r o f Ar abi a ab ou t Her o o p o li s wi th th e ti tl e o f
“ ”

an d so imp o r tan t w as th is o f fi ci al s p o si ti o n th at h e
“ ”
Ar ab ar ch
’

w as als o r e sp o nsibl e to A l ex an d er fo r th e w h o l e tr ib u te O f Egyp t 1

.

X V In th e r e ign o f th e fi r s t P to l e m y w e h ear o f th e Ar abs p r o vi d ing

gr eat c o nv o y s o f cam e ls fo r th e ab o r tive invasi o n by An tig o n u s an d z
,

n o d o u b t th e y tr ansp o r te d an d r ai d e d b o th si d e s al ter n ate ly th r o u g h

o u t all th e w ar s o f th e s u cc e ssive P to l e mi e s o n th e S y r i an fr o n ti er ;

b u t to w h at ex te n t th e y m ad e an y p er m an e n t s ettl e m e n t in Egyp t
d u r ing th is p er i o d i t is imp o ssibl e t o s ay .

X V I M eanwh il e l e t u s n o t fo r g et th e m o r e c o n tinu o u s int er c o u r s e

th at w as p r o c ee d ing fu r th er s o u th N o t o nly w er e trad e r e l ati o ns .

m ain tain e d b u t th e K ah t én i tes o r Him y ar i te s o f s o u th er n Ar abi a

,

w er e fo r ming a d efinite link b etween th e Ar abs an d th e n egr o p op u

l ati o n o f Abyssini a an d p er i o d ically in v ad ed th e Nil e vall ey We
3
, .

n ee d n o t p ay mu ch atte nti o n to th e tal e o f S h edd ad a Him y ari te ,

king Of th e Ad i te s wh o invad e d Egy p t in th e d ays o f Ashm fi n th e

’
,

gr eat—gr an d s o n o f Ham s o n o f N o ah an d b u il t p y rami d s an d r es er ,

v o i t s b efo r e h e was c o mp e ll ed to r etr eat b ut the tr ad iti o n th at o n e

4
,

o f th e e ar ly kings O f Y e m e n Ab d S h ams S ab é th e fo u n d er o f M ar ib
’

, , ,

inv d ed Egy p t p r o b ably r efer s to an actu al incu r si o n fr o m th e

a
5

s o u th eas t d u r ing th e N fi b ian p er i o d

-
.

X V I I M o r e imp o r tan t m atter s w er e th e exp e d i ti o ns o f Ab r éh a

D h u e l M an ar 6 ”
an d Afr i k u s .

T h e fo r m er w as b o r n acc o r d ing to C au ss in d e P er c eval ab o u t , ,

4 C an d w as king o f Y e m e n an d b r o th er o r so n of e l S a ab
’
1 3 B . .
, ,

D h u el Kar n ayn ( T h e tw o h o r n e d He i s s ai d t o h ave m ad e

“
-

1
ffy Hi
M ah a fE s tory o g y p t, p p 2 0, 2 1
2
M ah aff y
l oc ci t 4 9
P lg v A bi
, . .
, . . .

‘
3
C 1
M akri z i K h eta t, I I , 5 2 3
’

p a ra e, ra a, 1, 45 3 , 45 4
l Fi d a g Ib yk
. .
,
5
S Ab p p 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , q u o ti n S a i d ; V an D c , p 1 5 ; an d
’
ee , e g u e n
i d P vl 5
. . . .
,

C au s s n e er c e a 1, 2
H f h S ig x ii l Fi d é Dy k
, .

6
e o Ab t 7 V
e n p o st s F o r hi s e p e d t o n se e u e p 1 1 an c

i d P vl ii g l N w
. .
, ,

p 6
. d C
1 ; an Hi I p V
au s s n Y e e r ce a , I , 6 7 ( c t n e u ay r y , st . m . et . oct .

p
v l ( 6 5 ) ll l S b E é b H w ll d T h w
.

C i d P7 ’
au s s n e er c e a 1, ca s e a a ss e as c a e e t o

d b h w l i f h i h gi g d w v hi m l (V
.

”
h o rn e w e c au s e e o re t o p a ts o a r an n o n o er s te p es an

Dy k l b h w w wi h i lik h “ ”
c p or (C d
e se ec au s e e o r e a cr o n t po n ts e o rn s e

P vl l ik m im f d wi h
. .
,

e r ce B a f h och w y r e aso n o t e n c n am e e as so et e s co n u s e t
Al x d ibl h i i h
.
,
”
e h G anDh l K er I i t e r e at u e am ay n t s p o ss e t er e s a co n n e ct o n er e

wi h h w h w by h M k f B j ( P I I I C h XXX )
.

“
t t e t o o rn s o rn t e e o u ar as q ua art ap 2, III
w by h F ( P I I I b
.
.
,
”
an d h w h d t ki e t o -
o rn e ta a o rn t e un g se e art su
“
O i
n é i m
ne i Al x d
sa l md Z l
t p as p r c sé
‘ ent an r ecu t
,

su rn o ou
p o ur q uo e re e e -
8 T HE PRE I SL AMI C -
A RABI AN ELEMENT I 1 . . X VI I .

an incu r si o n in to th e S u dan an d ad vanc ed as far as the M o g h rab .

T h is s to ry evi d ently p o ints to a Himyar i tic exp e di ti o n into th e S u d an

by way o f Abyssini a Ab r aha s so n Afr iku s o r Ibn Afr iki invad e d .
’
, ,

n o rther n Afr ica p ro b abl y ab o u t 46

X V I I I Th er e are gr o u n d s fo r su pp o sing th at thes e invasi o ns wer e
fo ll o wed by tw o d is tinct Himyar i tic s ettl em ents in th e in ter i o r o f
Afr ic a .

In th e fi r s t pl ace nu mb er s o f th em are s ai d to h ave s ettl e d w e s t ,

O f Egyp t am o ng th e Lib y an tr ib es an d m u l tipli e d wi th th e s e u n d er

th e c o mm o n n am e o f B er b e r s : s u c h is th e o r igin assign e d wi th v e r y
r e as o n abl e p r o b abili ty to th e S AN HA GA an d K ET AM A s e c ti o ns O f th e

Be r b e r z
In th is c o nne cti o n i t m ay b e n o te d th at at th e b attl e o f
.

Ac ti u m Ar abs O f th e Y em e n fo u gh t fo r An to n y o n th e g all ey s o f
Cl eo p atr a 3
.

S e co n d l y i t s ee ms c er tain that co l o ni es O f Himyar i te s s ettl e d in

,

N ubi a th ou gh i t is h ar d to s ay w he th er th e trac es o f Himy ar i tic

,

‘ x ’
il v i x
p r é te n d e n t q u e
’
a d eu L es d eu
’
c ar n ay n ( u ns c e st p ar c e q u a a t
é mi n e n ce s su r l a t ete , d
’
au tr e s p ar c e q u
’
il v i d x
a a t eu c o r n e tt es a sa c o u r o n n e ,

d
’
au t r es il v i d x l g
p ar c e q u
’
ad d
a t eu on u es d
t r e ss e s h v x e c e eu p en an t e s ,
’
au t r e s

p ar c e q u il bj‘ g l i ’
d l O i
su u ua é l
’
dé
u n ve r s , e
’
r en t é l A l O id
r e
’
cc en t r e

no mi i d A l x d n at o n d x
’
l le d an ll d J p i
re aux eu co r n e s
’
e st
’
an a o g u e e ce
,

e e u te r
Amm (P
”
i i V D f
’

on p l T erro n , a 6 e fin s oy au a r o ur , pp 45
i d P vl( 7 ) i
. . . .
, ,
1
C au ss n h C
e i
er c e6 a d i 1, 0 po nts o u t t at a e s ar n 4 B C w as Op p o se n
Af i b y h N mi d i f J b i b y h L ib B b ib
. .

r ca t e u d h
an s o h fi a, e t e yO
-
er er tr e s , an t at t e se

l w m ll d bf m i gC b iv i f
. .

atte r er e co pe e f to r e tr e at e o re e et n ae s ar e c au s e O an n as o n o

Jb u
’
h i
a s s t at e at ig i f C by t i Si i
e h h d f
n st my
at o n O ae s ar a ce r ta n tt u s at t e ea o an ar

Of dv a Si i b Af k
e n tu re r s d h m Af k tt u s m ay h v b e ri us , an t e na e ri u s m ay a e ee n

m ly f d i h x d i i Ib K h ld ( 7) ll hi ib
.

ere f h
co n e r r e n ono ur o t e e pe t on n a fin I, 2 ca s m n
i g h x d i i i lf Ib K h ld 7 6 ( i i g Ib
.

S fi ai C o n ce r n n t68 e e lpe t on ts e se e n a fin , I , 1 —
1 c t n n e
l Fi d a i d P vl
.

K l b i) P
e k Sp ; Hi A 6
0c 0c e ,Ab 6 ec7 C st r p 0 u e pp 1 1 1 1 au s s n e e r ce a

( i i g h bv d lN
. . .
. .
, , ,

Hi Y
’
I, 6 9 c t n t I p V
e a o e Can e u w ay r y s st m et oc t p are tte ,

Af i ( H kl y
. . . . .

E pl S i l Al d L
’ ’
i 6
’

x or . c en t . ae g er e, 1 1 1 , 30 ; an eo r c an u s a u t 1 , 1 22 .

S 2
Ib K h ld d 8 d 78 d l M
’
ee 7 n a di
fin , 1 , 2 an 1 4, an 11, 1 ; an cp e as fi 1 1 1 , 2 40

) y h h fi l i h bi
. .
,

Ib l R ki k
n e p C a l i a ar et t e , oc c t p 49 sa s t at t e r st p eo p e to n a t
B b yw l i fS b I b Af ki ki g f Y m
. . . .

ar arfi e re d ve c o o n e s o d h a ae an s u n er n ri n O e e n , an t at

h y g v bi h ib f B b T h fi l i w k ,

t e a6 e rt to 00 t r b h es o er ers e se ve co o n e s ere t a e n to e t e

G h ma l y ll w h
.

S hé an M d
g a, Z a asm d H wé fi I b K h ld
a, en ta , o r a , an o ra . n a fin on a o s t e

Him y i i igi f h S hé d h K am H y Q M 31 ) W l 9

‘
ar t c or n O t e an ga an t e et a . e sa s . »

lV M j
’B '
b d
ui l “ fli gfi l C l} M l (e d . ar .
,
VI, 9 7 , Bk He p u ts
do w h l d
n t e r e s t as r e ate to t h e Ph ili i f m
s t n e s an d d e s ce n d e d r o C an aan
l Ib B t t T hi v ll vi i m j y
.

C s te d Zh afé r , a
’
p a so n a fi a, 1 1 , 1 96 s tr a e er o n th s o u r n e

b y l d f m Ad iki g mbl b w f
. .

an d ro en , an r ec o r d s th e s tr n r e se an ce et ee n t h e o o d , the

h bi d h w m m m g l m g t h e p e o p e t h e r e an d a o n
’
a t s an t e o en s p r o p er na es a on t h o se
i n th e M o g h r ab . He sa y s

9 1 5 0” e -
m s S o w” a
te- w o le J am Less .
as m m m ;

” 0° M M“
T h i s r es e an ce mbl
e ar s o u t t h e s t ate b
e n t th at S an h é g a an d m o th e r tr ib es o f t h e
Mo g h r ab ar e o f H ar t c im y i i
6
C au ssi n d e er c e a , l o c ci t p 7 0, q u o t n V r P vl ,
A eneid , . . . i g i gil V II I , 7 06 .
I 1
. . XX . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT 9

influ enc e wh ich o ccu r th er e and wh ic h wi ll b e n o ticed later d ate

"

l
, ,

i n th e m ain fr o m th is or a l ate r p e ri o d .

At th is p er i o d su n w o r s h ip w as fl o u r is h ing b o th in S o u th e rn
-

A r abi a an d am o ng th e Himy ar i tic c o l o nists o f n o r th er n Abyssini a2

an d th e w o r s h ip O f th e s am e d e i ty th at s u rviv e d at T almis K al abs h a
( )
u n til th e t im e O f J u s tini an m ay w e ll h av e fo r m e d a b o n d o f symp ath y
3

b etwe en Himyari te an d Nfi b ian thr o u gh the m e d iu m o f Abyssini a

a n d so h av e facili tate d an d e nc o u rag e d in ter c o u r s e b e tw ee n th e tw o .

Pliny as w e h ave al r ead y s een eve n q u o tes J fi b a to the e ffe c t that

, ,

t h e Nil e d w e ll er s fro m Asw an t o M er o e w ere n o t E th i o pi ans b u t

Ar abi ans 4
a s tatem e n t w h ic h th o u g h O bvi o u sly e x agg er ate d m ay b e
—

t ak e n as c o n taining at l eas t s o m e g rain o f tr u th T h er e is to o a .

, ,

t r ad i ti o n th at Ab u M ali k o n e o f th e l as t O f th e tr ue Himyar i te
5
,

d y n as ty m ad e an exp e d i ti o n in to th e B E GA c o u n try in q u e s t o f
,

e m er al d s an d th e r e p er is h e d wi th m o s t O f hi s ar my T h e e ve nt o n .

w h ich th is tal e is fo u n d ed p r o b ably o ccu rr ed d u r ing th e ear ly d e cade s

o f th e C h r is ti an p er i o d
6
.

X IX In 2 5 B C Au gu s tu s u n d er th e imp r e ssi o n th at the m er c han

. .
,

d iz e b r o u g h t to th e Re d S ea p o r ts by th e Ar abs was p ro d u c e d by
Ar abi a c o mmissi o n e d Ae liu s G all u s th e P r e fe c t o f Egyp t to c o nqu e r
, , ,

th at c o u n tr y
7
.

T his exp e d i ti o n w as a failu r e ; b u t ab o u t th i r ty y ear s l ater h aving ,

l ear n ed that the m o s t val u abl e m erch an d iz e b r o u ght by the Arabs

'

c ame o r iginall y fr o m In d i a an d d esi r ing a m o n o p o ly fo r s h ips fr o m ,

Egy p ti an p o r ts th e Ro mans imp o s e d a 2 5 p e r c en t imp o r t d u ty o n

,
.

g o o d s fr o m Ar abi an p o r ts an d d es troye d Ad an e the ch ie f tr ad ing ,

c e ntr e o f th e m all F o r ab o u t two c e ntu r i e s R o m an s hipping was

6
.

d eve l o p e d at th e exp e ns e O f th e Arab b u t th e o l d fr ee d o m o f in ter

9
,

c o u r s e b etween the tw o c o as ts d o es no t s e e m to have b een c h eck ed

t h er eby an d by th e t im e O f D i o cl e ti an (2 8 4 305 A D ) th e Ax u mi te s
,
—
.

O f Abyssini a an d th e Himy ar i te s o f th e Y e m e n h ad e n ti r e ly r e g ain e d

t h e tr ad e

XX T h es e two p eo pl es cl o s e ly c o nn ected by race w er e n ow u ni te d , ,

by th e b o n d o f a c o mm o n r e ligi o n Axu m h ad b ee n finally c o nver te d .

1
S e e In d e x sub Hirny ar
yk P XXV
.
,
2
C p V an D
. c , pp . 1 8 an d 38 ; an d se e ar t I I , C h ap . 2, I .

3
L e t r o n n e , M a ter ia u x
’

l ili y l ii
.

‘
1
Q ui n e t ac co as N a S e n e n o n Ae t hi o p u m p o p u o s se d Arab um e s se d c t
u sq u e M e r o e n
”
Pi y
l n , Bk V I , p ar a 34
P vl yk
. . .

5
C au ss in d e e r c e a , I , 8 2 ; V an D c , p 1 8
P vl lik bi
. .

6
C au s sin d e e r ce a p u t s t h e d at e o f Ab u M a rt h i n 3 1 A D
’
s

il
.

7
M ne , p p 1 9 , 20 6
I bi d p 34
i lxxix lx x ib
. . . . .

9
C p M u r , Life of M a ho m et , p p x He attr u te s to thi s c au s e th e
w mig i i
. . .
,

n o r th ar d rat o n o f t h e Ku d a a an d B e n A z d
’

il
.

1°
M ne, p .
94 .