TheAmericanEsperantoBook 10007641

THE AMERICAN
E SPERANTO B K
A C O M P E N DIU M OF THE I NTERNAT ION AL

L AN G UAG E
E S PE RANTO
OM P I L E D AN D E DITE D B Y
C
ART H UR BAK ER A E A E DITOR O F AMERI K A

. . .
E S P E R AN T I S T O " C HI C AG O
.
AP P EAL TO REAS ON
G I RAR D K AN S AS
PR E FAC E
T he purpose of E sp e r a nto i s to be a secon d
lan guage for t h os e p e rs ons wh o h av e r e lations wit h
p e opl e wh os e nativ e l an guage s t h e y do n ot know .
T h i s gr e a t n ee d o f h um a nit y E sp e ranto suppli e s .
By a f . e w we e ks ofstud y e v e n w it h out t h e aid of

,
a t each e r on e can quali f y h i ms e l ffor c onv e rsation

,
an d corr e sp ond e nce w it h all t h e ot h e r E sp e rantists

of t h e world w h a t e v e r t h e ir nati onalit y
, T h e ir
.
numbe r i s incr ea sin g by h undr e ds of t h ousands

e ac h y e ar . T h e s e f a cts b e in g e stablis h e d be y ond
doubt i t would b e conf e r ri n g an und e s e rv e d di gnit y
,
upon t h os e wh o O pp os e t h e l a n guage to r e pl y to
t h e ir ar gum e nts I t h a s an arti fi cial sound ”
“
.
so h as t h e voi ce i n t h e t e l e p h on e It i s not art

”—
.
ist ic n e it h e r i s a st e am l ocomot i v e T h e useful

.
ness o fE sp e r a nt o i s so t h orou gh l y e stablis h e d t h at
t h e discussion o f its artistic m e rits ma y we ll b e

dism i ss e d wit h p e r h aps t h e obs e rvation t h a t t h e
,
lan guage i s fr equ e ntl y mist a k e n b y t h e uninitiat e d

f or It a li a n or S panis h , p opul a rl y suppos e d to be
t h e most music a l of l a n gu a ge s .
T h e aim o ft h is b oo k i s to provid e i n on e vol

,
u me t h e m e an s o facquirin g a t h orou gh
, pract i cal
,
knowl e d ge of E sp e ran to . As su gge st e d by i ts

titl e t h e cont e nts ar e e spe ciall y ad a pt e d to t h e
,
Ame r i can stud e nt due r e gard b e in g p a id to , the
Am e r i can i sms o four l an g u a ge .
S o u rc e s of A u t h o r i ty
T his v olu me i s bas e d up on t h e E kzer ca r o b y ,
Dr Z a m en h o f Allt h e e xe r c is e s a r e t a ke n from
. .
i t a n d a r e t h e r e f or e absolut e l y a ut h oritativ e T h e .
n o t e s an d tran slati ons w it h t h e discussi o n oft h e ,
gr a mmar wh il e c ont a inin g mu ch o r i gin a l work

, ,
a r e a l so ind e bt e d t o t h e f o ll o w in g s our ce s : T /ze

S t a nda r a Cour se of E sp er a n t o b y G e o r ge W B u l
’
.
,
l F B E A ; E sper a n t a S t n t a kso b y S r o Pa ul
'
en, . . . .
, .
F r u ict ier ; Gr a mma r a n d C ommen t a r y b y Ma j o r ,
G e n e r a l G e o r ge C ox T h e E sp e r an t o E n gli s h
.
-
v oca bul a ry is comp i l e d fr om t h e s e c ond e diti on of

t he E p
s er a n t o c t ion a r y , by A . Mot t ea u ,
an d Wor t or ouo/z E p
s er a n t o- D ou t so/z b y , H e r ma nn
Jurge ns e n l a tt e r volu me be in g p r e f e rr e d wh e r e
, t he
t h e t wo a r e n ot in concord S uppl e me ntin g t h e s e .
,
r /z E sp er a n t o Di ct iona r y b y J C O con
’
t h e E ng l zl -
, . .
n or and C F H a y e s is d r awn up on for t h e m a tt er

. .
,
con ta i n e d in t he E n glis h E sp e ranto vo cabular y - .
H ow to S tu dy
R e ad car e full y fi r st part oft h e bo ok pa ge s

t he ,
7 t o 7 6 i n clusiv e I t i s b y n o m e ans d e.sirabl e to

att e mpt to assimilat e e v e r y t h in g se t f ort h in t h es e
page s at onc e but t h e stud e n t w h o h a s for gott en
,
muc h o f E n glis h gramm a r w ill find h is m e mory

r e fre s h e d an d t he p e r son wh o h a s consid e r e d h im
,
sel f a g ood grammari a n will find t h at E s pe ranto
ma y wid e n h is knowl e d ge oft h e subj e ct .
Up on fin is h i n g t h is matt e r r e turn to pa ge 7
, ,
and commit t o me m or y t h e s ounds o ft h e E sp e ranto

l e tt e rs d e scribe d on t h is and t h e four succ e e din g
page s T h e n t a k e up in t h e ir o rd e r t h e e x e r ci s e s
. , , .
H a vin g fin is h e d t h e s e and m e moriz e d all t h e w ords

c ontain e d in t h e m y ou w ill be abl e t o r e a d r e a dil y
,
a n y ordinar y c orr e spo nd e n ce and lit e r a tu r e in t h e
l a n gu a ge T h is b oo k be in g a mod e st c omp e ndium

.
o fE sp e r a nto ma t e ri a l i t h a s s e e me d n e ce ss a r y t o
,
includ e in t he E sp e r a nto E n gli sh voc a bul ar y m an y

-
unusual words and t e c h nic a l t e r ms an d t h e w is e

,
s tud e nt will n ot att e mpt t o burd e n h is me mor y

wit h suc h as ar e outsid e h is own n ee ds and us e s .
You ma y put y our know l e d ge o fE sp e ran to to

i mm e di a t e pr a ctical u se in r e adin g or in cor r e sp on
,
d e nce for an y p u rpos e wh at e v er wit h pe rs ons in

,
an y part o ft h e wor ld . Addr e ss e s ma y b e obtai n e d

on r equ e st (wit h stamp ) fro m A mer i k a E sp er a n t zl
, rt o
,
Ch icag o .
C ON T E NT S
Alp h abe t
R ul e s o ft h e Grammar
T h e Articl e
T h e S ubstantiv e
T h e Adj e ctiv e
Pronoun s
T h e V e rb
T h e Participl e
T h e Adv e rb
T h e Pr e positi on
T h e C onjun c tion
T h e Int e rj e ction
T h e N um e rals
Pr e fi xe s and S uffi x e s
C orr e lativ e W ords
C apital s and Punctuati o n
O rd e r o fW ords
For e i gn N am e s
E xe r c is e s
C orre s pond e nc e
L a E sp e r a n t i smo
O C A B U L AR I E S
V
E sp e ranto E n glis h V ocabul a r y

-
E n glis h E sp e ran to V ocabular y

-
Q
T HE A LP H AB E T
The al p h ab e t consists o ft we nt y e i gh t l e tt e rs -
,
e ac h r e pr e s e ntin g on e sound o nl y
A a B b C c C e D d E e F f Gg é g H h 1
, , , ,
315 , , , , , , ,
n Jj J j K k L I M m N u 00 Pp R r S s ss
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
T t , U u , 13a, V V , Z z .
T he N a m es
L e t te rs A E I O U
o ft h e , , , ,
(vowe ls ) ar e t h e sounds an d t h os e of t h e con son ,
ant s ar e form e d b y addin g t h e E sp e ranto noun

e ndin g b 50 c tr o 6 ( no (1 do ffo g g o 2 fo
, , , , , , ,
1 lo I) l
) l , z/zo j y o j z /zo k t o 1 l
, o m mo 11 no p po
, , , , , , ,
r r o, 8 so, 3 s/zo, t t oe, ii zoo, v 00, z z o .
DS S OUN
T h e sound gi v e n e ac h l e tt e r is t h e sam e
E n glis h wi t h t h e f
, ollowin g e x c e pti ons :
A i s lik e a in fa ll t or .
C is l i k e t s in fl a t s .
C i s lik e a. in c/zop .
E i s lik e a in fa t e (but n ot so lon g) .
G is li k e g in g o .
G i s lik e j in j oy or g in Geor g e , .
H i s lik e ( it in loo/t (S xp l tio ) ee e ana n .
I i s lik e cc in see .
8 i e A mer ica n E
Tl p
s er a n t o B ook
1 i s l i ke y i n y et .
i is l ik e 3 in seiz ur e .
O i s like 0 in r oll .
S i s lik e s in so .
S i s lik e sit in snow .
U i s lik e 00 i n soon .
0 i s li ke to i n Izow .
Z i s lik e 2 in z one .
It w i ll be obse r ve d t ha t t h e l e tte r s b ea r ingth e su

°
gn
ar e p r on oun ce d ch g it Izh j l
.z sh . P r in t e r s unab
. . . e to pr o
cur e t h e spe cialtype ma y subst it ute th ese or ms f .
The E s pe ran to E i s a matt e r of d i f ficult y to

writ e r s of t e x t books as t h er e i s no E n glis h vo we l
-
,
sound wh ic h e xactl y r e pre se nts it Aut h or i t i es .
agree t h at i t i s appr ox i mat e l y h alf way be t wee n our -
e in me n an d a i n f ate Inasmuc h as ci e xactly .
duplicat e s t h e E n glis h a i n fa t e i t i s cons i d e r e d ,
be st to advis e t h e stud ent to pronounc e e li k e our

lon g a but to ea t it slzor t S till i f pronoun ce d
, .
,
lon g it cannot poss i bl y be misund e rstood e x ce pt

,
in t wo or t h ree words ; e g v e no v ej n o . .
, .
T ri l l t h e R .
—Wh il e not list e d as an
c p t i on ex e
r i s pronounc e d w it h t h e trill u suall y r e gard e d as
an affe ct a tion in Ame rica but u s e d b y most of ,
E urop e an s C o p y t h e r r r ofy our G e rman Fr en c h

.
,
or B o h e mi a n fri e nds .
0 in E spe ranto i s not e xactl y as in E n gl i s h .
Be gi nn e rs s h ould pronounc e i t as i n vot e r oll e t c , , .

,
s h ort en in g t h e sound a s muc h as possibl e .

ze A mer ica n E
Tl p
s er a n t o B ook 9
1 h as the sound of s as i n p leasur e , measur e,

l
eisur e, t r easur e, or z in se iz u r e, a z ur e.
J i s cl a ss e d as a consonant an d t h e s ound i s ,
al w ay s bl e nd e d wit h t h e pr e c e din g v owe l in f ormin g

t h e plurals O] 0111 a] am , , um a n d i ts additi on
, , , ,
t o t h e vo we l e ndin g o f a word n e v e r c h a n ge s t h e
po siti on oft h e acc ent : P lu mo p loo mo; p lu m oj ,
'
-
,
ploo moy ; p lu moj n p l oo moyn ; gra nd a g r a izn d a l

' ' '
-
-
, z ,
g r a n d aj g r a i
,zn a a i (a i as in a
’
i
-
sle
’
or as i i n fi e );
l
t iu , t el- oo;
'
fi t iuj , t ee
gr a n da n , j ’
g r a l
zn a ne ; i -
ooy ;
t iuj n , t ee
'
-
ooy n ,
°
p lej , p lay .
P ro no u n ce d oy i s not an i ncons ist e nc y , ,
as ma n y sup e r fi cial stud e nts suppos e nor i s ai ,
wh e n giv e n t h e sound ofl on g i I f y ou doubt t h is . .

,
pr onounc e o/z y es and an yes v e r y quickl y an d you

will obs e rv e t h a t p e rf e ct dip h t h on gs r e sult .
U i s a c onsonant and is us e d aft er a an d e , . to

form t h e dip h t h on gs a i1 an d e d T h e sound oft h e ’
.
l e tt e r i s lik e w in E n glis h and som e tim e s puzzl e s ,
be ginn e rs wh o t h ink t h a t t h e y h av e disc ov e r e d an

,
e x c e ption t o t h e rul e t h at E spe ranto l e tt e rs h a v e
e a c h on e invari a bl e sound .
A U h as t he sound o fow in zow,

l co w, p low .
E U h as a sound wh ic h ma y be a p p r oxima t e d b y
aqui ck pronunciation of elzoo or ay oo, e li mi n a ti n g
most oft h e oo vowe l sound . A still b e tt e r pr a cti ce
10 T ile A mer ica n E p
s er a n to B ook
combinat i on i s elzw as in pronouncin g v e r y qu i ckl y

t h e words cl : " Vi/lie T h i s combination n e v e r mak e s
.
two s y llabl e s : e i e p an o i s pronounce d e l

'
zw r o p a - -
no not el
, z oo r o p a n o - - - -
.
H pre s ents som e di f

fi cult y to E n glis h - sp e ak i n g
pe opl e I t i s a stron g gutt e r a l aspirat e pr oduc e d
.
,
f rom a position lowe r in t h e t h roat t h a n an y E n glis h

sound I t i s us e d in s e v e ral E uro p e a n l a n gua ge s
.
,
but i f t h e stud en t h as not h e ard it h e may a p p r ox i

mat e i t b y pronouncin g i t [i f] Fortunat e l y t he .
,
l e tt e r i s s e ldom u s e d .
C o mb i na t i o n s
suc h as kv k n gv av S t 8m , , , , , ,
e tc . a r e also unfamil i ar to on e w h o sp e a ks onl y

,
E n gl i s h but pr e s e nt li ttl e di f
, ficult y alt h ou gh on e ,
must r e m e mbe r t h at no l e tt e rs ar e e v e r si len t T h e .
combination so i s no mor e di f ficult t h an man y i n ou r

nativ e l an guage e x ce pt t h at we must not slur it
, ,
but brin g out eac h d e tai l : st s .
Ec i a l a t t e n t i o n i s dire ct e d to t wo ot h e r
sp e
comb i nat i ons : In pronoun cin g lin gv o and almost ,
e v e r y word in wh ic h n i s follo we d b y g t h e in cl in ,
ation oft h e b e ginn e r i s to sound t h e n g as in E n g

lis h S uc h words a r e teen g oo feen g r o e t c T he
.
-
,
-
, .
lr z in e h z i l i and si milar words i s pronounc e d as

- -
wri t t e n and s h ould not b e giv e n t h e sound o fg z

,
as found in ex emp t ex a mp le e t c , , .
A c ce n t —T he tonic . or pr i ncipal acc e nt i s on

ze A mer ica n E
Tl p
s er a n t o B ook I I
t he s yllabl e n e x t to t h e last no matt e r n ow m an y ,
s y llabl e s t h e wor d may contain ; a o mo ; Ce ao lo ; ’

- - -
a k c i p i t r o; a d min i s tran t a r o
- - - - - -
T h e s e condar y
- -
.
acc e nts ar e pl a ce d wh e re e up h on y or good sound , ,
d e ma nds wi t h du e r e sp e ct t o d e rivati on T h e
, .
latt e r consid e ration i s important in comp oundin g

words F or e x ampl e : j u v e lo a j ewel; h e s to ca se;
.
, ,
j u v e lk e st o would r e quir e t h e s e condar y a cc e nt on

t h e s e cond s y llabl e or at l e ast t h is s h ould sound
,
as stron gl y as t h e fi rst .
A yl l ab l e is n e c e ssar y for e v e r y vowe l no

s ,
matt e r h ow man y co me to ge t h e r ; t h e re ar e no
doubl e vowe ls in E spe rant o : t ra i r e t r a i r e; boao ,
- -
,
oo a o; m e t ii st o me t i ist o; t r e e ge t r e eg e; zoo l
- -
,
- - -
,
- -
o gio , z o- o- l
o-g i- o .
12 T k e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
R ULE S OF T H E GRA M MA R
[T h e E
in sp e r an to ar e t h e S i t e e n R u es giv e n
a r agr ap hs x l
by Z ame n g
of a p a r t o ft h e F u n da me n t o de E sper a n t o
. T he .
accompa n yi n g E l
n g ish pa r agr a p hs ar e a t r ans a t i on ] l .
I
T he A r t i cl e —T h er e i s no ind e finit e articl e ;
.
t h e r e i s onl y a d e fin i t e articl e la alike for al l s e xe s , , ,
cas e s an d numbe rs .
—
R e m ar k T h e u se of t he articl e i s t h e sa me
as in ot h e r l an gu a ge s T h o s e p e rs ons to wh o m
.
t h e u se of t h e articl e pr e s e nts a d i ffi cult y ma y at

first not u se it at all .
A r t ik olo n e difi n i t a n e e k z i st as; e k z i st a s n u r
ar t ik o lo difi n i t a (la ) , egal e po r Ciuj se k so j ,
k a z oj kaj no m b r oj .
R ima r k o .
—
La u z a do de la ar t ik olo es tas t i a
s a m a ki e l e n la al i aj li n gv oj , . L a p e r son oj po r
k iuj l a u z a do de la a r t ik olo p r e z e n t a s m a lf
a c il
j j
a o n, p ov as en la u nu a t e m po t u t e n e gi n u z i .
II
T h e S ub st an t i v e — S ubstan t i v e s h av e t h e e n d
.
in g 0 For t he formation o ft h e plural we add t h e

—
.
e ndin g j T h e r e a r e onl y t wo cas e s nominativ e

“
.
and accusativ e ; t h e l a tt e r i s obtain e d from t h e

‘
Accu ati
s ve . in E gl i
n sh gr ammar , is t e r med j
ob ect i v e .
T b e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook I 3
nominat i v e by t h e addition of t h e t e rmination n

‘
T h e ot h e r cas e s ar e e x pr e ss e d b y t h e h e lp o fpr e p
o sit ion s (t h e ge nit i v e b b y de t h e dati v e b y a l t h e
°
, ,
ablativ e b y p e r or ot he r pr e pos i t i ons accordin g t o

°
t h e m e anin g) .
La su b st an t iv o j h ava s 1a fi n i gon o. F or la
o r mado de
f l a mu lt e n omb r o on i a ldon a s la fi n
i go n j . K a z oj o m i nat i v o kaj
e k z i st a s n u r du z n
a ku z a t iv o ; 1a l as t a e s tas r i c e v a t a e ll a no m i na
t iv o p e r l a al don o de l a fi n i go n L a c e t e r aj .
k a z oj e s tas e sp r i m a t aj p e r b e lp o de p r e p oz i c ioj
(1a ge n i t i vo p e r de l a d at i vo p e r a l 1a abl at i v o
, ,
p e r p er au al i aj p r e p oz i c ioj la ii la se n co)
’
III
T h e A dj e c t i v e —T h e adj e ct i v e e nds i n a C as e s
. .
and numbe rs as wit h t h e su bstantiv e T h e com .
p a r a t iv e i s mad e b y me ans o f t h e word p l i t h e ,
sup er lativ e b y p lej ; wi t h t he comparat i v e t h e con

junct i on 01 i s us e d .
La a d e k t iv o
j f
i n igas p e r a. K az oj k aj no m
broj k i e l cc l a s ub s tan t i vo L a k omp ar a t iv o .
e s ta s fara ta p e r l a v or t o p li la sup e rl at i vo p e r ,
p lej ; Ce l a k omp ar a t iv o on i u za s l a k onj u n k c ion

01
.
IV
T h e N u m e ral s -
T he cardinal num e rals (t hey
b
In E gl i h
n sgr amma r p
ossessi v e
, .
Th
°
e se case s do n o t e i st in x
n g ish E l .
14 T k c A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
ar e not d ecl i n e d ) kv ar kv i n
ar e : U n u , du , t r i , , ,
se s se p ok n a u de k ce n t m il
, , , ,T h e t e ns an d
, , .
h undr e ds ar e form e d b y t h e simpl e joinin g o ft h e

num e rals For t h e si gn i fication of t h e ordin a l
.
num e rals we add t h e e ndin g o ft h e adj ectiv e ; for

—
,
t h e multipl e s t h e su f fix ob l ; for t h e f r act ion a l

s -
- on ; f or t h e coll e ctiv e s op ; for t h e distributiv e s

,
-
t h e w ord p o B e sid e s t h at substan t i val an d a d

.
,
v er b ialnum e rals can be us e d .
La nu me r a loj f
u n da m e n t aj (n e e sta s d e h l i n
a c ia t a j ) e st a s u n u, da , t r i, k va r , k vin , ses, se p, ok,
n a n, dek, cen t , mil . La de k oj k aj ce n t oj e s ta s f

or .
ma t ej per s i m pl a ku n i go de l a n u m e r a loj Po r la .
s i gnad o de la nu m e r a loj or daj on i aldo n a s la

fini gon de la a d e k t iv o ;
j
—
p o r l a mu lt ob laj la
sufi k son -
oo1, mb r on aj
p or ou la
p or la no -
,
k o le k t aj op p or la di sdiv idaj
-
,
— la vo rto n po .
K ro m t io p ov a s e s t i u z at aj n u me r aloj su b st an
t iv aj kaj a dv e r b aj .
V
P r on ou n s
The e .:
—
mi v i
P rsonal pronouns , ,
li S i Q
, i ( r e f e rrin g to t h in g or an imal ) si n i v i
, , , , ,
ili o n i ; t h e poss e ssiv e pronouns ar e f

, orm e d by t h e
addition of t h e adj e ctiv e e ndin g D ecl e nsion i s as .
wi t h t h e substantiv e s .
P r on omoj p e r son aj : mi , vi , Ii , t i , gt (p r i oh
j el
t t o al l h e s to ), si , n i , vi , il
i , on i ; la p r on orn oj
po se daj e st a s for mat aj p e r la aldon o de la fi n igo

s er a n t o B ook I 5
adj e kt i v e . La de k lin a c io e s t a s ki e l Ce la su b
st a n t iv o j .
T h e V e rb . v e rb i s n ot c h an ge d i n p e rson
T he
-
or numb e r Forms of t h e v e rb : t h e pr e s e nt t e ns e
.
take s t h e e ndin g as ; t h e past t e ns e i s; t h e futur e

-
,
-
t e ns e o s ; t h e conditional mod e u s; t h e imp e rativ e

,
-
,
-
mod e u ; t h e infinitiv e mod e i Participl e s (w it h

,
-
,
- .
an adj e ctival or adv e rbial s e ns e ): activ e pr e s e nt ,
- an t ; activ e past i n t ; activ e futur e

,
- on t ; passiv e ,
-
pr e s ent a t ; passiv e past it passiv e futur e o t

,
-
,
-
,
- .
Al lforms oft h e passiv e a r e f or me d b y t h e h e lp of

a corr e spondin g form oft h e v e rb e st i and a passiv e
participl e oft h e r equ i re d v e rb ; t h e pre pos i t i on wit h
t h e pass i v e i s de .
L a v e rb o ta s s an gat a l aii p e r son oj n e k

ne es
n om b r oj F or moj de la v e rbo : l a t e m p o e st an t a
.
a k ce p t a s la fi n i gon a s; l a t e m po e s ti n t a is; l
-
a -
t e m po e st on t a os ; la m o d o k on dié a us ; la
- -
m o do o rdo na u; la m o do se n difi n a i ; Part i c i

-
poj (ku n se n c o adj e kt i v e aft adv e rb e ): ak t i v a

e st a n t a a n t
-
ak t i va e s t i n ta in t akt i va e st on t a -
pa si v a e s tan t e a t ; pas i v a e s t i n t a zt ;
'
-on t ; ,
-
,
-
p as i v a e st on t a ot Ciuj for moj de la pas i v a

,
-
.
e sta s f or m a t aj p e r h e l p o de r e s po n d a f ormo
de la v e rbo est i k aj part i c i po pas i va de la b e zo
na t a v e rbo ; 1a p r e p oz i c io fi e la pa s i vo e s ta s a o '
.
16 T h e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
V II
T he A d v e rb —
Adv e rbs
. en d in e ; d e gr ee s of
comp a ri son as wi t h t h e adj ectiv e .
L a a dv e r b oj fi n iga s p e r e ; gr a doj de ko m
pa rad o ki e l Ce la a dj e k t iv oj .
V III
N o m i nat i v e w i t h P r e po s i t i o n s —Allpr e posi .
tion s r equir e nominativ e

t he .
Ciuj p r e p oz i cioj po stu l a s la no min a t iv on .
IX
P r o nu n c i a t i o n e .
—E v ry word i s r ad as i t i s
e
wri tt e n .
Ciu v or t o e st a s l e ga t a k i e l gi e st a s skr i b it a
, .
X
A c ce n t —T h acc nt i s al ways
e e t h e p en u l
ti
mat e (n e x t t o t he last ) s yllabl e .
L a a k ce n t o e sta s Ci a m su r a n t a ula st a
s i l abo.
XI
—
C o m po u n d W o rd s C ompound words ar e
form e d b y t h e si mpl e joinin g of wo rds (t h e prin ci
pal word stands at t h e e n d); t h e grammatical e n d
in gs ar e al so r e gard e d as ind e p e nd e nt words .
V or t oj ku n m e t it aj ta s for m a t aj p e r si m pl a
es
ku n i go de la v or t oj ( l a Ce fa v or t o st ar a s e n la
s er a n t o B ook
XV
—
Fo r e i gn W o rd s T h e . call e d for e i gn words
so - ,
t h at is t h os e wh ic h a majorit y o f t h e l an guage s
,
h av e t a ke n from o n e sourc e a r e u s e d in t h e E sp e r
,
anto l a n gua ge w it h out c h an ge r ece ivin g onl y t h e

,
ort h o gr ap h y o f t h is lan gua ge ; but wi t h vari ous

words from on e ro o t i t i s be t t e r to u se unc h an ge d
onl y t h e fund a me ntal word and to form t h e re st
,
f r om t h is latt e r accordin g to t h e rul e s oft h e E sper

anto l a n gu age .
L a t i e l n oma t aj v or t oj fr e mdaj t e t iuj , . .

,
k iuj n la p li mu lt o de l a li n gv oj p r e n i s e l u n u
f on t o e s ta s u z a t aj e n l
, a li n gv o E s p e ra n to se n
S an go r i c e v e n t e n u r 1a o r t ogr a fi o n de t iu Ci
,
lin gv o ; se d cc div e r saj v or t oj de u n u r a dik o
e s ta s pl i bo n e u z i se n san ge n u r la vo r t o n fu n
d a m e n tan kaj l a c e t e r aj n fo r m i e l t i u Ci l a sta
l a ii l a r e gu loj de l a lin gv o E s p e ra n to .
XVI
E lis ion — T h e fin a l v owe l
. of substantive
t he
and t h e articl e can be omitt e d and re pl a c e d b y an
apostrop h e .
L a fi n a v ok a l e de la sub s ta n ti v o k aj de la
o po v e s e s t i f
a r t ik o l or la sa t a k aj a n st a t a ii i ga t a
de apo st ro f o .
s e r a n to B ook 19
T H E A RT I C L E
No i n d e fi n i t e a r t i c l e su ch as a i s us e d in, ,
E sp e rant o t h is be in g impli e d in t h e noun : h u n do

, ,
a dog a rbo a t r ee
; , .
The d e fi n i t e a r t i c l e i s la : la h u n do t /ze dog , ;
l a arbo t /ze t r ee
, I ts u se i s mu ch t h e s am e a s in
.
E n gli sh wit h som e v e r y impo r tan t e x ce pti ons

‘
.
,
F or e xa mpl e w h e n we u se a word i n i ts ge n e ri c
,
s e ns e t h e articl e i s e mplo ye d : T h e s e nt e nc e M a n
, ,
is a sl a ve w e tr a nsl a t e La h o m o e s ta s sk la v o
, .
L a m e d i c i no e s t as sc i e n c o=M ecl icin e is a scien ce

T i e l b l anka k i e l l a n e go—
.
A s wkit e as sn ow
‘ "
.
I n s t e ad o fpo s se s s i v e p ro no u n s t h e articl e i s
us e d w h e n r e f e rr in g to a r e lativ e of t h e spe ak e r or
p e rs on a ddr e ss e d or e v e n of a t h ird p e rs on wh e n
,
t h e i d e ntit y i s unmistakabl e L a p a t r o=M y (or .
y our )fa t h er [S e e E xe rc i s e s 8 an d
.
ore
B ef nu m e ral a dj e c t i v e s wh ic h d e not e da y ,
h our e t c : V e n u j e l a d e ka h or o= Come a t t en
, . .
L a u nu a de j a n u a r o= l e fi st ofj a n ua r y r .
T he apo s tr o p h e may be substitut e d for t h e

a o f t h e a rticl e I n E x e rcis e 2 7 Dr Z a me n h o f
. .
”
a dds : but onl y aft e r a pr e positi on w h i ch e nd s in
a v owe l ”
T h i s p e r missi o n i s u se ful c h i e fl y in
.
p oe tr y wh e n n e c e ssar y t o e li min a t e a syll a bl e

, .
20 T h e A me r ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
T HE S UB S T A N T IV E
A sub sta n t i v e (noun ) i s a word e x pr e ssin g t h e

nam e ofan y t h in g: d o m o a h ouse ; b i rdo a hin t;
, ,
p e n s o a t h oug h t ; r i Ce co wea l
, t h ; a go
, a n a ct , .
T h e si gn of t h e substantiv e i s t h e final 0 Wh e n .
mor e t h an on e t h in g i s sp o ke n of we add t h e ,
plural si gn j : k a t oj ca ts; k n a b oj boys; a r b oj tr ees

, , , ,
.
The no m i na t i v e fo r m o f t h e subst a ntiv e i s

t h e r e gul a r f o r m e it h e r sin gular or plur a l
, T his .
i s u s e d i n all r e lations e x ce pt t h r ee h e re aft e r e x

,
plain e d .
Po sse ssi o n i s indicat e d by t h e pr e position de

pr e c e din g t h e substanti v e : L a l ib ro de l a k n a b O "
Th e hoy s hook (lit e rall y t h e book of t h e boy )

’
.
,
T he a c c u sa t i v e fo r m i s us e d wh e r e t h e sub
st a n t iv e st a nds as t h e obj e ct o fa tr a nsitiv e v e rb ;
t h at i s a v e rb wh ic h impli e s som e a ct ion or ch a nge

,
dir e ct e d a gainst t h e substantiv e : La khabo ba t i s

la h u n do n =T h e boy hea t t h e dog H e r e t h e dog
.
,
i s t h e obj ect oft h e action impli e d H e nce we add .

,
t h e accusativ e si gn n to h u ndo
, , T h is c h a n ge i s
.
n e c e s sar y i n E spe ranto be ca us e t h i s i s a n i n t er n a

t iona l lan guage , t o be u s e d b y man y milli o n s o f
pe opl e wh o put t h e obj ect of an act i on be fore t h e
w ord e x pr e ssin g t h e action .
Th e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook 2 :
te r
Af a p r e po s i t i o n t h e accusativ e cas e i s not
us e d e xce pt for t h e purpos e i ndicat e d i n t h e par
,
agr ap h follo wi n g
To o w d i r e c t i o n or motion toward a gi v e n
Sh
plac e wh e n no accompan y in g word i ndicat e s t h i s

, ,
t h e a ccusativ e form i s us e d : L i i r i s B ost on o n

H e w en t to o r to w a rd B ost on .
A c c u s at i v e —
W i t h o u t Pr po s i t i o n Accord
e .
in g to R ul e X I V we may omit t h e pre p ositi on and

substitut e t h e accusativ e form T h is i s fr equ e ntl y .
don e i n e xpr e ssin g dat e m e asur e e t c but t h e r e

, , .
,
is no se t rul e d e mandin g i t : L i v e no s l u n do n
H e w illcome M on day L i v e no s j e lu n do =H e
.
willcome on M on day E ac h o f t h e s e forms i s cor

.
r e ct M i l abo r i e ok h or oj n =l wo ked eig h t h our s

. r .
M i la b or i s d u m 0k h or oj =l wor ked dur ing e igh t

h our s I t will be n ot e d t h at in e i t h e r E n glis h or
.
E sp e ranto t h e pr e po sition may b e o mitt e d ; but in

E sp e ranto t h e om i ss i on i s indicat e d b y a sig n a l .
O rd e r ofS i g s
—
nT h si gn
. e of t h e plural pr e
ce d e s t h at oft h e accusat i v e cas e : lib r oj n , h omoj n .
E l i si on .
—
T h e fin al
0 o ft h e noun ma y b e omi t
t e d ( R ul e 1 6 ) and t h e ap ostrop h e sub stitut e d ,
but t h is i s usuall y con fin e d t o v e rs e Wr it e r s of .
E sp e r a nt o p oe t r y a r e in clin e d t o tak e t h e simil a r

l i be r t y wit h of and oj n wh e r e no c onfusion as to
m e anin g i s to be fe ar e d .
2 2 T h e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
W e o m i t t h e p r e po si t i o n usuall y tran slatin g, ,
suc h forms as Domin ion of Ca n a da City ofN ew ,
Yor k R e gno Ka nado

: U rb o N ov J or k o
, T he - .
accu sativ e i s n ot us e d h e r e to i ndicat e an omiss i on ,
be caus e no E sper a n t o pre p os i ti on i s l e ft ou t t h is ,
lan guage not conf e ssin g t h e n ee d of a pre po sition

in t h e s e cas e s S o t h e E ng lish pr e posit i on i s wi pe d
.
ou t o fe xi st e nc e .
A dj e c t i ve Po s s s s i
f
or A f eew stud en ts
ve .
-
a r e confus e d b y t h e u se of t h e adj e ctiv e f o r m for
poss e ssiv e cas e wi t h t h e pron oun and not wit h t h e

subst antiv e T h e r e a r e h owe v e r cas e s i n wh ic h
. , ,
an E n glis h poss e ssiv e i s translat e d b y an E s pe rant o

adj e ctiv e and t h e s e r equi re car e ful obs e rvation
,
U n u h or a dor m o=0 e h our s sleep

n U n u a h or a
’
.
g a r do = T h e fir st h our s wa t ch
’
C l o s e scrutin y wi ll
.
s h ow h owe v e r t h a t t h e s e cannot be ca ll e d an
, ,
e x c e ption t o t h e E spe ranto rul e as t h e y ar e h ardl y ,
po ss e ssiv e s in E n gli s h and not at all in E spe ranto

, .
The su p e r i o ri ty o fE s p e ra n to as a m e an s of
pr e cis e e x pr e ssion i s illustrat e d in t h e f ollo win g
s e nt e nce s : M i a fr a t o a m a s m i a n fi lin on p l i o l
m i a n fi lon =My br oth er loves my da ugh t er mor e t h a n
my son (mor e t h a n h e loves my son ) M i a m a s m i a n .
fi lin o n p l i ol m i a h lo =1 love my da ug h t er mor e

t h a n my son (l oves h e ) r In t h e first s ent e nce
.
,
fi lo n be in g accusativ e must be und e rstood as t he

, ,
obj ect o ft h e i mpli e d v e rb In t h e l a tt e r fil o be in g

.
, ,
nominat i v e can be conn e ct e d wi t h t h e s e nt e nc e

,
T h e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook 2 3
onl y as t h e subj ect oft h e i mpli e d v e rb In E n glis h

.
we must suppl y t h e p h r a s e t o e x pr e ss t h e m e an in g;
i n E sp e r anto t h e cas e of t h e noun e x pr e ss e s t h e
se ns e b e yond doubt .
2 4 Th e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
T HE A DJ E C T I V E
An a dj e ct i v e i s a word us e d to e x p r e ss some
qual it y attribut e or limitation of a substanti v e
,
bl anka d o m o a wh it e h ouse ; lar ga st rato a wide

, ,
st r ee t ; al ta v i r o a ta llma n , B l anka l ar ga and .

,
al t a ar e adj ectiv e s e ac h e x pr e ssin g som e qu a lit y

,
o ft h e substantiv e T h e adj ectiv e si gn i s fin al a

. .
m ay b e fo r m e d from almost an y
A dj e c t i v e s
ro ot and attribu t e to t h e substan tiv e t h e id e a e x
,
pr e ss e d by t h e ro o t : l i gno wood l i gna wooden ; , , ,
d anki to t h a nk d anka t h a nkful Ad j e ct ive s may

, , , .
be f orme d also fr o m pr e positi ons adv e rbs e t c ; in , , .
fact t he adj e ctiv e e ndin g may be appli e d to almost

a n y word : e n i n e n a , in n er ; t ro t oo t roa ex ecs
, , , , ,
sive ; t i e t h er e t i c a of t h a t p l
, , a ce , .
In nu mb e r
a se t h e adj e ct i v e a gre e s wit h
an d c
t h e substantiv e to wh ic h it be l on gs : R u gs po m o
A r ed appl e: R u gai p o moj =R ed app les L i S a t a s .
r u fiaj n p o moj n =H e l i kes r ed app les .
A p r e d i c a t i v e adj e c t i v e t h at i s on e pr e c e d e d
, ,
b y som e for m of e s t i ( i f n ot in t h e word t h e n a t ,
l ea s t in t he t h ou gh t ) i s al wa y s no minativ e e v e n
, ,
t h ou gh i t ma y re f e r to an accu sativ e substantiv e .
M i t r ov is m i a n a m ik o n ma lsa n a n =1 fou nd my
sick f r ie nd H e re m a lsa n a n be lon gs d i r e c tl y to
.
,
a m ik o n B ut ifwe sa y M i t r ov is m i a n a m ik on
.
s er a n t o B ook
PRO N O U N S .
p ro no u n is a word u s e d to r e pr e s e nt a n oun
A
o r substan tiv e Its u se l e nds grac e and facilit y to
.
spe ec h b y avoidin g r e p e titi ons of t h e r ea l n a m e

,
for wh ic h i t stands M an y o ft h e c rud e r l a n gua ge s

.
d o n ot p o ss e ss pronoun s An Indian for e xa mpl e .

, ,
us e s h is own n a m e inst e ad o ft h e pronoun 1 E s .
pe r an t o i s e sp e ciall y we ll equipp e d wi t h pronouns .
R e l a tiv e prono u n s w it h s e v e r a l ot h e r kinds ar e

, ,
li st e d und e r t h e h e ad of C orre l a tiv e Words as t h e ir ,
u se is som e wh at di f e r e nt f
f rom t h at oft he pe rson a l
pronouns .
p e r so na l p ro no u n s ar e : mi 1; v i you
T he , ,
( sin gular or plural ); l i h e; S i sh e; Q i it ; n i we ;

, , , ,
i l i t h ey ; s i a r e fl e x iv e p r onoun r e f e rrin g onl y t o

, ,
subj e ct o fp r oposition an d a l wa y s in t h e t h ird p e r

son m e a n in g himself h er self it sel
, , f t h emselves ; , ,
on i one or
,
t h ey o n i d i ra s t h ey say O n i is , .
a l w a y s nominativ e .
po s se ss i v e c as e of pronoun s is form e d
The
b y t h e addition o f t h e a dj e ctiv e si gn a : mia , ,
my min e ; v ia y ou y our s ; l i a his ; Qia h er h er s;

, ,
r , , , ,
ou r s ; i l i a t h eir s ; sia
’
n ia ou r , ,
t h eir , on e s h is
, , , ,
h er s, t h eir , e t c.
The po s s e s s i v e pronou n be in g an adj ectiv e

,
in form is gov e rn e d b y t h e rul e s of t h e adj e ctiv e

, .
I t a gr ee s in nu mbe r and c a s e wit h t h e noun wh ic h

it quali fie s Usin g t h e E n glis h words th eir hook
.
, ,
t h e pr on oun i s und e rstood to be plural ; i l i a l ib ro ,
h owe v e r sh o ws t h e pronoun i n t h e sin gular f o rm

, .
t h ou gh obviousl y r e f e rrin g to mor e t h an on e p e r

son ; it b e com e s plural in form onl y wh e n t h e n oun
—
is plur a l i l i ei lib r oj . C on v e rs e l y m i aj lib r oj
,
(my hooks) s h ows t h e p erson a l pr onoun in t h e p lu

ral f orm t h ou gh c e rtainl y sin gul ar in s e ns e T h e
, .
plural si gn i s m e r e l y an indicat i on t h at t h e word

b e lon gs to a plural noun .
The r e fl e x i v e p ro no u n r equ i r e s car e ful stud y

for its corr ect u se . I t is a l wa y s in t h e t h ird p er
son an d can r e f e r o nl y to t h e subj e ct o ft h e claus e
or pr opositi o n in w h ic h it i s us e d .
J oh a n o r e n
k on t i s m i an pat ro n kaj l i a n a m ik on =j oh n met
my fa t h er a n d h is (my f a t h e r s ) fr iend
’
J oh a n o
.
r e n k o n t i s m i an pat ro n kaj s i a n a mik on =j oh n

met my fa t h er a nd h is (Jo h n s )fr iend [S ee E xe r
’
.
cis e
s er a n t o B ook
T HE VE RB
A r b i s a word us e d to e x pre ss action or
ve
be in g In E n gl i s h t h e s e wo r ds oft e n vary a ccord

.
in gly as t h e y e x pr e ss t h e acti on o f o n e p e rson o r

mor e ; or t h e action o ft h e spe ake r t h e p e rs on wh o ,
is addr e ss e d or a t h ird p e rs on
, For e xa mpl e we .
,
sa y I a m y ou a r e h e i s, I n E spe rant o t h e v e rb
, .
d oe s not c h an ge t h us ; We say : m i e sta s v i e s tas , ,
li e s ta s .
A ll v e rb s ar e r e gu l ar
—
s e v e ral In . E n glis h ,
h undr e d v e rbs h av e sp eci a l f o rms for e x pr e ssin g
past o r compl e t e d action so t h at to u se t h e wron g ,
form would giv e ri s e to s e e min gl y h umor ou s a h

surditi e s for e xampl e wr it e w r ot e wr itt en ; figh t , , , ,
fogh t e fi t t en , T h e v a rious E sp e ranto v e rbs u se

.
e xa c tl y t h e sam e f o r ms an d t h e e ntir e list o ft h e s e

,
forms in t h e ir var ious u s e s i s c a ll e d t h e con j u ga

tion .
I N D I C AT IV E M O DE
T h e i n d i c a t i v e m o d e e x pr e ss e s action or be in g
as n ow takin g pla ce wh i ch h as or wh i ch w ill t a k e
, ,
plac e . I t i nv olv e s a simpl e d e fin it e stat e m e nt , ,
as distin gu is h e d from t h e ind e fin it e conditi on a l , ,
i nt e r r oga t o r y e t c , .
AC T IV E V O I C E
T h e a c t i v e v o i c e r e p r e s e nts t h e a ction as be
in g p er for med (pr e s e nt past or futu r e )
,
M i sk r ib a s=
=l wr it e , a m wr it ing .
V i lu dis f—
You p lay ed , wer e p lay ing .
Li la b or o s =H e willw or k , he wor k ing

s tas skr i b a n t a =l a m wr it ing (e mp h a siz
\
Mi e
in g pr e s e n t continuit y o fact ) .
V i e s t i s lu dan t a = You wer e p lay ing .
L i e s to s la b or a n t a =H e w illhe w or king .
M i e s tas sk r ib i n t a =l h a ve wr itt en heen wr it ,
Vi e s t i s lu din t a =You h a d p layed , heen p lay ing .
Li e s to s l a b or i n t a =H e w il
lh a ve wor k ed, h a ve
heen w or k ing .
Mi e s tas skr i b on t a =1 a m to wr it e, a m a hon i
to wr it e .
Vi e s t i s lu don t a = You wer e a hout t o p lay .
Li e s to s l a b or on t a =H w illhe a hou t t o woe r k .
P AS S I V E V O I C E
T he pa ss i v e vo i ce d e scribe s t he a ction as
be in g r eceived .
Mi e s tas a m at a =l a m loved .
Vi e s t i s t r omp a t a = You wer e decei ved, wer e

heing deceived .
Li es to s for lasa t a =H e willhe for sa ken .
M i e s ta s a m i ta =1 h a ve heen loved .
V i e s t i s t r om p i t a = You h a d heen deceived .

s er a n t o B ook
Li to s for lasi t a =H e willh a v e heen for saken

es .
M i e s ta s a m o ta =1 a m t o he (or a hout t o he) ,
l
oved .
Vi e stis t r omp ot a = You w er e a hout to he

deceived .
L i e s to s for la sot a =H e w il
l he a hout t o he for
sa ke n .
T he P re s e n t T e n s e .
—
I fan action is in pro g
r e ss at t h e ti me of sp e akin g or writin g t h e v e rb ,
tak e s t h e e ndin g o ft h e pr e s e nt t e ns e J oh a n o .
sk r ib as=j oh n w r it es T h is me ans t h at Jo h n i s
.
n ow writin g but i t ma y als o m e an t h at h e wr it e s

,
gen e rall y is a cop y ist

, Wh e n n e ce ssar y h owe v e r
.
, ,
to e mp h asiz e t h e fact t h at t h e action i s ofpre s e nt

duration and still incompl e t e we u se t h e part i cipl e,
an d e sta s t h us : J oh a n o e s ta s sk r i b an t a T h is
, .
can m e an onl y t h at J o h n i s n ow at t h e time of ,
spe akin g in t h e act of wri tin g

,
.
T he p r e se n t t e n s e i s als o u s e d in E spe ranto

to d e scribe an act occurrin g at a tim e past but of ,
wh ic h a d e scriptiv e account i s be in g g i v e n F or .
e xa mpl e [ sh a k es my fi st in h is fa ce a n d 1 say s t o
“ !”
,
h im , Go is vi v idl y e x pr e ssiv e but u n gr a mmat ,
ical H owe v e r M i min a ca s l i an v iz a gon p e r

. ,
la m ia pu gno kaj d i ra s a lli F or 1 h as allt h e

e mp h as is w h i c h t h e E n glis h s e nt e nc e r e c e iv e s fro m
t h e u se of t h e pr e s e nt t e ns e a n d i s gramm a ticall y
,
corr e ct .
T h e A mer i ca n E p
The —
Pa s t T e ns e W h e n an . c ur r e d at a ct o c
s ome ti me n ow wh oll y p a st or wa s occurri n g a t ,
su ch a ti me t h e pa st t e n se is e mpl oy e d :
, Joh a no
sk r ib i s j oh n w r ot e o r wa s in t h e act o fwr iti n g
z
, .
B u t a ga i n i f we wi sh t o st a t e cl ea r l y t h a t h e w a s
'
, ,
at s ome p a rticu l a r ti me wr itin g we u se t h e p a r ti

, ,
c ip l
e : J oh a n o e s t i s sk r i b a n t a .
T he Fu tur e T ense — W h e n an . ac ti on is t o
ta ke place a t s ome f u tur e ti me , we u se the fu tur e
t e n se .
J o h a n o sk r i b os=j oh n willw r it e, or w ill
he w r it ing . A s w it h t h e
t h e r t e n se s i f we w i s h
o ,
so b e pr e cis e t o sa y t h a t a t som e d e fin it e f u t u r e
,
-
ti me J oh n will b e in t h e act o fwr itin g t h e p a rti cipl e ,
is n e ce ss ar y : J oh a n o e s to s sk r i b a n t a .
C o m p le te d ac t i o n indic a t e d in E n gli sh b y
,
wh at a r e c a ll e d t h e p e rf e ct t e ns e s i s e x pr e ss e d in ,
E sp e r a nto b y som e f or m ofe s t i and a p a st parti

c ip le o ft h e p r in c ip a l v e rb : I li e s tas k a n t in t aj
T h ey h a ve heen sing ing (lit e r a ll y
“ t h e y a e we r e r
,
T h is m e ans t h at n ow at t h i s tim e t h e , ,
a ct o fsin gin g i s c ompl e t e I l i e s t i s k a n t in t aj

.
T h y h a d heen si ng ing
e E s t i s r e f e r s to a tim e p a st
.
,
a n d k a n t i n t aj indic a t e s t h a t t h e a ct o fsin gin g w as ,
at t h at ti me alr e ad y fi nis h e d I l i e s to s k a n t in t aj
, .
Th ey wil lh a ve hee n sing ing At t h e fut u r e ti me

.
i ndicat e d by e s to s t h e act o fsin gi n g will h av e be e n

,
finis h e d .
s er a n t o B ook
C ON D IT IO N A L M ODE .
The C o nd i t i o nal Mode

d e scribe s an acti on
t h a t i s condi tional ; s om e t h in g t h a t mi gh t h app en
o r h av e h a ppe n e d ; s o m e t h in g doubtf u l in its e l f or ,
contin ge nt up on som e t h in g e ls e It is usu a ll y .
introduc e d b y t h e conjuncti on se (if) T h e gram , .
ma t ica lsi gn oft h e conditional mod e i s u s ali k e -

,
f or all t e ns e s I ftim e i s e x p r e ss e d t h i s i s a ccom

.
,
p lish e d b y a participl e or anot h e r v e rb us e d in

c onn e ction .
S e Si a mu s=1fsh e sh ould love .
S e Si e ts u s a m an ta = [Ve e sh e l ov i ng r .
S S
e i e s t u s a m i n t a =1f sh e h a d loved or h n , ee
ovi ng
l .
S e Si e s t u s a mon t a = lVe r e sh e a hou t to l

ove , or
ov i ng
he l .
Sc Si e s tu s a m at a = Wer e sh e oved,
l or hei ng
l
oved .
S e Si e s tu s a m i t a =lf sh e h d heen loved a .
S c Si e stu s a m o ta = Wer e sh e a hou t t o he l

oved .
E x a m pl e : Se pl
u v u s, ni i r os fi Sk a p t i
d it
S hou l r a in , we sh a ll g o fish ing . H e re , the firs t
v e rb i s conditional t h e s e cond i ndicativ e S e
,
.
es t u u v in t e n i ir u s fi
s pl Sk a,p t i =1fit h a d r a in ed ,
we would g o fish i ng H e r e bot h v e rbs a r e c ondi

.
,
t ion a l T h e stud e nt must not pe r mi t h ims e l f t o

.
34 T h e A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ook
IMPE RA T IV E M O DE
T h e i m p e rat i v e m o d e indic a t e s command ,
d e sire pu r po s e
, , e tc . I ts s i gn i s u - .
I n gi v i n g c o m m an d s a n d m a kin g r equ e sts i t

i s u s e d dire ctl y w it h ou t conn e ctin g wor ds : H a ltu l
,
H a lt P r e n u p o m o n i = T a k e a n app le ! Li
v c n u t i e n Ci l =Let h u n come h e e r !
In ex p r e s s i n g p u rpo s e i t i s usuall y pr e c e d e d
by k e or po r k e : Po r k e S i r i c e v u p ar don on ,
Si g p
i n e t u =1n or der t h a t sh e r ecei ve a p a r don le t
,
h er a sk it M ia p at ro de z ir a s k e li
. v e n u =M y
fa th er desir es tha t h e co me .
Pa r t i c i pl e s ma y b e us e d w it h t h e i mpe r a tiv e
Li i n s i s ta s k e v i e s tu p u n a t a =H e i nsists t h a t y ou
he p unish ed .
I N F I N IT IV E M O D E
T h e i n fi n i t i v e m o d e si gn i h a s n o t e ns e
,
-
, ,
si gni f y in g si mpl y t o he t o l ov e e tc , As w it h t h e , .
c on diti on a l a n d i mp e r a ti v e mo d e s i t ma y r e ce i v e ,
a su gge sti on o ft e n se wh e n a ccomp a n i e d b y a p a r
t icip l
e .
A m i = T o love .
E s t i a m a n t e = T o he loving .
E s t i a m it e T o h v e he n l
Z
ove d
a e .
E s t i a m o n t e = T o he a hon i t o love .
A s ub s tan t i val s e n s e i s e p r e s se d b y t h e x
i n fin it i v e w h i ch ma y o f i t se l f b e t h e subj e ct o fa
,
s e n t e n ce : E rari e s ta s h o m e ; p a r don i di c = T o ,
er r is h u ma n ; t o for g i ve, divin e .
N ot e t hat th e j i
a d e ct v e s an d p a r t icip l es modi fyi n g t h e
infi n i ti v e tak e t h e a dv e r b i al f or m .
s er a n t o B ook
I N T E R R O GA T
In q u e s t i o n s t h e indi ca t i v e mod e i s u s e d an d
, ,
ac c o mp a ni e d b y a n i nt e rr oga t or y word T h e r e a r e .
( se e C orr e l a tiv e W ords ) nin e int e r r oga t or y wo r ds

be ginn in g w it h k : k i a k i al ki a m k i e k i e l ki e s
, , , , , ,
ki o ki o m k i u T h e s e wor d s a r e us e d in p r e cis e l y
, , .
t h e s a me ma nn e r a s t h e i r E n glis h eq uiv a l e nts ,
wh a t , w hy , w h en , w h er e, h ow, e tc .
Kiam li r ev e n os ?=t en w illh e r et u r n ?
K ie ui e s ta s Wh er e ar e we ?
A ny s e n t e n c e not int r odu ce d b y on e o f t he s e

ma y be ch a n ge d t o a qu e stion b y t he w ord Cu ,
me a n i n g w h et h e r C u v i v e no s l lly ou come ?
C u v i n i n a m a s ? =Do y ou love us 2
T HE PA R T I C I P L E
A pa r t i c i pl e is a word d e r iv e d from a v e rb
r oot an d i mpl y in g a cti on t h ou gh n ot dir e ctl y
, ,
st a tin g i t, a s do e s t h e v e r b P a r ticipl e s in E sp e r
.
a nt o ar e o ft h r e e cl a s s e s
—
A dj e c t i va l E x p r e s sin g the qu a lit y of b e in g
in a ction K a n t a n t a b ir do=A si ng ing hir d an d ,
w it h a h e lpi n g v e r b t h e a ct i ts e lf
, L a b i rdo e s ta s
ka n t a n t a z T h e hi r d is sing i ng .
—
A dv e rb i al E x p r e ssi n f a ct o ft h e a ction
g t he ,
usuall y b y w a y o f con n e ctin g i t w it h some o t h e r

act a n d a l wa y s
,
w it h out a d i r e ctl y gov e r n i n g
subst a nti v e : V ida n t e m u s o n Si for k u r is =S eeing ,
a mouse, sh e r a n a w ay .
—
S ub s tan t i val E x p r e ssin g the a ct an d a ge nt
in t h e a cti v e f or m t h e a ct a n d t h e
, r e c i pi e nt in t h e
p a ssiv e : p ar ola n t o t h e sp a k ;
,
e er p a r ola t o , t he
p er son sp oken to .
T he pa rt i c i pl e pl a y s a mu ch mor e i mpo r tan t

p a rt in E sp e r a n t o t h a n in E n gl i sh a n d t h e stud e nt ,
mu st g i v e it ca r e f u l st u d y I t ma y h a v e t h e e n d
.
s er a n t o B ook
in g o ft h e adj e ctiv e adv e rb or substantiv e

, . I ts
si gns ar e
-an t P r e s e nt a ctiv e .
in t Past a cti v e .
- on t F utur e a cti v e .
- at Pr e s e nt p a ss iv e .
it P a st p a ssiv e .
- ot Future p a ssiv e .
An a dj e c t i val pa rt i c i pl e ma y be dire ctl y qu a l

if y in g and as suc h i s usu a ll y pl a c e d b e f o r e t h e
'
subst a ntiv e as in E n glis h F lu a n t a a k v o=F low

,
t ng w a t er W h e n so us e d and qu a li f y in g a plur a l
.
,
or accusativ e s u bstantiv e it t a ke s t h e s a m e c a s e
,
a n d nu mb e r : N i v i di s l a b r u la n t aj n do m oj n
We sa w t h e h ur n t ng h ouses .
W h e n us e d a s a p r e d i ca t e t h a t is wh en , ,
pr e c e d e d b y a f orm ofe s t i e xpr e ss e d or impli e d , ,
t h e p a r ti c ipl e a gr e e s w it h t h e n ou n a s t o nu mb e r ,
but is n e v e r accu sativ e : L a domoj e s tas b r u l

ahtaj T h e h ouses a r e h ur n ing N i vidas la .
do moj n b r u la n t aj n is translat e d We see t h e hu r n zng

houses H e r e b r u la n t aj n is a dir e ct ly qu a l i f y in g
. ,
word an d h e nc e i s accus a tiv e be caus e o f dom oj n .
B u t i f w e sa y N i v idi s l a dom oj n b r u la n t aj = We
sa w t h e h ouses hur n t ng t h i s means t h a t we saw t h e
,
h ous e s ( first proposition ) and also ( s e cond p r op o

sitiou ) discov e r e d or sa w t h a t t h e y we r e burn i n g
, ,
We sa w t h e h ouses t o he (o r t h a t t h ey wer e ) hur n i ng

, ,
.
H e re ,lt h ou gh e s t i a n d k e i l i e s ta s ar e o mitt e d
a ,
t h e m e anin g i s cl e a r l y sh own b y t h e nominativ e

form o ft h e p a rticipl e .
s p e ranto par ti c i pl e s a lso c onv e y a su gge s

E
tion oft e ns e M o no h a v a t a e s ta s pl i grav a o l
h a v i t a =M on ey p ossessed (n ow ) is mor e i mp or t a n t
tha n ( t h a t wh i ch h a s) heen p ossessed . P a se r o
k a p t it a e s ta s p l i bo na o la glo k a p t ot a A p
s ar
r ow ca ug h t is hett er t h a n a n e ag l
e t o he ca ug h t .
A d v e rb i a l part i c i pl e s h av e t h e r e gul a r a dv e r b
e ndin g 6 , wh i ch is in v a ri a bl e
, T h e y a r e us u a ll y
e mpl oy e d in s e nt e nc e s li k e t h e f oll ow i n g : T r o v i n t e
p o m o n m i,g i n m an g i s — H a ving fou n d a n app le

T -
,
I a t e it .P r o m e n a n t e s u r l a s t ra to m i f al i s = ,
Wa lking a long t h e st eet I fell L i v e n is a l m i

r ,
.
tu t e n e a t e n dit e =H e ca me t o me q uit e u n ex p ect

edly . H e r e t r ov in t e and p r o m e n a n t e t a k e t h e
,
a dv e rbi a l e n di n g b e ca us e t h e r e is n o subst a ntiv e to
Wh i c h t h e y ca n dir ect l y b e l on g .
Part i c i pl e s s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d in li e u of
simpl e a dj e ctiv e s and a dv e rbs W h e n t h e p a r ti ci .
pi a l for m is us e d a ct ion s h ould alwa y s be di stinctl y

,
und e rsto od F lu a n t a a k v o (r u n n ing w a t er ) i s

.
corr e ct b e caus e action i s i mpli e d ; a m an ta e dzo

,
(a loving h usha nd) would ordin a ril y b e i n corr e ct ,
be caus e quali t y and n ot a cti on i s e x pr e ss e d

, , .
H e r e t h e si mpl e a dj e cti v e
, a m a ( fect ion a t e) , a ,
s er a n t o B ook
would be t h e prope r word . Li k an t a s ear me

(H e sing s ch a r y)
ming l , not Ca r ma n t e .
S ub s tan t i va l
pa r ti c i p l e s h av e t h e r e gular 0
si gn o ft h e subst a ntiv e a n d indic a t e in t h e activ e
, ,
for m t h e p e son or t hing p e rformin g t h e acti on

, r
(a p a rticipl e invariabl y i mpli e s act i on ) I n t h e .
p a s si v e form t h e y indic a t e t h e r e cipi e nt of t h e

acti on
=
A ma n t o A ovel r
— on e wh o i s n ow lov i n g
—
.
=
A mi n t o A lover on e w h o did lov e .
A m o n to = O n e wh o w illlove .
A m ato =A heloved p er son .
= —
A mi t o A heloved on e wh o h a s b ee n lov e d .
A m ot o = 0n e a hou t oved
t o he l .
s er a n t o B ook
A lm e n a tl, A t least
'
.
A nka ti , A l
'
so .
A n k o r a fi , Ye t , S t ill .
A p e n a ix, H a r dl
’
y , S ca r cel
y .
B al d a h , S oon .
B is, O n ce mor e.
Ci , The n ea r est .
C ia l , F or e ver y r eason .
Ciam ,
A lway s
Cie , E ver y t er e
Ciel ,
In E ve r y lVay .
Ciom , A ll, A llof t t .
C u Wha m,
,
De s pl i T h e , Alor e .
E C, E ve n
'
Fo r , A way .
H i e r a fi , Yest er day .
H o di a tl, T oday
'
I al , F or S ome C a use .
Iam S ome T t mc, A ny

,
I c, S ome Wh er e, A ny Wh er e.
I e l, I n S ome M a n n er
I o m , S ome Qua n t ity .
Ja , I n deed .
Ja m , A lr ea dy
J e n H er e , , B eh ol
d .
J e s Yes , .
Inp l i , T he M or e .
j us j ,
u st N ow
K i a l Why , .
K ie , Wh er e .
Ki e l H ow A s
, , .
K i o m H ow M u ch
, .
K v a z a ii , A s if .
M o r ga ll T omor r ow .
'
N e, N ot .
N ek, N ei t h e r , N or .
N e n ia l, F or N o C a use .
N e n ia m ,
N ever .
N e nie , N o Wh er e .
N e n i e l, I n N o M a n ne r .
N e n io m ,
N on e .
N un , N ow .
N ur , Onl
y .
P le j , M ost .
P li , M or e .
Plu , F u r t h er .
P r e sk a ii , N ea r l
y .
T ial , F or t h a t C a use .
T ia m ,
T h en .
T i e , Th er e .
T i e é i , H er e.
T i e l I n t h a t M a n n er
, , So .
T i o m S o M u ch,
.
T r e, Ver y .
T r o, T oo .
T uj , I mmedia t el
y .
s er a n t o B ook
D E RIV E D AD V ERB S
A ny roo t o r p ri m a ry w o rd ma y b e giv e n an
a d v e r bi a l me ani n g b y t h e add i ti on o ft h e ad v e rb
e ndin g e , pr ov id e d t h is ca n l ogi ca ll y b e d on e A
, .
fe w suc h w o rds a r e giv e n in t h e f o llo w in g list
Af
r a n k i t e , P ost ag e p a id .
A lilo k e , E lse w h er e.
A liv or t e , I n ot h er wor ds .
A lv e n a n t e , Up on ar r i va l .
A n t a u e , P r eviousl
y .
A pa rt e , S ep a r a t el
y , s ecia l
ly. p
B o n st a t e , I n g ood con d i t ion .
C i r k a fi e , A r ou n d .
Ciu foj e E ver y t ime

, .
C iuj a r e Yea r ly
, .
Ciu m on a t c M on t hly , .
Ciu se maj n e Weekly , .
Ciu t a ge Da ily , .
De k st r e O n t h e r igh t
, .
Ef
e k t i v e , A ct u a l
ly .
E k st e r e , O u t w a r dl
y .
E sc e p t e , E x ce p t t ng .
Gu st a t e m p e , P r omp t l
y, at t he
I n t e n ce , I n t en t i on a ll
y .
Je ne , A s fol
lows .
Je se , Afi r ma t i vcl
y .
K a S e , S ecr et l
y .
K om p a t e , M er ciful/y S y mp a th et ica ll
y , .
K om p r e n e b le , Of cou r se .
L afi lar ge , A s t o w idt h .
L a fi lon ge , L eng t h w ise .
L afi v ole , A t w ill .
L ah t e , Loud/y .
L e rt e , fu ll
S k i ll y .
M al e , On th e con t r a r y .
M a lfa c ile IVi t h di f ficu lty

,
/ .
M a lde k st r e , O n t h e left .
M a lk a S e Op en l y w it h ou t concea l
, men t , .
M a lrn u lt e N ot much , .
M a lp r ok si m e I n t h e dist a n ce afa r , , .
M a lp lej e L ea st ,
.
M a lr e k t e I n di r ect l
y sl
,
a n t i ng l
y , .
M a lsu p r e B elow , .
M at e n e I n t h e mor n ing
, .
M u l t e M u ch
, .
N elo n ge , N ot l
ong .
N e du b e , D ouht lessl
y .
N une ,
At p r esen t .
N unt e mp e , N ow a day s.
P a c e , P ea cefu ll
y .
Paro l e Ver ha lly

, .
P e r e B y in di r ect mea ns
, .
P e r s o n e P er son a lly
, .
P i e di r e , O n foot .
F l ej e , M ost ly .
P le z u r e , Wi th p leasur e
'
P li v o le , P r f
e er a hl
y .
Pl u e , F ur t h er mor e.
Po s t e , Aft er w a r ds .
s er a n t o B ook
P re c i p e , E p
s ecia l
ly.
P r ok sim e , N ea r .
P r ok si mu m e , A ppr ox t ma t ely .
R a p i di r e , B y fa st mea ns, exp r ess .
R e e , Ag a i n .
R e k t e , D ir ect l
y .
S e k v e , Conseq u en t l
y .
S e n e sce p t e , Wzt hout

'
ex ce p t ion .
S e n i n t e r man k e , Un t n t er p t edl
r u y .
S e n p a ge , F r w it h ou t p ay
ee , .
S e n se n ce , With out sense .
S k r i b c , I n w r it ing .
S o me r e , I n su mmer .
S p e c i al e , S p eci a ll
y .
S u fi Ce , S ufi cien t l
y .
S up r e , A hovo .
T ia man ie r e , I n su ch a ma nner .
T r e e ge , E x tr e mel
y .
T ro e E x cessi vely
, .
T u t e T ot a ll
, y en t i r el
y , , quit e .
V o l e Volu n t a i l
, y r .
V ol o n t e lt ling l
, y
/
.
T HE PRE PO S IT IO N
P r e po s i t i o n s a r e us e d t o d e fi n e r e l a ti ons be
t we e n ot h e r wor ds or p h r a se s L a h u nd o k u Sa S
,
a mta il l a faj r o = T h e dog li s b e for e t h e fi r e R e s t i

‘
e .
apu d v i e s t a s se n e sc e p t o l a p lej bo n e e lé iuj

, ,
p le z u r o T o st ay n e ar y ou i w i t h o u t ex c p t i on s, e ,
t h e host o f( f r om a mon g ) a l lp le a sur es .
The co m p l e m e n t (a ccomp a n y in g sub stanti v e )

o fa pr e p o sit i on i s a l wa y s in t h e n omi n a ti v e c a s e ,
u n l e s s t o sh ow dir e cti on
,
t h e a ccus a ti v e is u se d
, .
R u l e X IV p e rmit s t he omi ssion o ft h e pr e p o

sit ion w h e r e t h e se ns e d oe s n ot cl e a r l y sh ow w h i ch
on e t o u se a n d in s u ch
, ca se s t h e su b st a n ti v e is
ma d e a cc u s a ti v e W e ca n a l so u se t h e ge n e r a l
.
,
und e fin e d p r e p osition j e , .
E v e ry pr e po s i t i o n e x c e p t J e h a s a fi x e d an d
c on st an t me a n i n g wh i ch s h ou ld b e l e a r n e d S o
, .
ma n y E n gl i sh p r e p o siti on s a r e u se d for mo r e t h an
on e id e a t h at r idic u l ou s e r r or s w ou ld a r i se f r o m
t h e ir lit e r a l t r ansl a t i on H e t a lk ed over t h e t e l

: e
p h on e ,
to a fi r m over th e r i ver , a n d sol
d over e ig h t ee n
ca ses o f egg s t h a t h a d heen left over H e r e t wo . , .
p r e p osit i ons p e r me a n in g hy mea n s of a n d t ran s

, , , ,
s er a n t o B ook
hey on d, wo u ld be s e d in t h e t wo o t h e r cas e s t h e
u ,
m e a nin g would r equire wo r ds w h ic h a r e n ot p r e po

sit ion s a n d at n o p o int d o e s t h e E sp e r a nto pr e po
,
sit io n s u p e r m e anin g over or a hove e nt e r into

, , ,
con sid e ration I

The o l lo w i n g
f ex a m pl e s s h ow mo st o ft h e
ordin a r y us e s o ft h e p r e p ositi ons
AL — TO , TO WA R D
Li i r os a l B ost o n o =H e w i llg o t o B ost on .
Mi ro m p i s a l m i l a b r a k on =I hr oke my a r m .
L i h a va s a m o n a l l a p a t r o =f1e h a s love for

his fa t h er .
Donu al m i l a lib r on =Give ( t o ) me th e hook .
O r don u a l l i k e l i v e n u = Or d r ( t o ) h im t o e
(t h a t h e ) come .
A ldon u al tiu s u m o kv i n do lar oj n =A dd t o

t ha t su m fi ve dolla r s .
—
A N S T A T A U I N S TE A D OF
A n st a t a i i k o n si lo , mi de z ir a s p r u n t on =1n
'
st ea d o f a dvice , I wa n t a l
oa n .
A n st a t a ii
‘
p lo r i l a
, v i dv i n o d e va s goj i =1n
st ea d o f weep ing ( t o wee p ) ,
the w idow sh o uld r ej oice .
—
A N T A lJ B E F OR E
'
Ar b o la do mo =A t r ee
'
st a r a s a n t a i i st a nds in
fr on t of t h e h ouse .
I r u a n t a if m i =Go hefor e me
'
i .
s er a n t o B ook
—
Ci R K A lJ A R O UN D
'
S olda t oj st ar as ei r k a fi la domo =S oldier s ar e
i
st a n d ng a r ou n d t h e h ouse .
L a p r e zo e s ta s '
ci r k a ii k v i n de k c e n do =
j T he
p r ice is a hou t fifty cen t s.
Mi v e no s S i r k a il la sepa h o ro =l me
'
sh a l
l co
a hou t t he se ven t h h ou r .
Li sti r m e t is l e d a n z o n on ei r k a ii
‘
la t a lio =H e
p ut a l
ea t h er helt a r oun d his w a ist .
DA OF
T h ispr e position i s u se d onl y aft e r words de n o t

in g quan tit y w e i gh t nu mb e r or me a su r e
, , .
Fu n to d a t e o =A pou n d of t ea .
M u l t e d a p e n soj =M a ny (o f) t h ough t s .
M iloj d a h om oj = T h ousa n ds of men .
P e c o d a lign o =A p iece of w ood .
T h e b e ginn e r w ill fin d gr e at car e n e ce ss a r y t o

a void c o nf u sion as to d a a n d de C omp a r e ca r e .
full y t h e e xampl e s .
—
DE OF ,
B Y, F R OM
T h ispre positi on is us e d a s t h e si gn o f p o ss e s
si on an d to conn e ct t h e p a ssi v e p a r t i cipl e W i t h i ts
,
co mpl e me nt It a ls o indic a t e s o ri gin pl a ce o f

. ,
be ginnin g e tc ,
La l i b ro de J oh a n o =j oh n s hook ’
.
La fi lin o e s ta s a m ata de s i a p a t r o = T h e
da ug h t er is l
oved hy h er fa t h er .
De t i a k afi z o =F r om such a ca use .
T i o d e p e nda s de l i a r e sp o n do = T h a t dep ends

upon his r e p ly .
De loko a l loko —— F r om p t a ce t o p l
T
a ce .
Mi f Or i r os de t i e é i I sh a ll g o a w ay fr om
Z
h er e.
L i lo ga s ma lp r ok sime de t i e ci =H e lives fo r
fr om h er e .
L i lo ga s p r ok si me de t i e é i=H e l
i ves ne a r
h er e.
De i l i a u nua r e n k on t o =S in ce (f r om) t h eir fir st

meet i ng .
De t ri t a goj m i n e m an ga s =F or t h r ee day s I
h a ve n ot ea t en .
L i m o rt i s de m a lsa t o= H e died o f h ung er .
—
DU M D UR I N G , WH I LE .
Du m l a nu na j a r o =D u ing t his y ea r r .
D u m l i parol a s = While h e is t a lking .
E KST E R O U T S I DE
E k st e r la dom o = O ut side t h e h ouse .
E k st e r t i uj é lk a fi z o O u t st de t h ese ca uses.
EL — O UT O F , F R OM A M ON G
P lej bo na e lé iuj =B e t of a ll s .
U n u e l hi d e va s i r i = O n e of us oug h t t o g o .
E lci z i t a c l m a r m or o —
Chi el df om ma r hle
r
s e r .
L i ir o s e ll a u r b o =II w i ll g o out of t h e city

e .
s er a n t o B ook
M u So v e n is c l s ub l a li t o =A mouse ca mcfr on .
u nder t h e hed .
E N — IN
T h is word is a ls o tran slat e d in t o W he n t h i s .
me a n i n g is i mpl i e d it mu st b e followe d b y t h e
a ccus a ti v e of di r e c tion .
I l i i ras e n l a p r e gej o n =Th ey a r e g oing in t o

t h e ch u r ch .
I l i e s ta s e n l a p r e gej o = Th ey a r e i th e ch ur ch n .
N ok to e n som e r o =A n ig h t i n su mmer .
E n t i a o k a z o = O n su ch a n occa si on .
E s ta s d u d e k kvar h o r oj e n t a go = T h er e a r e
-
t we n ty -fou r h our s in a day .
—
S I S UN TI L, A S F A R A S
V i p ov a s v e n i gis l a p or de go = You may co me

as fa r a s t h e g a t e .
De M a rto gis M aj o= F r om tlI a r ch u n t i lM ay .
A t e n du gis mor ga u= Wa it un t ilt omor r ow .
—
IN T E R BE T IVE E IV, A M ON G
I n t e r al i aj a fe r oj =A mong oth e ma t t er s r .
I n t e r l a du a m ik oj =B et ween t he t wo f i ends r .
I n t e r M ar t o kaj M aj o =B et ween M a r ch a n d
L a a mik oj m a lk on se n t is i n t e r s i = T he fr iends
disag r eed a mong t h e mselves .
T h is
pr e p osition h a s n o fi x e d me anin g a n d is ,
us e d onl y w h e n t h e s e n se do e s not cl ea rl y r equir e

some ot h e r word
L i ri da s j e m i a e r a r o=I I e la ug hs a t my er r or .
k =
J e l a u nu a o a z o A t t h e fir st opp or t u n ity .
L i e kk a p t is l a h u ndo n j e l a gor go =H e ca ug h t
t he dog hy t h e t h r oa t .
J l
e a kvara d e m arto = 0n t h efour th ofM a r ch .
A l ta j e se s fu t oj =S i x feet h ig h .
J e l a u nua foj o e n S i a v i v o = F or t h e fir st t ime

in his life .
K O N T R Af J — OP P OS I T E A GA I N S T .
K on t r a fi l a h ot e lo= Opp osit e t h e h ot el .
N i i ri s k on t r a fi l a v e n to = We w en t ag a i nst th e
wi nd .
La ar m c o m ar s i s k on t r a i i la b o =Th e my
‘
ar ar
ma r ch ed ag a inst t h e c i ty .
La p r e dik i s la i e co = T h e
‘
p ast r o k o n t r a ii e br
p ast or p r ea ch ed aga inst dr u nk en ness.
K R O M =B E S I DE S .
La v e n to kro m fo rta e s tas t r e ma lv a r m a

, ,
Th w i n d hesides (b e in g) st ong is ver y col

e ,
d r ,
.
K ro m m o no Si h av i s b e le con ==
,
B esides money
sh e h a d hea u ty .
54 Th e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
K UN IVI T H
T h i s word is n e v e r u s e d wh e re t h e r e lat i on i s
t h at ofm e an s or instrum e nt p e r be in g t he correct ,
pr e positi on in suc h cas e s .
L i e dz igos k u n M a r i o =H e will ma r r y (wi t h )

M ar y .
R e st i ku n le on o e s ta s da n ge r e =T o r e ma in
wit h a li on is da ng er ous .
L i l abo ra s k un p a ci e n co
=H e l
a hor s wit h
p a t ien ce .
—
L A u A C C OR DI N G TO
L a il mia
'
0p i n i o =A ccor dt ng to my p i n ion
o .
Lah la lc go =A ccor dt ng t o la w .
L a iJ
'
v i co=I n t ur n a ccor ding t o r a nk

, .
L a ii ‘
l i a ku t i ma ma n i e r o=I n h i s cust o ma ry
ma n ner .
P r om e n a n t e la u la ri v e ro = While wa l
k ing
al
ong th e r iver .
—
M A L G R A fi N O T WI T H S TA N DI N G
M a lgr a i i c i o n i a t in gos l a
'
, ce lon =N ot wt th
st a n di ng e ver y t h ing w e wil la t t a in
, t h e p ur p ose .
PE R —B Y M E AN S OF
T hi spr e position i ndicat e s t h e m ea ns t ool or ,
i nstrum e nt b y m e an s o f wh ic h an act i s accom

pl ish e d a n d tr a n slat e s w i t h t h r ough hy mea ns of
, , , .
L i sile n t igi s i l i n p e r r i ga r do =II e silen ced th em

wit h a l
ook .
O ni tran c a s per t r a n cil

o =0n e cu t s wi t h a
PO -
A T TH E R A TE OF .
Po du dola r oj 6 iu t age =A t t h e r a te o f t wo dol

l
a r s p er day .
Li a ce t i s lib r oj n p o u n u do lar o =H e houg h t

tri
”
th r ee hooks a t t h e r a t e of on e dol lar (N ot at the
p r ice of se e F or ).
—
P O R F OR
Li a ce t i s t ri lib r oj n po r u nu dolar o = H e
houg h t t h r ee hooks for on e doll
ar .
L a pa tri no d i ra s ke e s ta s t e m po po r eio
M oth er say s t h er e is a t ime for e ver y t h ng . i
Li v e n is po r v in da n k i =H e ca me (for ) to
t h a nk y ou .
F or h e vi ne f
or ge su , sk r ib u gi n =Lest y ou
for g et wr it e
, it dow n .
P O S T =B E II I N D
Wh e n us e d wit h r e f e r e nce to tim e t h is word ,
m eans aft er .
Po s t l a ee v a lin o t ro ta s é e v a lido=B eh ind th e

ma r e tr ot s a col
t.
Po s t h odi afi =Aft er t oday .
H o ro po s t h or o =H ou r aft er h our .
Io m po s t i om =L it t le hy li t t l e.
P o s t u n u j ar o =Aft er on e y ea r .
s er a n t o B ook
Po s t l a domo =B eh t n d t h e h ouse .
Po s t k i a m l a b or logo ba to s l a d e kan v i ,
d e vo s fo r ir i =Aft er th e clock st r ikes t en y ou will ,
h a ve t o l
ea ve .
Po s t v ia r e v e n o z Aft er y our r et u r n .
—
P RE T E R P AS T
Pr e t e r is transl a t e d hy or p a st w it h r e sp e ct t o
—
motion and r e lati v e p o siti on not tim e :
M i i ri s p r e t e r l a fe n e st r oj de l a d o m o =1
wen t p a st t he w i n dows of the h ouse .
—
P R I AB O UT , C ON CE R N I N G
M i de ma n di s lin pri la vo o j =I a sked h im

a hon i the way .
N ep e n s u p ri gi =Do n ot t h i nk a hout it .
L i p a r ola di s p ri A fr ik o =II e lect ur ed on Afr i ca .
—
P RO BE CA US E OF .
Li de ma n di s S in , pro ki oSi p lor a s=H e a sk ed
h er for (on c nt
a c ou ) wh a t sh e w a s cr y ing
of .
P ro m a nko de t e mp o =F or la ck of t ime .
M i da n k a s v i n p ro l a s e n do de l a l i br o =
=1
t h a nk y ou for i
sen d ng t h e hook .
SE N — WI T H O UT
Li no p ov a s vivi se n Si=H e ca nnot li ve w i t h

ou t h er .
De k se n kv ar fara s se s = T en l
ess four ma kes
58 T h e A mer i ca n E sper a n t o B ook
T RA —T H R O UGII
T h is word m e an s t h r oug h in a strict s e ns e an d ,
a l wa y s impli e s motion o r r e l a ti v e position .
L i p r ome n is t ra l a e rba t o =H e wa lked t h r oug h

t he st r eet .
T ra l a m o n do i ra s fo rt a v ok o = Th r oug h t he
wor ld t h er e g oes a st r ong ca l

l.
T RAN S —A CR OS S , B E YON D
L a h i r u ndo h u gi s tran s l a ri v e ro n ea r t ran s ,
la ri v e ro si n t r ov is al i aj h ir u n doj = T h e swa llow

flew a cr oss the r iver , heca use hcy on d t h e r iver w er e
( found t h e ms e lv e s ) ot her swa llows .
T ran s l a st r a t o= A cr oss t h e st r eet .

T HE C O N JU N C T I O N .
A o nj u n c t i o n i s a word us e d t o join o t h e r
c
words p h ra se s or par ts ofs e nt e nc e s

, Its functi on .
ma y b e me r e l y t h at and not h in g m or e a s B o vo ,
kaj é e v a lo=A n ox a n d a h or se I t may also e st a b .
lis h a d e finit e r e lation b e t we e n t h e parts of a se n

t e n ce : P l uv i s ; t i al u i r e s ti s h ej me =lt r a ined;
,
t h e r e fo r e w e r ema in ed a t h ome
, .
C o nj u n c t io n s
do n ot r equ i re t h e car e ful stud y
n e c e ssar y for t h e corr e ct u se oft h e pr e positions ,
and n ee d onl y b e m e moriz e d Accordin g to u se .

,
s ome words ma y b e e it h e r conjunctions adv e rbs ,
or pr e po si tions but as a ru l e t h e stud e nt n e e d n ot

,
troubl e h im se lf t o anal y z e t h e s e d e li cat e dist in c

tions Foll ow in g i s a list oft h e words most us e d
.
as conjunctions
A l i e , O t h er w ise .
A lm e n a ii , A t least .
A fi , Or .
E i t h er . .
C ar B eea n se for
, , .
C u Wh th er
,
e .
DO ,
I n deed, t h er f
e or e indeed .
R6 88 , E v en if
.
E sc e p t e se , Un less (E x c e ptin g
s er a n t o B ooh
18 I n deed i n fa ct
, , .
Jen j e n N ow , now, no w ag a i n .
Kaj , A nd .
K C , T ha t .
K v a n k a m , A lt h oug h .
N ek, N or .
N ek nek, N e i t h er . nor .
01 T h a n
, .
F or h e , I n or der t h a t .
S e , If .
S e d, B u t .
S e k v e , Conseq uen t l
y .
T a m ea ,
H ow e ver , n e ver t h el
ess .
T ia k i a ,
S uch as.
T i a k e , S u ch t h a t .
[n t er j ect zon s 6I
T HE I N T E R JE C T IO N
I n t e r j e c t i o n s ar e e xcl a ma t or y words u suall y ,
mor e or l e ss e mp h a tic in me a n i n g T h e y a r e n ot .
a r r a n ge d in s e nt e n ce s h av e no gramma ti ca l r e
,
sp on sib i l it ie s a n d mor e c l ose l y r e s e mbl e t h e p r i m

,
it iv e a nimal cri e s a n d e x cl a ma ti o ns t h an an y o t h e r
p ar t o f h u ma n sp e e ch T h e y ma y e x pr e ss f e a r
.
,
p a i n wa rnin g surp r is e d oubt e ntr e at y comma nd

, , , , , ,
gr i e f j o y a ppr ov a l c ont e mpt e t c

, , , F oll ow in g i s
, .
a li st o fE sp e r a nt o wor ds s ome o fwh ic h a r e a l wa y s

,
int e rj e cti ons ot h e rs fr e qu e ntl y us e d a s su ch

,
A di a li !
‘
F a r ew e l
l!
A n t aii e n ! F or wa r d !
‘
B is ! E n cor e !
B one ! Well!
B on v e n u ! Welcome !
B rav e ! B r a vo !
C erte ! C er t a in l
y !
E f
e k t iv e ! R ea ll
y!
Fi l Fi !
F or ! A w ay !
Ha ! Ah l H a !
He ! H ey ! H ello !
Ho ! 0h ! H o !
Ho ve l A la s !
H on t u ! Be a sh a med ! S h a me !
62 T h e A mer i ca n E p er a ;
s
H u ra H ur r a h
Ja I n deed !
Jen B eh old ! Looh l

K o m p r e n e b le Of cou r se !
N e N o !
N u
Ve l lVoe l
V e r e l R ea l
ly I
s er a n t o B ooh
T HE N UM E R A L S
Thec ard i nal nu m e r a l s do n ot c h a n ge in f or m

t o a gr e e w it h words t o wh i ch t h e y b e l on g T h i s is .
t h e me a ni n g o fR ul e IV wh ic h sa y s t h at t h e y a r e
,
n ot decl
in ed . T h ey ar e :
Unu , on e ; du , t wo ; t ri ,
thr ee ;k var four ,
kv i n , j ive ; se s , six ; se p , se ve n ; 0k e ig h t ; n a il
,
'
n zn e ; de k , t en ; cent , h u n dr ed ; m i l t h ousa nd
,
m ilion o million , .
The tens and h u nd r e d s ar e for me d by j ow i n g

nu me r a l s w h e n t h e r e l a ti on i s on e ofmult ip lica t ion
t h e s ma ll e r n u mb e r come s fi rst : d u d e k t wen ty ,
k v a r de k for ty ; se p c e n t or se p c e n t seven h u n
, ,
d ed
r T h e u n it s a r e a dded t o t h e t e ns a n d h und r e d s
.
wh e n pl a ce d a ft e r t h e m : de k u n u eleven ; de k du , ,
t w el
ve de k se s , six t ee n ; k v a r de k - k v ar
, f
or ty -four .
[S e e E x e r c is e s 12 an d I 4] .
A dj e c t i va l
o rd i nal s a r e for me d b y a ddin g t h e
a dj e c ti v e e n di n g u nu a fir st ; (1113 secon d ; t ri a
, , ,
t h i d ; m i l n a fi c e n t kaj s e pa n in et een h u n dr ed a n d
r ,
se ven t h .
A d v e rb i al o rd i nal s ar e obt a in e d b y addin g

the a d v e r b e ndin g : u n n e y ; du e
fir st l secon dl
, y ; ,
k v in e , fift h /y .
64 T he N u mer a l
s
F r a ct i on a ls ar e mad e b y
addin g t he suffi x on ,
w it h t he e ndin g o f t h e substantiv e adv e rb or ,
a dj e cti v e , accordin g to m e anin g : t r ion o one thi d; ,

-
r
k v in o n e , fift h l
on e- y .
M ul ti ple s ar e f or me d b y addin g obl wit h t h e ,
adj e cti v e or a d v e r b e ndin g : u n u ob la sing l

e ; du ,
o bl a double, t r i ob le , t r ip /y ; k v a r ob le , q ua dr p ly
u .
C ol le c t i ve nu m e ral s ar e mad e b y t h e addition

o ft he suffi x o p : du op e ,
t wo t og et h er ; kv ar Op e ,
fou r a br ea st , by four s .
ub s ta n t i va l nu m e ral s a r e f orm e d b y a ddin g

S
t h e subst a ntiv e e ndin g 0 T h e s e a r e s u bj e c t to
, .
t he rul e s gov e r nin g a ll substanti v e s : c o n to u ,
h u dr ed ( c onsid e r e d a s a unit ); m i l oi kaj m iloj

n ,
t h ousa n ds a nd t h ou sa n ds .
s er a n t o B ooh
F O R si gn i fi e s a way : i ri ,
t o go ; f
or i r i , t o go
a way .
GE bot h s e xe s t a ke n t oge t h e r : pa tro fa t her , ;

ge p a t r oj , p a r en ts .
M AL t he d ire ct opposit e : bo na , g ood ; m al

bo na , ba d a l t a h ig h ; m al ta low
, , .
NE d e not e s n e ut r a l or n e ga tiv e b e la bea ut iful; :
—
,
n eb ela p a in (n ot n c e ssaril y ug ly for di r e ct

l ,
e
contrari e s u se m al ) .
PRA m e ans e it h e r gr ea t or p r imor dia l: a v o,
gr f
a n d a t h er ; p r aav o, g r ea t gr an dfa t h er ; p at ro ,
fa t h er ; p r a p a t r oj , for efa t h er s .
RE to r e p e at or r e v e rs e : d i ri t o , say ; r e di r i,
to p
r e ea t ; v e n i t o g o ; t e v e n i t o r et u
, , r n.
SE N e quiv a l e nt of - l
ess, t he E n gli sh suffi x
h a ro , h a ir ; s o n h ara , ba ld, h a ir l
ess .
S UF F X E S I
AD d e not e s continu e d a cti on me anin g t h e sa me ,
as t h e E n glis h subst a ntiv a l pa r ti c ipl e e ndin g ing ,

-
kan to ,
a song ; k a n t a do , si ng ing .
AN an in h a bitant or p a r ti sa n o f: A m e r i k o,
A mer ica a m e r i ka no ,
an A mer ica n Kri s to , Chr ist ,
k r i st a n o , a Ch r ist ia n .
S ufi x es 67
A 3 c ncr t id
a o e e ea or o bj e ct p oss e ssi n g t h e
,
q u a lit y indi ca t e d by t he r oo t : b e l a bea ut ifu l; ,
b e la j o , a bea u t ifu l obj ect ; bo vo a n ox ; b ov a j o

, ,
AR a co ll e cti on or gr ou p of t h i n gs : a rbo , a
tr ee ; ar b ar o, a for est ; v or t o, d w or d ; v or t ar o,
a dict ion a r y .
C] a ffe cti on a t e di minutiv e or ma sculi n e

f n a me s
J oh a n o foh n J o h a n éj o , j
, , oh n n ie ; pat ro , fa t h er ;
p a éj o p a p ap a
, , .
EEL d e n ot e s p ossibilit y : v i d i t o see ; v ide b la , ,
visibl
e ; po rt i t o ca y ; p or t e b la p o t a ble
,
r r ,
r .
d e not e s t h e a b st r a ct q u a lit y : b e l a b a u t i
‘
E C ,
e
ful; b e l e co bea uty ; b on a g ood ; bo n e c o g oodness

, , , .
EG d e n ot e s in cr e a se d d e gr e e or s iz e : v a r m a ,
wa r m ; v ar m e ga , h ot ; p o r do , door ; p or de go ,
a g a te .
E ] i ndic a t e s pl a c e of a ction or pl a ce d e v ot e d
to : l e rn i t o lea r n le r n ej o a sch ool
, , .
E M s h ow s t e nd e n cy or i n clin a ti on ; l abo ri ,
to wor h ; la b or e m a , i n dust r ious .
E Rd e n ot e s a s in gl e obj e ct a s d i stin guis h e d

fr om t h e c oll e ctiv e t e r m m o no mon ey ; m o n e ro , ,
a coi n ; s abl o sa n d ; sa b l e r o a g r a in of sa n d
, , .
E ST R a l ead e r or m an a ge r u rbo city ; ,
u r b e st r o may or ; Q ,
i po ship ; si p e st r o cap t a in , , .
s er a n t o B ooh
ET d e n ot e s di minuti on o f s i ze or d egr ee
varm a ,w a r m ; v a r m e t a , luk e wa r m tr a n cilo, a
h mfe ; t r a n eile t o , a p e n h mfe .
ID d e not e s the y oun g o f , or d e sce nd a nt o f

a
k a to , ca t ; k a t ido , h it t e n ; r e go hi g ; r e gi do
, n ,
a p r in ce .
I G me ans t o ca use t o become : r ié a , r ich ; r i é i gi ,

to en r ich ; p u r a , cl
ea n ; p u r igi , t o cl
ea n .
(I g v e r bs
ar e al wa y s transitiv e ) .
I t? me an s t o become r i é igi , t o become r i ch

p u r igi , t o become cl
ea n . ( lg v e r bs ar e a l wa y s in
tr a nsiti v e a n d can n e v e r t a k e t he p a s si v e p ar ticipl e
f o r ms a t i t o r ot )
, , .
IL d e not e s the i n strum e nt t ool k u dr i

or : ,
to
se w k u dr i lo , a n eedl
e; p af
i, sh oot ; p a h lo g u n ,
.
IN su fli x of f e minin e : fr a t o br ot h
t he ,
er ;
ra t i no ,
f sist er ; koko chich en ; kok i no h en
, , .
IN D d e n ot e s wo rt h in e ss : ami ,
to l
ove ; a m
i n da , a mia ble ; k r e di , ie ve ; k r e di n da , w or t hy
t o bel
I N G h o ld e r for a sin gl e obj e ct : pl u m o , a p en
p lu m i n go , p enh older ; c i ga r i n go , der

ciga r h ol .
IS Td e not e s a p e rs on p r o fe ss i onall y o ccupi e d

w it h o r a ss oc i a t e d w it h : kan ti t o sing ; k a n t i st o
, , ,
a p of ession a l sing e
r ; m etio a cr af t ; m e t i i st o
r , ,
a cr a ft sma n .
S ufi x es 69
N J affectionat e di minuti v e f e mi n i n e n a me s
f
or
M a ri o M a r y , M a r i nj o or M a nj o M oll y ; p a tri no
, ,
mot h er p a nj o ma m mma
; , ,
a .
U ] si gni fi e s t h a t w h ic h b e a r s con t a i n s or p r o ,
du ce s : k r e mo cr ea m ; k r e m uj o a c e m p t ch e ;
, , r a i r
po m o app l ; p o muj o app le t ee ; t u rko a t ur h ;

,
e , r ,
T ur k uj o , T u r h ey .
U M h as no de finit e me a nin g : m ano ,

h a nd ;
m anu m o m a lv a r m a m a lv a r m u m i
'
, cu fi ; , d;
col ,
to ca t ch col
d.
UL i n dic a t e s a p e rs on of th e q u a lit y i mpl i e d

gr a n da , la r g e ; gr a n du lo , a la r g e p e son rpia ,
pious p in lo , a p ious p er son .
A6 , a su fii x i n dicat in g con t e mpt or u n w o r t h in e ss , b e in g

the oppos i te o fin d, is
by sp e r a n t i sts
u se d ma n y E , t h o u gh n ot
ye t of y au t h or i z e d by L in gv a K om it a t o
fi cxa ll am
p e . Ex l
h un do , dog ; h un da éo , cu r ; p ia , p i o u s ; p ia éa , sa n ct i mon i o u s .
OR DE R OF A FF IX E S
The d e m an d o flo gi c is t h a t t h e a f fi x st a ndin g

n ea est t h e r oot fi
r t a tt a ch it s si gni fi ca n ce t o t h e
r s
w or d : m o n to mou ta in ; m o n t e go a la g mou n
, n ,
r e
ta i ; m o n t e g a n a r o
n - a ba d of p eop l
- - e -of t h e
,
n
la r g e mou n t a i ; m o n t ar a n e g o a l
n a r g e mou - - - -
, n
t a in eer ; m o n t e t a n a r e g o a l
- a g e ba n d ofp eop l
- - -e -
, r
of t h e h ills T h e s e a r e e x a g ge r a t e d ill u st r a ti ons

. ,
a n d si mpli c it y is n o l e ss d e sir a bl e in E sp e r a nto

t h an an yw h e r e e ls e .
s er a n t o B ooh
T HE C O RR E L A T IV E W O R D S
Amon g t h e ri gin a l words of E spe ra nt o
f
ew o
(t h e i mme ns e ma jo r it y h avin g be e n t a ke n fr om
livin g E urope an l a n gu a ge s ) ar e f ort y fi v e pron ouns -
,
a dj e ctiv e s a d v e r bs a n d conjun c tiv e adv e rbs

, so ,
nice l y corre lat e d as t o r e nd e r m o st o ft he m s e lf

d e finin g .
As t o app l i c a t i on t h e y h a v e fi v e sign ifica t ion s, ,
indicat e d b y t h e be ginnin gs
I ind e fin it e si gnif y in g some or a ny
, , .
C d istribut i v e or c oll e ctiv e si gn i f y in g

, , e a ch ,
e ver y , a l
l .
K int e rro ga tiv e

,
or r e l a ti v e , i gni f y in g
s wh a t ,
wh ich .
NEN n e gativ e m e anin g

, , n on e, no .
T ,
—
d e monstrativ e th a t .
As to m e a n i n g t h e y h a v e nin e , ge n e r a l si g u i
fi ca t ion s i ndicat e d b y nin e e ndin gs
, i a i al i a m
, , ,
ie i e l i e s io i o m iu
, , , , , .
I A =K I N D O R QUA L I T Y
A dj ect i v a l
I a =S ome h ind of , a ny hind of , so me , a ny .
Ci a =E a ch h in d o f , ea ch , e ver y .
Cor r el
a t ve i lVor ds 71
Ki a = Wh a t f hin d o ,
N e n i a =N o h in d of n o su ch a n o , , .
T i a = Th a t h in d of su ch a hin d su ch , , a .
I A L =M O T I VE , R E A S ON
A d v e r bia l
I a l=F or so me r ea son , for so me ca use, for a ny

ca use .
Cia I Z
F or e ver y r ea son , al
lr ea sons.
K i a I Z F or w h a t r ea son ? Why '
, w h er f
e or e .
N e n ia l =F or n o r ea son , for n o ca use .
T i al 2
F or t h a t r ea son , for t h a t ca use , t h er f
e or e .
IA M TI M E
A dv e r bia l
I am z A t a ny t ime , so me t ime , e ver .
Ci a m A t a llt imes a llt h e t i me

Z
, , way s
al .
K ia m —
“
A t w h a t t ime ?
r
Wh en .
N e n i a m =A t n o t ime n ever , .
T i a m =A t t h a t t ime t h en , .
IE =P LA CE
A dv e r bia l
I e =S ome p la ce , a ny p la ce , so mewh er e , a ny wh er e .
C i e =E ver y wh er e, in e ve r y p la ce .
K i c =I n wh a t p la ce ? Wh er e .
N e n ie =I n no pl a ce , n ow h er e .
T i e = T h er e, in t h a t p la ce .
s er a n t o B ooh
I E L= M A N N E R
A dv er bia l
I e l=I n so me w ay , so meh ow , a ny h ow , in a ny
ma n n er
C i e l=I n
.
e ver y ma n ner , e ver y way , l way s,

al by
K i e l=I n w h a t ma n ner ? H ow , a s, l
ihe .
N =I n
e n ie l no ma n ner , in no way , by no mea ns .
T i e l=I n t h a t w ay , t h us, so, a s, li h e .
IE S =P OS S E S S I ON
Pr on o min a l
I e s= S omebody s a ny body s a ny on e s
’ ’ ’
.
, ,
C i cs= ’
E ver y body s ea ch on e s e ver y on e s
,
’
,
’
Kie s Wh ose .
N e n i e s= N obody s n o one s
’
,
’
.
T i e s = Th a t one s such a p er son s

’ ’
.
,
IO = T H 1N G
S u bst a n t i v a la n d P r on o mma s
I o =S omet h ing , a ny t h ng i .
Cio =E ver y t h ing , lt h ing s

al . al
l.
K i o = IVh a t wh i ch t h a t
, , wh ich .
N e n io =N ot h ing .
T i o =T h a t t h a t t h ing
,
.
s er a n t o B ooh
C A P IT A LS A N D P UN C T UAT I O N
T he pr e s e nt cust om w it h r e ga rd to punctuat i on
is f o r e a c h writ e r t o f oll ow t h e me t h ods o fh is own
l a n gu a ge i t be in g p r a cti ca ll y imp o ssibl e to c h a n ge
,
t h e me ani n g o fa s e nt e nc e b y pu n ctu a ti on w h i c h i s
,
so fr eq u e ntl y p o s sibl e in E n gl i sh T h e sam e l a ti

.
t u d e i s pe r mitt e d in t h e u se ofcapit a l l e tt e rs but ,
o n t h i s p o int E sp e r a nt o p r int e rs h a v e a r riv e d at
ce r t a in s e e min gl y int e r n a ti on a l st y l e s.T h e main

p o m t s o fv a r i a nc e b e t wee n E n glis h and E s p e ran to
in t h i s r e sp e ct a r e
N a m e s ofC ou n t ri e s b e gin wi t h capital s but ,
t h e n a me s o fr a c e s w it h t h e c or r e l a t i v e a dj e c tiv e s
,
and a d v e rbs do n o t : F r a n cuj o F r a n ce ; fr a n c o

, , ,
a F r e n ch ma n ; f ra n c a F r en ch ; fran c e in F r en ch
, , .
T h e same rul e appli e s to pol i ti ca l p a rti e s ord e rs , ,
c h urch e s e t c T h e n a me s o ft h e d a y s of t h e we e k
, .
a r e be gun w it h small l e tt e rs .
Or der of Wor ds 75
O RDE R OF W O RDS
E sp e ranto b e in g i n t e nd e d for r e ad y u se b y
p e opl e s o f wid e l y d i ffe r e nt l an gu a ge s y st e m s it i s ,
i n d ee d wis e t h a t i t b e so con st r u ct e d t h a t c h an g
in g t h e o r d e r o fwords wo u ld n ot o r din a r il y ch an ge, ,
t h e se n se .
L a belela i ufa n a senz or g e r omp is la n ova n ludil

on .
S en z or g e r o mp i s la belet a i nfa n o la n ovan ludil

on .
a i uf
et a l
B el a na n ov a n a lu dil
l on senz or g e r o mp is .
L udzl
on la n ova n r o mp is sen z or g e la infa n o belet a .
T h is s e n t e n ce pr e tt y c h ild car e l e s sl y
, T he
br oke t h e n ew t oy c a nnot b e e r r on e ousl y trans
,
le te d , wh a t e v e r t h e word o r d e r A lt h ou gh t h e
.
o r d e r fi r st g i v e n i s pr e f e rr e d t h e ot h e r s a r e n o t
,
gr amma ti ca ll y i n cor r e ct O n t h e wh ol e h owe v e r

.
, ,
t h e or d e r o f w ords in E sp e r a nt o i s so n e arl y t h e
s a me as in E n glis h t h at t h e st u d e nt may s a f e l y
f oll ow at fi r st h is natur a l in clinati ons
, , T he .
E sp e r a nto st y l e w ill n ot b e a t a ll diffi cult t o a c

qui r e an d ma y b e a tt a in e d mu ch mor e e a sil y b y
,
r e adin g good lit e r a tur e t h a n b y me morizin g r ul e s .

76 T h e A mer i ca n E sper a n t o B ooh
FO RE I GN N AM E S
As rapidl y a s p osmb le a ll i mp or t a nt pr op e r
,
na me s a r e b e in g ad opt e d int o t h e E sp e ranto f a mil y

and r e c e ivin g an i nt e rn a ti on a l sp e llin g S o me of
.
t h e m a r e r e nd e r e d a ccor di n g t o s ound o t h e r s a c
,
c or din g t o me a nin g G e n e r a ll y sp e a kin g i t wou ld

. ,
s e e m t h a t t h e b e st E sp e r a ntists o fa giv e n nati on

a r e o fn e c e s sit y t h e aut h or it i e s as to t h e sp e llin g
o f na me s conn e ct e d w it h t h e ir own l a nd as t h e y ,
a r e natu r a ll y mo r e famili a r w it h t h e ir o r i gin a n d
spiri t. T h e r e i s n o app a r e nt n e e d o f att e mptin g

to r e s olv e int o E sp e ranto t h e nam e s ofs ma ll t own s
a n d a ffa irs o f loca l si gni fi can ce , u n l e ss t h e y con
t a in l e tt e rs n ot found in t h e E sp e r a nto a lp h a be t .
E XE RC I S E S
oll ow i n g
T he f s e ri e s o i ci se s b e l on gs to t h e
e xe r
F u n da men t o de E sp er a n t o T h e y ar e a part o f t h e
.
un ch a n gea bl e f ou n d a tion o ft h e l an gu age car e f u ll y ,
a r r a n ge d b y Dr . Z a me n h o f a ut h or o f E sp e r an t o
, .
T h e compil e r o f t h i s b oo k h a s a dd e d t h e t r a n sl a
ti on s an d comme n t w it h an occa si onal e x pl a n a t or y

,
wor d a cco mpan y in g t h e v oc a bul a ri e s .
T h e l e a r n e r ma y b e gin t h e stud y o f t h e E x e r
cis e s w it h out goi n g at l e n gt h i n t o t h e f or e goi n g
di scussi on o ft h e G r a mma r b u t W i ll fi n d t h e l a tt e r
,
us e fu l for r e f e r e nce and r e vi e w .
H ow to S t udy
P e r sons st u d y in g in clas se s w ill d e vi se m e t h od s
a d a pt e d t o t h e i r n e e ds a n d con v e ni e n ce but t o t h e ,
p e r son st u d y in g a l on e a few su gge sti ons ma y p r ov e

o f v a lu e . G o ov e r ca r e full y a lll e a st t w i ce all
, ,
t h a t is sa id h e r e in on pronunciation T hen t ake .
up , in t h e i r or d e r t h e E x e rcis e s
, .
P r onoun ce t h e words a loud for t h is will h e lp,
t o f a miliariz e t h e sense of h a ing t h ou gh y ou h e a r

e r ,
onl y y our own voi ce ; y ou w ill t h us b e a bl e t o con

v e r s e w it h t h e fi r s t E sp e r a nti st w h o m y ou me e t .
Me mo r iz e e a ch v oc a bul a r y a s y ou proc e e d A .
goo d pl a n is t o me mor i z e a l so t h e n a me s o f f a mi l
78 A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
iar obj e cts s ee n e v e r y da y and f orm s e nt e nc e s ,
addre ss e d to or about t h e m as y ou see t h e m .
L e arn t o nam e t h e m in E sp e r anto a t s i gh t .
W h e n you h av e finis h e d t h e E x e r ci s e s subscribe ,
to a t l e a st on e E sp e r a nt o journ a l w h e r e y ou will ,
find announc e me nts c onc e rnin g a gr e at a ss ortm e nt

o fb oo ks a s we ll as add r e ss e s o fp e rs on s wh o w is h
,
t o c orr e sp ond in t h e lan gua ge .
XE RC IS E 1 E
B e for e att e mptin g t h i s E xe r c is e pl e as e r e ad ,
v e r y ca r efull y P a ge 7 and t h o s e f o ll owin g on p r o ,
n u n cia t i on. S o m a n y p e r s on s h av e a sk e d t h a t t h is
b oo k c ont a in h ey ed wo ds sh ow mg p r onun ciati on r
t h at t h is is att e mpt e d h e r e T h e stud e nt mu st .
r e a liz e t h at t h e p u zzlin g a dd e d c ons on a nts ar e

fr equ e ntl y ins e rt e d onl y t o c e rt i f y t h e vo we l s ound ;
an d e sp e ci a ll y not e t h at eh si gni fie s a s ound b e
t we e n lon g a and s h ort e T h e a c ce nt e d s y ll a bl e.
,
m a rk e d i s al wa y s t h e on e n e x t to t h e l a st .
B a -l
o
'
.
'
N u - bo . Cc
'
-
lo . Ci -
tro no'
- .
bah l
o -
n oo-bo tse- l
o tsoe-t r o- no
lo lo O fi - ci
' ' ’ '
S ci -o . Co -
. Ko -
.
- -
ro .
stse e-o tso-l

o ko-l
o oh - fee - tsoe- t o
La P a - cu - lo Ca r Ce mi zo
’ '
- ca . - .
. .
l
ah -tsah pa h -
tsoo -
lo c ha r ch e h - me e -
zo
Ci '
l Cu F e - li - Ca
' '
Ci Ci '
—
-e -
o . . .
-
a. -
a .
ch e e -e h l
o -
ch oo f
eh
-
e e-c ha h tse e- ah
l c h ee ah
E x er cises 79
Da Ln
' ' '
Pr o -
cc -
so . S e n ée -
sa . E c. E6 . Ek . .
- do .
p r o-
tse h -
se i e h - sa h
se h n - cl e h ts e h ch e hk da h l
oo do -
De n
'
-
to . Pl
en
'
-
di . El . En . De . Te
'
-
ui . S en .
de h n t o l h de e e hl e hn de h t e h -n i se h n
‘
p e n -
-
.
Ve
'
- r o. Fa
’
-
li . P i de -
’
- la . Tra fi
'
-
. G a - lo
'
. G r an
'
ve h- r o . f
ah l
ee -
fe e -de h la h -
t r ah -fee .
ga h -
l
o gr a h n
Gu s to
' ' ' ' '
da . Gen t 0 -
. G ip -
so . ~ . L e gi -
. P a go -
.
da h ge hn -
to ge e p
-
so goes-
to le h ge e -
p a h -
go
Gis Gu s ta Gar
' ’ ' ’ '
P a go -
. L e go -
. .
-
. R e gi -
.
-
de -n
o .
p ah -
o j le h jo -
j e es j oos-t ah r e h - ee j j a r -de h - n o
L on - ga
'
. R eg
'
-
n o. S ig
'
-
n i. G v ar -
di '
-
o . L in - gv o
'
.
l oh n - ga h r e h g- n o se e g- n e e gva r -
de e -
o l ee n - gvo
Gu
' ' ' ’ ’
-
a -
do Ha -
ro Hi -
r un -
do H a ki -
N e - h e 1a -
—
. . . . .
j oo a h -do h ah -
ro hee -
r oon -do h a h ke e -
n e- h e h- l
ah
Pac -
ho
'
-
ro . S es ho -
'
ra . B at - h u
'
- f
o Ho .
’
-
r o. Ho
'
-
ro .
p ah ts- h oh - r o se h s- h oh - r ah b ah t h oo- f
o -
h oh -
ro hh o-r o
Ko -
l e ro ’
. H o le -
'
-r o . H e mi -
'
-
o . I - mi - ti
'
. Pi l
o
'
-
.
koh l
eh
- -
ro hb o- le h -
ro h he me e - -
o cc me e t e e
- -
fe e lo -
P r in t e m - p o M in
' ’ ' '
B ir -
do . Tro -
v i .
-
. . F o ir -
o .
be e r do -
t r oh -
vee p r e e n -
teh m po -
me e n f
oh -
e e- r o
Fe i -
'
- no . I
'
-
el . I
'
-
a m . In .
J am .
Ju .
Je s .
Ju
fe h -
c c- n oo e e - e h lo c c- ah m een ya hm yoo ye hs yoo
Ma je s Do moj
—
' ’ '
T uj
'
r is t o -
. K r a -jo -
no .
- -
ta . .
-
.
r e cs t o -
kr ah yo -
no ma h -
ye h s-
ta h t ooy doh moy -
Ru -
i
'
-n o . P ruj
'
-
no . B a la - i -
'
. aj
Pa l
'
-
. De -
i
'
-
no .
-
r oo cc n o -
p r ooy no
-
b ah l
ah - -
ee p a h -
l
igh de h -
e e- n o
Vej
’
-n
o . Pe t e -
'
-
i . M a l p le j
'
-
.
J us
'
-
ta .
J us .
J e
'
-
ti .
va y n o
-
peh
-
r eh -
ee mah l p l ay -
z h oos- t a h z h oos z h e h - t e e
j M a jo
' ' ' ' '
a -
l
u -z a .
J ur -
na -
l
o .
-
. Bo -
na -
j o . K a po -
.
z h ab
-
l
oo -
z ah z h oo r n a h
~ ~
l
o ma h -
yo bo- n a h -
z ho k a h po -
s er a n t o B ooh
Ma k u lo -
'
-
. K es
'
-
to . S u ke -
’
-
r o. Ak
'
-
v o. K o- k e
'
-
to .
ma -
koo - l
o lt ch s- to soo-ke h - r o ahk - vo ko-ke h to -
Li - kv o
'
-
r o. P ac k a - p o -
'
.
l
e e kv o-t o
-
p a h ts-
ka h -
po
XE RC IS E 3 E
°
L a vi Le vi l o P a r 0 li Me m I m pli k i
'
- .
-
'
.
-
'
-
. .
-
'
-
.
N o mo In di te r e n ta In t e r na
' ' '
E m b a r a se
- - - .
- .
- - - -
.
- -
ci a O l H e r o i H e r o i n o F o; no P i a
’
-
. .
-
'
- .
- -
'
-
.
'
-
.
'
-
.
P a l pi Ri pe ti S a ma S ta r i
' ' ' ' '
-
Ar ba t o .
- -
.
- -
. . .
S i ge lo S is t e mo P e si lo P e z i lo S e n ti
' ’ ’ ' '
- -
.
- -
.
- - .
- -
.
-
.
S o fi s mo C i p r e se
-
Si P a se S ta lo Sta lo
'
.
-
'
-
. .
'
- .
'
-
.
’
-
.
V e s to V e s t o Di s s i ri San cc li T a pi Se
' ' ' ’ '
—
- - - - - - -
. . . . .
v e hsh - to v e hss-t o . de e s sh e e -
r e e sha h u -tsc h - l
ee ta p ee -sho
-
T e - o- ri ti la Plu m0
’ ' ' ’ '
-o . P a t en t o- -
. U - - . Un -go .
-
.
T u - mul t o Plu
' ' ' ' '
. . Lu i -
. K i -u . B a -l
a -u . T r a-u
l
o . P e -t e
'
-
u . N e -u - l
o
'
. F r a ii - l
o
'
. Pa ti l i '
-
'
-
no .
di di
—
' ' ' ' '
Lah -
. E ti - r 0 - p o
'
Tro -
u zi . Ho - -
a ii . Va -n a .
l ab w di -
e h w- r o h - po t r o oo-z e e h oh -de e -o w va h - n a h
Ve rso S ol-vi Z e - ni to
' ' ' '
. . Z or -
gi . . Z o -o-l
o -gi- o .
A ze n o Me Me z
' ' ' '
- .
-
zu -r o . Na -
zo. T r e -z o -t o .
nok t o '
. Zn
'
-
mo . S u - m0
'
. Zo
'
-
no . Se
'
-n
o . Pe
'
-
z o.
‘
O ne oft h e n u mb e r e d se ct io ns o fth e E k z e r ca r o is omitte d
he r e , th e ma t t e r b e i n g fo u n d in th e be gin n in g o ft his book
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 5
pa tro fa t h er , . kolo m bo dove , .
kaj a n d, . b i rdo bi
,
r d .
f
r a t o , br ot h er . a p ar t e n i , t o bel
ong t o .
le o n o , lion . al ,
to .
e s t i t o be
, . s u no ,
sun .
b e s t e bea st , b ri l i , to sh ne . i
ro zo r ose , . s ana w el l ,
, h ea l
t hy .
fl or o , fl owe r . t aj lor o , t a i l
or .
la , (d e finit e a r ticl e )
the .
0, s u bst a nti v e (n oun ) e ndin g .
a a dj e cti v e e nd i n g
,
a s v e rb e ndin g pr e s e nt t e ns e
, , .
P a tr o kaj stas b e st o R oz o 2
f
r at o . L e on o e .
e st a s fl o r o k a j k ol omb o e st a s bird o La r oz o
“
.
a p a r t e n a s a lT e od o r o La suno b r ila s La patr o 5

. .
e st a s s a na La patro e stas t ajlor o

7 b 3
. .
“Th u e fl h se o ig ifi d fi it f th ; t h f th
a er e s nf es a e n e a er e a er o
wh m w h
o b
e p ki g my f t h
av e y een sf th t
ea n , a er , ou r a er . e c .
l
Af
’
t ti i
er es llit f m th ou i
n a mi ti s or s e n n s no na ve .
TRA N S L AT I O N 5
"
1
f a t h e r and a bro t h e r
A A lie n i s a be ast .
1
.
A r o s e is a fl o we r a n d a d o v e (or pi ge on ) i s a
3
,
bi r d T h e r o s e b e l o n gs t o T h e o d o r e T h e sun .
s h in e s ( T h e ) f a t h e r is h e a lt h y (T h e ) f a t h e r
7
. .
i s a t a ilor .
Th e A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh 83
E XE R C IS E 6
in f
ano, ch il
d . n e , n ot .
m a tu ra ma t u e r ip e ,
r , . h om o, ma n (ge n e r a l
j a m a l ea dy ,
r . f
or h u ma n b e i n g ) .
plo ri t o mour n w p
, ,
ee . é i e lo , h ea ven , shy .
b lu a , blu e . k i e , w h er e.
l i b ro booh , . k r aj on o , p en cil .
s u r on upon
, , . t ablo , t a bl
e .
ku s i t o lie (d own )
, . f
e n e st r o , w i n dow .
p lu m o , p e n j en , o , beh ol
l d
po m o app le , ki u wh o .
, .
mi I , . t ro v i t o fi d ,
n .
t e ro Ea t h , é t o n o st one
r .
,
.
n e ndin g o fa ccu sa tiv e (obj e ctiv e )

, .
i s v er b e ndin g p a st t e ns e
, , .
1
In f
an o ne
a
e s as t matur a h e me
b .
2
L a i mi a n e
ja m ne pl
or a s .
3
La Ci e l o e s ta s b lu a . K ie es a t s la
“
I n E sp e r an to , t h e n e gat iv e wor d p r e ce de s t h e v e r b an d ,
usu a ll y p r e ce des ot h e r w o r ds to wh ich i t b e on gs t h ou gh n otl ,
a l way : s tu t e n e =n ot q u i t e; ce r t e ne =ce r t a i n ly n ot .
b
H ome , a h uman b e i n g , man in ge n e r a l , v ir o , a ma n ; v ir n o , i
a w o ma n .
c
j ma ne =a lr e a dy n ot .
J m
a is u se d W i th mu ch gr e a t e r fr e
q u e n e y t h a n t h e w or d a r e a dy in
l E gl i
n sh , an d i t i s we ll fo r
t he st u de n t c ar e fu
y to ll st u dy t h e se n se wh e r e ve r it is f
ou n d ,
s er a n t o B ooh
libro kaj la k r a jon o ? L a libro e stas sur la t ablo ‘

l (1
kaj la k r ajon o k u Sas sur la f e n e str e S u r la fen .
e stro ku Sa s k r a j on o k a j p l J e n e stas pomo

7
u mo . .
J e n e st a s la p om o kiun mi t r ov is a t e ro
9
S ur l , .
ku Sa s S t on e .
d
See , in li st i i
o f p r e po s t o n s. t h e use s o f su r . E s e r an to
p
p r e posi t i on s r e q u ir e c ar e u f l st udy .
”
j e n me a ns be h old . It tr ans l a te s W i th e q ua l p r e c isi o n t h e
E n gl i sh p h r ase s h e r e is and y o n de r i s .
(obj e ct i v e ) case
f
K iun is h e r e in the a ccusa t ive . b e in g t h e
ob e ct o
j ft r ov is . P o rn o is t h e sub e ct j o f e st a s, w h ic h (S e e
N o te b . Ex 5 ) c a n n ot b e o
e r c ise f ll o we d by a n a ccusa t iv e . To
l
u n de r sta n d p r e c i se y w h y k i u n is a ccusa t ive . l
et us r e me mbe r
t ha t i t is a p r o n o un a n d sta n ds f
o r p orn o . I f we r e n de r the
se n t e n ce j en p orn o , p omon
e st a s mi t r ov is, t h e r e aso n f
or t h e
i
acc usa t ve b e come s c e a r e r l
K iu . is f r e q ue n t ly thu s p l ace d in
accusa t i ve by ve r b s wh i c h f llo ow it .
TRAN S L AT I O N 6
c h i ld i s n ot a ma tur e ma n
A T h e c h ild no .
’
l on ge r (a lr e a d y n ot ) c r i e s T h e sk y i s blu e .
3
.
W h e r e a r e t h e b ook and t h e p e n cil ? T h e bo o k is

up on t h e t a bl e a n d t h e p en a l l i e s up on t h e wind ow .
U p o n t h e w i n d ow lie a p e ncil a n d a p en H e re
7
.
is a n a ppl e H e r e i s t h e a ppl e w h i ch I found

I'
. .
O n t h e g r ound li e s a st on e .
A mer i ca n E p
E XE R C IS E 7
fo rta , str ong . d e n to t oot h , .
do , of, by, fr om . a kra sh a p ,

r .
d o ni , g ive . m a no h a n d , .
vidi ,
to see . r e s t i t o st ay , , r e ma in .
k u n , w it h da n ge r o , da ng er
. .
ku ra ga , br a ve , da r ihg raj d i , t o r ide . .
paro l i , t o spea h p ri , a bout , concer . n ing .
j , si gn o ft h e plural .
e, a dv e r b e ndin g .
i, v e r b e ndin g in fi nitiv e mod e , .
11, v e rb e ndin g i mp e r a ti v e mod e , .
l
L e on o e stas f orta st a s . La 2
de n t oj de le on o e
a kr aj
a
Al le on o n e
.
3
1a ma n on M i vid a s d onu .
‘
le on on R e sti kun le on o e st a s dan ge r e

.
b 5 "
Kiu .
ku t a ga s r a jdi sur le on o ? Mi p a r ol a s pri l e on e

7
.
"
Ob
l
th t t h
se r v e dj t i k j i i
a th pl l f m e a ec ve . a ra , s n e ur a or . as
th ou
e n t wh i h it
n f i pl u l
o c r e ers s ra .
b
I n fin it iv e v er b , h as no sub e ct , n o j t e n se or t ime ofa ct ion .
F or a ny
pe r son at a ny t ime t o st ay W i t h a l
, ien i s da n ge r ou s
, . .
°
H e r e t h e wor d da n g
, er e t ak e s t h e a dv e r b ia or m (e n din g l f
e ) n ot b e cause it is adv e r b ia in se n se t o b e t r a n s at e d da n l , l
g er ou sl y b u t b e cause it h as n o n ou n t h e su b j e ct of t h is
, ,
se n t e n c e b e i n g t h e v e r b r e st i S h ou d w e say e on e est a s
. . l l
f l
dan ger a , t h e a dj e ct iv e or m wou d b e use d .
TRAN S L AT I O N 7
A li e n i s stron g T h e t e e t h o f a li on a r e
1 2
.
s h ar p Do n ot giv e y our h a nd t o a li on
.
3
I se e .
‘
a li on T o r e ma in w it h a lie n i s d a n ge r ou s
.
6
.
°
W h 0 d a r e s t o rid e on a li on ? I am spe a kin g 7
a b out a li on .
86 A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 8
bo na g ood , . C ap e l o , h a t .
d i r i t o say
, . h e , tha t ( conjunction ) .
d i l i ge n t e di lig en t ,
. a mi ,
to l
ove .
v e n i t o come, . ku n e t og eth er
, .
fi lo son, . s tar i t o st a n d
, .
ap u d n a r close by
, e , . p u ra clea n p ur e
, ,
.
k o n i t o h n ow ( t o b e
,
pa no br ea d , .
acquaint e d m an gi t o e a t , .
p er , by mea ns of . b u s o mout h , .
fl a r i , t o smell . nazo nose , .
a n ta ll b for e ,
e . do m o h ouse , .
arbo t r ee ,
. Ca mb r o, r oo m .
La p a tr o e st a s bona Jen k u Sa s la Ca p e lo de .
la patro Diru al b la patro k e mi e stas di lige n t a

.
, .
M i a mas la patr on Ve n u k un e kun l p a tro

‘ I‘ c
a . .
L a filo st ar a s a pud la p a tro La ma no de j oh an o

7
.
e st a s pura Mi kona s J oh an on L u dov icko d onu

l
‘ °
. .
,
a l mi panon
d
M i man ga s p er la b u So k a j fl a ras
1°
p e r
0
la n a z o A n t a ti la do m o st ar a s a r bo
. La .
‘3
p a t r o e stas e n la Cambr e .
“
S e N ote
e a. Ex e r cise 5 .
b
Dim all: T el
lt o . T h e p r e posit ion a! is use d in e xp r essions
su ch as s p ea k to . r ecou n t to . e tc .
A mer ica n E p
c
K u ne k un = T og et h e r w it h . H er e , a wor d is r e pe at e d w it h
n o a ppa r e n t p u r p ose ot h e r t han t ha t of e mp h asis h is is . T
o ft en don e w it h p r e posi t io n s e spe cia y in conn e ct ion wit h
, ll
ver bs . S ee N ot e c . Ex er c se i 31 .
a
N ote aga in t ha t t h e p r e posit ion is f llo ow e d by t he no min a
t iv e case . L it er a ll y , l
t h is w ou d r e ad g i v e t o I br ea d.
’
P an 0n
is in t h e a ccusat iv e case f ro m th e ve r b don u .
°
F in d, on P age 54 t h e p r op e r
, use s ofp er .
TRAN S L AT I ON 8
(T h e ) fat h e r is good H e r e li e s f a t h e r s h a t
2 ’
. .
T e ll (t o t h e ) f a t h e r t h at I a m industrious I
3 ‘
.
l ov e (t h e ) f a t h e r C ome w it h y our f a t h e r
5
.
6
T he .
son stands n e ar t h e f a t h e r J o h n s h a nd i s cl e a n .
7 ’
.
8
I know J o h n Ludovick giv e me [som e ] br e a d
.
9
, .
I e a t w it h t h e [ my ] mout h a n d sm e ll w it h t h e
10
[my] n o s e B e f or e t h e h ous e stands a tr e e

‘ 11
. .
T he [ my ] f a t h e r is in t h e roo m .
It
i s su gge st e d t h at t h e stud e nt r e vi ew t h e p r e
ce din g e x e rcis e s r e a d a ga in a llt h at i s said a b out
,
s ou nds and pr onun ci a ti on in t h e b e ginnin g of t h is

b oo k and t e st h is p r onunc i a ti on b y t n e rul e s It .
is muc h e a si e r to c or r e ct e rrors b e for e t h e y s h all .
h av e b e com e h a bits .
88 A mer i ca n E sp er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 9
fl u gi , t o fl y . kan t i , to si ng .
a gr a b l a , a g r eea bl
e . a kv o , w a t er .
Ca r , beca use, for . ili , t h ey .
vo l i t o wish, , to will . t r i n k i , t o dr inh .
h u abo boy , . f
or , for t h , ou t .
p e l i p ur sue
, , ch a se o ut . ui, we .
o ku l o eye , . au d i , t o h ea r .
or e lo , ea r . l e rn i ,
to l
ea r n.
t i al t her efor e
, . bati , t o bea t .
r i c e v i t o g et , , obt a in . a v o, gr f
a nd a t her .
i r i t o go
, . n u n , no w .
on k lo , u ncl
e. l e gi ,
to r ea d.
se d, bu t . li , h e .
l e t e ro ,
l
et t er (missiv e ) l i t o ro , e tc .
)
sk r i b i , t o wr it e .
‘
La b ir doj fl u gas L a kanto d e la b ir doj .
' ‘
e st a s a gr a b l a Donu a l la b ir doj akv on Ca r ili

.
,
v ol a s t r in k i La kn abo for p elis la bir dojn

b ‘ ° °
. Ni .
vidas pe r la oku loj kaj a u das pe r la or eloj ‘

B on a j .
an oj l e rn as dili ge nt e Al e ksandro n e volas

7
in f .
l e rni k a j tial m i batas Al e ks andre n

, De la patro .
mi r ice v is libron k a j cl e la frat e m i r ice v is plu

d
,
mon . Mi v e n as de la av o kaj mi iras nun al la

'
,
90 Th e A tt lt t
'
t c t lll E p
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 10
pap e ro p ape ,
r . b l anka whit , e.
k aj e r o , co py -
booh . j u na y oung
, .
f
r a ii l ma r r i ed ma n f
r a ii lin o , M i ss
'
o, un . ,
dolé a , sw eet . r a k on t i , t o t e l
l;
r ela te .
m i a my , . a m ik o fr ien d , .
b e l a bea u t iful
, . h i s to ri o , st or y , h ist or y .
ob s t i na obst i na t e , . de z i r i , t o desir e .
v i, y ou . t a go day , .
j
s i n o r o , sir , Mr . m a t e no mo n ing ,
r .
goj i ,
to r ej oi ce . f esti t o ma h e a fest iva l
, .
ki a , w h a t h i n d, wh a t a . h o di a ii , t oday .
e n , Ht . h e la, cl
ea r , gl
a r ing .
nok to n ig h t ,
. nok to n ig h t , .
pal a p a le , . l u no moon, .
s t e l o st a ,
r . n e go n ow: ,
s
pl i mor e
,
. l akto mi lh , .
nu t ri t o our i sh
,
n . 01, t h a n .
v i no w i e ,
n . h av i , t o h a ve .
r e Sa , f
f r esh . e rar i , to er r .
c l fr om
, , ou t fr om . Ciu , e a ch , e ver y on e.
p lej , most . Ciuj , al

l .
tiel ,
t h us, so . si , on esel . f
kiel ,
a s, h ow . S ia , on e s.
’
s a ga wise , .
i n su f
fix o ft h e f e mini n e
, .
ma l pre fi x o fc ont r a r y o pp o sit e

, , .
E x er cise s
l
st a s bl a nk a
P a p er o e B la n k a p a p e r o ku sa s .
i'
sur la t a b lo L a bl a nk a p a p e r o j a m n e k u sa s sur
.
3 a
a t a bl e J e n e st a s la k a je r o de la j u n a fr a tilin o
b
l
L a patr o d on is a l m
. .
s
l 6
i dol éan p omon R a k on t u .
al mia j u n a a mik e b e l a n h ist or io n Mi me a ma s

c 7
.
d
M i de z ir a s a lvi b on a n t a gon
8
ob st in a jn h omojn .
,
sin j or o l B on a n ma t e n on l
9
Goj a n f e st on ! (mi e 1°
de z ir a s a l vi ) K ia goja f e st o ! (e st a s h odia ti )
ll
. .
S u r la é ie lo st ar a s la b e la s u n o a t a go n i
‘2 ‘3
En l .
v id a s la b e l a n sun on k a j e n la nokt o u i v id a s la
f
“
,
p a l a n l u nomk a j la b e la jn st e lojn L a p a p e r o e st a s .
1
t r e blanka se d l n e go e st a s pli bl a nka L a kt o

g 15
a , .
e stas pli nutr a ol vino M i h a vas pli fr e san

h 1°
.
,
p a n on 01 vi , N e vi e r a r as sin jor o ; via p a n o

.
17
, ,
e st a s ma l i fr e s a o lmia
i ‘8
pl E l eiu j mia j in f
, a n oj .
E r n e st o e st a s l e j jun a M i e st a s ti e l f ort a 19
a pl .
,
r a t oj An t on e e stas 1
j 2° k
k ie l v i E leiu j sia j
. f a mal
pl e j sa ga .
“
S e e N ot e 0 , Ex e r cise 6 .
b
E spe r an t o n ou ns or m t h e po sse ssiv e
f w it h t h e h e p
c ase l of
t h e p r e posi t i on de : L a l ib r de a k n a be = Th e boy s b ooh

l
'
o .
Imp e r at iv e
c
mode , Si g i fyi n g
n , h er e , a co mman d or r eq uest .
Thi s mode h as ot h e r u se s . S e e P a ge 34 .
d
Adj e ct i v e s agr e e wit h t h e ir n ou n s in nu mb e r an d case
—
.
Th er e is an e x ce p t ion se e Th e A dj ect i v e .
°
B on an ma t en on is a ccu sa t iv e her e , the ver b b e in g omit te d ,
b ut u n de r st ood . M i de z ir a s a lv i b on an ma t e n on =1 w ish y ou
g o od mo r n i ng . B on a n t a gon ! = Good da y !
92 Th e A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
‘
As in E gl i h
n s . t h is p r e posit ion may be en (i n ) or dum
“
S N ee ot e a , Ex e r cise 9 .
11
S e e Co m pa r ison . P a ge 2 5 .
‘
El m e ans o f , o ut o f fr o m a mong
. .
JT ie l k ie l . Th ese ar e cor r e at iv e l wor ds t h e. fi r st be i gn
de mo n str a ti ve an d the se con d r e at v e . l i Th ey ar e t a n l at d

r s e
as a s , so a s . e tc .
“
F f or u ll e xpl anation o ft h e use s o fsi, sin , sia , se e R eflexi v e
Pr on ou n . P age 2 7 , an d a so e a l x mp l es in Ex e r cise 1 8 .
TRAN S L AT I ON 10
Pape r i s wh it e
‘
W h it e p a p e r l i e s up on t h e
.
2
t abl e . T h e wh it e pap e r no lon ge r li e s up on t h e

’
t a bl e . H e r e is t h e y oun g lad y s c o p y book

’
.
F a t h e r ga v e me a s wee t appl e T e ll my y oun g .
fri e nd a pr e tt y st or y I do not lik e obstin a t e p e opl e 7
“
. .
I w i sh y ou good da y sir G ood mo rnin g 1 A

' °
,
jo you s fe stival ! ( I wis h y ou ) W h a t a jo yo u s .
f e stival (t h e r e i s t oday ) In (on ) t h e sk y .

‘2
stands t h e b ea uti ful sun I n t h e da y we se e t h e .
b r i gh t sun an d at ni gh t we se e t h e pal e moon a n d

,
b ea uti ful st a r s Pa pe r is v e r y wh it e but sn ow

.
1‘
,
i s w h it e r M ilk is mor e nouris h in g t h a n win e

‘5
“I h a v e fre s h e r brea d t h an y ou "N o you a r e

. .
1
.
,
wr on g sir ; y our br e a d i s l e ss fre s h t h a n min e

“
.
,
O fall my c h ild r e n E r n e st i s t h e y oun ge st I

“
.
,
am as stron g a s y ou O f al l h is [ t h e ] br ot h e rs.
,
Ant h on y i s t h e l e a st w is e .
E x er ci ses 93
E XE R C IS E 11
e i ho , f
f a ir y . u n u , one .
v idv o , w idow er . (111, t wo .
si m ila , lih e, si mila r k a r a k t e r o, ch a r a ct er .
V iz a go fa ce ,
.
p ov i , ca n , t o be a bl
e .
pe ns i ,
t o t h in h . a m ba li '
,
bot h .
fi er a , p r oud . o n i , on e, p eop le ,
t h ey .
Vivi ,
to l
iv e pl e na full comp let e
.
, ,
.
p or t r e t o p or t r a it , l a ii a ccor ding t o .
‘
, .
h o n e s ta h on est ,
kro m besides .
, .
e c su f fi x d e n o tin g a b st r a ct qu a lit y
,
bo na g ood; bo n e c o g oodness, ,
.
La F e in o
1
Un u
8 “
v idv i La pli ma l
no h a v i s du filin ojn .
juna e sti s ti e l si mil a a lla p a trin o p er sia k ar a k t e r o

k a j v iz a go k e Ciu kiu s in v idis p ov is p e ns i k e li
, , , ,
a
U n u h e r e is n ot an in de fi n it e l
a r t ic e . n e it h e r is it p r e cise y l
de fi n i t e . In Ex i
e r c se 1 2 S e n t e n c e 5 w e ha v e :
, , E 1 siaj mu l
t aj in f
an oj , un u j e st a s b on aj Z Of h e r ma ny ch il dr en , so me
[ce r ta in on es ] ar e g oo d T h e goo d c h i dr e n
. l r e ce iv e mor e or
le ss o fde fi n it e ide n t ifi c a t io n fr o m u n u j .
94 A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
vid a s la p at r in on il i am h a ti e sti s ti e l malagr ablaj ' b
kaj ti e l fie r aj k e on i n e p ov is vivi kun ili L a

, .
’
pli juna fi lin o kiu e sti s la pl e na p or t r e t o de sia

,
patro la ii sia bon eco kaj h on e st e co e stis kr om ti o ,
unu clla p le j be laj kn abin oj kiu jn on i p ov is trovi , .
Wi n! a l ways con fe r s a di r e ct l y opposite me an in g

t
. A l though
the mo r e a gr e e a b e l ide a is u sua ll y x p r e sse d by t h e
e r oot wor d
an d the O pposite by means of ms] , it h as n o sign i fi cance of
ba d '
Al ta , h ig h , mala lt a , ow ; f
l or t a , st r ong , malfor t a , w ea k .
T RAN S L AT I O N ll
1
c e rt a in w idow h a d t wo dau gh t e rs
A .
O ld e r wa s so lik e h er mot h e r in c h aract e r an d fa ce

t h a t e v e r y on e wh o saw h er mi gh t t h ink t h at h e
sa w ( s e e s ) t h e mot h e r ; t h e y we re bot h so dis
a gr ee abl e and proud t h at on e could not liv e wit h
t h e m T h e y oun ge r d a u gh t e r wh o was t h e e xact
.
,
ima ge O f h e r fat h e r in h e r goodn e ss and h on e st y ,
wa s in addition t o t h at on e o ft h e most be auti ful

, ,
g irls t h a t on e c ould find .

E x er cises 95
E XE RC IS E 12
m ul te , much . ari ,
f t o do, t o ma he .
nur , on l
y. p r o m e n i , t o wa l
h .
t ri , thr ee . h u ndo , a dog .
é io , ever y t h ing . de k , t en .
fi n gr o, finger . al i a , ot h er .
kv i n fi ve , . se p , seven .
kvar four , . 0k , eig h t .
m i l t housa nd
, . ce nt , h u ndr ed .
'
n a ii , n ine . se s , six .
m i nu to , min ut e . h o ro , h our .
k o n si st i (e l) , con sist o f se k u n do ,
second.
J a n u a r o, j a n ua r y . m o nato mon t h , .
A pri lo , Apr zl . j aro y ea r

, .
N o v e m b ro , N mber ove . se maj n o , w ech .
De c e m b r o , December . Dio , God .
F e b r u a r o , F ebr ua r y . ele k t i , ch oose , e l

ect .
gi , it . sa n k t a , h ol
y .
kr e i t o cr ea t e
, d ato da te .
, .
M arto M a r ch ,
n a sk i t o bea r p r oduce .
, , .
i t si gn o fpast participl e
,
a m - i t - e , been loved .
Du h omoj p ov a s pli a
mu lt e b
f a ri Ol unu .
2
Mi
“
Pli mult e 01 =L iter a ll y mor e mu ch , tha n. It sh ou ld be
re me mb e r e d t h at pl
i is me r e l y a wor d ofcompar iso n : P li
=la r g e r “mo r e"la r e l
i m l d
"
=s ma l
l
gr an da , g ; p a gr an a er ,
“mor e s ma ll .
"
s er a n t o B ooh
ha v a s nur unu b u s on se d mi h a v a s du or e loj n , .
3
Li p r o me na s kun tri bu mdoi Li f a r is Ci on p e r .
‘
la de k fin gr oj de sia j man oj E l S ia j mu lt a j
°
.
a n oj u n u j e stas b on aj k aj a li a j e st a s ma l
d
in f bon a j .
K v m k a j se p f a r a s de k du De k k aj de k f a r a s
° 7
.
du de k Kvar k aj de k O k f a r a s d u d e k du
.
8
Tri .
de k k a j k v ar de k k v in f a r a s se p de k kvin M ilO k ce n t
lo
.
L i h a v a s de k unu in f
u u
n a ii de k t r i a n oj n S es
'
. .
de k min u t oj faras unu h or on k a j unu minut o k on ,
J an u ar o e stas la unua
°
sist a s e l se sde k se ku n doj .
monato de la j aro Aprilo e stas la kv a ra N ov e mbro , ,
e st a s la de k unua De ce mb r o e stas la de k dua

-
,
- .
L a du de k a (ta go ) de F e b r u a r o e stas la k v in de k
unua ta go de la j ar o “ L a s e pan t a gon de la .
5
se ma j n o Dio e l i san k t a 01 la se s
’
e k t is k e gi e st u p l , ,
u n u a j t a goj Kion Dio k r e is e n la s e s a t a gO ?

.
1°
Kiun daton n i h avas ?

g
H odia ti e st a s la dud e k
s e p a tago de Mart o G e or go V a gin gt on e st i s
1°
.
a d u d e k du a n de F e b r u ar o de la j a r O mil
h
n askit a l
‘
se p ce n t t r ide k du a .
b
T his use O fmu t e is l q u ite f
con usin g to th e be gin n e r . T he
fi n a le f r e q ue n t ly h a as n e ut r a l r a t he r t ha n a n adv e r b ia l se n se .
M ulra j b ir doj , mu l t o da b ir doj an d mu l t e da b ir doj a ll me a n

a bo u t the sa me , the adv e r bia l for m be in g most of te n use d .
Th i s is simi la ly t r r ue o l
fk e k e da , wh ic h is use d i nste ad Of
ke l
k aj .
98 T h e A mer i ca n E sp er a n t o B ooh
fi rst mont h O f t h e ye ar Ap r il is t h e fourt h N ov e m

, ,
be r i s t h e e l e v e nt h D e ce mb e r i s t h e t we lft h
, T he
.
t we nti e t h da y O f F e bruar y is t h e fi ft y fir st da y O f
-
t h e y e ar T h e s e v e nt h da y o f t h e w ee k G od
1°
.
s e l e ct e d to b e mor e h ol y t h an t h e first six d a y s .
W h a t did God cr e a t e on t h e si x t h day ? Wh a t17
d a t e i s it (h av e we ) t o d a y T od a y i s t h e t we nt y
.
s e v e nt h day ofMar ch . G e orge W as h in gt on wa s

1°
b orn on t h e t we nt y s e cond da y O f Fe bru a r y in t h e

-
,
ye a r on e t h o usand s e v e n h undr e d a nd t h irt y t wo

-
, .
E x er cises 99
E XE RC IS E 13
da ii r i , t o di n a r a ,
'
con t i n u e . or or di n a r y .
p e r so n o , a p er son . t i u tha t
, .
var m a , wa r m . s a m a sa me , .
t e m po , t ime . t o ru ro t er r or , .
k o n t r a ii , a g a inst . d e v i oug h t
, .
ku i ri ,
to cooh . l abo ri t o la bor , .
se n , w it h ou t . é e si , t o cea se .
i n t e r , bet w een , a mong . a fe t o , a fi a ir , ma t t er .
é e r p i , t o dr a w . tr e , ver y .
p r o k si m a , n ea r . l oko p la ce , .
po rt i t o ca y ,
r r . kr u éo , p it ch er .
ig s u f
, fix me a nin g , t o ca use t o be : p u ra p ur e ; ,
p u r i gi , p ur ify .
e g, suffi x f i n cr ea s e d
o d e gr e e : gran da , la r g e ;
gr a n de ga , immen se .
e j , suffi x indic a tin g th e p la ce devot ed t o : l e rn i ,
to l
ea r n le r j
n e o , a sch ool .
ad s u f
fix,
sh ow in g con t in u ed a ct ion s p i ri , to
br ea t h e ; S p ir a do , br ea t h ing .
n, si gn O f a ccus a tiv e c a s e .
é i d e n ot e s pr ox i mit y : t i e t h er t ie é i , h er e ;
”
, , e ;
t i o t ha t ; t i o é i t h is
“ ”
oj o t ime u n u mo one
.
,
f , , t ime , on ce ;
t w ice .
La F e in o
(Da ii r igo )
’
1
Ca r Ciu a ma s
rdin a r e p e r son on kiu e st a s o ,
si mil a a l1 ti a l tiu é i p a tri n o v a r me ge amis s i a n

3
1 ,
ju n an fi lin on k a j e n t iu s a ma t e mp o s i
b
p li ma l ,
t oo T h e A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
h a v i s t e r u r an mal
a mon k on t r a ti pli j un a Si
c
l
'
a .
de v igis S lll m a n gi ’
en la ku ir e jo k aj l
a b or a di se n
ali a j I nt e r j tiu
’
Ce se af
er o Ci ma lf
eliCa in f
an o
d e v is du mojn e n
.
a
Ciu t ago ir i Ce rpi a k v on e n t r e
ma lp r o k sima loko k aj al
p or ti dom e n p le n a n
"
gr an dan k r u Con .
‘
Li, h e r e an d n ot si, b eca use ifsi w e r e use d it wo u d r e e r
. l f
to kiu , w h i c h i s t h e su b j e c t o ft h is c a u se a n d a ga i n r e e r s to l . f
p e r son o t h e p e r so n w h o i s ov e d
. l
I n t h e sa me se n te n ce sia n .
f
i s use d b e ca use i t r e e r s to t h e sub e c t o ft h e
j p h r ase i n wh i c h
it a p p ea r s .
h
T iu sa ma t e mpo : T h a t sa me t i me s e r an to
p . E o ft e n u ses
a de mon st r at iv e a dj e ct ive or p r o n oun in ste ad O fl a .
°
M ala m0n k o n tr a ii =
lla t r e d a g a i n st . In a si mi l a r se n se we
wo u d l use . i n E n gl
”
i sh / or O r t o w a r d .
d
Acc usat iv e b e ca use a n imp ie d p r e posit ion is o mitte d l je
oj oj =F o r t w o t i mes
.
du f h i s is a so wr i tt e n du f
oj e
. T l .
°
D ome n l it , er all y h . w w e se e t h e r e a dy
o u se ar dl
y . Ag a in
use o ft h e adve o r b ia l f r m W
e r e t h e n o u n do mon . u se d h e r e
it mi gh t me an t h at t h e poor gi r l
i n a ddi t i on t o h e r o t h e r b u r .
de n s w as ca r r yin g t h e h o u se ! ome n ha s t h e acc usa t iv e e n d D

—
.
in g to sh o w dir e c t i on t o w a r d t h e h o use S ee R ul e XI I I . .
TRAN S L AT I ON 13
T h e Fa i r y ( C t i u d on n e
As e v e r y on e ordin a ril y l ov e s a p e rs on w h o i s
l
l i ke h im [s e lf ] t h e r e for e t h i s m ot h e r a rd e ntl y l ov e d
,
h er e ld e r d a u gh t e r a n d a t t h e s a m e ti me sh e h a d
,
a t e rr i bl e h a tr e d a ga i n st t h e y oun ge r S h e co m .
’
pel le d h e r to e a t in t h e kit ch e n and to work in ce s

”
sa n t ly Am on g o t h e r t h i n gs t h is un h a pp y c h il d
h a d to go t wi ce e v e r y da y to dr a w wa t e r in a v e r y
, ,
distant plac e a n d carr y h om e full a l a rge pitc h e r

, , , .
s er a n t o B ooh
‘
Mi a Ce t is de kdu on ( a il de k - duon ) da er oj k a j
kul
du de k du oj n da f
o r k oj . M i l ja r Oj (a ti mil o da
5 '
ja r oj ) fa r as milja r on . Un u e mi r e don a s a lvi la

m on on ki un , vi mi dau k a s vin
p r u n t is al mi ; du e
p or l p r u n t o ; tri e b mi p e t a s vin a nk a ti p ost e
‘
p r u n t i almi ki a m mi be z on o s mon on
7
, P or Ciu .
t a go mi r ice v a s kvin fr an kojn se d p or la h odia fi a ,
t a go m i r ice v is du ob lan p agon t e ( =tio e stas )

'
, . .
se p e stas t r ide k kvin

‘ c
de k f r an k oj n K v in ob l
. e .
T r i e st a s duono de se s O k e st a s kvar k v in oa
°
.
de de k K v a r me t r oj da tiu Ci St O fO kost a s n a il
.
l ‘
f r a n k ojn ; ti a l du me t r oj kost a s kvar k a j du on on
f r a n k ojn (a t! da f r an k oj ) Unu t a go e st a s tri .
ce nt se sde k k v in on o a ti t r icen t se sde k se son o de

- -
’
- -
T inj Ci du a mik oj prom e n a s Ci a m du op e

"
.
K v mope ili sin j e tis sur min se d mi v e n kis la ,
kvin a t a k an t ojn P or mia j k v ar in f

. a n oj mi a Ce t is
de k du p o mO j n k a j a lCiu cl l an oj mi d o ni s p o
‘
a in f
“
,
t r i p omoj T iu Ci libr o h avas se sde k p a gojn ;

.
t i a l se ni i l e go s e n Ciu t a go p O de k kvin p a goj

,
‘
,
mi fi n os la tut a n libr on e n kv a r t a goj .
h
N ot e t h e i
add t ion o fe to f or m a dv e r b ia l o r dina l
s: Un ue ,
du e , t r ie =F zr st l
y , s e con dl
y, t h i r dl
y .
°
S u fli x mu l t i p l ica t ion 0b l
of U n uobl , a , s i ng l
- e du ob l
a, ,
do u bl e S e e aga i n t h e u se o ft h e adv e r b ia l e n din g T h i s has

. .
a n e u t r a l sign ifica n c e (N ot e b Exe r c i se K v in ob l

. e se p
has a n o u n va l u e a n d i s t h e su bj e c t o ft h e se n te nce .
E x er czses I O3
d
Da T h is p r eposit ion tr ansl ate d of is use d with
. . , w or ds
in di catin g q u an tity w e igh t me asu r e e t c S e e Da , De
, . , .
, P .
50 .
9
Th e co ll e ct v e i su f
fi x of E s e r an to
p has no e x
a ct E gl i h
n s
e q u iva e n t .l Du op e , t r iop e =By t w os . by t h r e e s.
f
PO me an s a t th e r a t e of . F or di st in ct ion be t we e n p 0 an d
pe r , se e P age 5 5 .
8 H er e . a l th ou gh th e se n t e n ce is con dit ion a l in sen se t h e ,
i i
co n d t o n a l mode is n ot u se d . Aft er se , the e n di n gs a s, 08
an d is ar e f r e que n t ly u se d.
TRAN S L AT I ON 14
”
1
I have on e h und r e d
I h av e a h un d ed a ppl e s . r
o f appl e s T h i s cit y h a s a milli on of in h a b

3
.
it an t s . I b ou gh t a doz e n sp oons and t wo d oz e n

’
f or ks . A t h ousand y e a rs (or a t h ousa n d O f y e a r s )

6
,
m a k e a mill e niu m Fi r st I r e turn t o y ou t h e

.
6
,
m on e y wh ic h y ou l e nt me ; s e cond I t h an k y ou for ,
t h e loan t h ird I a sk y ou also to l e nd to me aft er

,
wa rds wh e n I s h a ll n ee d mon e y
7
, F or e a ch da y I .
r e ce iv e fi v e francs but for t od a y I r e c e iv e d oubl e,
p ay , t h a t is t e n francs , Fi v e ti me s s e v e n is .
8
” w
t h i r t y fiv e - T h r e e i s h a lf O f six
. E i gh t is f our .
fif th s O f t en F ou r me t e rs O f t h is m a t e rial
.
11
c o st nin e francs ; t h e r e f ore t wo me t e rs c o st f our

and a h a lf f r ancs (or of fr a cs) O n e da y i s a
‘2
n .
s er a n t o B ooh
t h r ee h undr e d and si xt y fi ft h or a t h ree h undr ed

- - - -
,
-
and si x t y si xt h O f a ye ar T h e s e t wo f r i e nds
‘3
- -
.
,
a l wa y s walk ( t wo ) t oge t h e r Fiv e to ge t he r t h e y

.
t h r e w t h e ms e lv e s upon me but I ov e rcam e all fiv e

“
,
a ss a il a nts F or my f o ur c h ildr e n I bou gh t t we lv e

1
.
a ppl e s an d to e ac h O ft he m I gav e a t t h e r a t e of
,
t h re e appl e s . T h i s book h a s si x t y pa ge s t h e re
fore i fI r e ad at t h e rat e of fi ft ee n pa ge s e v e r y
,
da y I s h all finis h t h e e ntir e book in f our da y s

, .
106 T h c A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
be l a kn a b in o . Kaj
tuj lavi s sian kr uCon kaj
8
Si
a
Ce r p is a kv on pl e n la
e j pura loko de la fouto kaj
f
p or t is a ! la v ir in on Ciam su b t en a n t e la kr u Con
°
al , ,
p or k e la virino p ov u t r in k i pli O p or t un e Kiam ‘

.
la bona virino t r an kv il igis sian soif on Si dir is a l ,
la k n a bin o V i e st a s t i e l be la ti e l bona kaj ti e l ,
h on e sta k e mi d e vas fari al v i don a con

, (Ca r tio
Ci e sti s f e in O kiu p r en is sur sin la formon de ma !
,
a ga vi r ino vidi ki e l granda e stos al

‘
r iCa v il p or , ,
“
ge n t ile co de tiu Ci juna kn a b in o) Mi faras a l 6
da ii r igis la f
h
v i don acon , e in o k e Ce Ciu v or t o , ,
kiun vi dir os e lvia bu s o e lir os allfior o a lli mult e

,
kosta St on e .
°
Th a t sh e give h e r t o dr i n k . T hi s use o f t h e in fi n t i v e , i
t hough on c e co mmon in the E gl i n sh , is n ow O bsol e te . an d
r e p r ese n ts a p e cu i ar ity l of E spe r an to w hi ch t h e stu de n t shou ld

re me mb e r .
d
H er e , sian , x
t h e r e fl e iv e p r on oun wh ich a l ways r e f er s to
t h e sub j e ct o ft h e c a use , l is p r ope r y l use d : T h e g i r lwash ed
t h e g i r ls p i t ch e r
'
.
°
S ee Not e c, Ex e r cise 8 .
‘
T he use o ft h e adve r b ia l e n din g h e r e uppor ts our p r e ious s v
sta t e me n ts t ha t t h i f r qu t l y h a n ut a l S i gn i fi ca n e
s e en as e r c .
Whe n t he p ar t icip l e i di r c t l y q ua l i fyi g i t i adj ct iva l

s e n s e
fi u an t a a kv 0 =fl o w i ng w a t er . Wh e n it is a pa r t O f t he
p i
r e d ca t e . p r e ce de d by so me or m o fest i, it is a dj e c t iva f l
La akv o es t a s fl u an t a = T h e w a t e r i s fl o w i ng W he n ho w . .
e ve r , it re f ers to the n oun . ye t i s n o t co n n e c te d W i th i t in

E x er cises
e it h e r o f t h ese ways , it is a dv e r b ia l: Flu an t e , ak v o sin
p ur iga s =(Wh e n )fl ow ing , w a t er pu r ifi es f

i t se l .
8
’
F or to see , for t o do , e tc ar e f or ms ofe x p r e ssion O fte n
use d . P or mean s i n or de r t o, fo r th e p u r pose of .
h
S ee use s ofCe , P a ge 4 9 .
‘
Ob e s r v e use of at: a ti =e ith er
TRAN S L AT I ON 15
T h e Fai r y (C o ti u d) n n e
O n e da y , wh e n n e ar t h e sprin g t h e r e
1
sh e w as ,
cam e to h e r a p oor woman wh o ask e d h e r t h at sh e ,
”
giv e h er a drink Ve r y w illin gl y my good
2
.
,
[woman ] said t h e be autiful girl An d sh e at

3
, .
onc e was h e d h e r pitch e r an d dr ew wat e r in t h e

cl ean e st place in t h e sprin g and carri e d [it ] to t h e
woman a llt h e ti me h oldin g t h e pitc h e r in ord e r t h a t
, ,
t h e w o ma n c ould drink mor e conv e ni e ntl y Whe n .

4
t h e good wo man h a d qui e t e d h e r t h irst sh e s a id t o ,
t h e g irl
“ You ar e so b e auti ful so good and sO ,
h on e st t h at I must ma k e y ou a gi ft ( for t h is wa s
,
a f a ir y wh o h a d tak e n upon h e rs e lf t h e form O fa

,
p oor village woman to se e h ow gr e at would b e t he

,
“
polit e n e ss O f t h is y oun g girl ) I mak e y ou a .
5
gift continu e d t h e fair y

, t h at a t e v e ry wor d wh ich
,
y o u sa y t h e r e s h a ll c ome ou t o f y our m ou t h e i ther
a flowe r or a p r e ci ou s ston e .
108 A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ook
E XE R CIS E 16
f
’
a n st a t a ix, inst ea d o .
t r a n éi , t o eut .
ruso ,
a R ussia n . ga r de n o a g a r de n , .
voki ,
l
t o ea l . fi de la fa it /zfu l, .
v e ro ,
t r u e/z . v i n t r o, w in t er .
h ej t i , t o b ea t . o rno ,
f st o ve .
i l, suffi x indi ca tin g t ool or i nst r umen t : t ran c i ,
to cut t r a n cilo, a k n ife .
1
Mi l egas “ .
”
Ci (an st a t a ti ei oni uzas
sk r ib as
ordinare vi) .
3
Li e st a s kn a bo k aj S i e stas k n a ,
bin o L a t r an Cilo tran c as bon e Car gi e stas ak r a

.
, .
V i e stas in f 11i e st a s
° °
N i est a s h omoj
7
an oj
“
. .
r u soj . Ki e b e st a s 1a kn a boj ?
'
Ili e stas e n la
K ie e stas la k n a b in oj ? I li ank a d
1° ll
ga r de n o .
”
e stas e n la gar den o K ie e stas la t r an Cil
l
oj ? Ili
.
k u Sa s sur la t ab l Mi v ok as la k n a b on k a j li
“
o .
,
v e nas Mi v ok a s la k n abin on k a j S i v e n as
.
5
, .
"
La in tano p lor as Car gi v olas m a n gi La ,
c
.
or a s Car ili v o l a s man gi

18
in f a n oj p l , K n a bo v i .
,
m
e st a s n e ge n t il S in jor o vi e st a s n e ge n t il
l ‘
a . a , .
S in jor oj vi e stas n e ge n t il Mia h und o vi

2‘
, aj .
,
”
e st a s O ni diras k e la v e r o Ciam
2 e
t r e fi de la .
,
”
v e n k as E n la v in t r o oni h e j t a s l
. a to rn ow .
Ki a m oni e s tas r iCa (a n r iéaj ) oni h a v as mult aj n f
a mik o jn .
n o T h e A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
E X E R C IS E 17
i n s u l t i t o insult , . ki al , why , wh er efor e .
fru e ea l y,
r .
p a r do n i , t o for g ive .
l o n ga long , . s al t i t o leap j ump

, , .
p e rl o pea r l , .
gra nd a g ea t la r g e ,
r , .
d i a m an t e dia mond , . m i ri t o w onder

,
.
S aj n i , t o see m . no m i t o na me ,
.
nai va n a iz e ,
'
. ok a z i , t o h app en .
d u m dur ing , , wh ile sendi ,

to sen d .
ca p a ble .
La P e i no (D u ig ) a r o
l
K iam tiu
b e l a k n a bin o v en is d ome n Sia
Ci ,
p a t r in o in su lt is Sin ki a l Si r e v e n is ti e l ma lfr u e de
a
,
la f on t o P a r don u a lmi p a t r i n o
. dir is la ma l , ,
“
fe li c a kn ab in o k e mi r e stis ti e l lon ge ,
b ”
K aj .
3
“
ki a m S i a r oli s t iu n Ci v or t o n e lsa lt is e lSia bu So j
p l ,
tr i r oz o j , oj
tr i p er l k aj tri gr an daj dia ma n t oj .
W
K ion mi v id a s ! dir is S ia p a trin o k u n gr an de ga
Sa jn a s al m1 k e , s lS ia b u So el
sa lt as oj
per l
k aj di a ma nt e ] 1 De k io t io Ci v e n a s mia fi lin o ? ,
(T io Ci e stis la u nu a f oj o k e Si n omis S in sia

7
,
iCa in f a mo r a k on t is a lS i naiv e
l
'
filin o ) L a ma lf
. el
Cio n k io o k a z is a lS i k a j du m S i p a r ol
, is e lfalis e l , , ,
E x er cises III
S ia bu s o mu lt e go da dia man t oj S e e st a s ti e l .
,
dir is la p a t r in o mi d e v a s ti e n s e ndi mi a n f i li mon

d
.
,
M ar in jo
1°
, r igar du , k io elir as el la b u So de v ia
f r a tino ki am Si p a rol a s ; Cu me e stu s alvi a gr a b le

,
e
h avi tian s a ma n k a p a b l V i d e v a s nur ir i a l

n
on ?
la f out o Ce rpi a k v on k aj ki a m malr iCa vi r ino p e t o s
de vi t r in k i v i d onos gin a lSi ge ntil e

, .
a
t is Sin k ia
I n sul l —l it er a ll y , t e d h er w h y
i n su l . In E gl i h
n s
i n su l
t wou d l n ot b e t h e p r op e r w or d t hou gh . i
ob v ou s ly th e
wr i t e r in t e n ds t o e x pr ess a h umi iat in g in vasion l of the gi l

r
’
s
dign ity an d f li
ee n gs .
"
b
Lon ge is a dv e r b ia l , t h er e b e in g n o n oun to wh ic h it cou d l
be join e d . I fw e sa y du rn t ia lo n ga t e mp o , t h e a d e ct iv e
j is
o fcou r se p r op e r y l u se d .
0
S ee N ot e c, Ex er cise 8 .
d
A ccusa t iv e sign f
or dir e ct ion . I t is n otp r op e r to r e e r to f
w o r ds of di r e ct ion in t h e
“accusa tiv e "
as case as it is se e n
,
t h at a dv e r b s may h av e t h is i
e n d n g.
°
Cu (w h e t h er ) is t h e sign o f t h e q ue st ion wh e n , no ot h e r
wor d in dicat e s it . K ie v i e st a s? =Wh er e ar e y ou ? H er e ,
kie in dica t e s t h e q ue st ion . Cu vi e st a s en a domo ?=A r

l e
y o u i n t h e h o u se ?
TRAN S L AT I ON 17
T h e Fa i ry ( C t i d on nue
W h e n t h is b e au tif u l gi r l we nt h ome h e r mot h e r

1
,
i nsultin gl y a ske d ( in su lt e d ) h e r wh y sh e r e t u r n s }
1 12 T h e A mer i ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
so l a t e fr om t h e sprin g P a r d on me m ot h e r
.
, ,
s a id t h e un h app y gi r l f or st a y in g so l on g
, .
An d wh e n sh e spok e t h e s e word s [ t he r e ] l e a pe d
’
fr om h e r mout h t h r e e ros e s t h ree p e a r l s and t h r e e

“
,
l a r ge di a m onds . W h a t do I se e ! said h e r m o t h e r
‘ ”
“
in int e ns e wond e r . I t s ee ms to me t h at fro m h er
6
mout h l e ap ou t p e a rls and dia monds ! W h e nce °
( f r o m wh at ) come s t h i s t h in g my d a u gh t e r ? ,
(T h i s was t h e first ti me t h a t sh e [h a d] c a ll e d h er
7
h er dau gh t e r ) T h e un h a pp y ch ild t old h e r art

8
.
l e ssl y a ll t h at [h a d] h a ppe n e d t o h er and wh il e ,
sh e wa s sp e akin g [ t h e r e ] f e ll ou t o fh e r mout h a
”
gr e a t nu mb e r of di a monds If it b e so
.
,
"
t h e mot he r , I must s e nd my dau gh t e r t h e r e .
lo
Molly l ook wh at com e s ou t ofy our sist e r s mout h
,
’
w h e n sh e sp e aks ; would it not b e pl ea sin g t o y ou

"
t o h av e t h e sam e capabilit y ? You n ee d onl y go
t o t h e sprin g to draw wat e r and w h e n a p oor

,
woma n ask s o f you [ a] to drink you will gi v e it .
t o h e r p olit e l y.
s er a n t o B ooh
a mas iliajn (in fan ojn ) Montru a lmi v i an novan

.
v e st on M i a mas min me m vi amas v in me m

.
12 d
, ,
li amas sin me m k aj Ciu h omo amas sin me m ,

.
M ia fr a t o dir is a lS t e f a no k e li amas lin pli 01 S i , ,
me m . Mi z or gas pri Si ti e l ki e l mi z or ga s p r i ,
mi me m ; se d Si me m tut e n e z or gas pri si k a j e
tut e S i n n e ga rd a s u
M ia j fr a t oj h avis h odia ii
.
s ’
ga st o jn p o st la v e sp er ma n go ni a j fr at oj e lir is ku n
la ga st oj e l sia dom o k aj a k omp an is i lin gis ilia
domo M i ja m h av a s mi a n Ca p e lon ; nun se r Cu
.
”
v i vi a n M i l a v i s min e n mia Ca mb r o kaj Si
.
,
lavi s s in e n s ia Camb r o La in tan o se r Cis sian

.
p u p on ; mi mon t r is a ll a n o kie k u Sas gia pupo

a in f , .
Oni ne f or ge sa s fac i l e sian u n u an amon .
d
M e m me an s sel
f in t h e se n se of l
pe r sona ity , a n d can be
use d wit h t h e p e r son a p r onouns l .
°
He r e. si a n d sin f
r e er b ack t o Si : sh e does n ot car e
a bo u t her lf Exa min e car e f u ll y a ll se n te n ces usin g si sia

‘
se .
, ,
an d sin , compar i n g t h e m wit h t h e a cco mpa n yin g t r a nsl at i on s .
T R A N S L AT I O N 18
Hel ov e s me but I do n ot lov e h im

, I wis h e d .
to be a t h im but h e r an a wa y fr om me
, T e ll me .
3
y our n a m e Do n o t w rit e me s u c h lon g l e tt e r s

.
‘
.
E x er cises I I5
l
s
me [my h ous e ] t h is e v e nin g I w ill
°
C ome to .
t e ll y ou a stor y . W ill y ou t e ll me t h e trut h ?

7
T h e h ous e b e l on gs t o h im H e i s my un cl e f
8 9
. or ,
my fat h e r i s h is br ot h e r M r P e t e r a n d h is w i f e
.
1°
.
l ov e my ch ildre n v e r y mu ch ; I al so l ov e t h e i r s
v e r y muc h S h ow me y our n e w coat
11
I lov e .
1S
’
m y s e lf y ou l ov e y ours e lf h e l ov e s h i ms e lf an d
, , ,
e v ery man l ov e s h i ms e lf My brot h e r t old13

.
S t e p h e n t h a t h e lo v e s h im mo r e t h a n h i ms e lf .
I tak e ca r e ofh e r as I car e f or my s e lf but sh e

t a k e s n o ca r e a t all o f h e rs e lf and d oe s n ot gu ard
h e r s e lf a t all My brot h er s h a d gu e sts tod a y ;
15
.
aft e r t h e e v e nin g me a l ou r b r ot h e rs went ou t of

t h e ir (t h e b r ot h e rs ) h ous e w it h t h e gu e sts and
’
a ccomp a ni e d t h e m t o t h e ir (t h e gu e st s ) h ous e ’
.
I a l r e a d y h av e my h a t ; n ow y ou l oo k f or y our s
16
.
I w a s h e d m y s e lf in my r oom an d sh e was h e d
17
8
h e rs e l fin h er roo m T h e ch ild wa s l oo kin g f
1
. or
its doll ; I s h owe d t h e ch ild wh e r e its d oll lay .
O n e do e s n ot e a sil y for ge t on e s fi rst lov e

1° ’
.
s er a nt o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 19
m u r m u r i t o mur mur , . v azo , va se .
ar ge n to silver , . a p e n afi , sca r cel

y .
p r i n c o p r in ce , . c e rt a cer t a in sur e
, , .
s p e c i al a sp ecia l , . o p i ni o op in i on , .
k o le r i , t o he a ng r y . s e rv i t o ser ve
, .
s e rp e n to , ser p en t . rano fr og , .
us , e ndin g of v e rbs c ondition a l , mod e .
ar , su fii x o f coll e ctiv e : St u p o, st e p ; St u p a r o ,
i
st a r s ; arbo , tr ee ; ar b a r o, for est .
e m , su fii x s h owin g a t e nd e nc y or inclinati o n
bab i l i , t o ch a t t er ; b a b ile m a , t a l
k a t i ve .
La F e in o (Daii r igo )
st u s t r e
E r e sp on dis l
a fil in o ma l gen t i le ,
” “
k e mi iru a i la f M i vol a s k e v i ti e n
2
on t o l
”
dir is la patrino kaj iru tuj L a fi lin o
b ’
.
,
i r is se d Ciam mur murant e Si p r en is la p le j be lan

, .
‘
a r ge nt a n v a z on kiu e stis e n la logejo Ap en ati Si °

.
,
v en is a lla fout o S i v idi s unu sin j or in on t r e ri ce

, ,
v e st it a n
"
kiu e lir is e lla a r bar o k a j pe ti s de Si t r in k i
,
( tio Ci e sti s ti u s a m a fe in o kiu p r en is sur sin la ,
fo r mon k a j v e st oj n de p r in cin o p or vidi ki e l , ,

s er a n t o B ooh
“ ”
sprin g a 2
I w an t y ou to
t h e r e sai d t h e
go ,
and go at on ce ! T h e dau gh t e r w e nt
1
’
,
but gru mblin g al l t h e tim e S h e to o k t h e mo st

.
‘
be auti ful silv e r vas e t h at was in t h e h ous e S he .

5
h a d scarc e l y r e ac h e d t h e sprin g [ w h e n ] sh e sa w
a lad y v e r y ri ch l y d r e ss e d wh o ca m e ou t of t h e
, ,
fore st an d ask e d h e r for a d r ink (t h i s wa s t h at

s am e fair y wh o h ad tak e n upon h e rs e l f t h e f orm
,
and dr e ss ofa pr i nce ss to see h ow gr eat would be

,
t h e badn e ss o ft h i s girl )
“
Did I co me h e r e s a id
.
°
,
t o h e r t h e rud e and proud g i r l to gi v e y ou a d r ink ?

,
C e r t ainl y I brou gh t a silv e r v a s e e sp e ci a ll y ( f

7
, or
t h at ) to giv e a d r ink t o t h i s l a d y I M y op i ni on i s a
,
tak e t h e wate r y ours e lf i f y ou wi sh t o d r in k

, .
”
You ar e not at all polit e said t h e f a i r y wit h out
, ,
”
an ge r . We ll sinc e y ou ar e so o bli gi n g I m a k e
1’
, ,
y ou t h e gi ft th at at e v e r y word y ou ( s h a ll ) sa y ,
fro m y our mout h s h a ll co me e it h e r a sn a ke or a

fro g.
E x er czses 1 19
E XE R C IS E 20
S idi , to sit . S i l e nt i , t o he sil

en t .
h i e r a fi , y est er day . r e nkon t i , to meet .
s alu t i , g r eet , sa lu t e . s ab a to S a t u r day , .
m o r ga li ‘
, t omor r ow . d i m an do S u n day , .
v e n dr e do , F r iday . l u ndo M on day , .
v iz i t i , to v s i it . k uzo cousin , .
p le z u r o , p lea sur e . h or logo , och .

cl
t i m i t ofea r , . d o r m i t o sleep , .
v e ki t o wah e , . s c i i t o h n ow
, .
l e c i o no lesson , . i ns t ru i t o t ea ch , .
p u n i t o p un ish , . s u rd a deaf , .
m u ta mut e , . t u S i , t o t ouch .
sp e gu lo, mir r or . kara dea r , .
or do n i , or der , co mma n d . b ab i l i t o ch a t t er, .
k a n de lo , ca n dl
e. gaj a g ay g la d
, ,
.
da n c i , t o da n ce . m o rt i t o die , .
p a to l i , t o he misch i evous .
u j , su f
fi x i n di ca tin g t h a t wh i c h co nt a in s ru s o ,
a R ussia n ; R u suj o , R ussia ; c igar u o , j c iga r -

ca se .
l
N u n mi l e ga s
vi l e ga s k a j l i l e ga s ; mi Ciu j a
,
l e ga s V i skr iba s k a j la in f
.
2
an oj skr ib a s ili Ciu j ,
sidas s il e nt e k a j sk r iba s H ie r au mi r en k on t is
3
vi a n fi lon k a j l i ge ntil e salu t is min

, H odiafi .
‘
I"
N ot e aga in t h e use o ft h e si mp l e ve r b , l e gas , wh e r e in
E gl i
n sh w e w ou d l sa y a m r ea d i ng .
12 0 T h e A mer zca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
e stas s a bato kaj mor ga u e stos diman Co , H ie r a u .
e stis v e n dr e do k a j p o st mor ga ii e stos lund o

‘
-
, .
An t a ti tri t a gofmi v iz it is vi a n k u z on kaj mia v iz it o

6 ’
,
f a ris a lli p le z ur on
°
Cu v i ja m t r ov is vian h or .
7
lo gon ? M i gin an kor aii n e se r Cis ; kiam mi fin os

l
’ ‘
mi a n lab orou mi ser Co s mian h or logon se d m i , ,
tim a s k e mi gin j am n e t r ov o s
,
d
Kiam mi v e n is .
a lli li dormi s ; se d mi lin v e k is S e mi e stus

1° °
.
,
san a mi e stus f e li c a
, S e l i sciu s k e mi e stas
°
.
u °
,
t ie Ci li tuj v e nus a lmi S e la l

°
, e r n an t o sc iu s .
bon e sian l e c ionou la in st r u an t o lin n e punus , .
K ial v i n e r e sp ondas almi Cu vi e stas surda

‘3 1’
a ii muta ? I ru for l n e tu s u la sp e gu
1°
In f
’
an o ,
"
lon l K araj in f an oj e stu Ci a m h on e st a j l Li ,
v e nu kaj mi p ar don os a l li
, O r don u alli k e li .
1°
,
P e tu S in k e S i se n du a lmi k an de l
2°
n e b a b il u . on , .
N i e stu ga jaj u i uzu bon e la v iv on Ca r la viv o

‘
, ,
”
n e e st a s l o n ga Si v ol a s d anci Morti p r o la
. .
3
p a t r u jo e stas a gr a b l e La in fan o me Ce sas ‘

.
2’
i
p e t ol .
b
T h is doe s n ot me a n b efo r e th r ee da y s , b ut t h r ee da y s
a
go . S e e An t a ii , P p 4 8 4 9 . . .
°
F ar i i s usua ll y t r ansl ated t o ma k e , t o do . H er e , it means
g i v e , a n a ogo us W i t h l o ur E gl i n sh use of ma k e w h e n we sa y
ma k e you a p r ese n t
"
.
d
Ja m . l ate d a l dy i
t r an s r ea , s use d in t h is se n te n ce wh e r e n o
such w or d wou l d b r q u i d e e re in E l n g ish a n d i ts i gn i ca n ce
. S fi
can best be u n de r stood by a car e u f l st udy o f i ts uses i n t h ese
Ex e r c ses i . S ee Not e c. L e sso n 6 .
°
Mr . Bu ll en . h is S t a n da r d Co u r se of E s e r a n t o ,
in p
says T his se n te n ce sh ou d b e ca r e u y n ot ed l
as i t i us f ll . ll
t r at es t h e f act t ha t E
spe r a n to always use s t h e con di t i ona i n l
-us
, wh e r e a r eal co n di t ion or supposui o n (t ha t is t ha t t h e ,
12 2 T h e A mer i ca n E sper a n t o B ooh
E XE R C IS E 21
r i ma r k i , r e ma r h , n ot ice kr i i ,
to cr y .
nu ! w ell j es , y es .
ku l p a hla mea hle , . k a S i , t o hide, concea l .
r e go h ing , . C as i , t o h u n t .
d e m an d i dema n d a sh , , . 8018, a l
one .
p ro for t h e sa ke of
, . bo l oh ’
v e l woe ! ho ve al
a s!
ek d e n ot e s sudd e n or mom e ntar y act i on : kr i i ,

to cr y ; e kk r ii , t o cr y ou t .
La F e in o (Dah r igo
Ap e nan Sia patrino mar kis

‘
S in ri , Si kr i i s al Si
Nu , mia fi lin o ?patrino r esp on dis al Je s , ,
Si la mal
“
ge n t ilu lin o e lje t an t e unu se r p e n t on kaj
,
m
unu ranon H o Cie lo l e k kr i i s la patrin o
. , ,
ki on mi vidas ? Sia fratino e n Cio e stas kulp a ; ‘
mi pa gos alS i por tio Ci l Kaj Si tuj kur i s bati

Sin . La malfe liCa in fan o for ku r is kaj ka si s s i n en
‘
la p le j p r oksima ar b ar o 7
La filo de la r ego k i u .
,
r e v en is de Cas o Sin r e n k on t is ; kaj V idan t e k e Si

, , ,
e stas t ie lbe l a li deman dis S in kion Si faras t ie

h
, ,
"
Ci tut e sola kaj pro kio Si p lor as ‘
, H0 ve .
,
sin jor o mia p a trino f

, or p e l is min e lla d omo .
E x er cises 12 3
.'
In th is wor d w e ha v e our fi r st mbin ation
co o ft wo su f
fi x es
Th er e is no l imit t o t h e comb in at ion o ft h e se so l on g as t h e
mean in g is cl ea r He r e. the mea n in g is ppo

o si t e- p lit p
o
son fe mi n i n e —
. e- er
-
a r ude gir l or w oman .
l
’ ‘
F ar a s . Thi s wo r d is in t h e p r ese n t t e n se a th ough t h e , l
time f
r e er r ed to is past S e e T h e P r ese n t T e n se , P age 30
. .
TRAN S L AT I ON 2 1
T h e F ai r y (C o ti u d) n n e
S carc e l y h a d h er mot h e r
obs e rv e d h er [wh e n ]
1
We ll my dau gh t e r ? “
sh e cri e d t o h e r
” 2
Ye s , ,
mot h e r r e pli e d to h er t h e ru d e on e t h rowin g

, ,
“
ou t a snak e and a fro g O h h e av e n I e x claim e d
8
.
t h e mot h e r wh at do I se e ? H e r sist e r i s t o
4
,
blam e for e v er y t h in g ; I will p ay h e r for t h i s !

An d sh e i mm e diat e l y ran to be at h e r
l
s 6
T he .
un h app y ch ild r an awa y and h id h e rs e lf in t h e

n e ar e st f or e st T h e kin g s son wh o was r e turnin g
.
7 ’
,
from a h unt me t h e r ; and obs e rvin g t h at sh e wa s

,
so be a utifu l h e ask e d h e r w h at sh e wa s (is ) d o in g

,
h e re al l a l on e an d f or w h at , sh e was cr y in g
”
Al a s sir my mot h e r drov e me from t h e h ous e
, , .
R e v i ew pr e ce din g E xe rcis e s r e adin g a l ou d

the ,
t h e E sp e r a nto t e x t L ea r n t o t h inh in E sp e r a n t o
. .
gr a spin g t h e id e a f r o m t h e E sp e r ant o w or d w it h ,
n o t h ou gh t o f E n glis h Me mor iz e t h e idea s oft h e

.
v oc a bu l a r i e s n ot t h e d e finition s
, .
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 22
fl u i , t o fl ow . m o v i t o move , .
s t ra to st r eet , . fal i t o fa ll
, .
p e k i t o sin , . i n t e n c i , t o in t en d .
l e v i t o lift r a ise
, , . r ip r o é i , t o r e pr oa ch .
m e r i t i t o mer it , . m e n sogi t o t ella , lie .
pa s i t o p a ss, . n e n i a m ne ver , .
n e n i n nohody , . a t e n d i t o w a it x pect
, , e .
s av i t o sa v e
, . m o n d o w or ld , .
lin gv o , la ng uag e .
grava imp o t a n t g a ve
, r , r .
p ase r o , a sp a r r ow . k ap t i, to ca t ch .
a glo , eag l
e. o l da to soldi e s , r .
j u gi t o j udg e t r y
, ko n d uk i t o con duct
, .
, .
a r e s t i t o a r r est
, t ra t hr ough .
, .
a t si gn of pr e s e nt p a ssiv e p a rticipl e a m at e
, ,
hei ng l
oved .
in t , si gn o ft h e past a cti v e p a rticipl e : a mi n t e ,
h a ving l
oved .
on t , si gn of futur e activ e p a rti cipl e : a m o n t e ,
hei ng a hou t to l
ove .
ot , si gn of futur e p a ssi v e p a rticipl e a m ote ,
heing a hou t t o he l
oved .
l
Fl
u an t a stas pli pura ol a kv o st ar an t a
ak v o e
sen mov e .
“
P r ome n a n t e su r la strato mi falis
b 1
'
, .
K iam N ik ode mo bat a s J oz e f tiam N ikode mo

a
on ,
s er a n t o B ooh
C ia m me n sogan to La t e mp o p a sin t a j am n en iam

.
8 f
r e v en os la t e mpon v e n on t an n e n iu an k or aii k on a s .
0
V e n u n i at e ndas vin S a v on t o de la mond o
g 1
, , En .
la l in gv o E sp e ranto u i vidas la e st on t an lin gv on

de la tuta mondo Aii gu st o e stas mia p le j a mata
ll
.
”
filo . Mono h ay ata e stas pli grav a ol h av it a
1
, .
P a se r o k a p t it a e stas pli bon a o lagl

1’
o k a p t ot a , .
L a soldat oj k on du kis la a r e st it ojn tra la str a t oi

l‘
.
Li v en is a l m i tut e n eat en dit e H omo kiun .

,
oni d e vas ju gi e stas j u got o , .
Thi m i g
‘
s e an n can be e xp r e sse d T e mp o p a sin t a =P a st
t im T mp o k iu
e. e e st a s p a sin t a =T i me w h ich h a s p a sse d.
T mp p int j m
e o, as e, a n en ia m r e ve n os: T i me , h a v i ng p a sse d,
will n e v er r e t u r n .
TRAN S L AT I ON 22
Flowi n g wat e r i s pur e r t h an wat e r standin g

1
still Wh il e w al kin g i n t h e str e e t I f e ll Wh en

.
2 8
, .
N icod e mus b eats Jos e p h t h e n N icod e mus i s t h e ,
he at e r and J os e p h i s t h e b ea t e n God r e adil y ‘

.
pardons a man wh o h a s s i nn e d unint e ntionall y .
H av i n g found an appl e I a t e it T h e f a ll e n man

, .
could n ot rais e h i ms e lf 7
Do not r e pro a c h your
fri end for y ou yours e l fmor e d e s e rv e r e proach h e
,
E x er cises 12 7
i s onl y once a liar wh il e y ou ar e still n ow alwa y s

, , ,
a liar . T h e past ti me wi ll n e v e r r e turn ; t h e

future tim e no on e yet knows C om e we await
. ,
S avior of t h e world In t h e lan gua ge

1°
you .
“E sp eranto we see t h e futur e lan ua e oft h e

,
g g
wh ol e wo r ld . Au gustus i s my most b e lov e d son .
Mon e y h ad [ n ow] i s mor e i mportant t h an [ t h at

wh ich h a s] b e e n h a d A sparr ow cau gh t i s
8
I
.
be tt e r t h an an e a gl e to b e cau gh t T h e soldi e rs
.
e d t h e arr e st e d p e rsons t h rou gh t h e str ee ts

15
l He .
came to me quit e un e x p e ct e dl y A man wh om

.
16
t h ey h av e to t r y is t h e accus e d (p erson to b e tr i e d ) .
T he stud e nt h as obs e rv e d t h at wh i l e some t i m e s

t h e translations o f t h e s e E x e rc i s e s follow t h e
E sp e r a nto t e x t so lit e rall y as to mak e v e r y po or
E n glis h , t h is i s not invariabl e ; fr equ e n tl y t h e
translat i on f ollows t h e t h ou gh t mor e clos e l y t h an
t h e t ex t . T h e stud e nt will fin d f ewe r p a r e nt h e tic a l
ex planations as h e proc e e ds an d w ill r e l y mor e and
mor e upon h is own p e rce pt i ons to grasp t h e spir i t
and st y l e ofE sp eranto .
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 23
k e lk e , so me . av e n tu ro a dven t ur e
, .
k on si de r i , t o consider . i n d a wor thy va lua hle

, , .
do t o , dowr y . pal a e o p a la ce
, .
p ro pr e , ( on e s ) own
’
. a k c e p t i , t o a cce t p .
b a lda ix,
’
soon a n gu l o cor ner a ng le
.
, , .
i g t o hecome : pal a p a l
, e ; pal i gi t o t ur n p a l
, e ,
.
j e ind e fin i t e pr e position S ee p 5 3
, . . .
La F e in o ( F ino )
L a r egi do kiu , v idis, ke el Sia bu So el

ir is
k el
ke da p er loj kaj k e lke da diaman t oj p e tis S in
a
, ,
k e Si diru a lli de kie tio Ci v e nas Si r akon t is 9

, .
a lli sian tutan av e nturou L a r e gi do k on side r is 3

.
,
k e tia k ap ab l o h avas pli grand a u indon olCio , ,
kion on i p ovu s d oni dot e a lalia fr a iilin o for kon du ,
k is S in a l la pala e o de sia patro la r e go kie li

b
, ,
S e d pri S ia f rat i no n i p ov as diri

‘
e dz igis je S i .
,
a r igis ti e l mal a min da k e Sia p r op r a patrino

c
k e Si f ,
S in f or p e l is de si ; k a j l a ma l feliCa kn a bin o mult e ,
k u r in t e kaj t r ov in t e n e n iu n kiu volis Sin a k ce p t i .

,
b a lda ii mortis e n an gulo de a r b ar o .

1 30 T he A mer ica n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 24
sa lo no , dr a w ng - r oo
i m .
os. si gn of futur e t e ns e of v e rbs : amos ,
N un l i diras almi la v e ron H ie r a h li dir is .
a lmi la v e ron
“
L i Ci a m dir a dis al mi la v e ron
. .
Ki a m v i V i dis nin e n la salon o l i ja m an t a ile dir is ,

‘
a lmi la v e ron ( a ii l i e sti s dir in t a a l m i la v e ron )

‘
L i dir os a lmi la v e ron Ki a m v i v e nos alm i li

ls
.
,
j am an t a ii e di t o s a lmi la v e ron (a ii l i e stos dir in t a

’ '
a l mi la v e ron ; 01 vi v e nos a l mi li
b ‘
a il an t a ii ,
di t os ai mi la v e r on ) S e mi p e t u s l in li di r u s
.
7
,
a l mi l a v e r on M i n a fa r u s la e r ar on se li
°
.
,
dir u s a lmi la v e ron (a l l se li e stus dir in t a

c
a n t a ii e
a v e ron ) K i a m mi v e nos di ru a i mi la
°
a l mi l ,
v e ron . Kiam mia p a t r o v e nos di r u a lmi a n t a ii e ,
"
la v e ron (a ile stu dir in t a al mi la v e ron ) Mi .
volas dir i alvi la v e ron Mi v olas k e tio kion

.
, ,
mi dir is e stu v e ra (a ll mi v olas e sti dir in t a la

,
v eron )
E x er cises 1 31
“D ir i , to sa y ; a d, suf
fi x of con tin ue d act ion ; dit a das,
con t in ue s to sa y, to t e ll .
b A n ta h f
01, be or e t h a n . S e e P age 49 .
c
O b se r ve t ha t t h e con dit ion a l , or -u s mood , h as no t ime .
H er e , t h e p ast t e nse is in f e r r ed f m an ta ii e
ro
'
TRAN S L AT I O N 24
N ow h e t e lls me t h e trut h Ye st e rd a y h e .
2
told me t h e trut h H e al wa y s t e lls me t h e trut h

3
. .
‘
W h e n you saw us in t h e draw in g room h e h ad -
a lr e ad y (pr e viousl y ) told me t h e trut h H e wi ll

5
.
t e ll me t h e trut h Wh e n you com e to me h e wi ll

.
6
pr e vi ousl y h a v e told me t h e trut h (or h e w ill h av e

told me t h e trut h ; or b e f or e you com e to me h e ,
w ill t e ll me t h e trut h ) I f I s h ould ask h im h e .

7
,
would t e ll me t h e trut h I s h ould n ot h av e ma d e 8

.
t h e mi st a k e i f h e h a d pr e v i ousl y told me t h e trut h .
9
W h e n I s h all co me t e ll me t h e trut h , Wh e n .
1°
my fat h e r c om e s t e ll me (pr e viousl y ) t h e t r ut h

, .
I wis h t o t e ll y ou t h e trut h I wis h t h at wh a t .
I said b e t r u e (or I w is h t o h av e told t h e trut h )

, .
In conn e cti on wit h t h i s E xe rcis e t h e stud e nt

sh ou ld r e v i ew t he c onju ga t i ons o f t h e I n fin iti v e ,
I mp e r a ti v e and C onditi on a l mod e s S e e pp 32 35 . .

- .
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 25
inv iti ,
t o in vit e . k o m e r c i , t o t r a de,
se k v i , t o follow . k on st r u i , t o const r uct .
S u l d i , to owe . or o, g ol
d .
r i n go , r ing . le r t a , l u l.
skil f
p r oj e k t o , p r oj ect . i n ge n i e ro , e ng i n eer .
e ro , ir on
f . v o o, j r oa d, w ay .
a gi , to a ct .
p a st r o , p r iest p astor , .
ka m e no , fi r e- p la ce . po t o , p ot .
k a ldr on o , ke t t le . bo l i , t o hail .
v apo ro , st ea m .
p or do , door .
ko r to y a r d cour t , , .
a j ,
som e t h i n g ma d e f r om o r p o ss e ssin g t h e qual
it y o f: m a ln ov a , ol
d ; m a ln ov a j o , an ol
d t h i ng ;
r uk t o , f
f r ui t ; f
r u k t aj o , so met hing ma de fr om fr uit .
Mi e st a s amata sti s amat a Mi e st os .

2
Mi e .
a
a mat a M i e st u s a mata E st u amata E sti

‘ a l
s °
. . .
am a ta Vi e st a s l
7
av it a Vi e sti s la v it a Vi
I‘ °
“
. . .
e st o s l V i e stus la v it a
u
a v it a . E st u la v it a . .
”
l
E st i l av it a Li e stas in v it ot a . L i e stis
‘3
.
in v it o t a L i e stos in v it ot a
.
15
Li e stu s in v it ot a .
1° a
.
E stu in v it o t a E sti in v it ot a T iu Ci kom e r

‘7 1°
. .
caio e stas Ci am v olont e aCe t a t a de mi b

La .
2°
su r t u t o e stas a c e tita de mi se k v e gi a p ar t e n a s a l ,
K ia m V i a d omo e sti s k on st r ua t a mia d o m o ,
e st i s j am lon ge k on st r u it a Mi sciigas k e de
22
.
,
s er a n t o B ooh
”
I am lov e d I was love d I s h all be lov e d
l ’
. . .
I s h ould be l o v e d [i f B e lov e d T o be .
"
lov e d . You h av e bee n was h e d
7
You h a d be en .
was h ed You w ill h av e be e n was h e d

0
. You .
would h av e be e n was h e d B e was h e d ( pas t )

. .
"
T o be w as h e d H e i s to be in v it e d
‘3
. H e was .
"
to be invit e d H e will be (ab out ) to be invit e d
5
. .
H e w ould be ( about ) to be invit e d B e invit ed .
( futur e ) T o be (about ) to be invit e d T h is

u '
. .
articl e (ofco mm e rce ) i s a l wa y s w illin gl y purc h as e d

b y me . T h e ov e r coat h as be e n b ou gh t b y me ,
cons equ e ntl y it be lon gs to me W h e n your h ous e

wa s be in g built my h ous e h a d alr e ad y b e e n built
,
”
f or a lon g ti me I make [it ] known t h at fro m
.
n ow on t h e d e bts of my son w ill not b e p a i d b y me .
B e at e as e ; my e ntir e d e bt will h a v e b e e n p a id
to y ou soon My gold rin g would n ot be so l on g
.
s e arc h e d for if it h ad n ot be e n so cl e v e rl y h idd e n

b y y ou .Accordin g to t h e proj e ct of t h e e n g in
ect s, t h i s rail way i s to be built in t h e cours e o f
t wo y e ars but I t h ink t h at i t w ill be und e r con
,
structi o n m ore t h an t h ree ye ars An h on e st man .

2°
acts h on e stl y T h e p r i e st w h o di e d r e ce ntl y h ad

.
liv e d a lon g time in our cit y I s i t wa rm or c o ld .
tod ay ? (or i s toda y wa rm or c old ? )

, O n t he
2°
h e art h be t wee n t wo pots stands an ir o n k e ttl e ; from

t h e k e ttl e in wh ic h i s (fi n ds it se lf ) b o ilin g w at e r
, ,
issu e s s t eam ; t h rou gh t h e window wh ic h i s n ear ,
t h e door t h e st ea m go e s into t h e y ard

, .
E x er cises 1 35
E XE R C IS E 26
e k st e r , ou t side . vo a j gi , voy ag e , tr a ve l.
p i e do , foot . b e nko he ch ,
n .
m e t i t o p u t p la ce
, , . kan apo sofa
‘
, , l
ou ng e .
m u s o mouse , . l i to hed , .
s up e r over a hove, , . a e ro a ir , .
ka fo cofee , . t e o , t ea .
s uk e t o sug a ,
r . k r e mo , cr ea m .
i n t e r n e w i t h in , . fi a n é o , het r ot h ed p er son
h i ru ndo sw a ll ow ,
. t ran s , a cr oss .
ri v e ro r iver ,
. e s t ro , chie f .
a t e n ta a t t e t ive,
n . k v a n k a m, al
t h oug h .
d ub i t o douht
,
. e s ti m i , to est e e m .
fi! fie! abo me n o , a ho mzn a t ion .
rap i da r ap id gu ieh , , .
et , diminuti on ofd e gr e e or Siz e m a lva r m a ,
d
col ; m a lv ar m e t a cool; ri d i t o , , l
a ug h ; r i de t i ,
to s mi le .
K iestas ? Mi e st a s en la gar den o Ki e n

vi e
2
.
3
v i iras ? M i ir a s e n la ga r de n on La bi r d o
4 5
.
fl u ga s en la Camb r o (=gi e stas e n la Ca mb r o k aj

fl u ga s e n gi) La birdo fl u ga s e n la Ca mbr on
.
6
=
( gi e stas e k st e r la Ca mb r o k a j fl u ga s nun e n
gm)
7
M i v 01a gas e n H isp an u jo
. Mi v oja ga s .
3
M i s id a s sur s e go k a j t e n a s la
9
e n H isp an u j on .
p ie dojn sur be n k e t o Mi m e t a s la man on su r la 1°

.
s er a n t o B ooh
tablon E lsub l a kanapo la muso kur i s sub la

‘
.
”
liton k aj nun gi kur a s sub la lito
, S up e r la t e ro .
1
sin t r ov as a e ro
b
An st at aii kafo li d oni s alm i
.
t e on kun su ker o se d se n k r e mo
"
M i st ar as , .
e k st e r la dom o kaj l i e stas int e rn e E n la sa lon o

‘5
.
,
e s t i s n en iu krom l i kaj lia fi a n Cin o L a h irundo .
flu gis tr a ns la riv e r on Ca r trans la riv e r o s in t r ov is ,
aliaj h ir u n doj Mi r e st a s t ie Ci la fi la ordono de

.
‘7
mia e str o K iam li e sti s Ce mi li staris tutan

d
.
”
bor on a pud la fe n e st r o L i diras k e m i e stas .
‘9
,
at e nta Li p e tas k e mi e stu at e nta

.
2° ‘
K v an k am , .
3‘
vi e stas r iCa mi dubas Cu v i e stas f e li c a

, S e vi ,
g
.
2’
sc iu s kiu li e st a s vi lin pli e st imu s S e li j am

8 ’
.
, ,
v e n is p e tu lin a lmi
, H o Dio l kion v i f aras ! . ,
”
H a ki e l b e l e 1
, For de t ie Ci 1 P i ki e l 2°
,
a b omen e l N u i ru pli r a p ide l ,
I mov e my h an d t owar d t h e ta b e l in th e act ofp ac n g it l i

u pon t h e ta b e l . H e nce , n f
o r dir e ct io n . Not e car e f u ll y t his
S i gn o fdir e ct o n i in S e n te n ces 4 6 , 8 . , 10, 1 1 , 16 .
b
Ob se r v e t h e use o f sin t r ov as he r e , as in S e n te n ce 2 9 .
Ex i e r c se 2 5 . Th i s is f
o te n use d inst e ad o fe st as . A si mil a r
f mi
or s sin tur n u al
, to a ddr e ss on e s el
fto , t o t ur n to . Oiuj
sin t u r n u a lis r e dakt or o =Let a l
la ddr e ss t h e e di t o r .
c
S uk e r o h e r e b e cause k u n is . a p r e posit ion . W it hout the
p r e posit ion . it l
wou d b e t eo n k aj suk e r on .
d
E spe r an to f
o te n uses t h e p r onoun t h us : Ce mi=At my
h o u se . Ce vi =A t y o u r h o u se .
S ee N ot e e . Ex e r cise 2 5 .
‘
T hi s me a n i ng in , E gl i n sh . has t wo f or ms o fe x pr ession
he a sk s t h a t [ be a t ten t ive , or he a sk s me t o be a t t e n t i ve.
In E s e r an to
p the f or me r is in var i a b y l use d .
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 2 7
ar t ik olo, ar t icl
e . t i a m t h en , .
j
ob e k t o , ohj ect . t i a such such
, , a
k om p r e n i ,
u n der st a n d. e kz e mp lo , ex a mp le .
po l o P ol
, e . n e ce sa , n ecessa r y .
v ok a l o , vowel p r e p oz i ci o , p r ep osit ion

. .
k u n rn e t i , t o comp ou nd s i m p l a , simp le . .
l i gi , t o hind
'
.r a di k o , r oot .
s o n i , t o sou n d k l ara , clea r

. .
po s t u l i , cla im, r eq uir e gra m a t i ko , g r a mma r

. .
n ac i o , na t ion d i v e r s a , diver se, va r ious

.
S i po , sh ip . abo n i , t o suhser ihe .
ma t c n man gi , t o ea t hr eahfast .
La a r t ikolo la e stas u z at a u i paro

“
t i am kiam,
las pr i pe r son oj a il obje kt oj k on at aj Gia u z a do .

2
e stas tia sa ma ki e l e n la aliaj l La p er ’

in gv oj .
n e k omp r en a s la u z a don de la ar t ik o l
b
son oj kiuj
, o
(e kz e mp le r u soj a il p o loj kinj n e sc i as alian l in g ,
v on kr o m sia p r 0p r a ) p o v as en la unua t e mpo tut e

,
n e uzi la a r t ik o l on Car gi e stas oportuna se d n e

,
An st a t a fi la on i p ov a s a nk a ti diri l (se d ’
‘
n e ce sa .
,
nur p ost p r e p oz icio k i u fi n igas p e r v ok alo) , .
Vor t oj kun me t it aj e stas k r ea t aj p e r simpla kun

l
s
li gado de v or t oj ; on e p r e n as ordinare la p u r ajn

r a dikoj n se d se la b on son e co a il l
, , a kla r eco postu
l on i p ova s anka ti p r e n i l a tut a n v o rton t e

“
as , , . .
,
la r a dik on kun e kun gi a gr a ma t ika fin igo Ek .
z e mp loj sk r i b t a b l o (t a b l
o a ti sk r ib o t a b l o sur ki u ,
on i sk r iba s) in t e r n ac ia ( =kiu e st a s int e r di v er sa j
n ac ioj ); t u t mo n da ( de l a tuta m o ndo ); u n u t a ga

E x er cises 1 39
( kiu da iir as unu ta gon ); u n u a t a ga ( kiu stas e n e
la unua tago ); v ap or Sip o (=Sipo , kiu sin movas

p e r v a p or o ); ma t en ma n gi t a gman gi v e sp e r ma n gi , ,
a b on p a go ( =p a go p or l a a b on o ) .
Ob ‘
th i u ft i m k i m=t h
se r v e s wh
se o I E gl i h a a en en . n n s
w u ewh sel d f q t ly i E p
en a on e , an to imp l y k i m re ue n n s er an s a .
Ti m k i m i m d fi i t d mp h t i
a a s or e e n e an e a c .
b
N ote t ha t kinj is p l ur al b e cause it r e pr e se n ts mor e t h an
on e p er son .
T h e articl e la i s us e d w h e n we sp e ak ofp e rsons
1
or t h in gs kno wn Its u se i s t h e s a m e as in t h e
.
2
ot h e r lan guage s 3
Pe rs on s wh o do n ot und e rstand
.
t h e u se o f t h e articl e ( f or e x a mpl e R ussians or
Pol e s wh o do n ot kno w anot h e r lan gu a ge b e sid e

t h e ir own ) may a t fi r st n ot u se t h e articl e at all
, ,
for it i s conv e ni e nt but n ot n e c e ssar y I nst e ad .

‘
o fl a we can als o sa y 1 (but onl y a ft e r a pr e p o si

’
tion wh ich e nds wit h a vowe l ) C omp ound words .

5
ar e f orm e d b y si mpl e junction ofwords we ge n

e r al ly tak e t h e pur e r oots but i f e up h on y or cl e a r ,
n e ss d e m a nds we can a ls o t a k e t h e wh ol e wor d

,
i e t h e r oot t oge t h e r wit h its gramma tic a l e ndin g

. .
,
E x ampl e s : sh r zht a hlo or sh r ihot a hlo a tabl e on

6
, ,
w h i ch on e writ e s ; in ler n a cia t h a t wh ich e x i sts ,
b e t we e n or a m on g v a ri ous n a tions ; t u t monda of ,
t h e wh ol e world ; u n ut ag a l a stin g on e da y ; u n u a ,
t ag a o f t h e first da y ;
, v ap or sipo a s h ip wh ic h ,
mov e s b y st ea m ; ma t en ma ngi t ag ma ngi vesp er , ,
ma ngi to b r e a kfast to din e to e a t supp e r o hon

, , ,
p ag e pa y m e nt f
, or subscription .
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE RC IS E 28
iam , a t a ny t ime , ever n o m i na t i vo ,

no min a t ive .
a k u z a t iv o , a ccusa t i ve t i e , t h er e.
d e p e nd i t o dep end, . k afi z o, ca use .
C spri m i t o ex p r ess
, . di r e k t i , t o dir ect .
ce l i to a i m
, . e ga la , eq u a l .
i a a ny hind of
, . v e tu r i , t o j our ney , tr a vel
fl a n k o, side . de k st r a , r igh t h a n d
-
.
n e n i cl, in no way .
dis ’
sa me as t he E n gli sh pr e fi x dis se mi , sow ;
di sse mi , t o sca t t er hr oa dca st , dissemi na t e .
Ciu j s i mem postulas Ci a m nur

p r e p oz icioj p e r
”
la n omin a t iv on S e n i ia m post p r e p oz icio uzas
.
la a ku z at iv on la aku z a t iv o t ie d e p e ndas n e de la
,
p r e p oz icio se d de aliaj k a ii z oj E kz e mp l por 3

, e : .
e spri mi dir e k t on ui al don a s a lla vorton la fin on n ;

,
se k v e : t ie ( =e u tiu loko ) ti e n ( =a ltiu l o ko ); ,
ti e l sam e u i ank a ti di r as la bi r do fl ugis e n la ga r

d e nou sur la tablon kaj la v or t oj gar den on
, , ,
tablon st ar as t ie Ci e n a ku z at iv o n e Car la p r e
“ kaj sur tion Ci postulas se d nur
poz icioj en ,
Ca r n i vol as e sprimi dir e k t on t e montri k e la , . . ,

14 2 T he A mer ica n E sper a n t o B ooh
word t h e e ndin g n cons equ e ntl y t ie in t h at place ,
“
,
t ie n to t h at place ; si mil a rl y
,
we also sa y , t he
bird fl ew into t h e gard e n upon t h e t a bl e and t h e

,
“ e
words gard e n t a bl h e r e stand in t h e accu
"
, ,
”
sati v e not b ecaus e t h e pre position s in and on
requir e t h i s but onl y be caus e we wis h to e x pre ss
,
dir e ction ; i e t o s h ow t h at t h e bird was not

. .
,
pr e viousl y in t h e gard e n and fl e w about t h e r e but ,
t h at it fl ew from anot h e r plac e into t h e gard en ,
upon t h e tabl e (we wi s h to s h ow t h at t h e gard e n

and tabl e we r e not t h e place oft h e fl y in g but onl y ,
t h e goal o ft h e fl i gh t ); i n suc h cas e s we u se t h e
accu sativ e just t h e s a m e wh e t h e r an y pre position

,
i s t h e r e or not .T omor r ow I s h all go to Paris

‘
.
I s h all re ma i n in t h e h ous e toda y I t i s alr ead y .
tim e to go h om e W e s e parat e d and we nt in

.
7
dif f e r e nt dir e ctions ; I we nt to t h e r i gh t and h e

we nt to t h e l e ft T 0 on e sid e sir 1 I know no
l
'
. ,
0
on e in t h i s cit y I can in no way und e rstand
1
.
wh a t y ou a r e s a y in g I me t n e it h e r h im nor h is
.
brot h e r (or I did not mee t h im n or h is brot h e r )

, , .
E x er cises 14 3
E XE R C IS E 29
s e n co , sen se . ko m u na common , .
ebla, p ossihle . o ft e oft en

, .
l as ta last la t est
, , .
S O p ir i , t o sig h , l
ong for . r e gu l o r ule , .
v e rbo , ver h . ob e i , t o ohey .
p e r m e si , t o p er mit , al
low .
1
Se ui b ez on a s
a
uzi p r e p oz icion , k a j l
a s e nc o n e
montr a s a ln i , ki a n p r e p oz icion uzi tiam u i p ov a s
,
uzi la k omu n an p r e p oz icion j e .

2
S e d e stas bon e
uzi la v orton j e ki e l e bl e p li maloft e
b
An st a t a ii .
3 ’
1a v or t o j e u i p ov as anka ti uzi la a ku z ativ on se n
p r e p oz icio M i r i d a s j e lia n aiv e co a ii mi rid a s

'
pro lia n a iv eco aii z mi rid a s lian n a iv e con ),

’
J e la l a st a f oj o mi v idis lin Ce vi (a il: la la st an

5
foj on ) M i v e t u r is du t a gojn k aj unu n ok t on

. .
7
Mi 5 0pi r a s je mia p e rdita fe liCo (a fi : mi a n p er dit an
E lla dirit a r e gul o se k v a s k e se mi pri
8
fel iCon ) . ,
ia v e rb o me sci a s Cu gi po stul a s post s i la aku z a

,
tivon (t e Cu gi e stas aktiv a ) aii n e u i po y a s

. .
'
“Note in dicat i v e mode f llo owin g se . T he n e ed o fa p r e po

sit ion is n ot a matte r ofdoub t . S ee N ot e e , Ex e r cise 2 0.
b
An oth e r p e cu iar l E spe r an to f or m , ver y f r e que n t l y used
K ie l l
eb e pl ej f
r u e , k ie l eb e l ej b on e , ki e
pl l eb e l pl
ej mu l t e .
s er a n t o B ooh
C iam uzi la a ku z a t iv on E kz e mp le n i p ov a s diri

“obc i alla p a tro ” k a ob e i la patron ” an st at a ii
,
j (
o be i j e la patr o se d n i n e uzas la a k u z a t iv on
o l
tiam ki a m la k lar e co de la s e nco tion Ci ma lp e r

,
m e sas ; e kz e mp le : n i p ov as diri p ar don i al la

p ar don i la ma l
” ”
m a la miko kaj amik on se d n i ,
d e v a s Ciam d i ri p ar don i al la malamik o li a n kul

N
p on .
TRAN S L AT I ON 29
I f we n eed
pr e p o sition and t h e s e ns e
t o u se a
d oe s not s h ow u s w h a t p r e p os iti on to u se t h e n we ,
can u se t h e c o mmon pr e p o sition J e B u t i t is .
w e ll to u se t h e word f e a s s e ldom as possibl e .
I nst e ad o ft h e word fe we can also u se t h e accu sa

tiv e wi t h out a pr e p o sition I lau gh at h is sim
.
T h e last tim e I saw h im at y our h ous e

6
pl ic it y . .
I t r a v e ll e d t wo d a y s and on e ni gh t 1 si gh for
° 7
.
my lo st h appin e ss From t h e s a i d rul e i t follows

3
.
t h at i f conc e rnin g an y v e rb we do not kno w

, ,
w h e t h e r o r n o t i t r e quir e s t h e accusativ e aft e r i t

( i e w h e t h e r or not it i s transitiv e )we can a l wa y s
“
. .
u se t h e a ccus a tiv e F or e xampl e we can sa y to

.
,
” ”
ob e y t o t he fa t he r and to ob e y t h e fat h e r
‘ ’
.
B u t w e do not u se t h e a ccusativ e wh e n t h e cl e a rn e ss
lo
”
o fs e ns e f orbids t h i s ; for e x ampl e we can say to
“
,
”
p a rdon t o t h e e n e my and to p a rdon t he e n e m y ;
‘ ’
but we s h ould a l way s say to pardon to t h e e n e m y

h is fault
"
.
s er a n t o B ooh
ant e la lit e r on t ui r ice v as v or t o n j k omun ajn

Aldon
°
t ia , t ia l t ia m, t ie , t iel, t ies, i t iom, i
' ’
, c o, c u.
ant e la p r e fik son n en u i r ice v as v or t o n j n ea n j

n en ia , n en ia l, n en ia m , nen ie , nen icl, n en ies, n en ia ,
n en ia m , n en i u .
7
Aldon an t e al la
j montra i la
v or t o
vort on ti n i r ice v a s mon t r on pli p r ok siman ; e kz e m

pl
e : t in , pli malp r ok sima pli , t iu ti (a il t i t iu )
p r ok sima ; t ie mal p r ok sime t ie t i a il t i t l

, e prok , ,
sim e Al don a n t e a lla v or t oj de man da j la v ort on

.
a
f
a n u i r ice v a s v or t oj n se n dif
er e n ca n : j h ia j
a n, hia l
j
a n, h ia m aj n, hie j
a n, h ielaj n, h ies aj n , h io f
a n,
h iom aj n, hi u a n.j E k st er tio el la dir it aj v or t o j ui
p ov as a n k or a ii fari ia n
al j v or t ojn , p e r be l
p o de
gr a ma t ika j fin igoj k a j aliaj v or t o j (su fik soj ) ek
ze mpl e : t ia ma , t ia ma , h ioma , t ica , c i t ieo , t ie ul

’ -
o,
t ia mul
o, k t p ( =kaj ti e l plu )
. . . .
In con n e ct ion w ith t his lesson . the stude n t shou ld r e vie w
wha t is said o fC o r r e ative l Wor ds . 0-

pp 7 7 3 . . A f w xp l ana e e
t ions ar e added h e r e
T ia is th e de monstr a t i ve o fqua l ity t r ansl ated t h a t

, . su ch a ,
s u ch k in d . W it h the l
r e a t iv e . kia , it t r ans ates l s u ch as .
Al so , it is use d as a de mo nst r at i v e ar t ic e , l in t h e se nse o ft h e

f or t h e pu r pose o fgiv in g adde d or ce j ust as u n u i s i mi a r y f . S l l
use d in a l
ess de nit e se nse (S e e ot e a fi e r cise . N , Ex
l
I n t h is se nse it ose s its sign i ca n ce o f q ua ity an d may be
, fi l ,
foll owed by kie l . th e l

r e ativ e of ma nn e r . In Ex e r cise 2 7 ,
E x er cises 14 7
S e n t e n ce 2 , we h av e t ia sa ma kie l , w hich is cor r e ct , be cause

t ia mea n s the . B ut w e must n ot sa y tia b o n a k ie l , th e se n se
h e r e b e in g as g ood a s , an d t h e cor r e ct f or m t ie l bo n a kie l .
I o , ti o , kio , Cio , n e n io . Th e se al
l r e er f t o ob je ct s an d ar e
n ot use d as modifyin g w or ds , Th ey in di cat e t h e t h in g itse lf .
Kio est as t io N e n io= PVh a t i s t h a t ? N ot h i ng . B u t ifw e

wish t o use t h e cor r e a t v es as l i modi fyi n g w or ds . we sa y : Ia
bir do=A ny k i n d o f bi r d . Ciuj bir doj =A l
l b ir ds .
Ci u mean s e ach or e v e r y , , b u t does n ot me an al

l, as do
Ciam Cie Ci e l Ci om e t c
, , In , , . an d t h e ot h e r f ou r wo r ds o f
t h is se r ie s e xp r e ss in divi du a i ty b ut l , f
r e er , whe n n ot ot h er w ise
s
pe cifi e d, to p e r son s . H e n ce , to e xp r ess p l u al
r s, Ciuj , kin j ,
tiu j ar e t h e cor r e ct or ms f .
1
kind for so me r e ason some tim e so me
S ome , i ,
wh e r e s ome h ow s ome b od y s s ome t h in g s ome

, ,
’
, ,
qu a ntit y s ome bod y , T h e nin e w ord s s h own we.

2
advi se [t h e st u d e nt ] t o l e arn t h or ou gh l y b e cau s e ,
from t h e m e v e r y on e can mak e for h i ms e lf a l a r ge

s e ri e s of ot h e r pronouns an d adv e r b s I f we a dd .
3
t o t h em [ as a pr e fix ] t h e l e tt e r h we obt a in int e r ,
ro gativ e or r e l a ti v e words wh a t kind wh y wh e n , , ,
wh e r e h ow wh o s e wh a t ( t h i n g ) h ow muc h wh o
, , , , , .
I f we add t h e l e tt e r t w e ge t d emon str a tiv e words

such t h e r e for e t h e n t h e r e t h us t h a t pe rs on s
, , , , ,
’
,
s er a n t o B ooh
t h at t h at mu ch t h at p e rs on
, , Addin g t h e l e tt e r t .
°
w e ge t coll e ctiv e w ords e ac h and e v e r y kind for ,
e v e r y r e ason al wa y s e v e r ywh e r e in e v e r y wa y
, , , ,
e v e r y b od y s e v e r y t h in g l e v e r y on e Addin g
°
al
’
.
, , ,
t h e p r e fi x n en we obtain n e ga tiv e words : no suc h

, ,
f or no r e ason n e v e r n owh e r e n oh ow no on e s
, , , ,
’
,
n ot h i n g non e nobod y
, , A ddin g t o t h e d e mon .
7
st r a t iv e wo rds t h e w or d t i we o btain a m e anin g o f ,
pr ox i mit y ; for e xa mpl e : t t u t h at t iu t i t h is ; ’
“
, , ,
t ie t h e r e t ie t i h e r e
, , A ddin g t o t h e int e rro gativ e
, .
words t h e wo rd aj n we ge t indiff e r e nt w ords

,
wh a t e v e r kind o f for wh a t e v e r r e ason wh e n e v e r

, , ,
w h e r e v e r h o we v e r wh os e so e v e r w h at e v e r w h at
, , , ,
e v e r qu a ntit y w h o e v e r
, B e sid e s t h is from t h e s e
.
,
words we can ma k e still o t h e r words w it h t h e h e lp ,
o ft h e gramm a tic a l e ndin gs a n d o t h e r words ( suf
fi xe s); for e x ampl e : c ont e mp o ran e ous (e x istin g

t h e n ) e t e rn a l h ow muc h t h e r e a p er son li v in g
, , , ,
t h e r e or be in g pre s ent a cont e mporar y or p e rson ,
o ft h at tim e .
s er a n t o B ooh
d ank i s lin por la tu j a p le n u mo de mia dez ir o .
"
K ia granda b r u l o l kio brulas ? Li gno e stas
u’
bona brula mat e r ialo La f e ra bastono kiu . ,
k u Sis e n la forno e stas nun br u l , e v ar me ga

u
Cu a
.
’
li don i s alv i j e san r e spon don a il n e an ? L i e lir is ,

1°
e l la dor moCamb r o kaj e n ir is e n la man goCa mb r on

b
.
L a birdo n e for fl u gis gi nur defl u gis de la arbo ,
al fl u gis alla do m o kaj sur fl u gis sur la t e gme n t on .
"
Por Ciu a ce tita f unto da t eo tiu Ci k ome r cist o
"
u n t on da suk e t o
2
al don as se n p age f Ler n olib r on .
”
on i d e vas n e t r al Li port a s 3
e gi er n i
se d t r a l , .
or man Cap e lou

"
r oz k olor an su p e r ve st on k a j t e ler o f .
E n mia sk r ib ot a b l o sin tro v a s k v ar t ir ke st oj .
L iaj lip h ar oj e stas pli grizaj olliaj v an gh ar oj , .
“In S e n te n ces 1. 2 , 3, 4 . ko l er o , ko ler e , ko l et as , ko l er e ;

in 1 5. 16 , 17 . br ul as, br ul
o , br ul a , br u le . Th ese se n t e n ces a r e
design ed to sh ow w it h wha t f ac i l ity an E spe r an to r oot ma y be

use d as a n oun . ad e ct iv e , ve r
j b o r adv e r b . To add t h e pa r t i
c ip l
es in t h e ir a d e ct va
j i l , su bstan t va i l an d a dv e r b ia l f or ms .
w it h th e var iat ions an d de gr e es of me an in g made possib l e by

t h e use o faf
fi x es —it wou l d p u l t he e xpe r t E zz e spe r an tist to
measur e the possi b l e r an g o fe x pr e io ne ss .
b
El
ir is el
, de fl ugis de , fi ugis a l, su r f
al lu gis su r . S ee N o te
e, Ex e r cise 8
.
°
T hi l esso
s n co ntai ns a n u mbe r o f co mpound wor ds . T he
stude n t may at fir st fi nd it d f i l
fi cu t t o dist in gu ish t h ese at sigh t ,
“a
b ut h e will soon c tch t he p ir it of E pe r an to Fail i s s . ng in
th is h e wi ll sear ch t h e
, oca b u l ar ies in vai n f
v or se e mi ng r oots
which ar e on l y i mp l e comb i nat ion s

s .
E x er czses 1 51
TRAN S L AT I ON 31
n ge r l a st e d a l on g ti me H e i s toda y in
1 2
H is a .
an an gr y mood H e is a n gr y and i s in sult i n g

3
. .
H e s h ut t h e d oor an gril y H is son di e d a n d is

5
.
n ow li f e l e s s T h e bod y is mort a l t h e s oul is

6
.
,
i mmort a l . H e is mortall y ill h e will not li v e

7
,
mor e t h an on e da y H e sp e aks and h is sp e e c h

B
.
fl ow s s we e tl y a n d a gr e e a bl y W e ma d e t h e con .
9
t r a ct n ot in writin g but v er ball y H e is a go o d

, .
1°
S pe a ker S tandin g outsid e h e could se e onl y

11
.
,
t h e out sid e o fou r h ous e H e liv e s outsid e t h e

12
.
cit y. T h e e x t e rior o f t h is man i s

13
b e tt e r
"
t h a n h is int e ri or H e did a t onc e wh at I w is h e d
.
1
,
a n d I t h a nk e d h im f or t h e i mme di a t e ful fi ll me n t
o f my d e sir e W h at a b ig bl a z e I Wh a t i s
.
15
b u rnin g W o o d is good bu rnin g ma t e ri a l

16
.
T h e i r on r o d w h i ch la y in t h e fu r n a c e i s n ow
17
bu r nin g h ot . Did h e giv e you an affi r ma ti v e or

18
a n e ga tiv e r e pl y ? H e we nt ou t oft h e b e d r oom

19
-
and e nt e r e d t h e dinin g r oo m T h e bird d i d n ot

-
.
2°
fl y awa y ; i t onl y fl e w d own fr om th e tr e e fl e w t o ,
t h e h ous e and lit upon t h e ro o f F or e v e r y pou nd

21
.
o ft e a purc h a s e d t h is d e a l e r adds fr e e a p ound o f

,
su ga r A t e x t bo o k on e ou gh t n ot to r e ad t h r ou gh
22
.
-
,
but t o l e a r n t h r ou gh H e we a rs a ros e co l or e d
.
23
-
M
gown and a mort a r boa r d h a t I n my writ i n g
-
.
tabl e ar e f our d r awe rs H is mustach e is gr a y e r

.
25
t h a n h is wh iske r s .
s er a n t o B ooh
E X E R C IS E 32
t e a t ro t h ea t er
, . o ku p i , t o occu y p .
m a n i e ro ma n ner , . m e h a n ik o mech a n ics , .
Ii e m i o
'
, ch e mist r y . d i pl o m at i c , dip l
oma cy .
fi z ik o , phy sics . sc i e n c o , scien ce .
gla so , gl
a so . n i gra , hl
a ch .
dr a p o , ot h
cl . si gn i fi , to sig n ify .
ov o , egg . bo rd o sh or e , .
m a ro , sea . a m a s o cr owd , .
a fi t u n o , a ut umn . l a nd o la nd coun t r y
, , .
s u fe r i ,
to fer
su . na j b ar o , n eig h hor
me z u r i ,
to mea sur e .
T ea t r a man t o oft e
la t ea t r on kaj r ice v v iz it as as
“
b alda ii t e a t r a jn ma n ie r ojn
’
Kiu oku p a s sin je .
2
me han ik o e st a s mehan ikist o k aj kiu ok up a s sin je

, ,
he mio e st a s he miist o Dip lomat iist on on i p ov a s

,
.
a
an k a ti no mi diplomato se d fiz ik ist on on i n e p ov as ,
no mi fiz iko Car fi Z i k o e stas la nomo de la scien co

,
me m . La fot ogr a fi st o fot ogr afis min kaj m i

‘
,
se n dis mian f a j on al mia patro

l
l
o t ogr a f Gla so de .
vin o e s tas glaso e n kiu an ta ii e sin t r ov is vino aii

, ,
ki un on i uzas p or vin o ; gla so da vino e stas glaso

pl en a is vino “ Al p or t u a l mi me tron da ni gr a
.
s er a n t o B ooh
pi e s h ims e l fwit h m e c h anics i s a m e c h an i c and he ,
wh o occupi e s h ims e lf w it h c h e mi str y is a c h e mi st .
A diplomat we can call dip loma t o bu t a p h y sic i an

’
,
we cannot ca ll fi z iho be caus e fi z iho is t h e nam e of

,
t h e sci e nc e its e lf . T h e p h oto grap h e r p h ot ogap h e d

me an d I s e nt my p h oto gr a p h to my fat h e r .
Gla so de vino i s a glass in w h ic h was pr e viously

wi n e or wh ic h on e us e s for wi n e ; g laso da vino
,
is a glass full ofw in e . B rin g me a m e t e r of(do )

black clot h (met r o de dr apo would m e an a m e t e r
wh ic h la y on t h e clot h or wh ic h i s us e d f
, or cl o t h ) .
7
I bou gh t t e n e ggs . T h is r i v e r i s t wo h undr e d
3
kilom e t e rs lon g . O n t he s h or e o ft h e sea stood a

m
cr owd o fp e opl e . Man y birds fl y in t h e autumn
to warm e r c ountri e s . Upon t h e tr e e we re man y
birds . S om e p e opl e f e e l h app i e st whe n t h e y
wi tn e ss t h e su f e r i n gs oft h e i r n e i gh bors
‘ 1
f I n t he
“
.
room sat onl y a few p e opl e . Da aft e r a word

s h o ws t h at t h is word h as a s e n s e ofme asur e .
E x er cises 155
E X E RC IS E 33
me zo middle , . kr e sk i , t o g r ow .
d i ka t h ick fa t
, , . l a r ga , hr oa d .
Iu m o lig h t , , m ola , so ft .
t u r m e n t i t o t or men t , . senti , t o feel .
b e n i t o hless
, . n ob la , nohl
e .
r e kta str a igh t

, . k u rba , cu r ved.
kr e di , t o hel
zeve . r e n v e r si , t o u set p .
m o nto moun t a i , ka m po field

n. , .
k oko cock ch icken

, , n opo g r a n dson
.
, .
du on p a t r o , st epfa t h er bo vo ox .
,
b o , r e l a ti v e b y mar r ia ge : pa t ri no mot h er ,
p at ri no , moth er in la w - -
.
1
M ia fr at o me stas granda sed li n e e stas e ,
an k afi ma l gr an da li e st a s de me za kr e sk o Li .
e st a s ti e l dik a k e li me p ov a s t r a iri t r a ni a mal

a
,
lar ga p or do H a ro e stas t r e ma ldik a

.
3
La nokto .
‘
e stis ti e l mal lu ma k e u i n e n ion p ov is vidi e C a n t a ii

‘
n ia n a z o r e Sa p a no e stas mal
5
T iu Ci ma lf mola ,
ki e l St on o M a lb on a j in fa n oj a mas turm e nti

.
“D ik a , usua ll y t r ans at e d l t h ick , her e me an s t h ick in a
se n se n ot o ft en t h us e xp r esse d E gl i h C f l E gl i h
in n s . ar e u n s
is st ou t wh i
, l e a pop u l ar an d e xp i Am i i m i f t
r e ss v e e r can s s a .
s er a n t o B ooh
b e st ojn .
7
L i s e ntis sin ti e l ma lfe liCa , li malbe n is
ke
la tagon e n kiu li e stis n ask it a
, . M i fort e b mal
e stimas tiun Ci ma l La fen e st r o
°
n ob l an h omo n .
lon ge e stis n e fe r mit a ; mi gin f e r mis se d mia fr at o c

,
tuj gin de n ov e ma lfe r mis R e kt a v 0] o e st a s pli

d
.
mallon ga o lkurb a , La t ab lo st a r as ma lr e k t e
.
,
k a j k r e de b l
e bal da ii r e n v e r sigos Li st ar a s supr e
’
.
sur la monto kaj r igar das ma lsu p r e n su r la kampon .
Ma lamik o v e n is e n ni a n l a ndon O n i ti e l ma l .
hel p is a lmi k e mi ma l b on igis mi a n tutan lab or ou

, .
‘5
La e dz in o de mia patro e st a s mia p a trin o k aj la
avino de miai in fan oj S u r la korto st ar a s kok o.
kun tri k ok in oj M ia f r atino e stas t r e be la

.
‘7
k n a bin o Mia on k lin o e st a s b ona virin o

. .
v idis vian a v in on kun Si ai kvar n e p in oj kaj kun

mia n e v in o Lia du on p at r in o e stas mia h ofra
.
2°
Mi h a vas b ov on kaj b ov in on L a j una .
v idv in o f
a r igis de n ov e fi an Cin o .
b
T he use off
or t e to l e nd in te nsity to th e e v r b is w e t h in k ,
,
an impr ov eme n t o ve r th E ngl i h us of ad

e s e ve r bs f ro m r oots
of me an i n g si mil a r to , b ut n ot syn ono mous wit h t h at ofth e
—d
,
ve r b ea r y l
l o ve fi e r , cel
y ha te , e tc .
°
N e her e , an d n ot mal . T he stu de n t wi ll r e adi l y gr asp
t h e dif
fe r e nce be twe e n o p e n e d an d n ot cl
o sed.
d
Den ove is f r e q ue nt ly use d f
or ag a in . It means a new .
s er a n t o B ooh
E XE R C IS E 34
v i e n d o mea t ,
.
p o S -o
, p ochet .
ko rko cor k , . t i ri t o dr a w p ull dr ag

, , ,
S to p i t o st op up
, . bo t e l o hot t le , .
ko m b i t o comh , . so m e ro su mmer , .
glit i , to sk a t e . fro s to fr ost , .
v e t e ro wea th er , . h ak i t o h e w ch op
, , .
se gi t o sa w
, . f o s i t o dig
, .
k u dr i , t o se w . t o n d i t o clip sh ea r
, , .
s o no r i t o r ing , , f
aj f
i , t o whist l
e
i nko inh , . s abl o sa n d , .
s o rb i t o a hsor d
, , b ran do hr a n dy ,
t uko clot h
, . m i l i t i t o wa figh t ,
r , .
b ra va hr a ve , . k r u ta st eep , .
St u p o , st e p . h i s pano S p a n ia r d , .
ge r ma n e , a Ger ma n . r a m e n h owe ver ,

.
v as ta , wide , va st . h e r b o , g r a ss
p a S t i , to p a st ur e . b r uto , hr ut e
p re c i pe , p r in cipa lly . l ano , wool .
Sa f
o, sh ee p
1
L a t r a n Ci lo e stis ti e l ma la kr a k e mi n e p ov is ,
t r a n Ci per gi la v ia n don k a j mi d e vi s u z i mi a n
,
cu
z
p o Sa n t r a n Ci l
on . vi h a v a s k or k t ir il
on , p o r
malSt op i la b ot e l
on ?
a
Mi v olis Slosi l a p or don ,
E x er cises 1 59
se d m i p erdis la Slosilon Si k omb as a ls i la

.
‘
h ar oj n p er ar ge nta k omb il E n som e ro u i v e tu r as

5
o .
p er div e r saj v e t u r il oj kaj en v in t r o u i v e t u r a s p er

,
H odia ti e stas b e la frosta v e t e ro

t’
gl it v e t u r il
o.
'
,
tial m i p r en os miajn glit ilojn kaj ir os glit i P e r 7

.
h ak il o u i h akas p e r se gil
, o n i s e ga s p e r f osil o ui ,
fosas p e r k u dr ilo u i ku dr a s p er t on dilo u i t on da s

, , ,
”
p e r son or il o u i sonoras p e r f ajfil o ni f
, aj f
as Mia .
sk r ib il ar o k on sist as e l in ku jo sab l u jo k e lk e da
, ,
umoj k r aj on o kaj in k sor b il O n i m e tis an t afi

°
pl , o .
mi man gilar on kiu k on sist is e l t e l e ro kul e ro

, , ,
t r an Cil o f, or k o gl, ase t o p or bran do gl a so p or vino ,
kaj t e ler tu k et o E n v ar me ga tago mi amas pro

° 1
.
u
m eni en ar bar o .N ia lando v en kos Car nia mil ,
1”
it ist ar o e stas grand a kaj brava S ur kruta .
Stu p ar o l i l e vis sin al la t e gm e nto de la domo .
13
Mi n e scias la lin gv on h isp an an se d p er b e lp o ,
de v or t ar o h ispana ge rmana mi t amen k omp r en is

-
iom vian le t er on S u r t iu j Ci v a st aj kaj b e r h o

.
r iCa j k a mpoj p a St a s sin gr an daj b r u t ar oj pr e cip e ,
ar oj da bel lan aj Saf oj .
T R AN S L AT I O N 34
T h e kn i f
e was so dull t h at I could not cut t h e
1
me at wit h it and I h ad to u se my pock e t knif e

, .
s er a n t o B ooh
H a v e y oua corkscr e w t o op en t h e bottl e ?

’ ’
I
w i s h e d to lock t h e door but I h ad lost t h e ke y, .
S h e combs h e r h air wi t h a silv e r comb In t h e

‘
.
sum me r we trav e l by m e an s ofvar i ous v e h icl e s ,
and in wi nt e r we trav e l b y sl e i gh T oda y it i s .

°
fin e frost y we at h e r t h e r e f ,or e I s h all take my

skat e s and go skat i n g 7
Wit h an a x we ch op
.
,
wi t h a saw we saw w it h a spad e we dig wi t h a

, ,
n ee dl e we sew wi t h sc i ssors we clip wi t h a be ll

, ,
we rin g wi t h a wh i stl e we wh i stl e

, My writin g .
outfit consists of an i nk stand a san d box some -

,
-
,
p en s a p e nc i l an d a blott e r
, T h e y plac e d be f
or e
.
me eatin g ut e nsils wh ic h consist e d o fa plat e a

, ,
spoon a kni fe a fork a small glass for brand y

, , , ,
a glass for wi n e and a napk in

, O n a h ot day I .
lik e to walk in t h e fore st O ur countr y will win

.
be caus e ou r arm y i s lar ge and brav e On a .
st ee p ladd er h e cli mbe d to t h e roo fo ft h e h ous e .
"
I do not know t h e S pan i s h l an gua ge but wi t h ,
t h e h e lp o fa S pan is h G e rman dictionary I n e v e r

-
t he l e ss som ewh at un d e rstood y our l e tt e r U pon .
t h e s e vas t an d fe rtil e fi e lds pastur e l ar ge h e rds of

stock pr i ncipall y flocks o ffin e wool s h ee p
,
- .
s er a n t o B ook
igit a f
r an daj o . La r iCeco de tiu Ci h omo e s tas
g rand a se d li a malsa geco e stas an k or aii
,
pli grand a .
Li a mas tiun Ci k n abin on p r o Sia be l e co k aj

"
bo n e co . Lia h e r oe co t r e p laCis a i mi . L a tut a
su p r a j o de l a Iago e sti s k ov r it a p e r n a gan t a j f
olioj
k a j div e r saj a liaj kr e sk aj oj M i vivas kun li e n
.
grand a a mik e co .
TRAN S L AT I ON 35
You talk nons e ns e my fri e nd I dr a nk t ea
l '
“
. .
,
w it h cak e a n d pr e s e r v e s W at e r i s a liquid
.
3
1 .
d i d n ot w is h to d r ink t h e win e be caus e i t h a d in ,
it som e suspi ci ous un cl ea r matt e r U pon t h e .

°
tabl e sto o d v ari ous s wee tm eats I n t h e s e littl e

.
6
bottl e s ar e v a ri ous a cids vin e gar sulp h uric a cid , ,
n itric a cid and ot h e rs Your w in e i s onl y s ome

7
kind o f abo minabl e a cid stuff T h e acidit y o f

.
'
t h is v in e ga r i s v e r y we a k I a t e a go o d om e l e t
.
°
.
T h i s gr e at e min e nc e i s not a n a tu r al mountain .
T h e h e i gh t o f t h at mount a in i s not v e r y gr e at .
W h e n I go a n ywh e r e I n e v e r t a k e wit h me muc h

ba gga ge . S h irts collars cuffs and ot h e r si milar
‘3
, ,
ob j e cts we c a ll lin e n t h ou gh t h e y a r e not al wa y s

“
,
mad e of lin e n An ice i s a s wee t froz e n daint y .
T h e we alt h oft h i s ma n is gr e at but h is f o olis h ,
n e ss i s st i ll gr e at e r H e l o v e s t h i s girl be caus e
.
of h er be a ut y and goodn e ss H is h e roi s m pl e as e d

.
me v e r y muc h . T h e wh ol e surfac e o f t h e lak e

was co v e r e d wit h floatin g l e av e s an d v a ri ous ot h e r
gr o wt h s . I l i v e wit h h im in great fri en ds h ip .
E x er cises 16 3
E XE RC IS E 36
gratu l i , t o cong r a t u l a te . a l taro a lt a r

, .
ku r a c i , t o h ea l, t r ea t . dok to ro doct or , .
p ra , gr ea t p r imor dia l . h e b r e o a H ehr ew

,
Ce v a lo , h or se .
ge , p e rs ons of b ot h s e x e s : pat ro fa th er , ; ge
p a t r oj , p a r en t s .
id
'
, d e s ce nd a nt or y oun g of Ce v a lo , a h or se ;
Ce v a li do , a col
t .
P a tr o k aj p a trino k un e e stas n omat aj ge p at r oj .
P e tr o An n o k aj E liz a be t o e st a s mia j ge f
2
, r a t oj .
Ge sin jor oj N h odiaii v e nos a l mi M i gr a t u lis

8 ‘ ‘
. .
t e l e gr a f e la ju n ajn gee dz ojn L a ge fi an Coj staris

s
I
apu d l a a lt a r o L a p a t r o de mia e dz in o e stas mia

.
b op a t r o mi e st a s lia b ofilo k aj mia p a t r o e st a s la

, ,
b 0p at r o de mia e dz in o
7
Ciu j p ar e n coj de mia
‘
e dz in o e s a s t mia j b 0p ar e n coj , se kv e Si a f
r ato e stas
mia b ofr a t o , S ia fr a ti n o e st a s mia b o f
r a t in o ; mia
f
r a t o k aj f r a ti n o (ge fr a t O J) e st a s 1a b oge fr a t oj de
mia e dz mo La e dz in o de mia n e v o k aj la n e v o
.
8
de mia e dz in o e st a s mi a i b on e v 1n 01 V i r in o
9
.
,
kiu k u r acas e st a s k u r acist in o ; e dz in o de k u r a cist o

,
e st a s ku r a cist e dz in o
1°
L a do k t or e dz in o A v iz it is
. .
h odi a fi la ge do k t or ojn P Li n e e st a s lav ist o l i

.
11
,
164 Th e A mi er ca n E p
s er a n t o B ooh
e stas lav ist in edz o L a filoj n e p oj kaj p r an e p oj

.
,
de r e go e stas r e gidoj L a h eb r e oj e st a s I z r ael .
i doj Car ili de v en a s de I z r ae lo Ce v alido e stas

—
.
,
n e ma t u r a Ce v a l
o k ok ido n e ma t u r a k o k o b ov ido
—
, ,
n e ma t u r a bov o bir dido n e ma t u r a birdo

, .
T R A N S L AT I O N 36
A fat h e r and a mot h e r to ge t h e r ar e call e d
1
pare nts . P e te r
fl‘
Ann e and E liz a b e t h ar e my
,
br ot h e r an d sist e rs Mr and Mr s N will com e .

3
. . .
to ou r h ous e toda y I con gratulat e d b y ‘
“
.
t e l e gr a p h t h e y oun g marri e d coupl e T h e a fli .
an ce d p a ir st oo d at t h e alt a r My w if e s f a t h e r
° ’
.
i s my fat h e r in la w I am h is son in law and my

- -
,
- -
,
f at h e r i s my w if e s f a t h e r in law Allr e lativ e s o f

’
- -
.
7
my wi f e a r e my r e lat i v e s in la w ; cons equ e ntl y h e r - -
brot h e r i s my br ot h e r ln law h e r si st e r i s my - -
,
s ist e r in law ; my bro t h e r an d sist e r ar e t h e brot h e r

- -
and si st e r in law of my W i f e My n e p h e w s wif e

- -
8 ’
a n d my w i f e s n i e ce ar e my ni e ce s in law A
’ 9
- -
.
w oman w h o tr e a ts t h e s ick i s a f e mal e p h y sician

a w i f e o fa p h y si c i a n i s a p h y sici a n s w if e
’ 1°
T he .
w if e o fDr A visit e d tod a y Dr and Mr s P

11
. . He . . .
i s not a laundr y man h e i s a l a undr e ss h usband ,

’
.
”
T h e sons grandson s and gr e a t grandsons o fa
,
-
kin g ar e pr i nce s T h e H e br e w s a r e Is r ae lit e s

‘8
“
.
be c a us e t h e y a r e d e sc e nd e d f r om I srae l A c olt .
i s an imm a tu r e h or s e a c h ick an im ma tur e c h i ck e n , ,
a c a l f a n imm a tu r e cow a fl e d gl i n g an imma ,
tur e bird .
s er a n t o B ook
k iu j lo ga s e n R u su jo e stas R u sujan oj k v an kam ili

, ,
n e e st a s r u soj
°
Li e stas n e le r t a kaj naiva p r o
.
1
v inc a no . L a logan t oj de unu r e gn o e stas s am

r e gn an oj la l ogan t oj de unu urbo e stas sa mu r b an oj
, ,
la k on fe san t oj de unu r e li gio e stas samr e ligian oj .
"
N ia r e gimen t e st r o e stas por sia i sol da t oj ki el
bona patro La bot ist o faras b ot ojn k aj Su om
.
‘3
.
La lign ist o v e ndas li gnon kaj la lign aj ist o fa ras

,
”
t ab lojn se gojn kaj a l
, iajn lign ajn obje k t ojn St e l .
ist on n e n iu l a sas en sian domon La kur a ga 1°

.
mar ist o dr on is e n la maro

‘7
V er kist o v e r k as
.
lib r ojn kaj skr ib ist o simpl e t r an ssk r ib as p a p e r ojn

, .
N i h a v a s div e r sajn se r v an t ojn : k u ir ist o n Ca m ,
”
b r ist in on in f a n ist in on k a j v e t u r igist on
, La r iCulo .
h a v a s mult e da mono Ma lsa gu lon Ciu b a t a s

2°
. .
T i mu l o timas e C sian p r 0p r an omb r on Li e st a s 22

.
”
P r e gu a lla S an k t a
3
me n sogist o k aj maln ob lu lo .
in o
V ir gu l .
T h e s a il or s ou gh t t o ob e y t h e c a ptain
l '
Al l .
in h a bit an ts o f a st a t e ar e citiz ens C it y p e opl e .

’
a r e usuall y mor e c unn i n g t h an village rs ‘

T he .
rul e r o f our countr y i s a good an d wis e kin g .
Th e Pari s i a n s a r e ga y p e o pl e O ur gov e rn or is .
E x er cises 67
strict but just O u r cit y h as good polic e m e n

7
, .
,
but n ot a suffi ci e ntl y e n er ge tic ch i e f of p ol i c e .
8
Lut h e rans and C a lvinists a r e C h ri sti a ns Ger .
9
mans wh o liv e in R ussia ar e R ussi a n citize ns ,
t h ou gh t h e y ar e n ot R ussi a ns H e i s an awk
1°
wa r d and simpl e p r o v inci a l T h e in h abitants o f

.
on e cou ntr y a r e f e ll ow c ount r y me n -

t h e in h a bit a nts
,
o fon e C i t y a r e f e ll ow citiz e ns t h e b e li e v e rs o fon e

-
,
r e li gion a r e f e ll ow r e li gi onists
-
O u r r egim e nt a l
.
‘2
comma nd e r i s like a good f a t h e r t o h is soldi e r s .
T h e s h o e ma k e r m a k e s b oot s a n d s h oe s
‘3 u
T he .
woo d d e a l e r s e ll s wood a n d t h e j o in e r ma k e s t a bl e s ,
c h a i r s an d o t h e r wood e n a r ti cl e s
, N o on e l e ts
.
a t h i e f i nto h is h ous e T h e b r a v e s a ilo r w as

16
.
dr own e d in t h e se a An a ut h o r writ e s b ooks

.
17
,
a n d a c op y ist simpl y copi e s p a p e rs We h a v e .

18
v a r ioii s se rv a nts
—a c oo k a ch a mb er ma id a nu r s e
, ,
,
a n d a c oac h m a n T h e ric h man h a s muc h m on e y

1°
.
,
E v e r y bod y b e a ts a f ool A c owa rd f e a r s e v e n

2° 21
.
h is own s h a d ow H e i s a li ar an d a n i gn obl e
22
.
p e rson . Pr a y to t h e H ol y V ir gin
23
.
s er a n t o B ook
E XE RC IS E 38
densa , dense . br u i , to ma ke a n oise .
k a le So , ca r r iag e .
p lu v o , r a in .
p a fi , t o sh oot .
Cj , masculin e , f e min i n e ; su fli xe s us e d a ft e r
n j ,
t h e first ( 1 t o 6 ) l e tt e rs ofnam e s to f orm e nd ear ,
in g dim i nut i v e s .
Mi a Ce t is a in f
p or l an oj t a bl
e t on kaj k e lk e da
sege t oj .En
1
B
lando sin n e trovas mon t oj se d
n ia ,
nur mon t e t oj T u j post la h e jt o la f

.
,
orno e stis
v ar me ga ,post unu h oro gi e sti s j am nur varma ,
p o st du h or oj gi e sti s nur iom v ar me t a kaj post ,
tri h or oj gi e sti s j am tut e malv ar ma E n some ro ‘

.
u i trov as mal v a r me t on en d e nsai ar bar oj l

s
Li .
sid a s apud la t ablo kaj dor me t as Mallar ga .

°
v oje t o k on du k a s tra tiu Ci kampo a l n i a domo .
S u r lia v iz ago mi v idis gojan r ide t on Kun b r uo

7 ‘
.
on i ma l fe r mis la p or de gon kaj la k ale So e n v e t u r is

,
en la ko t tou T io Ci e stis j am n e simpla p luv o

.
°
,
se d p l u v e go G r a n de ga h undo m e t i s sur m i n
.
sian an t a ii an p ie de gon k aj mi de t e r u r o n e sciis , ,
"
kion fari .Anta l l nia mil it ist ar o stari s granda
"
s e rio da pafilegoj Joh an on N i kolaou E r n e st on
.
, , ,
s er a n t o B ook
E XE RC IS E 39
ko to , dir t . bro s o , hr ush .
r u ga , r ed. h onti , t o he a sh a med .
sol emn
e n a , sol . in f
e k t i , t o infect .
p r i n t e mp o , sp r ing t ime . r e l o r a il
, .
ra d o , wh eel . p e n d i t o h a ng
, .
C apo , p, hon n et
ca . v e n t o win d , .
b lov i , t o hlow kapo h ea d , .
hr a n ch .
En la kota v e t e ro mia v e sto fort e ma lpu eigi s

“
t i al mi p r e n is b r oson k a j p u r igis la v e ston Li .
igis de tim o k a j post e li r u gigis de h onto

‘
p al Li . .
fi an Cigis kun f in o B e rto ; post tri mon at oj e stos

r a ii l
la e dz igo ; 1a e dz iga s ol e n o e stos e n la nova p r e gejo ,
kaj la e dz iga f e sto e stos e n la domo de liaj e st on t a i

bo ge p a t r oj . T iu Ci mal j un ul o tut e ma l
sagigis kaj
in f an igis .
5
Post in fe k t a mals a no on i oft e b r u ligas
a v e st O Jn de la ma l F or igu vian f
°
l san u l o . r a t on ,
Ca r li mal Si e dz in igis kun sia

7
hel pas a l u i .
kuzo kv an k a m s i ai ge p at r o j v olis Sin e dz in igi kun

“
,
ali a p e r son o En l
. a p r in t e mp o la gl a c io k aj la
n e go fl u idiga s Ve n igu la k ur ac ist on Car m i e stas

.
°
,
E x er cises 17 1
ma ls a na Li
si e l B e rlin o mu lt ajn
v e n igis al
lib r ojn Mia on klo me mortis p er n a tur a mort o

.
,
se d li t a m e m n e mor t igis sin me m k a j a nk a ti e stis
mor t igit a de n e n iu unu tagon p r omen an t e a pu d ,
1a r e l oj de fe r v oj o l i f a lis sub la r a dojn de v e t u r an t a

,
v a gon a r o k a j mor t igis Mi n e p en digis mi a n

12
.
Ca p on sur tiu Ci a r b e t o ; se d la v e nt o f or b lov is de
mia kapo la Cap on k a j gi fl u gan t e p en digis su r la

, , ,
b r a n Coj de la a r b e t o S idigu vin (aii sidigu )

13 ’
.
jor o l
1’
La ju n u l
o i
al gis a l n ia milit ist a r o k a j
kura ge b at a lis kun e kun ni k on t r a ti
’
ni a j malamik OJ .
l‘
S tudy ca r e u f lly t h e dist in ct ion b et we e n ig and ig . T he
f or me r is a l way s t r an sit iv e , wh i l e th e l att e r is in t r an S i t ive :
p u r igi t o cl
ea n
, p u r igi , t o become cl
ea n . S en t e nce s 7 an d 1 1
ll ll
w e i ustr ate t h is dif fer en ce .
TRAN S L AT I ON 39
1
In the mudd y we a t h e r my
c oat b e cam e v e r y
d i r t y ; t h e r e for e I t ook a b r us h an d cl e an e d t h e
,
co a t H e t u r n e d pal e w it h f ea r an d aft e rwa rds

2
.
,
h e blus h e d w it h s h am e H e b e cam e e n ga ge d t o
3
.
M iss B e rt h a ; t h r e e mont h s h enc e will b e t h e

we ddin g ; t h e marria ge c e r e m on y will b e in t h e
n e w c h ur ch a n d t h e we ddin g f e stival will be in t h e
,
s er a n t o B ooh
h ous e of h is futur e par e nts in law old man

- -
.
“
T h is
h a s b e com e quit e i mb e cil e an d c h ildi s h A ft e r an
1
5
.
in fe cti ou s dis e as e t h e y oft e n burn t h e clot h e s o f

t h e p a ti e nt S e nd y our brot h e r awa y f
°
. or he ,
h ind e r s us S h e ma r r i e d h e r cousin a lt h ou gh h e r
7
.
,
p a r e nts w is h e d to marr y h er to a n o t h e r p e rson .
I n sp r in g t h e ice and sno w me lt B rin g t h e

2 9
.
d octor b e caus e I am ill

, H e p r ocu r e d for h im
.
s e l f m a n y b ooks from B e rlin My uncl e did not .
die a natur a l d e a t h but h owe v e r , h e di d not

, ,
kill h i ms e lf a n d wa s n ot kill e d b y an yon e ; on e

,
da y w h il e walkin g n e ar t h e rails o ft h e r ailr oa d

, ,
h e f e ll und e r t h e wh ee ls o fa mo v in g tr a in an d was
kill e d . I did not h an g my cap upon t h is

12
s h r ub ; but t h e w ind bl e w t h e cap f r o m my h e ad ,
and it fl y in g h un g its e lf on t h e br a n ch e s o ft h e
, ,
sh rub S e at y ours e l f (or b e s e a t e d ) sir

‘3
. , T he , .
y out h j o in e d ou r ar my an d fou gh t brav e l y to ge t h e r ,
wit h us a gainst ou r e n e mi e s
, .
s er a n t o B ook
s idas e n la ku ir ejo L a ku r acist o k on silis a lmi ir i en

“
.
Sv it b an e jon . Mkiu oni v e ndas cigar ojn

agaz e n o , e n ,
a h Ca mb r o e n k i u on i t e nas ciga r ojn

, e st a s c iga r e jo ,
sk a t o le t o a il alia ob je k t o e n kiu on i t e n a s cigar ojn , ,
e stas cigar uj o ; t u be t o en kiu oni m e tas ci garon , ,
kiam on i gin fumas e stas cigar in go ,

u
S k a t olo .
’
,
e n kiu oni t e nas p l u mojn e stas p l u mu jo kaj bas , ,
t on e t o sur k i u oni t e nas p lu mon p or skr iba do

, ,
e stas p l u min go E n la k an de lin go s i das br ul

7 ‘
. an t a
k an de l o E n la po s o de m i a p an t olon o m i portas
.
mon uj on kaj en la po s o de m i a su r t u t o m i portas

,
p ap e r ujon pli grandau p ap e r u jon mi portas su b la

brako . La r u soj l ogas e n R u sujo kaj la ger man oj
‘2
en G er man u jo .
In t he cours e of a fe w minut e s I h e ard t wo

s h ots . T h e s h o o tin g continu e d v e r y lon g
2
I .
’
jumpe d from surpr i s e I jump v e ry skilfull y I

.
‘
.
jump e d allday from plac e to plac e H is sp ee c h of .

°
y e st e rda y was v e r y fin e but too muc h s pe ak i n g tire s

,
h im .
7
Whe n y ou be gan to spe ak we e xp e ct e d to h e ar ,
som e t h in g n ew but soon saw t h at we we r e d e ce iv e d

, .
H e is sin gin g a v e r y b e auti f u l son g S i n gi n g is an

l
‘ °
.
0
a gr e e a bl e occup a tion T h e diamon d h a s a b e au
.
1
E x er cises 17 5
ti f u l sp a rkl e .T w o fl a s h e s o f li gh tnin g p a ss e d
a c r o s s t h e d a r k sk y T h e h ous e in w h i ch p e opl e
12
.
l e a r n is a s ch ool h ous e an d t h e h ous e in wh i ch

-
,
wh ic h t h e y pr a y i s a c h u r ch T h e co ok s its in
23
.
t h e kitc h e n T h e d oct o r a dvi se d me t o go t o a

22
.
T u r ki sh b a t h A st or e in wh i ch t h e y s e ll ci ga rs
I5
.
,
or a r oom in wh ich t h e y k ee p ci gars i s a c i ga r ,
st or e ; a s ma ll b ox or o t h e r o bj e c t in wh i ch p e opl e
k e e p ci ga rs is a ci ga r c a s e ; a littl e tub e in wh ic h
-
on e puts a ci gar wh e n h e sm ok e s it is a ci gar ,
h old e r A b ox in w h ic h we k ee p p e n s i s a p en
2°
.
ca s e, a n d a littl e stick on wh i ch we h a v e a p en f
, or
wr itin g i s a p e n h old e r I n t h e c a ndl e sti c k is a

17
.
,
burnin g c a ndl e In t h e p ock e t o fmy trous e rs

.
12
I c a r r y a purs e and in t h e p ocke t o fmy o v e r coa t

,
I ca rr y a p ocke tbook ; a l a r ge r d ocu me n t ca se I -
ca r r y und e r my a r m R us si a ns liv e in R ussi a

.
,
a n d G e r ma n s in G e r ma n y .
s er a n t o B ook
E XE RC IS E 41
S t alo , st eel
. fl e k si , t o hen d .
v i t ro , gl
a ss . ro m p i to hr ea k
, .
Ia fi di , t o p r a i se . m e m o r i t o r ememher
, .
S par i , t o economiz e . b a ga t e lo, t r ifl e .
v e n gi , to a veng e . e k sc i t i, t o ex cit e .
po l v o , dust .
e k sp lodi , t o ex p lode .
p u lv o , g u npow der .
er , on e o f m a n y o bj ects o ft h e sam e kind : s abl o ,
sa n d ; sa b le r o , a gr a in o f sa n d .
1
St alo e stas fl e k se b la , f
se d e r o n e e stas fl e k se b l
a .
V itro st a s r omp e b la k aj
2
e t r av ide b l
a . N e Ci u
kr e sk a j o e st a s ma n ge b l p a r ol o e st a s tut e ‘
a . V ia
n e k omp r e n e b l a k a j v iaj l e t e r oj e st a s Ci a m sk r ib it a j
tut e n e le ge b le R a k on t u a l mi vi a n ma lf
.
l
s
eliCon ,
Ca r e bl e mi po v o s h e lpi a lv i Li r a k on t is a l mi .
h ist or ion tut e n e kr e de b l Cu v i a mas vi a n

2
an .
p a tr on ? ‘
K ia de ma n do l k omp r e n e b l e k e m i lin ,
a ma s Mi k r e de b le n e p ov o s v e n i a lvi h odia ii
9 '
.
,
Ca r mi pe ns a s k e m i me m h a v o s h odia ii ga st ojn
'
.
,
1°
Li e stas h o mo n e k r e din da V ia a go e stas t r e .
T iu Ci gr a va ta go r e stos p or mi Ciam
22
la ii din da .
me mor in da Lia e dz in o e stas t r e la bor e ma k aj

.
‘2
Sp a r e ma se d S i e st a s a n k a ii t r e b a b ile ma kaj ‘
k r iema .L i e st a s t r e e k k o ler e ma k aj e k scit iga s

o ft e Ce l a p lej ma lgr a n da b aga t e lo ; t a me n li e stas
t r e p a r don e ma li n e p o r t a s l on ge la k ol e rou k a j li
,
m
tut e n e e stas v e n ge ma Li e st a s t r e k r e de ma .
of ! la pl a jn a f
e j n e k r e de b l e r om k iu j n r a k on t a s a lli ,
s er a n t o B ook
E XE R C IS E 42
a t i n gi t o a t t a in , . r e z ult a t o , r esul
t.
S i r i t o t ea r r en d
, , . p e co p iece
, .
m o s to u n iver sa lt it le , . e p i sk op o , hzsh op .
gr a f o ea l cou n t , r , . difi n i , t o define .
N i Ciu j ku n v e n is, p or p r ip ar oli t r e gr a v an a f

1
er on ;
se d u i n e p ov is atin gi ian r e zu l t a t on , k a j n i disir is .
2
Ma lf
eliCo oft e ku n iga s la h omojn k aj fe liCo o ft e
“
,
disiga s ilin M i disSir is la le t er on kaj disj e t is

.
gia jn p e ce t ojn e n Ciu jn a n gu lojn de la Ca mb r o .
‘
Li donis a lmi m on o n se d mi gin tuj r e don is a lli
“
.
,
Mi f or ir a s se d a t en du min Car mi b a ld a l i r ev en os
“
.
, ,
L a suno r e b r ila s e n la kl a r a a k v o de la riv e r o .
2
M i dir is a lla r e go : v ia r e ga mo St o p ar don u min ] ,
E lla tri l e t e r oj unu e stis a dr e sit a : a l Lia E pis

2
kopa Mo s to S in jor o N ; la dua : al lia Gr a fa

, .
Mo s to S in jor o P la t r i a : a lLia MoSt o S in jor o

, ,
D . La sufik so um n e h a v a s difin it an sign ifon

1
'
. .
k a j ti a l la (t r e malmu l t ajn ) v or t ojn kun u m on i

d e v as l e rn i ki e l simp lajn v or t ojn
,
o
E k z e mp le
l
pl en u mi k ol u mo manu mo
, M i v ol ont e p le n u mis
, .
l i a n de z ir on E n ma lb on a v e t e ro on i p ov a s fa cil e
.
‘2
ma lv a r mu mi S a n o s a n a s a n e s a ni sanu sa n
.
, , , , ,
iga , san e co , san il

o , sa n ig i, sa n i gi , san e o , san ist o ,
j
san n lma lsan o ma ls a n a ma l sa n e ma lsani ma l
o, , , , ,
samulo ma lsa n iga ma lsa n igi, ma lsan e t a , ma l sa n

, ,
ema malsan u lejo ma lsan u list o ma lsan er o ma l

, , , ,
sa n e r a r o , sa n ige b l
a, sa n ig ist o , sa n ig i l
o, san il
o,
E x er cises 1 79
ga n t o sa n igilejo sa n ige jo ma ls a n
r e san igi, r e sa n i , , ,
e mul o sa n ilar o ,ma lsa n ar o ma lsan u lido me sa n a

, , , ,
ma lsa n a do san ila j o ma lsan e co ma lsa n e me co

‘
, , , ,
sa n igin da sa n i lu jo sa n igil, sa n o r e ma l
u jo r e ma l , , ,
sa n igo mal sa n u lin o, sa n igist a ist a s a nil

sa n igi l , , ,
ist a , malsan u list a k t p

a
. . .
TRAN S L AT I ON 42
W e a ll con v e n e d t o di scuss a v e r y i mp ort a nt
1
matt e r but we c ould n ot att a in a n y r e sult an d we

, ,
s e par a t e d Un h a ppin e ss o ft e n u n it e s p e opl e a n d

.
2
a n d h a ppin e ss oft e n s e p a r a t e s t h e m I t o r e up
2
t h e l e tt e r a n d sca tt e r e d its fr a gme nts int o a l l c or

n e r s of t h e r oom H e ga v e me mon e y b u t I
‘
“
.
,
i mme di a t e l y r e turn e d i t t o h im I a m go in g
“
.
a wa y but await me a s I s h a ll soon r e tu r n

, , T he .
su n r e fl e cts in t h e c l e a r wa t e r o f t h e riv e r
7
I
“
.
sa id to t h e kin g Your M a j e st y p a r d on me !
“
,
O ft h e t h r e e l e tt e rs on e w as a dd r e ss e d :
2
T o H is
,
R e v e r e nc e B is h op t h e s e cond T o H is
“
,
E x c e ll e nc y C ou nt t he th i r d T o T h e H on
or a b l e Mr D ” “ ,
T h e su f
. fi x u m h as n o d e fi nit e
.
me a n in g a n d t h e r e for e t h e (v e r y few ) words wit h

,
u m on e s h o uld l e arn a s simpl e w ords

1°
F or e x .
a mpl e : p l I w illin gl y
11
en u mi k olu mo ma n u mo , , .
f u l fill e d h is d e sir e I n b a d we at h e r on e ca n .
‘2
e a s il y c a tc h c old .
“ Th fifty t he wo d h w
‘
h
-
r eef m th r t s s o n er e ro e r oo san
’
ar e
se lf d fi g d
-
e ni n t i ll u t t t h
an W i d l t i t ud
se r ve o f s ra e e e a e o ex
p i
r e ss onwh i h m y b h ad by u c ofth a am e se e xes.
180 T h e A mer i ca n E sp er a n t o B ooh
C O RR E S P O N DE N C E
In t he dat e lin e o fa l e tt e r we usuall y omit t h e
-
,
p r e p o siti on j e a n d writ e t h e da y oft h e mont h wit h

a c c u s a ti v e si gn foll ow in g t h e fi g ur e s
St . Lou i s , 18 de A cig ust o, 1 9 08.
San Fr a n ciska , 2 6
“ de M a r t a , 19 1 4 .
E v e r y on e ma ysafe l y u se h is own tast e as to

t h e f or m o fs a lut a tion conformin g h o we v e r to t h e
, , ,
r e l a ti o ns b e t wee n a dr esa n t o an d a dr esa t o By a .
p e culi a r p a r a d ox t h e mo st for mal st y l e of a ddre ss

“
,
f or A m e r i ca ns ,My D e ar Madam ”
i s fa r fr o m ,
f or ma l i t y in its lit e ra l m e a nin g an d s h ould t h e ,
a v e r a ge E ur o p e a n b e addr e ss e d as M i a K a r a h e
wo u ld inf e r a t l e a st so me d e gr e e o f a ff e cti on A .
f e w o ft h e m a n y forms o fgr ee tin g ar e
R esp eh t a t a S inj or i n o
Tr e E st i ma t a A miho
K a r a K oleg o
S a midea no
a
K ar a
T he forms of closin g l e tt e rs muc h sam e

i n E n gl i s h
K un p lena r es eh t o ,
p
Tr e v er e v ia ,
K un gr a n da est i mo , e tc: , e tc.
‘
S a m - ide - e u -o , a fel
lo w t h i n ke r
-
.
s er a n t o B ook
T oront o , Kanad o , 17
“de Aprilo , 1 908 .
D "0
W F C od y
. .
,
G a l v e ston T e x a s, , U . S . A .
Mia K a ra S a mide an o
R e spo n dan t e vi a n le t e r on pri la r e cip r o k a int e r
San ga do de man u skr ip t oj p r e di kaj mi , p ov a s di r i k e
mi mult e la p r oje kt on P e r tiu Ci far ado
a p r ob a s .
n i sen du be r ice v os mult e da h e l p on k a j p l ib on igo s ,
nian labor a don Mi s e nd a s a lv i p e r la sa ma p o s t o

.
”
la n otojn de mia h ie r a ii a p r e diko t it olit a J u pli da
'
,
”
S apo de s pli da S an k t e co
,
M i v e r e kr e d a s k e on i
.
n e p ov a s p u r ig i la mor oj n de la a masoj gis kia m
ili h av os su fi Ce da r iCe co p or gu i p u r a jn domojn ,
pur a n a e r on k aj p u r ajn v e st ojn Cu v i op in ia s k e .
mi e r ar as?
Fr a t e V i a ,
es S a u n der s H a mm
Ch a r l .
N ov e mbr o l
a 6 1 9 06 .
S e kr e tar io de l ’
Al ge ra E sp e r a ntist a S bcie to ,
4, r ue du M a r in e , Al ge r o Al ge r ujo , .
R e sp e k t a t a S in jor o
Cu v i p ov a s d oni a l mi p o s tk a rt e a dr e son de , ,
juna al ge ra e sp e r an t ist in o kiu k r e de b le Satu s k or e s

pondi kun n ord a m e ri ka sa mide an in o ? M i mult e
-
int e re sas pri la a fe r o nia e n Att i k o k a j dez ir a s pli ,
de t a l
e sc iigi Kun kora d anko pro via komp lez o
.
,
mi su b sk r ib a s min sin jor o , ,
V ia h u mil
a se r v a n t in o ,
A lher t a V E dwa r ds . .
Adr e so : Gri f
f Mo U S , .
, . . A .
Cor r p
es on den ce 1 83
E sp e ci a ll y in co r r e sp ond e nce w it h for e i gn p e r

sons , on e s h ould b e c a r e ful t o w r it e pl a i n l y a s t o
,
man y o ft h e se E sp er a n t o sc r ipt is n ot e a s y t o r e a d
unl e ss cl ea r l y writt e n B e p ar ti cul a rl y car e ful a s
.
t o n a me a n d add r e ss . W e Ame ricans m a n y o f

,
w h om h a bitu a ll y u se fi gur e s o f sp e e ch ca ll e d sla ng

w h il e n e w a n d g ood E ng li sh wh e n t h e gloss i s wor n
,
of ,f must r e me mb e r t h at su ch l a n gu a ge ca nn o t be
t r a n sl a t e d
. An I ndi a n a man wr it e s me t h a t a
c e r t a in b ook i s a p er siko H e i s a rar e Am e r ic a n
.
w h o d oe sn t kn ow w h a t is me a nt b y a me t a p h ori ca l
’
“
p e a c h a n d mo st E u r op e a n s would und e r st a nd
”
“
,
i f we me ntion e d bi r d ; b u t to t h e h o me gr own
”
-
J a p a n e se or M a ori t h e se wor ds wou ld indi ca t e

t h in gs p e rt a inin g t o h orticulture an d ornit h ol ogy .
s er a n t o B ooh
LA E S PE RA N T I S M O
La sek va n t a Dekla r a cio est is el
don a t a de la Un ua
I n t er n a cia K ong r eso E p er a n t ist a
s en B ou l
og n e -
su r
l
fi er , a 9 a n de A ztg ust o,
l 1 9 05
Car pr i la e sen co de la e sp e ran tis mo mult ai

h a vas t r e mal v er a n ide on tial u i su b sk r ib in t oj
, ,
r e p r e z en t an t oj de l a e sp e rantismo e n div e r sa j l
a n doj
de la mondo ku n v e n in t aj alla I n t e r n acia K on gr e so

,
E sp e ranti sta e n B oulo gn e sur Me r t r ov is n ece se

- -
,
l aii la p r op on o de la afi t or o de E sp eranto d on i la
se k v an t a n kl
a r igon .
1. L a e sp e r anti smo e stas p e nad o disv a st igi en
la tuta mond o la u z a don de lin gv o n e iit r a le h om a ,

”
kiu n e e n t r u dan t e sin e n la int e rn a n v iv on de la
,
p o p ol oj kaj n en iom c e lant e e l p u Si la e kz ist a n t ajn

”
lin gv oj n n a cia jn donu s alla h omoj de malsama j
,
n acioj la e blon k omp r e n iga di int e r si kiu povos ,
s e r v i ki e l p aciga lin gv o e n p u b lik aj in st it u cioj de

t iu j l an doj k ie div e r sa j n a cioj b a t a l
, a s int e r s i pri
la l in gv o kaj en kiu pov o s e sti p u b likiga t aj tinj

,
v e r k o] k iu j h avas e ga l
, a n in t e r e son p or Ciu j po p o
Ciu ali a i d e o a il e spe ro kiun tiu a h a li a ,
e sp e r an t ist o li gas kun la e spe rantis mo e stas lia ,
a le r o pure p r ivata por kiu la e sp e r antismo n e

r e spond a s .
2 . Car en la nun a t e m po n en iu e sp lor an t o jam

s er a n t o B ooh
t ist oj fund ame nt o de la lin gv o E sp e ranto e stas la

“
F und a me nt o de E sp e r a nto e n kiu n e ni n
”
v e r ke t o ,
h a v a s la r a j t on f a r i Sa n gon . S e iu de klin iga s de la

r e gu l o j k a j mode l oj don it aj e n la d i ri ta v e r k o l i
“
,
n e n ia m p o vos p r a v igi sin p er la v or t oj ti el de z ir as

a a ii t or o de E sp e ranto Cinn ide on
”
af i k on sil as l
’
.
,
kiu n e p ov a s e sti oportun a e sp r ima t a p e r tiu mat e

“
r ia l o kiu t r ov iga s e n la
, Fundame nto de E sp e r a n
to Ciu e sp e r an t ist o h avas la r ajt on e spri mi e n tia
,
”
mani e ro kiun l i trovas la p le j gusta ti e l sam e ki e l

, , ,
e stas f a r a t e e n Ciu a lia lin gv o S e d p r o pl e n a

.
u n u eco de la lin gv o al Ciu j e sp e r an t ist oj e st a s

r e k o me n da t e imit a di ki e l e bl e p l ej mult e tiun
st il on , kiu t r ov iga s e n la v er k oj de la k r e in t o de
E sp e r a nto kiu la p l
, e j mult e l a b or is p or kaj e n
E sp e ran t o kaj la p l
, e j bon e konas gi a n sp ir it on .
5
. E sp er an t ist o e stas nom a t e Ciu p er son o kiu ,
s c i a s kaj uzas la lin gvon E sp e r a nto tut e e gal e por

, ,
k ia j ce 10j li gin uzas Ap a r t e n a do a lia a kti a socie t o

. v
e spe r a n tist a p o r Ciu e sp er an t ist o e stas r e k ome n d
inda se d de de v iga
, .
V O C A B ULAR I E S
oll owin g E sp e r anto E n glis h

T he f - V oc a bular y
c ont a ins lo ft h e
al word - r oo ts
found in t h e F u n da
men t o de E sp er a n t o wit h s om e h undr e ds o f o t h e rs
,
in ge n e r a l u se T h e stud e nt must und e rstand t h a t

.
t h e gr e at ma jorit y of t h e s e r oots can b e c h a n ge d

b y t h e addition o ft h e v a r iou s gr a mmatical e ndin gs
and o f t h e pr e fi x e s an d su fli x e s ; so t h a t h avin g ,
a ppr opri a t e d a t h ou sa nd E sp e rant o roots h e will ,
p o ss e ss a worki n g vocabul a ry ofs e v e r a l t h ousand

wo r ds .
T h e E n glis h E sp e r a nto V oc a bul a r y i s m e r e l y a

-
suppl e me nt a r y h e lp to assist t h e stud e nt in fi ndin g

,
t h e r oot c onn e ct e d w i t h t h e i dea h e h as in mind .
I t cont a ins fe w f e minin e n ouns t h e se b e in g for me d ,
f r om t h e ge n e ral or masculin e t e rm b y a ddin g t h e

su f fix i n . H undr e ds o fw ords for wh ic h E sp e r a nt o
h as no root e q u iv a l e nt a r e tr anslat e d b y t h e wor d
o f c ontrar y me anin g w it h t h e pr e fi x ma l T h e
, .
me t h od o fw ord buildin g i s s h own in t h e follo win g

-
s e r i e s ofwords fr om t h e root for h ea lt h :

S a no h e a lt h
, .
S a n i to b e h ea lt h y
, .
S ana h ea lt h y
, .
S an e h e a lt h full y
, .
S a n i gi to ma k e h e alt h y
, .
Voea hu l
a r ies
S an igi , to be co me h e alt h y .
M al s a n i to b e ill
, .
M al s a no s ickn e ss
, .
M a lsa n e co t h e stat e o fb e in g sick

, .
S a n n lo a h e alt h y p e rson
, .
M a lsan u lo an invalid , .
R e sa n i ge b la curabl e , .
N e sa n i ge b la i ncurabl e , .
M a lsa n u lej o a s a nit a riu m h o spit a l

, ,
R e sa n i ga n t a c o n v a l e sce nt
, .
R e m a lsa n igi to suff e r a r e l a ps e

, .
M a lsa n e m a sickl y , .
M a lsa n e r o a m a l a d y , .
M a lsa n e r a r o a c a t e go r y o fdi se a s e s
, .
S a n e m u lin o a h ea lt h il y in c l i n e d f e ma l e
,
-
.
S a n igilo a me d i cin e
, .
S a n i gilar o , ma t er ia mediea .
S a n igi st o,a p h y sici a n .
M a lsa n e t o a sli gh t dis e as e

, .
M a lsa n e go a e r y s e r ious ma lad y

, v .
S a n igiluj o a m e di c in e ca se
, .
E t c e tc e t c
. , S ee f
,, ull list o f a fli x e s pp
. , .
69 .
4 E p
s e r a n t o- E rig /i sh Voca hu la r y
a d voka t o -
, att or n e y , a gr a f
-o
,
me t a l l p c as
a d v oc a t e a gr e ga t - o , a ggr e ga t e
aer o - air ; , se r umi ,

to a gr i ku l tu r o -
, a gr icu l
v e ntilat e tu r e
aer o me t r - o, ae r ome t e r a gro no m i o -
, ag o r no my
a e r on a ii t ik - o a e r on a u t
’
, ag o a ge
-
,
ics aj l o ga r li c
-
,
a e ro sta t a e rostat - o, aj u ev er : ki a m j
a n,
af abla affa bl e
-
, w h ene ver
af e k c i o aff e ction ( n o t
-
, aj , som e t h i n g ma d e f r om
lo v e ) or p osse s si n g t h e
af e k t i to a f fe ct
-
, qu a lit y o f: b ovo ox ,
a fe r o affai r m a tt e r
-
, , b ov a j o heef ; bela , ,
af o r i sm o ap h orism -
,
hea u t tfu l; b e laj o , a
a fi k s o aff ix
-
, hea u t tfu lt h ing .
a fi S o placard
-
, a k a c i - o , a ca c i a
af r a n k i t o p a y p o st a ge
-
,
akad e m i -
o , a ca d”e my
A fr ik o A f r i ca-
,
0
akap ar - i, to c o rn e r
af u st o gu n c a rri a ge
-
,
- t he ma r k e t ”
of
a g i to act
-
, a ka r - o mit e
, , ti c k
a ga c i to se t t h e t e e t h
-
,
a k ce l- i
, to h ast e n , ac
o n e d ge ce l
e r a te
a ga r i k o mus h room -
,
a k ce n t - o, ac ce n t
a ga t o a ga t e
-
,
a k c e p t i to a c ce pt
-
,
a ge n d o n o t e book -
,
-
a k ce so r o a cce ssor y
-
,
a ge n t o a ge nt -
,
a k c i o s h a r e o fst o c k
-
,
a gi t i t o a g it a t e (pol)
-
,
. a k c ide n t o a ccid e nt -
,
a gio t o a sp e cul a ti o n in
-
, a k c i p i t r o h aw k -
,
stocks a k c i z o e x c i se
-
,
a gl o e a gl e
-
,
aki r i t o a cq u ir e
-
,
a gl om e r i to agglom -
, ak l a m i t o a cclai m
-
,
e t ate a k n o pi mpl e
-
,
a gl u t i n i t o a gglutin a t e -
,
a k omp a n i to a e com -
,
a go n i o a gon y -
,
pan y
a go rd i t o t u n e -
, a ko m od -i , accommoda t e
a gr a b I a a gr e ea bl e -
, to to, fit
E sp er a n to
o
E ng lish Voca hul
ar y
ako n i t aconit e
- o, alg-o
i d
, se a - we e
a k o r d o c h ord (music)
-
, al ge b r o al g e bra -
,
akr a s h ar p
-
, A l ge r i o A l gi e rs -
,
a k r i d o g rass h opp e r
-
,
al h e m i o alc h e my -
,
akroba t o acrobat -
, al i a ot h e r
-
,
a k s o axl e
-
, al i e ot h e rwis e
-
,
aks e l o a xl e h ol e
-
,
- al ib i o alibi-
,
a k s i om o a x i om -
, al i n e o p ara gr a p h or
-
,
a k t o act ( t h e atrical )
-
, br e a k i n p r intin g
ak t i v a activ e (g r a m )
-
, al i gato r o alli gat or -
,
ak to r o actor
-
, a lk o e lk
-
,
a k u r a t a a c curat e
-
, a lkal i o alkali -
,
aku s t i k o accou st ics -

, alko h o l o al co h ol -
,
a ku S i - to d e liv e r a
, a lko y o al cov e -
,
woman al m a n a k o al manac -
,
aku t a acut e
-
, al me n a fi at l e ast ,
a k u z a t iv o accusativ e -
, al moz o alms -
,
a k v o w at e r
-
,
al n o ald e r
-
,
akv af or t o aquaf ortis -

, al o o al o e s
-
,
ak v a r e l o a paintin g-
, a 10pa t i o allopat h y -
,
in wat e r col or - A lp oj Alps

-
,
a k v a r i o aquarium-
, al p a k o alpaca -
,
a l to or toward
,
al t a h i gh
-
,
al e bas t r o alabast e r -
, al ta r o altar-
,
al ar m o alarm -
, al t e o m a rs h mallow
-
,
al a ii d o la r k (bird )
’
-
, a l t e rn i t o alt e rn a t e
-
,
alban o Alb ani a n

-
, al t e rn at i v o an alt e r -
,
alb i no s o albino -
, nativ e
alb u m o album -
, al u m e t o matc h -
,
a lbu m e n o album e n -
, al u n o alum -
,
al c i o n o h alc y on
-
, al u d i to allud e to
-
,
al d o alto
-
, a m al ga m o a mal gam -
,
al e o
- w a lk pat h
, , a m a s o cr ow d -
,
al e gor i o all e gor y -

,
a m a t or -
o, a ma t e u i
'
al e n o awl
-
, a m ba sado r -o
, a mbassa
al f a b e t o alp h abe t -
, dor
6 E sp er a n t o- E ng l
i sh Voca hula r y
a mb aii bot h ’
, a n Cov - o , anc h ov y
a m b i c i o a mb it ion
-
,
A n d oj And e s
-
,
amb I o - ambl e , A n da lu z i o A ndalus i a -

,
a m bo s anvil
- o, an e kd o t o an ecdot e -
,
a mb r o amb e r gris
-
, a n e k s i to ann e x
-
,
a mb r o z i o ambr o si a -
, an o m o n o an e mon e -
,
a m b u l an o o ambul a nce -
, a n gi l o ee l
-
,
a m e l o starc h
-
, an gi n o quin s y an gina
-
, ,
a m e n ! a men ! a n gl a E n gli sh
-
,
A m e r ik o Am e r i ca -
,
an gl o E n glis h m a n
-
,
a m e t i st o am e t h y st
-
, a n gl i sm o an gl i cis m -
,
a m fl b i a amp h ibi o us
-
, an gu l o an gl e c o rn e r
-
, ,
a mfi t e a t r - o, a mp h it h e a n ge l o a n ge l
-
,
t r
a e a n ge l u s o an ge lus -
,
am ik o -
, r i e nd
f a n i l i n o anilin e
-
,
a mi n du m i ma k e l ov e -
, an i m o soul -
,
a m n e st i o amn e st y -
, a n i z o anis e
-
,
a mo n i a k o a mmoniac -
, s u ka h also ,
a mp l e k s o e x t e nt siz e a n k o r a ii y e t still
‘
-
, , , ,
a mp u t i amputat e
-
, a n k r o anc h or
-
,
a mu z i t o a mus e
-
, a no m al i o anomal y -
,
an, suffix indic a tin g a a no n e i announc e

-
,
m e mbe r c itiz e n p ar , , a n o n i m a an on y mou s -

,
tis a n e t c : A m e r ik o
, .
, an s
A mer i ca ; A m e ri kano , anser - oos e
o, g
an A mer ica n a n st a t a i i inst e ad of '
a na gra m - o, a n a gr a m ant ,si gn of pr e s e nt act

a n a k r o n is m - o , an a ch r o iv e p a rticipl e : a m an ta
nism ov i ng
l
an aliz - i , to an a l y z e an ta go n i sm - o, an tag
a n al o gi o a n a l ogy
-
, o n is m
a n al i t ik o an a l y tics
-
, an ta go n i s t - o, antagon
ana n a s o pin ea ppl e
-
, i st
a n a r h i o an a rc h y
-
, k t a , antarctic
a n t ar -
a n a t o m i o anatom y su t al
i , b e f or e
'
-
,
a na s o duck
-
, a nt e n - o, ant en na
8 E p
s er a n to- E ng lsh i Voca hu la r y
a r e opa g o ar e opa gus -

, ar t e me z i - o, worm wood
ar e s t i to arr e st
-
, a rt e ri o art e r y
-
,
a r gi l o c l a y
-
, a rt e z a art e s i a n
-
,
ar go n o a r gon -
, a r t ifi k o a rti fi c e
-
,
a r gu m e n t o ar gum e nt -
, a r t i k o j oint
-
,
A r gu s o Ar gu s -
, ar t ik o l- o , ar t icle (g r a m .
)
a r ge n t o silv e r -
, a r t ile r i - o , a r till e r y
a r h a i k a arc h aic
-
, arti s t a r ti st
-
o,
a r h a i sm o a r ch ais m -
, a r t i S ok o a rti ch ok e
-
,
ar h e o logi -
o , a r ch e o l
ogy a r t r i t o a r t h r itis
-
,
a r h ip e lag - o, arc h ip e l a s pr e s e nt t e ns e e ndin g

,
a go o f v e rbs
ar h it e k tur - o, a r ch it e c a s o a ce o fcards
-
, ,
tur e a sa f e t id o a s a f e tida -
,
ar h it r a v - ar ch itrav e
o, a s b e s t o a sb e st o s
-
,
a r h iv o -
, a rc h i v e s a se k u r i t o ins u r e
-
,
a ri o air (music)
-
, s s e rt i to ass e rt
-
,
a r i s tokra t o a r ist ocrat -

, a s e s o r o an assi stant
-
,
a r i t m e t ik o ari t h m e tic -
, jud ge
ark o arc b ow
-
, , a sfi k si o asp h y x ia
-
,
a r k a d o arcad e
-
, a si gn i t o assi gn
-
a r k e o ark (N oa h s) a si m i l i to assimilat e
’
- -
, ,
ar kt a - a rctic
, a si st i to assi st
-
,
ar l e k e n o h arl equin
-
, a sk a r i d- o , wor
sp ool m
ar m i -
, to ar m a s ke t asc e ti c
- o,
a r m e o arm y
-
, a sk e t i sm o asc e ti c i sm -
,
a r m e n o Ar me nian-
, a so c i o - associat i on
, ,
ar n i k o arn ica
-
, o r ganizati on
a t o g i (a l s i ) to arro
-
, a son a n c o ass on a nc e -
,
ga t e t o on e s e l f a sp a r a g o asp a r a gus -
,
a r o ga n t a arr oga nt -
, a s p e k t o asp e ct -
,
a ro m o ar oma
-
, a s p i d o asp aspic
-
, ,
a r or u t o ar r o wroot
-
, a S p i r i to aspi r e
-
,
a r p e g o arp e ggi o
-
, a s t e ro i d oj a st e r o id s -
,
a r se ni k o ars e nic -
, a st r oj st a rs in ge n e r al
-
, ,
a r t o art
-
, a st ro lo gi o astr ology -
,
E p
s er a n t o-E ng lsh i Voea hula r y
a s tro n o m i - o, astron a iik c i - o ,

‘
auction
my aii r e o l o aur e ol e
‘
o -
,
at i gn of t h e pre s e nt
s a ii r i k l o auricl e
'
-
,
p a ssi v e p a rti cipl e A ii r o r o Aurora

’
-
,
a m a t e heing loved , a fi sk u l t i t o list e n -

,
a tak i t o attack
-
, a fi sp i c oj auspice s-
,
a tav i s m o atavism a ii st r o an Austri a n

‘
- -
, ,
a t e i sm o at h e ism -
, A fi st r a li o Austr a lia -
,
a t e i st o at h e ist
-
, a ii t e n t i k a
‘
aut h e nti c -
,
a t e n c i t o att e mpt
-
, a fi t ob i ogr a fi o a uto -
,
a t e n d i to wait -
, bi ograp h y
at ou t a att e ntiv e
-
, a ii t o gr a fo auto grap h
’
-
,
at e s t i to att e st
-
, a fi t ok r a t o autocr a t -
,
at i n g i r e ac h att a in
-
, , af i t ok r a t i o aut ocr a c y -
,
A t l an t i k a Atlantic a ii t om a t o auto mat on

'
- -
, ,
a t l a s o sa ti n
-
, a fi t o m ob il o sutomo -
,
atl e t o at h l e t e
-
, bil e
a t m o sf e r o atmosp h e r e a ii t or o aut h or
'
- -
, ,
a to m o ato m a ii t or i t a t o aut h o rit y

’
- -
, ,
a t r i b u i t o attribut e
-
, a fi t u n o autu mn -
,
a tri b u t o attribut e -
, a v o g randfat h e r
-
,
a t r i p l o mount a in spin
-
, ava r a a v ari ci ou s
-
,
a ch av e l o h az e lnut
-
,
a t r ofi - o, atrop h y a v e n o oa ts -
,
a t u t o t r u mp at c a rds
-
, , a v e n t u r o adv e ntur e -
,
'
a ii ,or e it h e r
, av i d a a vid e age r
-
, ,
a ti d i to h e ar
‘
-
, av i z i t o n oti f y
-
,
a fi di t o r i o a udi e nc e g , az e n o a ss donke y
-
, ,
a ii gu r o au gur y A z i o Asia
'
- -
, ,
A fi gu st o Au gust -
, azo t o az ot e -
,
B
bab i l i , to c h att e r
- b aj on e t - o , ba yon e t
b a b o r d- o , l a r bo a rd b a k - i , to bak e
h a e i l - o , ba cillus b a k t e r i - o , ba ct e riu m
b a ga t e l- o , trifl e bal - o, b a ll danc e ,
10 E sp er a n t o- E ug l
i sh Voea hula r y
b a Ia - i ,to s wee p b arb i r barbe r

-o
,
ba l ad o ball a d-
, b a r Co be e t r o o t soup
,
-
b a la n c i to b a lanc e-
, b ar e l o barr e l c a sk
-
, ,
b a la st o b a ll a st
-
, b a ri e r o ba r r i e r
-
,
b a lb u t i t o sta mme r
-
, b a r i k a d o b a r ri ca d e -
,
b a lda k e n o canop y -
,, b a ri to n o b a rit on e -
,
b a lda ii s oon bari u m 0 bariu m

'
-
, ,
bal e n o wh al e -
, bark o bark (b oat )
-
,
bal e t o b a ll e t
-
, b a r o m e t r o b a ro me t e r -
,
b a l ko n o b a lcon y
-
, baro n o b a r o n-
,
ba l o n o b a lloon
-
, b a s o b a s e (music)
-
,
ba l o t i t o v o t e b y ball ot
-
, ba s e n o r e s e rv oir
-
,
B a l t a B altic
-
, ba s k o s kirt o fga r me nt
-
,
b a lu st r a d o b a l u strad e -
, bas t o in n er b a rk o ftr ee
-
,
b a lz a m o b a l sa m -
, bas tar d o b a st a r d -
,
b a lz a m e n o b a lsa min e -
, ba s t i o n 0 b a stion -
,
b a m bu o b amb oo -
, bas to n o s ti ck -
,
b a n i to b a t h e
-
, b a Sli k o ki n d o fh ood
-
,
ba n an o b a n ana
-
, b at i t o b e a t
-
,
ba n d o b a nd gan g
-
, , ba ta l i t o fi gh t
-
,
h a n da g o b a nd a ge -
, b a t a lion o b a tt a li on -
,
b a n d e ro l o a st r ip o f -
, h at a t o s we e t p ot a t o
-
,
pape r ba t o ri o b a tt e r y
-
,
ban d i t o bandi t -
, ba t i s t o c a mbri c l a wn
-
, ,
bank o b an k (fin an cial)

-
, bavar o a B a v a ri a n
-
,
ba nk i e r o bank e r -
, b az o c h e mic a l b a s e
-
,
b a n k r ot i t o f a il -in , b a z a lt o basalt -
,
busin e ss ba za r o b a z a r
-
,
b an t o h ow o f ribb on
-
, b a 2 i li k o basilica -
,
bap t i baptiz e
-
, b a z i lisk o b a sili sk -
,
bar i to obstruct
-
, b e d 0 ga r d e n b e d
-
,
-
ba rak o b a rr a cks b e da ii r i t o r e gr e t
'
- -
, ,
b a r a k t i to s tru ggl e
-
, b e du e n o B e dou i n -
,
barb o b e a r d
-
, b e k o be a k
-
,
barb ar o b a r b a r i a n
-
, b e l a fi n e b ea uti ful
-
, ,
barba ri sm 0 ba r ba ri sm -
, b e la do n o b e lladonna -
,
12 E p
s er a n t o- E ng lsh
i Voca hula r y
b o s k o gr o v e p a r k
-
, , b r o n k it - o , br on ch itis
b o t 0 boot
-
, b r o n z - o , br o nz e
b o t an i k o bo t an y -
, bro s - o , brus h
h o t e l o b o ttl e
-
, b r o Su r - o , br o c h ur e
b ov - o , ox b ro y - o , e y e br ow
b ra c e l e t br a ce l e t - o, b r u - o , noi se
b r a h iu r o c r a b -
, b r u l - i , t o burn b r u ligi ,
b r a k o a r m (ofb od y )
-
, to u s e t o burn
ca
b r a m o b r e a m (fi sh )
-
, b ru n a b r own
-
,
bra m a n o B ra h min -
, b ru s t o b r e a st
-
,
b r a n 0 br a n
-
, b ru t o b r ut e
-
,
b r a n Co b r a n ch , b u b o r a ga mu flin
-
,
b ra n d 0 b r a nd y-
, b u bal o b u ffa l o -
,
b ra n k o gi ll s (o ffi sh )
-
, b u Ci t o b u tc h e r
,
-
b r a s i t o br a ce (n a ut )
-
, . b u d o b oot h sma llst or e
-
, ,
b r a s i k o ca bb a ge -
, b u d ge t 0 bud ge t -
,
b ra v a b r a v e
-
, b u fo to a d
-
,
b ra z i l o a B r a zili a n
-
, buf e d o buffe t-
,
b r e C o b r e a ch
-
, buf r o b u ff e r o fca r
-
,
b r e t o s h e lf
-
, b uk o bu ckl e
-
,
b r e t o n o a B r e t on
-
, b u k e d o b ouqu e t -
,
b r e v o p apal b r e v e
-
, b u k l o rin gl e t cu r l
-
, ,
b r e v i e r o br e vi a r y -
, b u k s o b o x wo o d
-
,
b r i d o bridl e
-
, b ul o b a ll o fe a rt h
-
,
b r i ga d o b r i gad e -
, bu l b o b u lb o n i o n
-
, ,
br i k o b r ick
-
, b u l ga r o a B ul ga ri a n
-
,
b r i k e t o b r iqu e tt e , b ul j o n o br ot h -
,
b ri l i to s h i n e
-
, b u lk o r oll (bre a d )
-
,
b r ili a n t o a brilli a nt -
, b u lv a r d o boul e vard -
,
b ri t a B r i ti s h
-
, b u n o bun
-
,
b ro c o b r oo ch
-
, b u rd o b u mbl e be e
-
,
-
b ro d i t o e mbroid e r
-
, b u r g o c iv ilia n bu r ge ss
-
, ,
b ro g i t o sc a ld
-
, b u r go n o bud -
,
b r o k a n t i to h a ggl e -
, b u rl e s k a bu r l e squ e -
,
b ro m o b r omin e
-
, b u r n o o s o burnoos e -
,
b ro n k o bronc h ial tube

-
, b u sp r i t o bo w sp r it -
,
E p i
s er a n t o- E ng lsh Voca h u l
ar y I 3
bu s t bu st
- o, b u t i k o st o r e
-
,
b u S o m ou t h
-
, b u to n o b u tt o n
-
,
b u S e l o b u sh e l
-
, b u to r o bitt e r n
-
,
b u t e r o butt e r
-
, bu z o buzz a rd
-
,
c ar - o,cz a r c e z i o ca e siu m
-
,
c e d i ce de
-
, y i e ld , c i t h ou c i n t h e e
, ,
c e dr o ce d a r
-
, c i a n a c i d- o , p r u ssic a cid
c e j an o cor n fl owe r
-
, i t
c ib e t - o , c v e
c e l i to a im
-
, c ido ri i o q u inc e -
,
c e k o C z e ch
-
, c i d r o cid e r
-
,
c e l e r i o cele ry-
, c i fe r o cip h e r fi gu r e
-
, ,
cel ul o i d o ce ll u l o id -
, c i ga n o gips y
-
,
c e m b r o kind o fpin e-
, c i ga r o ci ga r
-
,
c e m e n t o ce me nt -
, c i ga r e d o ci ga r e tt e -
,
c e n d o ce nt-
, c ign o s w a n
-
,
ce nt h und r e d
, c i k a d o ci ca da
-
,
c e n t a v o c e nt a v o -
, c ik a t r o sc a r-
,
c e n t i gra m o ce nti gr a m -
,
c i kl o c y cl e
-
,
c e n t il i t r o c e n t i li t r e -
,
c ik l o n o c y cl on e
-
,
c o n t i m o c e nti me -
, c ik l o p o c y cl op -
,
c e n t i m e t r o ce n ti me t e r -
,
c i ko n i o s t or k -
,
c e n t r o ce n t e r
-
, c ik o r i- o, su ccor y
ce n t r al i z i ce ntr a l i z e -
, c ik u mobr own owl ,
c e n z u r i t o ce nsur e-
, c i k u t o h e ml oc k
-
,
c e r b o br a in
-
,
c il in dr o c y l i nd e r-
,
c e r c e du l o t ea l -
, c i m o bug
-
,
c e r e m o n i o c e r e mon y -
,
c i m b a l o c y mb a l -
,
c e ri o ce r iu m
-
, c i n a b r o c in n ib a r
-
,
c e r t a ce r t a in s ur e
-
, , c i na m o ci n n amon -
,
c e rv o de e r
-
,
c i n dr o a s h e s
-
,
c e t e r a t h e r e st ; k aj
-
, c i n i k a cy ni cal
-
,
c e t e r aj an d so fort h , c i pr e s o c yp r e ss
-
,
14 E p i
s er a n t o- E ng lsh Voea hula r y
c i r o s h oe bl a ckin g
-
, c i s t e rn o fc ist er n -
c i rk o c ir cus
-
,
c i t i t o C i t e quot e
-
, ,
c i r k e l o co mpass
-
, c i tad e l o citad e l -
,
c i r k l o ci r cl e
-
, c i t r o zit h e r
-
,
c i r k o n st a n c o circu m -
, c i t ro n o l e mon -
,
st a n ce c i v i l a civil ( not milit

-
,
c i r k u l i to circul a t e
-
, ar y, e t c. )
c ir k u l e r o a circula r -
,
c i v iliz -i, to ci v ilize
c ir k u mfl e k s o circu m -
, c iv ili z a c i - o , civ iliz a t io n
flex c ol - o, in éh
C a b r a k - o , c a pa r is on C e f h e ad or princip a l
Ca gr e n - o , c h a gr in Ce f u r b o , met r op olis .
Ca m - 0 c h a mo i s
, Ce k - o , c h e ck (on b a nk )
C a m b e la n - o , c h amb e r C e I- o , ce ll (o fmatt e r ;
l a in al so ins e cts comb )
of
’
C a m b r o , ro om C e mi z o s h irt ,
Ca m pan - o , c h a mpa gn e C e n o c h ain

-
,
C a n - o , cock ( o fgu n ) Ce r i z o c h e rr y
-
,
C a p 0 , furr e d cap
- C o rk 0 co f - fin ,
C ap e l - o , h a t Ce r p i to draw wat e r
-
,
C a p i t r - o , c h apt e r from we ll
C a r , b e caus e , for , sinc e C e s i t o c e as e
,
C a r 0, c h ariot
- C e v a l o h ors e -
,
C a rl a ta n - o , c h arl a tan Ci t h e n e ar e st
,
C a r m - a , c h ar min g t h a t ; t i o Ci t h is , .
C a r n i r - o , h in ge Ci a all all suc h

, ,
C a rp e n t - i , to do carp e n C ia l for e v e r y r e as on
,
t e r work C i a m al wa y s ,
C a rp i - o , lint C i e e v e r ywh e r e
,
C a s- i , to h unt C i e l in e v e r y way
,
C a s t a , c h as t e C i e l o h e av e n t h e sk y
-
, ,
C e , at C i e s e v e r y bod y s
’
,
16 i ch Voca hul
E sp er a n to-E ug l ar y
d e ka n - d e ano, d e s po t o d e spot -
,
de k la m i to d e claim -
, d e s po t i s m o de sp ot ism -
,
de k la r i t o d e cl a r e
-
, d e s t i n i t o d e stin e
-
,
de k la r a c i o d e clar a tion -
, d e tal o d e tail
-
,
de k li n a c i o d ecl e nsion -
, d e t e k t i v o d e t e ctiv e -
,
de k li v o d e clivit y
-
, de t e r mi n i d e t e rmin e -
,
de k o r a c i o d e coration -
, de t r u i to d e stro y
-
,
d e kr e t i to d e cr e e
-
, de v i ou gh t mus t
-
, ,
de k st r a ri gh t
- oppo , d e v i i to d e viat e
-
,
s it e o fl e ft d e v e n o ori gin -
,
d e l e g i to d e l e gat e
-
, d e v i z o e mbl e m d e vic e
-
, ,
de le ga c i o d e l e ga tion -
, d e z e r t o d e s e rt-
,
d e l fe n o d olp h in
-
, de z ir i to d e sir e
-
,
d e l i ka t a d e licat e
-
, D i o G od
-
,
d e l i r o d e lirium
-
, d i ab e t o diabe t e s-
,
d e l t o d e lta
-
, di a b l o d e vil
-
,
d e m a go g o d e mago gu e -
, d i ad e m o diad e m -
,
d e m a n d i t o a sk -
, di a f an a diap h anous
-
,
d e m okra t o d e moc r at -
, dia f r a gm o diap h ra gm -
,
de m ok r a t i -
o, de mocr a d i a gno s t i k o diagn osis -
,
Cy di a gn oz i to di a gn o s e -
,
d e m o n o d e mon -
, d i a go na l a dia gonal -
,
d e na r o d e n a rius
-
, d i ako n o d e ac o n -
,
d e n s a d e n se
-
, d i al e k t o di a l e ct
-
,
d e n t o t oo t h
-
, d i alo g 0 dial ogu e
-
,
de n u n c i to d e nounc e
-
, d i a m a n t o diamond -
,
d e p art e m e n t o d e p a r t -
, dia m e t r o di a me t e r -
,
me n t o fgov e r n m e nt d i a n t o a pink
-
,
d e p e s o di s p a t ch
-
, di a p a z on o di a pason -
,
d o po u i t o d e posit
-
, dib o C- o , de b a uCh
de p u t i t o d e put e
-
, d i d ak t i k didactic - a,
d e ri v i t o d e r i v e
-
, di de lfo kan garo o
-
,
de s p l i t h e mo r e
, d i e t o d ie t
-
,
de se gn i t o d e si gn
-
, di f e k t i to dama ge
-
,
d e s e rt o d e ss e r t
-
, dif e r e n c i t o diffe r -
,
de si n f ekt i d i sinfe ct -
, difi n i t o d e fin e
-
,
E p
s er a n t o-E ng l
ish Voca hu la r y I 7
dift e r i o , dip h t h e ri a
- d i s kr e t discr ee t -a
,
t on g o , dip h t h on g
di f - di sk u t i to dis cuss-
,
dig o , dik e , dam

- di sp e p si o d y sp e psia -
,
d i ge s t di ge st
- i, to di sp o n i t o di sp os e -
,
dii sm o d e i sm-
, d i s pu t i t o disput e
-
,
d i k a t h ick ; a ls o fat
-
, d i s tan o o dist a nc e -
,
dik t i t o di ct a t e
-
, d i s t i l i to distil
-
,
d i kta to r o di ct a t or -
, di st i n g i t o distin gu is h
-
,
d i l e m o dil e mma
-
, d i s t r i to distr a ct
-
,
dile t i t o d e li gh t in
-
, di st r ib u i t o distribut e -
,
d i l i ge n t a dili ge nt -
, d i s t ri k t o distri ct -
,
di m a n C o S und a y -
, d i va n o d iv a n-
,
di m e n si o di me nsion -
, d i v e n i t o gu e s s
-
,
d i m i nu t i v o dimin u t iv e -
, d i v e r s a v a ri ous
-
,
d i na m o d y nam o -
, div e r g i t o di v e r ge
-
,
din a m ik o d y n a mics -
, d i v i d i t o divid e
-
,
di n a m i t o d y namit e -
, d i v i d e nd 0 di v id e nd -
,
d i na s t i o d y n a st y
-
, div i z i o divisi on (a rm y
-
,
d i pl o m o di p l oma -
, d o ind ee d
,
d i pl o m at o dipl om a t -
, d o c e n t o d oce nt tut or
-
, ,
d i pl o m a ti o dipl oma cy -
, do g 0 l a r ge dog ma stiff
-
, ,
d i r i t o sa y
-
,
dogm o d ogma -
,
di r e k c i o ma n a ge me nt
-
, , dog o do ge
-
,
bo a rd o fdi r e ctors dokto r o do ct or -

,
di r e kt i t o dir e ct
-
,
d oktri n o d oct r in e -
,
d i r e k to r o dir e ctor -
,
d oku m e n t o d ocum e nt -
,
dir e k t o r i o dir e ct or y -
,
do l ar o d oll a r
-
,
d i s in dic a t e s se p a r a ti on
,
dolCa swe e t ,
or s ca tt e ri n g : S i ri , do lo r o p a in
-
,
to t ea r ; di sSir i, to do m o h ous e
-
,
t e a r t o ieces p . do m a g o pit y -
,
di sc i p li n - o , dis ciplin e d o m e n o do min o -

,
di se n t e r i - o , d y s e n t e r y do n i t o g i v e
'
-
,
di se r t a c i - o , disser t a t ion do n a c i t o ma k e a gift

-
,
d i sk o di sc
-
,
do rlo t i coddl e nurs e
-
, ,
d i s kon t o disc ou nt -
, d o r m i to sl ee p
-
,
18 E sper a n t o- E ng l
ish Voca hu l
ary
do r m i t o sl ee p -
, !
d ri e d dr y ad
- o,
d o rn o a t h orn -
, d ri nk i to tippl e
-
,
d o r s o back -
, dr o g o dru g
-
,
do t i t o giv e a dowe r
-
, d ro m e d a r o dr ome dar y -
,
d o z o dos e -
, d ro n i to d r o wn ; d ro
-
,
d ra go n o dra goon -
, n i gi caus e t o dr own
,
d rak o d r a gon -
, d r u i d 0 druid
-
,
dr a k m o dr a ch ma -
, du , t wo
d rak o n a d r a conian -
, d ub - i , to doubt
d ra m o drama -
, d u e l - i , fi gh t a du e l
d rap o cl ot h -
, d u e t o du e t
-
,
dr a p i r i t o d r ap e -
, d uk o du k e
-
,
dr a s t a dr a stic -
, d uka t o ducat -
,
d ra s i to t h re s h
-
, d u m durin g wh il e
, ,
dr e li k o t w ill e d cotton
-
, d u n g i to h ir e
-
,
g oods drillin g , d upl i ka t o duplic a t e -

,
d r e n i t o d r a in
-
, d u r o a S p a nis h coin
-
,
d r e s i to train -
, du S o douc h e
-
,
e. abbr e v i a tion for e k

, c c, abstract qualit y
z e m pl e ; e g . . bo na g ood ; bo n e c o
, ,
e ,
si g n o f d e r i v e d a d g oodness
v e r b b e l a hea ut tful; , c C, e v e n ; c C se even if ,
b e l e hea u t ifully ,
E d e n o E den -
,
e b e n a e ve n -
, e d i fi- to e dif y
,
e b l de n ot e s possibili t y : e d i k t o e dict
'
-
, ,
a fi di , a ixd e d u k i to e ducat e
’
h ea r
to -
,
eb la, a u dihle e dz o a h usband

-
,
e bo n - o, e bon y ef e k t o e ff e ct
-
,
ebr i- a , in e briat e drunk , ef e k t iv a r e a l a ctual

-
, ,
e bur - o, i v ory ef e me r a e p h e m e ral

-
,
20 E p
s e r a n t o- E ng l
ish Voca hu la r y
e k v iv o k - a , e qui v oc a l e m aj l o - n a me l , e
e k z ak t - a , m a t h e ma tic e m an c i pi i e mancip a t e -
,
all y e xa ct e m bara s o e n c u m -
,
e kz e m e n i -
, to e xa min e b r anc e
e k se ge z - o , e x e ge s s i e m bl e m o e mbl e m -
,
e k z e ku t - i, to put to e m b r a z u r o e mb r asur e -
,
d e a t h e x e cut e
, e m b r i o e mbr y o
-
,
e kz e m o e cz e ma
-
, e m b ri ol o gi o e mb r y o l -
,
ekze mp l o -
, e xa mpl e ogy
e k z e mp ler - o , cop y (o f e m bu s k o ambu sh -
,
a book ,
e tc. ) e m eri t o e me r itus
-
,
e k z e r c- i , to e xe rcis e e mf az o e mp h a sis
-
,
e k z il-i
, to ex il e e m i gr a c i o e mi gr a ti o n
-
,
el, ou t of
, from fr om , e m in e n c o e min e nc e
-
,
amon g ( titl e )
e l a s t a e l a stic
-
, e m i n e n t a e min e nt -
,
elef a n t o e l e p h a nt
-
, e mo c i o e m o ti on
-
,
e l e ga n t a e l e gan t-
, e m p i r i a e mpi r ic a l
-
,
e l e gi o e l e gy
-
, e m piris m o e mpi r i sm -
,
el e k t i to c h o o s e e l e ct
-
, , e n in int o
, ,
e l e k t r o e l e ctri c it y
-
, e n c i k IO p e di - o , e n cy cl
o
ele k t r oli z -o , e l y sis
e ct r ol p e dia
l k t ro m o t or o e l e c
e e -
, ndi v e
e n div i - o , e
t r ic motor e n e r gi o e n e r gy
-
,
e l e m e n t o e l e me nt -
,
e n i gm o e n i gma
-
,
e l e v a to r o e l e vator -
, e n h e t o a p oll o fme m
-
,
elf-o f
, el b e rs ; inqu e st inqui r y ,
ele k si r - o, e li x ir e n to m ol o gi o e ntomol -
,
clips 0 -
, e llips e o gy
eli m ini -
i, to e liminat e e nt r e p r e n -i, u nd e rtake
(ma t h ) e n t u z ia s m - o, e n t h u si
el to e lid e
iz i - i , as m
okv e n t a e loqu e n t
el -
, e nu-i, to be tire d dull ,
em inclination : l abo ri e n v i i to e nv y
'
-
, , ,
to wor k ; la b o r e m a , e p a r h i o di o ce s e
-
,
i n dust r i ous . e p i de m i o e pid e mic-

,
E sp er a n t o E ng lish
-
Voca hula r y 2 1
e p i d e r m o e pid er mis -
, e sp lor i , to e x pl or e
-
E pif an i o E pip h a n y -
, e sp r i m - i , to e x pre ss
e p i gra fo e pi gr a p h -
, e st - i , to b e
e p i gra m 0 e pi gr a m -
, e s tab l - i , to e stablis h
e p ik u r i sm o e picuris m -
, e st e t i k - a , e st h e tic
e p il e p si o e pil e ps y -
, o s t i m - i , to e st e e m
e p i l o g o e pil ogu e -
, e s t i n g- i , to e x tin guis h
e p i s ko p o bi sh o p -
, e st r - o , l e a d e r , ch i e f
e p i st o l o e pis tl e -
, e st r a d- o , rostru m
e p i t a fo e pit a p h e Sa f o d- o , e x e cution e r s
’
-
,
e p i t e t o e pit h e t
-
, sc a ffold
e p i t o m o e pit ome di minuti o n of size
’
-
, et ,
e p i z o d o e pisod e -
, or d e gr e e m o n to ,
e p i z oo t i o murrain -
,
mou n t a in ; mon t e t o ,
e pok o e p o c h -
,
e p ol e t o e p au l e t -
, eta go -
, buildin g
st or y of
e pop o o e pop e e -
, e tat o soci a l r a nk
-
,
u n it on e o f a col e t ou d i t o e x t e nd
’
er , ,
-
,
l e cti on : sa b l o sa n d; -
, e t e r o e th er
-
,
sa b le r o, g r a in o f sa n d e t er n a e t e rnal
-
,
e ra r - i, t o er r e t i k o e t h ics
-
,
e ri k h e at h e r
- o, e t ik e t o e tiqu e tt e
-
,
e r i n a c - o , h e d ge h og e t i m o lo gi o e t y mol ogy -
,
e r iz i p e l -o
, e r y sip e las e t i O p o a n E t h i o pi a n
-
,
e r m e n o e rmin e -
,
e t no lo gi o e t h n o l ogy -
,
e r m i t o h e r mit e ii fe m i sm o e up h e mism
'
- -
,
e ro ti k a e r otic e ii n u k o e unuc h
'
- -
, ,
e r p i to h a rrow E ii r O p o E u r op e
’
- -
, ,
e r u p c i o e r uption -
, e van ge l i o go sp e l -
,
e sc e p t i to e x c e pt -
,
e v e n t ual a e v e ntual -
, ,
cs e ne o e ss e nc e
-
,
cont i n ge nt
e sk a dr o squ a d r on -
, e vi d e n t a e vid e nt -
,
e sk i m - o, E sq u imo sv i t i t o av o id
-
,
scort
e sk o r t - o , e e v ol u c i o e volution -
,
e so t e r a e s o t e r ic -
, e so f ag o e s op h a gus
-
,
e sp e r i to h 0p e -
,
e z ok o pik e (fi sh )
-
,
2 2 E p i
s er a n t o- E ng lsh Vaca hala r y
fa b - o b e an , fa m o rumor
-
,
fab e l - o, st o r y (fi cti on ) fa m i l i o , f a mil y-
fa b l o , f a bl e
- fa m i l i a r a , f a mili a r -
fab r i k o f a ctor y -
, fa n a t ik a f a nati ca l -
,
fa c i l a , e as y
- fan d i , t o me lt ( me tals )
-
fad e n o , t h r e ad- fa n f ar o f a n f a r e
-
,
fa e t o n o , p h a e t on - fan f aro n i , t o b oast -
fa g- 0 b e e c h , fa n t a z i o , f a nc y -
faj e n c o e a r t h e n wa r e
-
, fan to m o , p h a nt o m -
faj f i , t o w h i stl e
- fa r - i , t o ma k e do ,
faj l i , to fi l
- e fara o , P h a r a oh
-
faj r - o , fi r e fari n g 0, p h a r y n x
-
fa k o , s e cti o n
- divi sion , fa r i z e o p h a r is ee
-
,
fak i r o , f a ki r
- fa r m i to farm
-
,
fa k si m i I o f ac si mil e -
,
far m a c i o p h a r ma c y -
,
fak t o f ac t-
, fa r t i , t o fa r e (a s t o
-
fak to r - o , print e r s f ore h e alt h saf e t y )

’
or
ma n fa ru n o fl ou r-
,
fak t o r i o , busin e ss de - fa s a d o f a ca d e
-
,
p ot , a ge nc y fa sk o bundl e
-
,
fak tu r o inv o i c e -
, fa rs o f a r ce
-
,
fakul t at o fa cult y (o f-
,
fas o n o s h ap e cut o fa
-
,
c oll e ge e t c ) , .
ga r me nt
fa l i t o fall
-
, fa s t o f a st abstin e n ce
-
, ,
fa l an g o p h al a n x -
,
fatal a f a t a l
-
,
fal h a l o fu r b e l ow
-
, fatal i s m o f a t a li s m -
,
fal C i to mow
-
,
fa fi k o ja w
- o p e nin g
, ,
fal d i to fold
-
,
fa v o r i n gwor m
-
,
falk o falcon
-
,
favo r a f a v or abl e
-
,
fal s i to f a lsif y a d u l
-
, , faz o
- p h a se (o f t h e
,
t e rate moon e t c ) , .
fal t o a wrin kl e
-
,
fazan o p h e asant
-
,
2 4 E p ish
s er a n t o- E ng l Voca hu l
ar y
F i nl a n d o F in lan do -
,
foj n o , h a y
-
fi r m o a fir m -
, fok o , s e a l
-
fi sk o publi c t r e a sur y
-
, fo k e n o , porpois e
-
fi st u l o fistul a -
,
foku s o , f ocus-
fi S o a fi sh
-
, fo l i o l e af
-
,
fi z ik o p h y sics
-
, fo m e n t i , f ome nt -
fi z io lo gi o p h y si ol ogy -
, fo n d i , t o f o und
-
i z i on o mi - o ,
f p h y S i og fo n e t i k a , p h on e tic-
no my fo no gra f- o p h on ogr a p h ,
j o rd
f - 0, fjord fo n t o , spr i n g o fwa t e r
-
fl a g- o , b ann e r , si gn a l fo n ta n o , f ount a in-
fl ag fo r , a w a y fr o m
to fl ick e r fl a r e
fl a gr - i , , fo r ge s - i , t o for ge t
fla m o fl ame -
,
fo r g i , t o f o r ge (me t a l s )
-
fl a n 0 cust a rd
-
, fo rk o , f or k
-
fl a n e l o fl a nn e l -
, fo r m o , f o rm , s h ap e
-
fl a n k o s id e -
, fo r ma c i o , f o r mation -
fla r i to s me ll
-
, fo r m al a , f or mal -
fla t i to fl a tt e r
-
, fo r m a t o siz e and s h ap e
-
,
fl a v a y e ll ow
-
, o fa book
fl e g i to nurs e
-
, fo r m ik o , ant -
fl e gm o p h l e gm -
, fo r m u l o f o rmul a -
,
fl e k si o infl e ction -
, fo rn o , st ov e ov e n
-
,
fl ik i to patc h m e nd
-
, , fo rt a st r on g
-
,
fl i r t i to flirt
-
, for t e p i a n o pi a n o -
,
flok o fl a k e
-
, for t ik a , solid , su b st a n
s
fl o r i t o fl owe r bl oom
-
, , ti a l
fl or e n - o , fl or in o ru m
f - o, f orum
fl os- o , r a ft f
o s i t o dig
-
,
fl u i , to fl ow
- f
o sf o r o p h osp h orus
-
,
fl u g- i , to fl y fo st o s t a k e , pos t
-
,
flu i d a liquid -
, fo to gra fi , t o p h ot o -
flu t o flut e-
, gr ap h
fo i r o a f a ir fra g o str a w b e rr y
“
- -
, ,
”
foj o - ti me : , unu f
o o, j fra g m e n t o , fr a gme n t -
on e ti me fraj o , spawn
-
E p i
s er a n t o-E ng lsh Voca hul
ar y
f
r ak - o, e v e nin g d r e ss fro n t o f r ont o farm y
-
,
c oa t fro n to n o , ga bl e -
fr a k a s i , t o s h a tt e r
- fro s t 0, f r o st
-
fr a k c i o , fr a c ti on
- fro t i , t o rub
-
r a k se n o , a sh ( tr e e )
f - fru e- e ar l y
,
r a m a so n o , f r e e mas on
f - fr u gil e g o r ook -
,
r a m b - o , r a spb e rr y
f fr u k t o , fruit
-
ran c - o , a F r e n ch ma n
f fru n t o , f or e h e ad
-
ra u d i to b e f ond of
f -
, ft i z o , c on su mpti on
-
~
swe e ts fug o- f u gu e
,
fr a n go l -o
, bl a ck a ld e r ful a r d- o fo u l a rd ,
fr a n g o , frin ge
- ful g o , s o ot
-
fr ank 0 f r a n c
-
, ful m - o li gh tnin g ,
frap i , t o k n oc k
- fu m i to smo k e
-
,
fra t o br ot h e r
-
, fu nd o b ott om
-
,
fr a ii l o , un marri e d man fu n d a m e n t o , tounda

’
- -
fr a z -o , ph ra s e ti on
fr e gat - o , fri ga t e fu n e b r o, f un e r a l
-
fr e m d - a , for e i gn fu n e l o , funn e l
-
fr e n e z - a , ma d, cr a z y fu n g o , mus h r oom
-
fr o s k - o , fr e sco fu n k c i o , f u n c ti on
-
fr e S a , fr e sh
- fu n t o , pound
-
fri n g o , ch affinc h
- fu r a g o f or a ge
-
,
fr i n ge l o , can a r y
- fu r i oz a fur i ou s
-
,
fri po n o , r a scal r ogu e

-
, fu ro r o furor e
-
,
fri s o , f r i e ze
- fu r u n k o , a boil -
fri t i t o f
-
, ry fu st e n - o , f u st i a n
fr i vo l - a , f r ivol ous q - bun gl e b otc h
i, to ,
fr i z - i , to curl (t h e h air ) u t 0 fo o t (me a su r e )

f -
,
fr oma g- o , c h ee s e f
u z ili e r o fu sili e r -
,
gab i - o, g ab i on gala : ga y
ga d-o
, co dfi sh
a
g j u -i
, to ga i n
2 6 E sper a n t o E ng lish -
Voea hula r y
ga l-o
, all b i le , g ge
’
p r e fi x me anin g bot h
,
gal an t o sn ow drop -
, s e xe s : pat ro fa th er ; ,
ga la n t e r i o t oil e t ar -
, ge p a t r oj , p a r en t s .
t ic l
es g e h e n -o
, ge h e nn a
gala n t i n o galantin e -
, ge la t e n -o
, ge latin e
gal e n o ga l e na
-
, ge m ge m
-
o,
ga l e r o s h ip s ga ll e y ntian
’
-
, ge n c i a n -o
, ge
gal e ri o ga ll e r y-
, ge n e a logi o ge n e al ogy -
,
ga li c i sm o ga llicism -
, ge n e ral o a ge n e r a l -
,
gal l a G a lli c
-
, ge n e r a c i 0 a ge n e r a tion -
,
ga 10p i to ga 110p
-
, ge ni o ge nius t a l e nt
-
, ,
ga lo S o galos h -
, ge n i t i v o ge nitiv e -
,
ga l va n a galvani c -
, ge n o t o ge n e t -
,
ga l van i s m o ga l v an ism -
, ge n t o tr i b e
-
,
ga m o ga mut
-
, ge nu o kn e e -
,
ga m a s o ga it e r -
, ge o gr a fi o ge o gr a p h y -
,
gan gl i o ga n gli on-

, ge o lo gi o ge olo gy -
,
ga n gr e n o ga n gr e n e -
, ge o m e t ri o ge ome t r y -
,
ga n t o gl ov e
-
, ge ran i o ge r a ni u m -
,
garan t i i t o gu a rant ee -
, ge r m an a G e r ma n -
,
ga rb o a s h e a f
-
, ge ru n d i o ge rundiv e -
,
ga rd i to guard
-
, ge s t o ge stu r e
-
,
ga r de n i o gard e nia -
, gi gan t o a g iant -
,
gar gar i to ga r gl e -
, gi l d o guild
-
,
gar n i gar n ish de cor a t e

-
, , gi mn a st ik a gymnastic -
,
ga rn i tu r o ga r nit u r e -
, gi m n a z i o a c oll e ge -
,
ga r n i z o n o garris on -
, gi n e o gu in e a (com )
-
,
ga r o l-o
, j ay si p s o gy psu m
-
,
ga s -o
, ga s gi r fal k o ge rf a lc on -
,
ga s t o gu e st
-
, gi rla n d o ga rl a nd -
,
ga s tro no m i o -
, gast r on gi t ar o gu i t a r
-
,
o my gl a“ c e a spick and span

-
, ,
gav o t - o, ga v o tt e d r e ss
ga z -o
, ga uze gl a c i -o
, ice
gaz e l - o, ga z e ll e gl a d -i
, t o iron , s moot h
gaz e t - o, gaz e tt e gl ad i ato r - o, gladiat or
2 8 E p
s er a nt o- E ng lish Voca hu l
ar y
gu rd - o. h and - or gan gu v e r n -i
, to e ducat e i n
gu s t -t a st e
o, p r ivat e
gu st u m i to tast e -
, gv ard i o a -
guard , of
gu t i t o drip
-
, soldi e rs
gu t a p e r k o gutta -
, gv i d i to gu i d e
-
,
ch a
gard e n gard e n -o
, gi n e ce -o
, gy n e cium
ge m i to groan
-
, gi r -o
, e ndors e m e nt (o f
ge n i to h ind e r
-
, n o t e draft e t c )
, , .
ge n d a r m o ge ndarm e -
, gir a fo giraffe
-
,
ge n e ral a ge n e r a l-
, gis till until as far as
, , ,
ge n t i l a polit e-
, gi v r o boar frost
-
,
-
ge r m o ge rm -
, 2 5 .
0 -0
j oy
gi i t
, gu -i, to e njo y
gib o h ump
-
, gu s t - a, just e x act ,
gi , gin
n -o
h a ! ha ! ah l h al t e r - 0 dumb - be ll
,
H aban - o ; H avana h alu c in a ci- o , h a l

lu cin
h aj l - o , h ail ation
h a k - i , to h ack h a m ak - o, h a mmock
h a l- o, a cov e r e d mar h a m st r - o , h amst e r
k e t - plac e b a r - o , h air
h ala dz -o , o f fe ns i v e e x h a r a dr i- o , plov e r
h alation h ard - i , t o h ard e n
h a le b ar d- o, h albe rd h ar e m - o , h ar e m
h e lc n - a , H e ll e n i c b a r i n g- 0, h e rrin g
h al t - i , to stop h alt igi , h a r m o n i - o , h armon y
to cau s e to stop h a r p - o , h arp
E p i
s er a n t o- E ng lsh Voca hul
ar y 2 9
h a r p i - o , h arp y h e r m e t i k - a , air -ti gh t

h a r p u n - o , h a r poon h e rn i - o , h e rni a , ruptur e
h a ii t - o , s kin h e ro - o , h e r o
'
h a v - i , t o h a v e , p oss e ss h e ro l d - o , h e rald
h av e n o , h a v e n , p or t
- h e t e ro ge n - a , h e t e r oge
h a zard - o , h a zard me ou s
he h e y ! h e ll o ! h e t man - o , a C o ss a ck
h e b r e - o , H e br ew ch i e f
h e d e r - o , iv y h i a c i n t - o , h y acint h
h oj m - o , h ome h i d r - o , h y dr a
h ej t - i , t o h e a t h i dr a r g o , me r cu r y
-
h e k a t o mb - o , h e c a t omb h i dr a ii lik - o , h y d r a ulic s

‘
h e k sa m e t r - o , h e x a me h i dr o f o b i - o , h y dr op h o
te r b ia
h e ktar - o , h e ct a r e h idr o p s- o , dr ops y
h e kto gra f -o
,
h e kto h i e n - o, h y en a
gr a p h h i e r ar h i - o , h i e rarc h y
h e k to gra m - o , h e kto h i e r aii , y e st e rd a y
‘
gr a m h i e r o glif -o
,
h i e r ogl y p h
h e k t o lit r - o , h e k t ol
it r e h i gi e n o , h y gi e n e
-
h e k t om e t r - o , h e kto h i m n - o , h y mn
me t e r h i nd - o , a H ind oo
h e l- a , br i gh t gl a rin g
, h i p e r b ol- o , h y p e rb ol e
h e lik - o , e dibl e snail h i p n o t - a , h y pn o ti c
h e l i o trop - o , h e li o tr op e h ip o dr om - o , h i p p o
h e l i u m - o , h e lium dr ome
h e l p - i , t o h e lp , a ssist h i p ok r i t - i , t o pr e t e n d
h e m o r oj d- o , pil e s h i p o p o t a m -o , h ip p op o
h e pa t - o , liv e r t a mu s
h e r a l d i k - o , h e r a ld r y h i p o t e k - o , mort ga ge
h e rb - o , h e r b , gr a s s h i p o t e n u z - o , h y p ot h e
h o rbari - o , h e rb a r ium n u se
h e r e d - i , to in h e r i t h ip o t e z - o , h y pot h e si s
h e r e z -o , h e re s y h i rt a , b r istl y
-
h e r ma f r o di t - o , h e rm a h i ru d - o , l e e c h
p h r odit e h ir u n d
30 E p ish
s er a n t o- E ng l Voca hu l
ary
h isk ia m - o , h e nban e h o n t - i , to b e as h am e d
h i sop - o , h y ss op h or - o , h our
h i sp a n - o , a S p a niard h o rd e - o , b a r l e y
h i st e r i o , h y st e r i a
- h o r i zo n t - o , h orizon
b i s to r i - o , h i st o r y h o r lo g o , cl oc k
-
b i s tr i k - o , po r cupin e h o ro s ko p - o , h or o sc o p e
h i s tri o n - o , c l own h or t e n si - o , h ort e nsia
h o ! oh ! h o ! h o s p i tal - o , h o spital
h o b oj - o , h autbo y , ob oe h o t e l - o , h ot e l
h o di a ii , tod a y h o v e la l a s !
'
h o k - o , h ook h uf -o
, h oo f
h o l an d - a , Dutc h h ul u l - o , h owl e t
h o l d o , h old ofs h ip
- h u m a n - a , h um a n e
h o m - o , h u man be in g h u m e r - o , h u me rus
h o m e op a t i - o , h ome op h u m i l - a , h u mbl e
a thy h u m o r - a , h um orous
h o m o ge n - a , h omo ge n h u n d - o , dog
e ou s h un ga r - o , a H un garian
h o n e s t - a , h on e st h u ra ! h urr a h !
h o no r - i , to h on o r h u z - o , lar ge stur ge on
h o n or ar i- o , h o nor a riu m b uza r - o , h uss a r
h a me le on - o, c h am e l e on h o l e r o ch ol e ra
-
,
h a o s o chaos
-
, h o r o c h oir
-
,
h e m i o c h e mi str y
-
, h o ra l o c h oral e
-
,
h i m e r o c h im e ra
-
, h r om o t i p i c h rom o
- o,
h i n o a C h in e s e pe rs on
-
, t y p e col or printin g
,
-
h ir u r g o sur ge on
-
, h r on ologi o c h ron o l
-
,
h i t u r gi - o, sur ge r y O gy
32 E p
s er a n t o- E ng lsh i Voca hul
ar y
i nd i gn - i , t o be
indi gn ant i n sign - o , insi gn i a
i n d i ge n o a n a ti v e -
, i n s i s t - i insist
,
i nd i ka t i v o indic a ti v e -
, i n sp e k t - i , t o insp e ct
i nd i v i d u o indi v idu a l -
, i n sp ir - i , t o inspir e
i n d u k o inducti on-
, i n s tal i , t o i n st a ll
-
in du lg i t o indul ge -
, i n st a n c - o , instanc e
i n d u s t ri o industr y -
, , i n st ig- i , to insti gat e
busi n e ss i n s t i nk t instin ct
- o,
i n c r e i o in e rtia
-
, i n st i t u c i o institution
-
,
in f a n o c h ild-
, i n s t i t u t o in stitut e
-
,
in f a n t e r i o infantr y -
, i n st r u i t o instruct
-
,
inf e k t i to in f e ct
-
, i n st r u k c i o dir e ctions -
, ,
i n fe r o h e ll
-
, in st r ucti ons
i n fi n i t i v o infinitiv e -
, i n s t ru m e n t o mus i cal -
,
i n fl u i t o influ e n ce
-
, in st r u me nt
i n fo r m i to gi v e in for
-
, i n s u l o i sl a nd
-
,
ma ti on i n s u l t i to insult
-
,
in f u z i to i nfus e t h e past p a rt i cipl e

’
-
, in t ,
i n g h oldor for a sin gl e m in t e

’
, a , h a ving l
oved
o bj e ct : u m o p en ;
pl , i n t e gral int e gr a l
- a,
u m i n go ,
pl p en h older . i n t e le k t o int e ll e ct
-
,
i n gv e n - o , gr oin i n t e li ge n t a int e lli ge nt -

,
i n ge n i e r n gin ee r - o, e i n t e n c i t o in t e nd
-
,
i n i c ia t i t o in i tiat e
-
, i n t e n s a int e nsi v e
-
,
i n i c i a t i v o initiativ e -
, i nt e r b e t we e n a mon g
, ,
i nj e k t i to inj e c t
-
, i n t e rd i kt o int e rdict -
,
i n k 0 in k
-
, i n t e r e S i t o int e r e st
-
,
i nkl i n o inclination
-
, i n t e r j e k c i- o, in t e r je c
i nkl u si v e i nclusi v e -
, ti o n
i n k o gn i t o in co gnit o -
, i n t e r m i t i to occur at-
,
i n k u b o ni gh t ma r e
-
, i nt e r v als
i n k v i z a c i o inquisition -
, i n t e rn a int e rnal
-
,
i n k v i z i t or o inq uisit or -
, i n t e rp r e t i to int e rpr e t
-
,
i n oku I i t o ino cul a t e

-
, i n t e r p u n k ci o punctu -
,
i nse kt o ins e ct -
, ati on
i n si d i to en sn a r e
-
, i n t e r v j u o int e rv i e w
-
,
E p
s er a n t o- E ng li sh Voca hu l
ar y 33
int e stin e
i n t e st - o , is ’
si gn o fpast t e ns e
,
i n t i m a inti ma t e -
, a m i s di d love , .
i n t r ig i t o int r i gu e
-
, I s l a m o I slam -
,
i n v a d i t o inv a de -
, I s land o I ce land -
,
i nva l i d 0 in v a lid -
, i s t on e occupi e d wit h
’
,
i nv e r s a inv e rs e -
, k u r a c i t o h ea l; kura ,
i nv e rs i o i n v e r si on -
,
C lS tO , a doct or .
i n v i t i t o in v it e
-
, i st m - o
ist , h mu s
io s o m e t h i n g a n y t h in g i t p a st p ar ti cipl e p as
’
, , ,
i o m somewh a t s ome
, , siv e : a m i t e h a ving ,
i r i t o go
-
, heen loved .
i ri s o i r i s-
, i tal It alian
- a,
I rl a n d o Ir e l and -
,
i u an y b o d y
, some b od y ,
i ro n i o i r on y -
, i z ol i t o is olat e
-
,
i nv e n tar o inv e nt or y -
, I z r a e l o I sra e l -
,
j , si gn of the plur a l : jen , b e h old , l

o
k n a b o, hoy ; k n a b oj , j e s, yes
hoy s . Je s u - o, J e sus
j a , in dee d , in f a ct j o d- o , i odi n e
j aguar o j a gu a r -
, ju pl i , the mo r e
j a h f o ya ch t -
,
j ub i l e - o, j ubil ee
j a k o a r ou nd jack e t
-
, j ud o -
, Jew
j a m a l r e a dy ye t
, , j uf
t - o,R ussi a l e a t h e r
j a m b o i a mbu s -
, j u g o y ok e-
,
J anuar o J a n u ar y -
, j u gla n d o wa lnut -
,
j apan a J a p a n e s e -
, j u gi t o j ud ge ,
j ar - o, ye a r j uk i t o it ch ,
j a rd d (me a sur e ) Jul i o J u l y

- o , y ar -
,
j a sm e n o j e s sa mi n e j u n a y oun g
-
,
-
,
j e is a n i nd e finit e p r e p
,
j u n g i to h a rn e s s -
,
osit ion Ju n i o Jun e -

,
34 E sp er a n t o E ng li sh
-
Voca hula r y
j u n i p e r o junip e r -
,
j u ri s t o juri st
-
,
j u nk o r e e d stal k
-
, ,
j u s t a j u st ri gh t eous
-
, ,
j u n k r o P r u ssian n obl e
-
, j ut o j ute
-
,
j u p o ski r t
-
, j u v e l o j e we l
-
,
jak - o, m o rnin g co a t -
j ok e - jo ck e y
o,
j a k e t o j a cke t -
, j on gl i t o j u ggl e
-
,
j a lu z a j e al ou s -
, j u r i t o s we a r
-
,
j ar go n 0 j a r gon -
, j u r n a l o n e w sp a p e r
-
,
j a ii d o T h u r sd a y
-
, j u s j u st j u st n ow
, ,
Je t i t o t h r ow
-
,
k c . k aj ce t e r a j , an d kad e n e o ca d e n ce -
,
t he r e st kad e t o c a d e t-
,
It . s .
, k aj si mi laj , an d kad r o fr a me
-
,
si mil a r ka d uk a de c r e pit -
,
It . se k v , k aj sek va n t aj ,. k a fo c offe e
-
,
a n d f oll ow in g ka fr o k a fli r
-
,
k . a , k aj a l
. iaj , a n d ot h k a g- o , c a ge
er s ka h e l -o
, p a v in g til e
k t . .
p .
, k aj t ielp lu , and k aj , an d
f ort h
so kaj 0 qua y w h a r f
-
, ,
k a b o ca p e o fland
-
, kaj o r o cop y b oo k a
-
,
-
,
kabal o c a b a l -
, p a p e r b ook S i n gl e ,
kaban o c a bi n h u t -
, , nu mbe r o fs e r i e s
k a b in e t o c a b i n e t -
, kaj u t o h u t c a bin
-
, ,
cl o s e t kaka o co coa -
,
k a b l o c a bl e -
, k a k a t u o cockat oo -
,
k a b r io le t - o ca b , k a k t o ca ctus
-
,
k a - Co b a tt e r , p a p , kal o cor n c a ll ou s
-
, ,
k a da v r - o , cad a v e r k a lc i o c a lciu m
-
,
36 E sp cr a n t o E ng l
i sh -
Voea hula r y
k a p it u l
a c- i , capitul a t e kar i kat u r c a ricatur e -
i,
kapo n o ca pon -
, k a r iofi l o cl o v e -
,
kapo r o cap e r bus h

-
,
- k a r i ol o carr y al l
-
,
-
k a p or a l o co r p or a ! -
,
kar m i n o c a rmin e -
,
k a p ot o c a pe-
,
ka rn o fl e s h
-
,
k a p r o goat
-
,
k a r n iv a l o carn ival -
,
k a p r e o l o r oe buck -
, karo o diamond s (in
-
,
k a p r i c o c a pri ce w h im
-
, , c ards )
K a p r i k o r n o C a p r icorn -
,
k a r o b o car ob be an
-
,
-
k a p st a n o ca pst a n -
,
ka ro t o car r ot
-
,
k a p su l o ca ps u l e
-
,
ka rp o c a r p
-
,
k a p t i t o c atc h
-
, K arpa t oj C a rp a t h ian s
-
,
k a p u Ce n o c a puc h in
-
, karp e n o y ok e e lm -
,
-
monk ka rt o c a r d
-
,
k a p u C o capuc h e co wl
-
, , k a r t a v i to sp e a k t h ick
-
,
kar a d e ar
-
,
ka r t e l o ca r t e l
-
,
k a r a b e n o c a rbin e -
, k a r t i la g o ca r til a ge -
,
kara fo d e c a nt e r
-
, k a r t o é o c a rtrid ge
-
,
k a r a k t e r o d isp o siti on-

,
karto n o p a p e r bo a rd
-
,
k a r a k t e r i z i to ch arac -
, k a r u se l o ca r ou sal -
,
t e r iz e k a s o mon e y dr awe r
-
,
-
k a r a m e l- o aram e l , c k a sa c i o c a s sa ti on
-
,
kara s o c ru ci a n (fish )
-
, k a se r ol o s a uc e pan -
,
karav a n o ca r a v a n -
,
ka s k o h e l me t
-
,
karb o c h a r co a l ; t e r
-
, k a sk a d o cascad e -
,
ka rbo St on k a r b o coal
, , ka s t o cast e
-
,
k a r b o I o ca rb ol
-
, ka s t e l o castl e -
,
k a r b o n a d o ca r bon a t e -
, kas to r o be av e r -
,
k a r b u n k ol o ca r buncl e -
, k a st r i ge ld
-
,
k a r c e r o prison
-
, k a Qi to h id e
-
,
kard o t h i stl e
-
, k a S t a n o ch e stnut
-
,
dfin ch
k ar de l- o , go l kat o cat
-
,
kard i nal o c a r dinal -

, kata falk o cat a falqu e -
,
kar e s i to c a r e ss
-
,
k a t a k o m b o ca t a c o mb -
,
k a r i e r o ca r e e r
-
, k a t a le p S i o ca t a l e ps y -
,
ka rik o s e d ge rus h
-
, , katal o g o ca t a lo gu e -
,
E p z Voca bul
E ng /zsl
'
s er an t o- ar y
k a t a p la sm -
a sm
o , ca t ap l k e s t o ch e st b ox
-
. ,
katar o catarr h -
, k e s t r e l 0 k e st r e l -
,
ka tarak t o cataract (of -

, ki a wh at wh at kind of
, ,
the ey e ) k i al Wh y,
k a t a st r of
- o ca t ast r 0 h e
, p ki a m wh e n ,
kat e o ri o cat e gor y -

, k i e wh e r e
,
kat e i s m o c a t e ch ism -
, ki e l h ow,
kat e n oj f e tt e r s -
, ki e s wh os e
,
k a t olik a c a t h ol ic -
, ki l o k e e l
-
,
ka tu n o c o tt on cl o t h
-
, k i lo gra m o kilogram -
,
k afi ci o bail s e cu r it y
-
, , k iloli t r o kil olit e r -
,
k a fi é uk o rubb e r -
, k i lo m e t r o kilome t e r -
,
k a ii r i t o c owe r squat
-
, , k i mr o a W e ls h ma n
-
, .
k a li t e r iz i t o caut e r iz e ki n e m a to gra fo cin e

‘
- -
, ,
k a fi z i to caus e
-
, ma t o gr a p h
k a v o h ol e pi t
-
, , ki n i n o q ui n i n e
-
,
kaval e ri o ca v a lr y -
, ki o wh at wh at t h in g
, ,
k a v a lir o cavali e r -
, ki o m h ow mu ch ,
k av a lk a d o cav a lcad e -
, ki ra s o cuir a ss a rm or
-
, ,
kav e rn o cav e rn den -

, , ki rl i to wh irl r a pidl y
-
,
kav i ar o cavi a r e -
,
k i r Qo ch e rr y c ordial
-
,
kaz o c a s e (gr ammar )

-
, k i s i to kis s
-
,
kaz e o curds -
, k it e l o - a work man s
, .
’
k a z e i n o cas e in e -
, bl ous e
k a z e m a t o cas e mat e -
, k i u wh o wh ich
, ,
k a z e r n o ba r ra ck s -
, kl a ft o fat h om
-
,
kazi n o casin o -
, kl ak i t o cl a ck clatt e r
-
, ,
k e t h at (c onjunction )
,
kl a p o valv e plu g
-
, ,
k e gl o skittl e
-
,
kl ar a cl e ar di stin ct
-
, ,
k e l o c e ll a r
-
, k la r n e t o cl a rin e t -
,
k e lk e s ome a few
-
, , kl as o clas s (ca t e gor y )
-
,
k e ln e r o w a it e r -
, kla sifi k i t o cl a ssif y a
,
k e n o r e sino u s wo od
-
, kla s ik a cl a s si c -
,
k e p o a p e a k e d ca p
-
, k la v o k e y (o f pi ano
-
, ,
k e r o h e a rts (ca rds )

-
, t y p e wr it e r e t c ) , .
k e rub o c h e rub -
, kl e m at o cl e matis -
,
38 E sp er a ulo E ng lzl
-
rlz Voca bu l
ar y
kl e r - a, orme d
we ll - i n f k ok l
u s- o , wh oopin g
k le r i k - a , o ft h e cl e r gy cou gh
klie n t cl i e n t
- o, koko n o co co on
-
,
k lim a t o cli ma t e -
, koko s o cocoanut
-
,
kl i n i to inclin e
-
, kok s o h ip
-
,
kl i n g o blad e
-
,
kol o n e ck
-
,
k l i n i k o clinic
-
, k o lbas o saus age -
,
k l i s t e r o cl y st e r
-
, k o le g o coll e a gu e
-
,
k li Q i to st e r eot y pe
-
, ko l e gi o coll e ge
-
,
k lo a k o s e we r d r ain
-
, , k ole k t i to c o ll e ct
-
,
k lo p o d i to str i v e for
-
, k ole k t i v a coll ectiv e -
,
klo r o c h lorin e
-
, ko l e r o an ge r
-
,
k lor o z o c h l orosis
-
, k ole r ik a c h ol e ric
-
,
kl o s a be ll s h ape d
-
,
- k olib r o h um min g bird
-
,
-
kl ub o club ( soci e t y )
-
,
’
ko l i k o colic
-
,
kl uk i to cluck
-
, k o li m b o div e r (bird )
-
,
kl u z o slu ice
-
,
k o liz i o colli sion
-
,
k nab o b oy -
,
k olo di o coll odium
-
,
k nar i to grat e cr e ak
-
, , k ol o m b o dov e pi ge on
-
, ,
k n c d i to kn ead
-
, ko lo n o pillar colu mn
-
, ,
k n u t o kn out
-
, ko lo n e l o colon e l -
,
k o a k s o cok e-
, kolo n i o colon y
-
,
kobal t o c o balt -
, ko lo r o c olor
-
,
k o a li c i o coalition -
, ko lo ra t u r o coloratu r e -
,
kobo l d o goblin i mp -
, , kol o s o colossus
-
,
k o ci n c l o coc h in e al -
, k olp o r t i h a wk pe ddl e
-
, ,
ko d o cod e
-
,
k o lu b r o add e r-
,
k o de k s o cod e x -
, kol u m o coll a r
-
,
k o di c i l o codicil -
,
k olz o rape ( plant )
-
,
ko fr o tra v e llin g trunk

-
, k o m o com ma
-
,
k o i n c i d i to co incid e-
, ko m a n d i to command -
,
k oj n o we d ge
-
, (ar my )
kok o cock roost er
-
, , k oman dor - o , comman
k ok a r d o cockad e -
,
de r ( o fan ord e r )
k ok c i n e l o lad y bird -
, ko m b - i , to comb
h ok e t a coq u e ttis h
-
,
k omb in - i , to combin e
40 E p
s er a n t o - E ng l
isl
z Voca bul
ary
k on f
ck c i - o, t he cl ot h in g k o n se r v - i , t ocons e rv e
busin e ss ko n s e r v a t i v a cons e r -
,
k on f e r e n c - o , con f
e r e n ce v a t ive
k on f e s- i , t o c onf e ss k on se r v a t or i - o , cons e r
k o n fi d- i , to c on fi d e v a t or y
k on fi de n ci - a , con fide n k on si de r - i , to consid e r
tial k on sil- i , to advi se
k o n fi r m - i , to con fi rm k on si st - i , to c on si st
k o n fi r m a ci - o , con fi r m k on si st or i- o , consistory
ati on (c h urc h ) ko n s o l i , t o consol e
-
k on fi sk - i , to c on fi scat e k o n s o nan t -o
, con son a n t
k o n fi t - i , to pr e s e r v e conspi r e
k o n sp i r - i , t o
k o n fi i k t - o , c o nflict k o n s ta n t a c onstant
-
,
ko n fo r m -a
, in con form k o n st a t i to d e cl a r e
-
,
it y k on st e la c i o const e lla -
,
k on f
u z - i, to con found tion
ko n gl o m e ra t o con -
,
k o n st e r n i t o disma y
-
,
glom er a tion k o n st i t u c i - o , con st it u
k o n gr e ga c i o co n gre -
, tion
ga t ion k on st r u - i ,to e r e ct
ko n gr e s con gr e ss
- o, ko n s u l o c onsul
-
,
k on i fe r o coni f e r
-
, ko n s u l t i t o consult
-
,
ko nj ak o c ognac
-
, ko n s u m i t o consu me
-
,
k o nj e k t i to c onj e ctur e
-
, ko n t o trad e acc ount
-
,
k o nj u ga c i i conju ga t e -
, ko n tak t o contact
-
,
k o nj u n k ci - o , j
con u n c ko n tan t o r e ad y mon e y
-
,
ti o n k on t e n t a satisfie d
-
,
ko nk o s h e ll
-
, ko n t i n e n t o contin e nt
-
,
ko nkav a c oncav e
-
, ko n t i n ge n t o contin -
,
k on k lu d i to c o nclud e
-
, ge nt
ko nkr e t a con cre t e
-
, k on t r a b a n d o smu g -
,
k o n k u r i to c o mpe t e
-
, glin g
ko nku r s o co mp e tition
-
, k on t r a b a s o bas e viol -
,
k o n sc i i be c o nsci ous
-
, ko n trak t i to c ontra ct
-
,
k o n sc i e n c - o , co n scie n ce ko n t ra s t o cont r ast

-
,
k on se n t - o , cons e nt k o n t r a u a gainst
,
E p c/z
s er a n t o- E ug l Voca bula r y 41
contr ol
k on t r o l- i , k o r p or a ci - o , c orpora
ko n tu r o outlin e -
, tion
k o n t u z i t o bruis e-
, ko rp u s o arm y corps -
,
ko nu s o con e -
, ko t s ai o c orsage
-
,
k on v a lo lil y of-
, the ko rs a r o corsair -
,
vall e y k o r se t o cors e t -
,
k o n v e k s a conv e x -
, ko rt o y ard court
-
, ,
k o n v e n i to sui t -
, ko rv o r a v e n
-
,
k on y e n c i - o , con v e n t ion , ko s m e t i k o c o sm e ti c -
,
a gr e e me nt k o sm o c o smos
-
,
k o n v e r g i conv e r ge -
, ko s m opo l i t a cosmo -
,
k o n v e r sa c i o c onv e r -
, p olit a n
sati o n ko s t i to cost
-
,
ko nv e rt i t o conv e rt -
, k o st u m o costum e -
,
k on v i n k i to c onvin ce -
, ko t o mud
-
,
k o n v u lsi o convulsi on -
,
k o t i z i t o p ay du e s
-
,
kop e k o k op e ck
-
, k ot o le t o c h op cutl e t
-
, ,
kop i i t o C Op y
-
, ko to n o c otton -
,
k o r o h ea rt
-
,
k o t u r n o quail -
,
ko ral o cor a l
-
, k ov i to bro o d
-
,
ko ran o K or a n
-
, k ov e r t o e nv e l op e
-
,
ko rb o ba sk e t
-
,
k ov r i to co v e r
-
,
ko rd o c h or d
-
, kozak o C oss a ck-
,
ko rdo n o cord on -
, k rab o crab cr awfi sh
-
, ,
k o r e k t i t o c orr e ct
-
, k r a b r o h or n e t
-
,
k o r e la t iv a c orr e lativ e -
, k r a é i to spit
-
,
k or e sp o n d i to c or r e -
, k rad o grat e
-
,
sp on d k r aj on o p e n cil
-
,
corrid or
k or i do r - o , krak i t o cr a ck
-
,
ko rk o cork
-
, kra m p o fu l cr u m -
,
ko rn o h orn
-
,
kran o t a p
-
,
korn e o corn e a
-
,
kran i o c r a ni u m
-
,
kor n e t o c orn e t-
,
k r a t a g o h a w t h or n
-
,
ko rn i c o co r n i ce
-
,
krat e r o cr a t e r
-
,
kor n i k o cr ow -
,
k r a v a t o cr a v a t
-
,
ko r p o b od y
-
,
k r e i to cr e at e
-
,
42 E sp cr zs/z
a n t o- E ug l Voca bu l
ar y
k r e d i to be li e v e
-
, k ro m o c h r omo
-
,
kr e d i t o c r e d i t
-
,
k ro n o cr own
-
,
k r e d i to r o c r e ditor -
, k r on i k o c h ronicl e -
,
k r e j c e r o kr e utz e r k r o n o lo gi - o , ch r on olog
)
-
,
k r o m o cr e a m
-
, k rop - o , cr 0p (of b i r ds
kr e o l o C r e ol e k ro z to cruis e
i,
k r e p—
- -
,
o c r ap e , k ru e o cross
-
,
k r c p u sk o t wili gh t -
, k r u cu m i to crucif y -
,
kr e s o cr e ss
-
, k r u é o j u g pit ch e r
-
, ,
k r e s k i to gro w
-
, k r u d a cr u d e r aw
-
, ,
k r c sp o pancak e
-
, k ru e l a cru e l
-
,
kr e s t o cr e st comb (o f
-
, , k ru p o croup
-
,
birds or fowl ) k r u r - o , le g
k r c st om a t i - o , ch r e st o k r u st - o , cru st
ma t h y k ru t a st e e p
-
,
k r e t - o , c h al k kub o cube
-
,
k r o v - i , t o burst k u h n t o e lbo w-
,
k ri - i , t o cr y ku d r i to sew
-
,
k r i b r - i , to si ft k u fo w o ma n s ca p
’
-
,
k ri m o cri me
-
, ku gl o bull e t
-
,
k ri m i nal a c r iminal -
, ku i r i to co ok
-
,
kri n g o a r in g sh ap e d
-
,
- kuk o cak e
-
,
cr a c k e r or bis cuit kuko l o cucko o -

,
k r i p l a crippl e d
-
, kuku m o cucu mbe r -
,
k r ip t o c r y pt
-
, k u k u r b o pu mpkin -
,
K ri s t o C h ri st
-
, ku l o gn a t
-
,
k ri s tal o c r y st a l
-
,
k n lcr o spoon- .
k r i t c r i o crit er i on
-
, ku l p a gu ilt y
-
,
k r i t i k i to criticis e
-
, kul t o cult
-
,
k ri z o cr isis
-
, ku l tu r o cultur e -
,
k r i z a lid o C h r y s a lis
-
, k u n w it h
,
k r i z a n t e m- o , C h r y san k u n ik l o rabbit -
,
t h e mu m kup o cuppin g gl a ss
-
,
-
kro c - i , t o h ook kup e o - c ompa rt me nt

,
k roko d i l o c rocodi l e -
, in r a i l wa y ca r
k ro m e x ce pt
, k u p ol o d om e cupola
-
, ,
44 E p i
s er a n t o - E r g /1s}: Voca bu l
ary
l an g o ton gu e
-
, le go m - o , v e ge tabl e
l a n i o s h ri ke
-
, l e gu m i n - o, l e gu m e
l a n t e r n o l a n t e rn -
, le g- o , l aw
l a u n g o d own -
,
le k - i , to l ick
la p o bur -
, l e ka n t o ma r gu e rit e
-
,
l ap i s o lapis -
, l e k c i o l e ctur e
-
,
la r o sea gull
-
,
- le k sik on o l e x i con -
,
l a rd o l a r d
-
, l e k to r o l e ctur e r -
,
l ar g a w id e-
, l e n t o l e ntil
-
,
l ari k o l a rc h -
, le n t u g o f re ckl e -
,
l a t i n g o l a r yn x -
, I c o n o l ion
-
,
l a r m o t e ar (ofe ye )
-
, le on t o d o dand e li on -
,
la s i t o l e av e
-
, l e opa rd o l e opard -
,
l as t a last -
, le p or o h ar e -
,
la t o lat h
-
, le p r o l e pr o s y
-
,
l a t i n a Latin -
, l e rn i t o l e a rn
-
,
la t r i n o c e sspool clos e t
-
, , l e rt a cl e v e r
-
,
l a t u k o l e ttuc e -
, le si v o w h o l e sal e was h
-
,
la fi accordin g to
,
in g o fc l o t h e s
la ixb o a rbor le t a r gi o l e t h a r gy
'
- -
, ,
l a u d i to prais e
-
,
l e t e r o l e tt e r
-
,
la imt e n i s o lawn t e nnis l e u t e nan t o li e ut e n a nt

'
- -
, ,
lafi r o l a u r e l le ixk - o, l e a gu e (mea su r e )

’
-
,
l a u r e a t o l a ure at e -
, le v - i , to li ft
la ixt e l oudl y li , h e
’
-
,
la v i t o was h
-
, l i a n - o , b i nd wee d
l a va n g o a v a lan ch e -
,
l i b e l - o , d r a gon - fl y
la v e n d o lav e nd e r -
, l i b e r a fr ee
-
,
l azu r a azur e -
,
l i b e ra l a libe ral (pol) -
, .
le c io n o l e sson -
, l i b e ral i s m o libe r a lism -
,
le d o l e at h e r
-
,
l i b r o b ook
-
,
le g i to r ea d
-
,
l i c e o l y ce u m Fr e nc h
-
, ,
l e ga t o l e ga t e -
, c oll e ge
l e ge n d o l e ge nd -
, l i e n o spl e e n
-
,
l e gi o l e gion
-
, lig i to t i e to bind
-
, ,
l e gi t i m i t o l e gitimize -
, l i gn o wood
-
,
E p
s e r a n t o- E ug l
zsl
z Voca bu l
ar y 45
l i ke n - o, li ch e n log- i , t oallur e
lik v id- i , t o liquid a t e l o gi k o l ogic -
,
lik v o r - o , liquor lo g i t o d we ll
-
,
l i l i o lil y
-
, lo gi o t h e a t e r
-
, b ox
l i m o li mi t
-
, loj a l a l oy a l
-
,
l i m ak o sn a il -
, loj t o l o t e
-
,
li m fo l ymp h
-
, l ok o pl a ce
-
,
li mo n a d o l e monad e -
, lok o mot iv - o , locomo
li n -o , fl a x ti v e
l i na r i - l inn e t
o, r ed l ol o t ar e s
-
,
l i ne i t o l y nc h
-
, lo n g a lon g -
,
lin gv o l a n gu a ge
-
, lo n i c e r h on e y suckl e- o,
li n gv i st ik o lin guistics -
, l o rn - o , fi e ld gl a ss -
l i ni o l i n e
-
,
lo t - i , t o d r a w l o t s
l i nk o l y n x
-
, lo t e r i o l ott e r y
-
,
l i p o lip
-
, ln i to h ir e
-
,
l i r o l yre
-
, l u d i t o pl ay
-
,
li r ik o l y ric
-
, l uks o lu x ur y
-
,
l i s t o list
-
, l u l i t o lull t o sl e e p
-
,
l i t o bed
-
, l u m i to s h in e
-
,
l i ta n i o litan y-
, l u m b o l oin s -
,
l i t e r o l e tt e r (alp h ab e t )
-
, lu m b r i k o e a rt h worm -
,
l i t e ratu r o lit e r a tu r e -
, lu n o m o on
-
,
li t o gr a fi to l it h ogr a p h -
, lu n a t i k o lu n a tic -
,
l i to v a Lit h uani an
-
, l u n d o M ond a y
-
,
li t r o litr e
-
, l up o wol f
-
,
l i tu r gi o litur gy -
, lu p O p o h O p (pl a nt )
-
,
l i n t o lut e
-
, lu st r o lust e r -
,
l i v e r i t o d e li v e r
-
, l u t i t o s old e r
-
,
liv r o pou nd (st e rlin g )

-
, lu t e r a n o Lut h e ran -
,
l i v r e o l iv e r y
-
, lu t r o ott e r
-
,
lo d o h a lf ounce
-
,
-
M
ma c—
o , u n l eavene d ma c i -
, to c h e w
br e ad ma do n o m a d onna
-
,
p
s er a n t o- E rig /15 1 Voca bul
°
46 E : ar y
m a gi o ma gic -
, m a lv a r mu m - i, to tak e
m a gi s t rat o magist r at e -
, cold
m a gna t o ma gnat e -
, m a m o bre ast udd e r
, ,
m a gn e t o ma gn e t -
, m a m u t o mammot h -
,
m a gn e t i z i ma gn e tiz e -
, ma n o h a nd
-
,
m a gn o li o ma gn olia -
, m ana o m anna-
,
ma h a go n o ma h oga n y -
, m a n d a r o n o mandarin -
,
M a h o m e t o Ma h ome t -
, m and a t o mon e y ord e r -
,
-
m a i z o maiz e corn
, , m a ndo l i n o m an dolin -
,
M aj o Ma y
-
, m a n dr a gor o man -
,
m aj e st a maj e s t ic-
, drak e
m aj o li k a majolica -
, ma n e g o ridin g sc h ool
-
,
-
m aj o r o arm y maj or
-
, m an e i to e at
-
,
maj st r o m a st e r of an
-
, m an i o man ia
-
,
ar tr a d e e t c
t, , . m a n i e r o mann e r -
,
m akad a m o ma cadam -
, m an i fe st o manife sto -
,
m aka ro n o ma caro on -
, m a n i k o sl ee v e
-
,
m aka ro n i o maca r oni -

, man i p u l i manipulat e -
,
m akl e r i to do brok e r
-
, m a nk i to be lack i n g
-
,
a ge bus i n e ss ma n ov r o man e uv e r -
,
m a k r O p o kan ga roo -
, m a n t e l o a mantl e -
, ,
m ak s i m o ma xim -
, cloak
m a k si m u m o ma xi -
, m an t i l o mantilla -
,
mu m m an u fak tu r o manu -
,
m aku l - o, spot stain , factur e

ma k z e l o j a w -
, m anu m o cu f f -
,
m a l d e n o t e s contr a r y
'
, : m anu s kr i p t o manu -
,
bo na , g ood; m albo na , sc r i pt
ba a
’
. m ar o se a oce an
-
, ,
m al aj o Malay -
, m a r Cip a n o marc h pan e -
,
m al a ri o mal a ria -
, m are o mars h-
,
m al c o l o ankl e -
, m a r é a n d i to bar ga i n -
,
m a lgr a u , n o t wit h st an d m ard o T u e sda y

-
,
in g m ar ga ri n o ole omar -
,
m al i c a malic i ous
-
, gar in e
mal t o, mal t
- ma r ge n -o
, mar gi n
48 E p
s er a n t o- E ng l
ish Voca bul
ar y
m e l i s o ga rd e n m i nt
-
, m e t a lu r gi o me tallu r gy -
,
m e l k i to milk
-
, m e t a mor foz o me t a -
,
m e lo d i o m e lod y-
,
morp h osis
m e l o d ra m o melo -
, me t e o r - o, m e t e or
dr a ma meti o -
, a trad e h and i ,
m e l o n o m e lon
-
, craft
m e m s e lf or s e lv e s
, m e to d o m e t h od -
,
m e m b r o me mbe r -
, m e t r o meter -
,
m e m b ra n o m e mbran e m e t ri k a m e tric
'
- -
, ,
m e m o t i to r e m e mbe r
-
, m e t ropo l o me tropol i s -
,
m e n d i ord e r (goods )
-
, m e v o se a gull
-
,
-
m e n s o spi r it mind
-
, , , mc z o midst middl e
-
, ,
distinct from matt e r m e z a lia n c - o, me salli

m e n sog i to t e ll a lie
-
, anc e
m e n st r u a c i - o, me n me z u r - i, to m e asure
st r u a t ion mi I,
me n t - minto, m i a s m o miasma -
,
m e n t o n o ch i n -
, m i a u i to mew-
,
m e n to r o m e ntor -
,
m i e l o h on e y
-
,
m e n u o m e nu
-
, m i e n o mi e n a i r
-
, ,
m e n u e t o minu e t -
, m i gd al o almond -
,
m e ri d i a n o m e ridi a n -
, m igr i to mi grat e
-
,
m e ri no s o me rin o -
,
m ik r ob o mi crobe -
,
m e ri t i me rit d e s e rv e
-
, , m ikro s ko p o micr o -
,
m e r i z o w ild c h e rr y
-
, S c op e
m c r k r e d o W e dn e sday -
,
mik s i to mix -
,
m e rl o blackbird
-
, m i l t h ousan d
,
m e s o m a ss (c h urc h )
-
, m i l d a ge ntl e mild
-
, ,
M e si o Me ssiah
-
, m i l i o mill e t
-
,
m e s t i z o a h a lf br e e d
-
,
-
m ilia r d o milliard -
,
( S pani s h ) m i l i c i o militia
-
,
m e t i t o put
-
,
m ilim e t r o millim e t e r -
,
m e t a fi z ik o m e t a p h y s -
,
m i l i o n o million -
,
i cs m i l i t i to fi gh t
-
,
m e t a for o m e t a p h or -
, m i m i k o mi micr y -
,
me t a l o m e t a l
-
,
m in o m i n e
-
,
E sp er a n to E ug l
zs/z Voca bu l
-
ar y 49
m i nar e t - o, min a r e t m o d e l o mod e l

-
,
m i n e ral o -
, min e r a l m o d e r a mod erat e
-
,
m i n e ralo gi - o, min eral m o d e rn a mod e rn -

,
o gy m o d e s t a m od e st-
,
m i na c i to t h r e at e n
-
, m o d i fi to modif y
-
,
m i n i o r e d l ea d
-
, m o d u l i m odul a t e
-
,
m i n i atu r o mini a tur e -

, modu la ci o modulat ion -
,
m i n i m u m o mini mum -
, mok i to mock
-
,
m i n ist r o minist e r -
, m ol - a, soft
m i nu s o minus -
, mole k u l o mol e cul e -
,
m in u t o minut e
-
, m olu sk o mollusk -
,
mio ga l o musk rat -

,
-
m o m e n t o mom e nt -
,
mi O p a n e arsi gh t e d
-
, m on o mon ey
-
,
m io z o t o myosoti s
-
, mon a h o mon k -
,
m i r i to wond e r mon a r h o monarc h

A
- -
, ,
mir a k l o mir a cl e
-
, m ona t o mont h
-
,
mir h o m y rr h
-
, m o nd o world
-
,
m ir ia d o m y riad -
, m on e d o j ackd aw
-
,
mir i a me t r - o, mir iame mo n ito r o monit or -

,
ter m o no gra m o mono -

,
m ir m e k ofa g - o, gr a m
t r
ea e m omok l o monocl e -
,
mir m e le on o li on -
,
-
an t m o no lo g o mon ol ogu e -
,
m i t t o m y rtl e
-
, m o no m an i o mono -
,
m ir t e l o bilb e rr y
-
, mania
m i s al o missal
-
, m o no pol monopol y - o,
m i s i o mission
-
, mon st r o monst e r
-
,
m i s t e r o my st e r y
-
, mo n ot e i sm o mono -
,
m ist ifi k i t o my stif y -
, t h e i sm
m i st ik o a m y stic mo n t o mountain
m i t—
- -
, ,
o my t h
, m o n t r i t o s h ow
-
,
m i to lo gi o my t h ology -
, mo nu m e n t o monu -
,
mit u l o muss e l
-
, men t
m i z e r o mis e r y
-
, m op s o p u g dog
-
,
m ob iliz i t o mobiliz e -
, m o r oi morals
-
,
mod o fas h ion mod e

-
, , m o ral a moral-
,
50 E sp er a u i o- E Voca bu l
ar y
m or b il o m easl e s -
, mu fo mu f
- f ,
m or é e l o mu s h room
-
, mu g i to roar
-
,
m o rd -to bit e
i, m uk -o
, mucu s
m o r fi n o mo r p h in e
-
, mu l o
-
,
mul e
m o r ga ix t o morro w m u l t o muc h
’
-
, ,
m o r t i to die
-
, m u lt ip lik i multipl y -
,
m o r t e r o m ortar -
, m u lmu slin o mull -
,
m o rn o spe ci e s ofcod
-
, m u m i o mumm y -
,
fi sh m u r o wall
-
,
m o ru s mulbe rr y
- o, m u r m u r i to murmur -
,
m o s k o m u sk
-
, m u s o mous e
-
,
m o s h e o mosqu e-
, m u sk o moss-
,
m o sk it o mosquit o -
, m u ska t o nut me g -
,
mo s t o - un fe r me nt e d
, m u s k e d o muske t -
,
w in e mu sk ol o muscl e -
,
m o s t o titl e of r e sp e ct
-
, m u s l i n o muslin -
,
m o t o mott o
-
, m u s ta rd o mu stard -
,
m o t i v o motiv e
-
, m u s t e l o m a rtin s a bl e
-
, ,
m o to r o motor
-
, m u s o co mmon fl y
-
,
m ov i t o mov e
-
, mu t a mu t e
-
,
m o zai k o mo saic -
, mu z o mus e
-
,
m u c i d a d a mp mould y
-
, , m u z e o mu s e um
-
,
m u e l i to grind
-
, mu z ik o music -
,
n, e nd i n g oft h e a ccusa na i v -a artl e ss,
tiv e or obj e ctiv e cas e ; n aj b a r o n e i gh bor

-
,
also s h o ws di r e cti on n aj l o n a il
-
,
o r mo tion to ward n aj t in ga l o ni gh tin gal e -

,
n a c i o nation
-
, n a n k e n o nank e e n -
,
n a d i r o n a dir
-
, n a p o turnip
-
,
n a ft o n a p h t h a
-
, n arc i s o narcissus-
,
n a g i t o s wi m
-
, narko t a n a rcotic -
,
52 E p
s er a n t o- E Voca bu l
ary
n ovic - o, novi ce nu mer numbe r N o - o, , .
nu, w e ll n u m i d o guin ea f owl -

,
-
n u a n c -o , h ue , tint nu m i s m at i k o numis -
,
n ub -o, cl oud ma t ics

n u d a nud e
-
, n u n , n ow
n u k o nap e oft h e
-
, n u n c i o nuncio -
,
n u h s o nu t -
, n ur onl y
,
n ul o ze ro
-
, n u t r i to nou r is h fee d
-
, ,
0, e ndin g o ft h e noun or o fe r to sacrific e

- i,
substantiv e o fi c o e mplo y me nt
-
,
o a z o oasi s
-
, o fi c i a l a offi cial -
,
ob c i to obe y
-
, o fi c i r o off ice r -
,
o b e l i s k o obe lisk -
, of t e o ft e n
-
,
obj e k t o obj e ct -
, 0k e i gh t
,
o b l multipl e of n u m o k a z i to o ccur
’
-
, ,
e r al
s : du , t wo ; du o k c ide n t o we st -
,
ob l a double , ok r o o c h r e
-
,
obl a t o wafe r -
, ok si d o o x id e -
,
obl i ga c i o bond -
, o k si ge n o o x y ge n -
,
ob l i k v a obliqu e -
, ok si k ok o cr a nb e rr y -
,
obo l o a small Gr ee k
-
, okta v o octav e -
,
co in o bolus , O k t ob r o O ctobe r -
,
o b s e r v i to obs e r v e -
, ok n l-o
, eye
o b sc w a t or i- o , ob se r v ok u lt -a, occult
a t or y oku p i to occup y -
,
ob s t i na , o bstinat e o k z a l o sorr e l
-
,
o b st r u k c i - o , ob st r u ct ion 01 t h an
,
o c e an - o, oce an ole - o , o il
o d- o , ode ole a n dr -o
, ol e an d e r
odor i , t o gi v e o d o r
- oliga r h i - o , oli garc h y
e n d- i , to o f
of fe nd oliv - o, o liv e
E p
s er a n t o- E ug l
zsl
z Voca bul
ar y 53
omar l obst e r
- o, or d- o , ord e r
ombr o s had e -
, o rd e n o t h e ord e r of
-
,
o m b r e l o u mbr e ll a -
, kni gh t h ood
o m n i bu s O omn ibu s -
, o rd i nar a ordin ar y -
,
ma r k o f fr a cti ons o rdo n i t o ord e r com

’
on ,
-
, ,
t ri t/zr cc; t r ion o ouc

, ,
ma nd
t /zzr
'
a
’
o r e l o e ar
-
,
o n d- o , wav e o r fo o rp h a n
“
-
,
on i , on e ,
”
o r gan O or gan -
,
o n ik s- o , o n yx o r gan i s m o or ga nism -
,
ou k l o un cl e
-
, o r ga n i z i to or ganiz e -
,
on t f u tur e a ctiv e par

’
, o r gan i k a o r ganic -
,
t icip l e : a m o n t e a bou t , o r ge n o or ga n (mus )

-
,
.
to l
ove o r gi o o r gy
-
,
o n t ol nt olo gy
o gi - O , o o ri e n t o e as t -
,
op su ffi x or coll e ctiv e
’
, o ri gi n o o ri gin -
,
nu me rals : kva r four ; , o ri gi nal o or i ginal -

,
k v a r o p e , by f
our s o ri o l o oriol e
-
,
O p al - o, O pal o r k e st r o o rc h e stra -
,
Ope r - o, O pe r a o r k i de o o r ch id -
,
p e rati on
O p e r a ci - O , o o rna m i t o a d orn -
,
o p i o O pium
-
, o rna t o cl e ric a l r obe s
-
,
O p i n i i t o opin e
-
, o rn i to lo gi o or nit h ol -
,
O p o r t u n a con v e ni e nt -
, o gy
O p o z i c i o O ppositi o n -
, r e ct a n gul a r
or t - a ,
o p t ik o O ptics -
, or t o dok s a ort h odox -
,
O p ti m i s m o o pti mis m -
, o r t o gr a fi - o , or t h ogr a
O p t i m i s t o opti mist -
, phy
o r O gold
-
, rt h op e dics
or t o p e di - o , o
o r a k ol O oracl e -
, OS , si gn offutur e t e ns e :
ora n gu tan g o oran g
‘
-
, a m o s w illlove ,
o ut a n g o sc e d i t o y awn -
gap e , ,
ora n g o or a n ge -
, o si f r a g o o spr e y -
,
o r a n ge r i o h ot h ous e -
,
-
o st O bon e
-
,
orato r o o r a t or -
, o st r o o y st e r
-
,
o rato ri o or a tor y -
,
o s t ra c i s m O o stracism -
,
54 Espcr a q -
E rig /ir u Voca bul
ary
ot , pass i v e p art i cipl e , ov a c i - o , ovation

future : a m o t e a bou t , o val a -
, o val
t o be l
oved o zo n o -
, ozon e
o v - o , e gg
pa c -o pe ace , p anora m panorama - o,
p a c i e n c O pati e nc e -
, p an tal o n o tr o us e rs -
,
pad e l i to p a ddl e p an t e i sm O pant h e ism

—
- -
, ,
p a f i to s h oot
, p a n t e i st o p a nt h e ist-
,
p a s i to p a y
-
, pan t e r o pant h e r -
,
p a go d o pagoda -
, p a n t ofl o slipp e r -
,
na e o pa ge
-
, p a n t o mim o p a n t o -
,
va ei O pa ge (b oy )
-
.
mim e
p aj l o straw t h atc h
-
, , pap o pope
-
,
p a k i t o pack
-
, p a p a g o p a rrot
-
,
p a l a pale
-
, p a p a v - O , P O PPY
p a la c o p a lace
-
, p ap e r - o , pap e r
p al a d i o pall a dium il i , butt e r fl y
a -o
-
, p p
p al ank i n o palanqu i n -
,
a
p p i r u s-O
, pap y ru s
pal a t o p a lat e
-
, p ar o pair
-
,
p a le t r o pal e tt e
-
, p ara d i to par a d e
-
,
pal i s o stak e
-
, p a r a di z o paradis e -
,
p a li sa n dr o ros e wood -
, p ar a dok s o p a rad ox -
,
p al m o p a lm tr ee
-
, p ara fo fl ou r ish p a rap h
-
, ,
pal p i t o f e e l
-
, p a r a fi n o p a r a ffin e
-
,
p a lp e b r o e y e las h -
, p ar af r az o parap h ras e-
,
p al t o gr e a t coat
-
, para gra fo p a r a grap h -
,
P a le st i n o P a l e stin e -
, p a r a le l O par a ll e l
-
,
p a m fi e t o p a mp h l e t -
, p a r a le logr a m o paral -
,
p a n o b r e ad
-
, lel ogr a m
p a n c gi r o p a n e gy ric -
, p a r a li z -i
, to p a r al yz e
pan e l o pan e l -
, pa rap e t -o
, p ar a pe t
p an i k o pan ic -
, p a r a z i t -o
, p a r asit e
56 E p
lsl
z Voca bu l
ary
p e n d i to h an g
-
, p e r so n O pe rson -
,
p e n do l o pe ndulu m
-
, p e rs p e kt i v o p e r spect -
,
p e n e t r i t o p e n e tr a t e
-
, iv e
p e n i k o artist s brus h
-
,
’
P e ru Pe ru- o,
p e n s i to t h ink
-
, p e S i to we i gh Gr a m )
-
, .
p e n s i o p e nsion
-
, p e si mi sm o p e ssimism -
,
p e n t i to r e pe nt
-
, p c si m i st o p e ssimist -
,
p e n t r i to paint
-
, p e sc t o p e s e ta -
,
p e o n i O p e on y
-
, p e s t o p e st plagu e
-
, ,
p e p i to c h i r p t wi tt e r
-
, , p e t i to a sk r equ e s t
-
, ,
p e p s i n o p e psin-
, p e to l i to b e p e tul ant
-
, ,
p e r b y b y m e an s o f
, , misc h i e vous
p e r c e p t i to p e rce iv e
-
, p e t ro l o p e trol e um -
,
p e r d i to l o s e
-
, p e t r o se l o p a rsl e y -
,
p e r dr ik o p a r trid ge -
, p c z i to we i gh t o h av e
-
, ,
p e r e i to p e ris h
-
, we i gh t
p e r fe k t a p e r f e ct
-
, p fe n i g o p fe nni g -
,
p e r fi d i to b e tra y
-
, p i a pious
-
,
p e r ga m e n o par c h m e nt -
, p i c e o fi r tr ee
-
,
-
p e r if e r i o pe r ip h e r y
-
, p i e d o foot -
,
p e r i m c t r O pe ri me t e r -
, p i e d e s tal O p e d e stal -
,
p e r i o d o p e riod-
, p i g o ma gp i e
-
,
p e r i s t il o p e rist y l e
-
, p i sm e o pi gmy -
,
p e r k o p e rc h (fi sh )
-
, p i gm e n t O pi gm e n t -
,
p e r l o p e arl
-
,
p ik i to prick
-
,
p e r la rn ot o mot h e r of -
,
- p i k e d o picke t -
,
pear l p i l gri m i to mak e a -

,
p e r m e s i to pe rmit -
, pil gri ma ge
p e ro n o st e ps ( be for e
-
, p il k o b a ll (pla y in g)
-
,
a h ous e ) p il o l o pill
-
,
p e r p e n d iku l ar a p e r -
,
p i lo t o pilot
-
,
p e n dicu l
ar p in o pin e
-
,
p e r se k u t -i
, pros e cut e , p i ne i to pinc h
-
,
p e r s e cut e p i n gl o p i n -
,
p e r s i k o p e ac h
-
,
pi n i o S p e c i e s o ffir
-
,
p e r s i s t i t o pe rsi st
-
,
p i n t o pi n n a cl e
-
,
E p ish
s er a n t o- E ng l Voca bu l
ar y 57
i o é , pi ck a x e pl a u d pl a s h i, t o
-O
p - s
, pi o n e e r p le b ej o a pl e b e i a n
p i o n i r -o -
,
p i p o , pip e
-
p l e d i t o pl e ad (law)
-
,
i
p p r -o
, p e pp e r p lej mo st ,
p i p s o pip ( dis e as e )
-
, p le k t i t o w e av e -
,
p i r o p ear
-
, p le n a f u ll -
,
p ir a m i d o p y r amid -
, p le n d i t o compl a in -
,
pi ra t O pi r a t e
-
, pl e o nas m O pl e onasm -
,
P i r i n e oj P y r in ee s
-
, pl e t o tr a y -
,
p i r i t o p y r it e s
-
, p le z u r o pl e a sur e -
,
p i ro l O b u llfin ch
-
, pl i mor e,
p i r o t e k n i k -o
, p y r ot e ch p lor i t o sh e d t e a rs
-
,
ni c s p lo t o r oa ch (fi sh )
-
,
pist i - p ound
, to pl u fu r t h e r
,
p i st a k o pi st a c h io
-
, p l u g i t o pl ow
-
,
p i s t i l o pi stil
-
,
p lu m o f e a t h e r p en
-
, ,
p i s to l O pist ol -
, p l u m b o lea d -
,
p i s t o pist on
-
, p l u § o plus h -
,
p i to n o p y t h on
-
, p lu t o k r a t i -O
, pl
u t ocr acy
p i z o p ea l , r a in
u v -o
-
, p
pl a c o pl a z a
-
, p l uv i pl ov e r - o,
p la é i t o pl e as e
-
, p o a t t h e r a t e of
,
pl a d o dis h
-
, p o da gr o gout -
,
p la f on o c e ili n g
-
, po e m o po e m -
,
pl a gi at o pl a gi a r ism -
, p o e n t -
o, p oin t (in g am e )
pl a n o pl a n
-
,
po e t - o, p oe t
p la n d o sol e o ff
- oOt , p o e z i -O
, p oe tr y
pl a n e d o pl a n e t -
, pokal o cu p gobl e t -
, ,
pl a nk o fl oor -
, pol o 8 Pol e
-
, .
pl a n t i t o pl ant
-
,
pol e m i k o pol e mics -
,
p la n t a g o pl a nt a in -
, pol i o o p olic e -
,
pl as t i k o pla sti c a r t
-
,
po l i ga m i o p ol y ga m y -
,
pl a st r o plast e r
-
, po l i go n o buckwh e at -
,
pl a t a fl at
-
, p oli p o p o l y pus -
,
p l a t e o spo
- onbill , pol i s o insur a nc e poli cy
-
,
pl at e n o pl a tinum-
, p olit e is m -
y t h e is
o , p ol m
58 E p
s er a n t o-5 71371131
: Voca bula r y
po l i t i k o pol i t i cs
-
, po s o pocke t
-
,
po lk o polka
-
, po s t o p o st mail
-
, ,
po l u c i o p ollution
-
, po t o pot
-
,
pol u r o p oli s h
-
, p ot a s o potas h -
,
po l u s O pol e (of mag

-
, p ot e n c a po we r f ul -
,
n e t , e t c. ) po t e n c i al a p ot e nt i al -
,
p olv -o, dust p ov i to b e abl e

-
,
po m o a ppl e
-
,
po z i to p o s e
-
,
p o m a d o p omatum -
, po z i t i v a positiv e -
,
po m p 0 po mp
-
. p ra gr e a t p r i mordial
’
,
p o n a r d o poniard -
, p r a p a t r oj for efa th er s
po n t o brid ge
-
, p rak t i k o pr a cti ce -
,
po n to n o pontoon - pra m o f e rry boat

,
-
,
-
p O p l o p Op l
- ar
, p rav a ri gh t -
,
p O p o l o p e opl e
-
,
pr e c i p e c h i e fl y ,
po pu l ar a p opul a r -
p r e c i z a pr e cis e
,
-
,
p or f
, or i n or de r to for p r e di k i to pr e a c h
, ,
-
,
t h e purpos e O f pr e fe r i t o p r e fe r -
,
p o r c e la n o p o r c e lain p r e fi k s O pr e fi x
-
,
-
,
po r c i O portion
-
,
p r e g i to pra y -
,
po rd o door
-
, p r el at o pr e lat e -
,
p o r fi r o porp h y ry
-
, pr el u d o pr e lud e -
,
po rk O h og
-
, p r e m i to pre ss -
,
po r t i to carr y
-
, p r e m i o pre mium -
,
po r t a l o port a l
-
,p r e m i s o pr e mis e -
,
po r t e r o port e r (d r ink ) p r e n i to t a k e
-
,
-
,
p o r t O p e O sw or dbe l -t p r e par i to pr e par e

, ,
p or t i k o portico
-
,p r e p oz i c i o p r e p o sit ion -
,
p o r t r e t o p ortrait-
p r e r oga t iv o p r e r oga
,
-
,
po r tu gal a Portu gu e s e - tiv e ,
po s e d i t o p o ss e ss
-
, p r e s i t o pr i nt -
,
p o sc siv a poss e s siv e -

p r e sb it e r o pr e sb y t e r
,
-
,
po s t aft e r
, p r e sk a u n e arl y ,
po s t e n o milit a r y post p r e t a r ea d y
-
,
-
,
p o st u l i to r e q u i r e
-
,p r e t c k st O pre t e x t -
,
p o s tu l a t O p o stul a t e -p r e t e n d i to pr e t e n d
,
-
,
60 Espcr a ut o E rig /is}:
-
Voca bula r y
pr u nj 0, w h it e frost p u lv o r du st powd e r
- o, ,
pr u n pl u m
- o, p u m ik o pu mic e -
,
p r u n e l o sl oe -
, p u m p i to pu mp-
,
p r u n t O a l oan -
, p u n i to pun is h
-
,
p r u s O a P r ussian
-
, p u n c o cri ms on r e d
-
,
-
p r u v i to prov e
-
, p n u C o punc h
-
,
p s a l m O ps a lm -
, p u nk t o point dot
-
, ,
p se ilda p se ud o f a ls e p u n t o l ace
'
-
, , ,
p se ixdo n i m o ps e udo pu p o d oll

’
- -
, ,
ny m p u p i l o pupil o fe ye
-
,
p s i k -a
,ps y ch ic p u r a cl e an pur e
-
, ,
p sik ol o gi o ps y c h olo gy -
, p u p it r o d e s k -
,
pub l i k o publi c -
, Pu r ga to ri o P ur gator y -
,
pu d e l o s p a ni e l
-
, p u r i ta n o puritan -
,
p u d r o t o il e t powd e r
-
, pu rpu r O purpl e -
,
p u fo puff tuft
-
, , pu s o pu s
-
,
p u gu o fi st -
, pu s i t o pus h
-
,
p u l o fl ea
-
, p u t O a we ll
-
,
pu l m O lun g -
, p u t or o p ol e cat
-
,
pu l s o puls e
-
, p u t r i t o rot
-
,
p u l v o gunpowd e r
-
,
rab -
i , t o s e iz e and carr y r a dik - o ,root
a wa y , to r o b rad i ka l a r a dical -
,
r a b a r b - o , r h ub a rb ra fa n o h o rs e radis h
-
,
-
raba t - i , to r e bat e r a fi n i to r e fin e
-
,
rab e n O r a bbi -
, rai d i t o r id e
-
,
rab i O madn e ss rab i e s

-
, , r aj t O
- ri gh t
,
rabo t i t o pl a n e
-
, rak e t o r ock e t fus ee
-
, ,
ra c i a r a tion a l
-
, r a k on t i t o r e l a t e
-
,
rad O wh ee l
-
, ra m p i t o crawl
-
,
rad i o r a y -
, r a n o fro g
-
,
E s p er a nt o E ug lzs/z
-
Voca bular y 61
ran c a rancid -
, r e g- i , ove r n
to g
ran d o e d ge -
, r e gal r e gal e
-i
, to
ran g o r a nk -
,
r e ge n e r a c i o r e ge n e ra -
,
r a n u n k ol o ranunculus -
, ti on
rap i d a r a pid -
, r e gi o stat e mon op ol y
-
,
rap i r o foil rapi e r

-
, , r e gi m e n t o r e gi me nt -
,
rapor t i to r e port -
, r e gi o n o r e gi on -
,
rap s o d i o r h a psod y -
, r e gi s t r i to r e gist e r
-
,
ra s o ra ce
-
, r e gl e m e n t O r e gulat ion - .
ra s p i to rasp
-
, r e gn o st a t e
-
,
ra t o r a t
-
, r e go l O wr e n
-
,
ra nk a h oars e rau e n s
-
, , r e gr e s o r e gr e ss -
,
r a ilp o c a t e rpill a r r e gn l O a rul e

'
- -
, ,
r a v i t o e n r a pt u r e
-
, r e g O kin g
-
,
raz i to s h av e
-
, r e gi sor o st age man
-
,
-
r e a ga in
, a ge r
r e a k ci o r e action -
, r ej s o r e is (c o in )
-
,
r e al a r e a l
-
, r e kl a m o adv e rtisin g -
,
r e a l o r e al ( coin )
-
, r e k om e n d i to com -
,
r e al i s t O r e a li st -
, m e nd
r e bu s o r e bus -
, r e k o m p e n c i t o r e wa r d -
,
r e ce n z i to r e vi ew -
, r e ko r d o r e cord -
,
r e c e p t o doctor s p r e -
,
’
r e kru t O r e crui t -
,
sc r ipti on r ekt a - strai gh t

,
r e c i p r o k a r e cipr oc a l -
,
r e k to r o r e ctor -
,
r e da k c i o e dit o rs h ip -
,
r e k v ie m o r equi e m -
,
r e da k t i t o e dit -
, r e k v iz i c i o r e qui siti on -
,
r e d ak to r o e ditor -
, r e k v i z i t o r e quisi t e -
,
r e du k t i to r e d uc e -
, r e l O rail
-
,
r e d u t o r e d oubt -
, r e l i e fo r e li e f e mbos
-
, ,
r e fo r e e f (o fs a il )
-
, se d work
r ef er enc o r e f e r e nce -
, r el i gi o r e li gion
-
,
r ef or ma c i O r e f or ma -
, r e m i t o r ow
-
,
ti on r e m b u r i to stu f
f -
,
r ef u t i t o r e fut e
-
, re m i z o -
, g arage c oa ch ,
r e ga t t o r e ga tt a -
,
h ous e
62 Esper a u/o E ”g in /z -
Voca bul
ar y
t e m p e r o bul wark -
, r s i gnat i on
r e z i gn a ci -o, e
r e n o kidn e y ( to on e s lot e t c )
’
- .
, ,
r e n de v u O r e nd e z v ous -
, r e z i n o r e sin
-
,
r e n e ga t o r e n e gad e-
, r e z ol u c i o r e solut i on -
,
r e n e sa n c - o , r e n a issa n ce r e zo n i to r e ason
-
,
to m ee t
r e n k on t - i , r e z ul t i to r e sult
-
,
r e n t o i nco me
-
, r i b o currant
-
,
r e nv e r s i t o ups e t -
, r i b e l i to r e be l
-
,
r e p e r tu ar o r e p e rtoir e -
, r i c e v i to r e c e i v e
-
,
r epr ez ent i r e pr e s e nt -
, r i c a ric h
-
,
r e p u t a ci o r e putation -
, r i d i to lau gh
-
,
r e sk ri p t o r e script -
, r ifo r e e f
-
,
r e s p e k t i to r e sp e ct
-
, r if u g i to tak e r e f
-
, u ge
r e s p e kt i v e r e sp e ct-
, r if u z i to r e fus e
-
,
iv e l
y r i ga r d i to look at
-
,
r e s po n d i , to r e sp ond
- r i g i to r ig
-
,
r e sp u bl ik - o , r e public r i gi d a ri gid
-
,
r e st - i , to r e main r i gl i to bolt
-
,
r e st or a c i o , r e s taurant - r i go r a r i gora
-
,
r e t - o, n et , n e tt i n g r i ka n i to gr i n sn ee r
-
, ,
r e tin o r e tina
-
, r i k ol t i to gat h e r
-
,
r e t or i k o r h e toric
-
, r il a t i to r e lat e
-
,
r e to r t o r e tort
-
, r im o r h yme
-
,
r e t ro ak t i v a r e t r oact iv e -
, r i mar k i to r e mark -
,
r e t ro s p e k t i v a r e tro -
, t i m e d o m e an s-
,
sp e c t iv e ri m e n o strap -
,
r efi m a t ism-o , r h e uma r i m e s i to r e m i t mon e y

-
,
t ism r i n g o rin g
-
,
r e v -i, to dr e am r i n o ce r o r h i noc e ros -

,
r e v e n g o r e v e n ge
-
, ri p o rib
-
,
r e v i z i to r e vis e
-
, r i par i to r e pair
-
,
r e v ol u c i O r e volution -
, r i p e t i to r e pe at
-
,
r e vo l v e r o r e volv e r -
, r ip oz i to r e pos e
-
,
r e v u o r e v i e w j ournal
-
, , r i p r o C i to r e proac h
-
,
r e z e r v i to r e s e rv e
-
, r i sk i to r i sk
-
,
r e z i gn i to r e s i gn
-
, ri s m o r e am-
,
64 E p ish
s er a n t o- E ng l Voca bu l
ar y
s al d o balanc e of an
-
, s c i e ne - o , sc e i nc e
a cc ount sc i u r - o, squirr e l
s al i k o w ill ow
-
, se , if
sal i v o saliva
-
, se b - o , tall ow
sal m o s a l mon
-
, se d, but
sal o n o r e c e pti on ro o m
-
,
-
se g- i , to saw
sa l p e t r o s a ltp e tr e -
, se gm e n t o s e gme nt -
,
sa l t i to ju mp
-
, se g o c h a ir
-
,
s al u t i to s a lut e
-
, se k - a , dr y
s al v i O sa ge
-
, se kal o r y e -
,
sa m a sam e
-
, se k e i to diss e ct
-
,
sa m b uk O e ld e r ( tr e e )
-
, se k c i o s e ction
-
,
sa m o va r o samovar -
, se kr e t o s e cr e t -
,
sa n a- h e alt h y
, se k r e t a r i o s e cr e tar y -
,
sa n d al o sandal -
, s e ks o se x
-
,
san g o blood-
, s e k st O si x t h ( music )
-
,
sa nk e i o sancti o n -
, se kt o s e c t
-
,
sa n gv i n a san guin e -
, se k u l a r i z i s e culariz e -
,
sank t a h ol y s e ku n d o s e c ond
’
- -
, ,
sa n s kri t o san skri t -

, se k v i to follo w
-
,
sa p o soap
-
, se l o saddl e
-
,
sa rd o a S a rdini an
-
, se la k t - o, whey
sa rd i n o s a rdin e -
, se m i to -
, sow
sa rk i to we e d
-
, se m a for o s e map h or e -
,
sa r k a sm o sarcasm -
, se m aj n O we e k -
,
sa t a satiat e d
-
, se m id a S e mitic -
,
S a t a n o S atan -
, se m i na r i o s e min a r y -
,
sa t i r o satir e
-
, se n , w it h out
sa t i r u s o sat y r -
, se nat o s e nat e
-
,
sa t rap o satrap -
, se n c o - s e n se m e anin g
, ,
sa t u r i to saturat e
-
, s e n d i to s e nd
-
,
sa fi c o sauc e
-
, se n sa c i o s e nsa tion -
,
sa v i to sav e
-
, se n t i to f
- ee l
,
se e n o sc e n e
-
, se n t e n e o s e nt e nc e -
,
sc e p t r o sc e pt e r -
, se n t i m e n ta l a s en t i -
,
s c i i to kno w
-
, me nt a l
E sper a u lo E
-
zkl
ug l z Voca bula r y 65
se p , s e ven s i lk - o, silk
s e p i o cuttl e
-
,
-
fi sh S ilogi sm - o , s y llogism
S e p t e mb r - o , S e pt e mbe r s i l n e t o s il h ou e tt e
-
,
se ra fo s e rap h-
, s i l u r o s h ad
-
,
s e rb o a S e rvian
-
, si l v i o h e d ge sparrow
-
,
-
s e r é i t o s eek
-
,
s i m bo l O s ymb ol -
,
se r e n a s e r e n e
-
, si m e t r i o s y mm e t r y -
,
s e r e nad O s e r e nad e -
,
s im f on i o s y mp h on y -
,
s e r ge n t o s e r gea n t -
, s i m i o monk e y a p e
-
, ,
se ri o s e ri e s
-
, s i m i l a s imil a r
-
,
se r i o z a s e rious-
, s i m pa t i o s y mpat h y -
,
se rp e n t o s e rp e nt -
, si m p l a si mpl e-
,
se r u r o l o c k -
, si mp t om o s ympt om -
,
se rv i to s e rv e
-
, sin a go g O s yn ago gu e -
,
se r v i c o cours e (at a
-
, sin c e r a sinc e re
-
,
mea l ) si n dik O s y ndi c -

,
se r v u t o s e rv i tud e-
, sin di k a t o s y ndicat e -
,
se s, six si n e d r i o s a n h e dri m
-
,
se ver s eve re
- a, s i n gu l t i to h iccup -
,
s e z o n o s e ason -
, si n o r
j - o, Mr .
, S ir
sf e r o sp h e r e
-
, s i n o d- o ,s y nod
sf i n k s O S p h in x
-
, s i n on i m O s y non ym -
,
si s e lf
,
s in t a k s o s y nta x -
,
S ib e ri o S ibe r i a-
, si n t e z o s y nt h e si s
-
,
s ibl i to h i ss
-
, s i r e n o sir e n-
,
S i d i to sit
-
, S i ri o S y ria
-
,
s i e g i to be si e ge
-
, s i ri n g o lilac -
,
sifi l i s o s y p h ili s
-
, s i rop o s y rup
-
,
si f o n o s y p h on
-
, s i s t e m o s y st e m -
,
s i ge l i to s e al
-
, si t e l o pail-
,
s i gn o si gn
-
, si t u a c i o situation -
,
s i gna l O si gnal -
, sk a b e l o st oo l -
,
si gn i fi t o si gnify-
, sk a b e n o ald e rman -
,
s i l ab o s y ll a bl e
-
, sk a b i o i tc h -
,
S i l e n t i t o be sil e nt
-
, sk a dr o squadron -
,
S i l ik O flint-
, skal o scal e ( o f map )
-
,
66 E sper a ulo - isl
E ug l z Voca bular y
ska l p o sc a lp
-
, s o c i a so c i al a s ocial
-
,
-
,
s kand al o scand a l -
, s o c i a l i s m o s oci a lism -
,
S k a n di n a v o a S ca ndi -
, s o c i al i s t o so ci a list -
,
n a vi a n s o c i o l o gi O so ciol ogy -
,
sk a p o l o sh ou l - der bl a d e ,
-
s o c i e t o s oci e t y
-
,
sk a r a b o b ee tl e -
, s o d o soda
-
,
sk a r l a t o sc a r l e t
-
, sofo sofa
-
,
ska rp o s ca r f-
, sofi sm o sop h is m -
,
ska to l o sma llbo x cas e

-
, , s o i fi t o b e t h i r st y
-
,
s k e l e t o s k e l e t on
-
, soj l o t h r e s h old
-
,
sk e p t i k a s ce ptic a l
-
, s ol a al on e
-
,
sk e r m i to f e nc e
-
, s o l o sol o
-
,
sk i z i to sk e tc h
-
, s o l d a t o soldi e r -
,
s k l e v o slav e
-
, s ol e o sol
- e (fi sh )
,
sk o l a st i k a sc h olasti c -
, so l e n a s o l e mn
-
,
sk o l op o woodcoc k
-
, so l i d a - s olid su b st an
, ,
sk o mb r o m a ck e r e l -
, tial r e sp e ct a bl e
,
sko rb u t o scurv y -
, sol i d e r a jointl y li a bl e
-
,
sk or p i o sc o rpion
-
, so l i t e r o t a p e wor m
-
,
-
sko t o a S co t
-
, so l v i to s o lv e
-
,
sk r e p i to scrape
-
, sol v e n t a s o lv e nt -
,
s kr i b i to writ e
-
, s o m e r o summ e r -
,
s k r u pu l a scrupulous -
, son i to giv e a sound
-
,
s ku i to s h ak e
-
, son a t o s on a ta
-
,
sk u l p t i to sculptur e
-
, s o n d i s o und
-
,fat hom ,
s ku n o sc h oon e r
-
, so n g o - dr e a m ,
.
sk u r g o w h ip scour ge
-
, , so no r i to rin g -
,
sk v a m o scal e s (fi sh )
-
, S opi r i to si gh f
- or
,
sl a n g o sl a n g
-
, s op ra n o S opran o -
,
s l av o a S lav
-
, so rb i to absorb
-
,
e m e ral d o e m e rald -
, s o re o witc h c r aft
-
,
s m il a k o sarsaparilla
-
, s o ri k o s h r e w mous e
-
,
-
sm i r g O e m e r y
-
,
s o rp o bl a ck h aw
-
,
s o hr a sobe r
-
,
so r t o- fat e ,
so c i o soci e t y at lar ge
-
, , sov a g a w ild -
,
t h e social bod y s pa c o spac e

-
,
68 E p ish
s er a n t o-E ng l Voca bul
ar y
st e r e ot i p - o , st e r eot yp e s ubj u nk t i v o su bjun c -

,
t rk o
s e -
, dun g manur e , ti v e
st e r n i -
, to str e tc h or s ub l i m at o subli mat e -
,
S p r aw l o u t su b st a n c o substanc e -
,
s t e rto r i to mak e a
-
, s ub s tan t i v o su b st a n -
,
h ars h nois e ti v e
s t i l o st y l e
-
, s ub t i l a subtl e
-
,
st i m u l i to sti mulat e
-
, su b t r a h i t o subtract -
,
s t i po bro o m ( sh rub )
, s u e i to suck
-
,
sto fo R ussi a n m e asur e

-
, su d o sout h
-
,
s to lk a stoic a l
-
, su f e r i to suff e r
-
,
st o m a k o stomac h -
, su fi é a su f
- fici e nt ,
st o p l o stubbl e
-
, su fi k s- o , su fli x
s t rab i to squint
-
, su f
ok - i , to suffocat e
s t ra n g a str a n ge
-
,
s u ge st i o su gge stion -
,
s t ra t o str ee t
-
, s uk o sa p j u ice
-
, ,
s t r e e i to str e tc h
-
, su k c e n o a mb e r -
,
s tr e k i to str ea k
-
, su k c e s i to succ ee d -
,
st r i o str e ak str i p e
-
, , s uk e r o su ga r -
,
s tri g o ow l
-
, s u l fu r O sulp h ur -
,
s t r i gl i to curr y (comb )
-
,
s u lk o furrow wrinkl e
-
, ,
s t ri k o st r ik e (wor k er s)
-
, s u l ta n o s u lt a n-
,
st r i k n i n o str y c h nin e -
, su m o sum -
,
st r o fO strop h e
-
, su n O sun
-
,
s t ru k tu r o structur e -
, s u p o soup
-
,
s t ru t o os tric h
-
, su p e r , a b ov e
s tu d e n t o s tud e nt-
, su p e r st ié - o , sup e r st i
s tu k i to stucco
-
, tion
s t u m p o stub - stump , , su p o z - i , to suppos e
S tu p O t ow
-
, s upr e -
, abov e
st u r g o stur geon
-
, s u r on
,
s tu rn o -s t a rlin g , su rd a - d ea f ,
su b und e r b e n e at h
, , su r p r i z i to surpris e -
,
s ub i t a sudd e n
-
, su r t u t O ov e rc o a t
-
,
s ubj e k t o subj e ct -
, s u s p e k t i t o su sp e ct -
,
subj e k t i v a subj e ct i v e-
, su v e r e n o s ov e r e i gn -
,
z Voca bu l
zsl
E sper a u lo E ug l
'
-
ar y
sv a r m -i
t e e m s wa r m
, , s ven i , to s wo on
-
s va t i to a ct as ma tc h
- . sv i n g- i , to s w in g
ma k e r sv i s-o , a S wis s
sv e d o a S we d e
-
,
Sa f -O
, s hee p S e r c - i , to jok e
Qa ft - o , s h a ft (mac h in e ) S i , sh e
aa h - o , s h a h S i l d - o , s h i e ld
Qaj n - i , t o s ee m ai l i n g- o , s h illin g
Qa k - oj , c h e ss S im - i , to ge t mould y ,
S akal - O , jack a l spoil
to
S e kt - o , s h a ft (minin g) Qi n d o s h in gl e
-
,
Sa l- o , s h aw l S i nk o h am -
,
S al up - o , s h allop Sip o s h ip
-
,
S al m - o , str a w , st a lk S ir i to t e ar
-
,
S a m - o , c h a mois skin S i r m i to S h i e ld
-
,
Qa n c- o , luck , c h ance S l i m o slim e -

,
Qa n c e l- i , t o c a us e to S lo s i to l ock
-
,
h e sitat e , t o S h ak e S m a c i t o kiss noisil y

-
,
S an g- i , to c h an ge S m i r i t o sm e ar w it h
-
,
Qan k r - o , c a nk e r S nu r o strin g -
,
S arad - o, c h a r a d e gov i t o s h ov e pus h

-
, ,
Qa r g- i , to l oad , c h arge S o v e l i to S h o v e l
-
,
(a gu n e t c ) , . Sov i n i sm O j in go is m -
,
S ar g i to load (wa gon

-
, ,
S p a r i to b e S parin g
-
,
car e t c )
, . s p i c o S pitz ( dog)
-
,
S ark - o , s h ark S p i n i to spin-

,
S a t - i , t o priz e , lik e S pru e i to spurt spout -

, ,
S a li m - o , foam S r a n k o cupbo a rd
-
,
ge l- o , s h e ll S r a p n e l o sh r a pn e l -
,
S e l ak - o , s h e llac S r a fi b o scr e w -
,
ge lk - o , susp e nd e rs S tal o st ee l
-
,
70 Er j er a u lo- z Voca bul
isl
E ug l ar y
S ta t - o , stat e 911- 0, sh o e
S t e l - i , t o st e al S ul d - i , to owe
S t i p - o , block o fwood S u lt r - O , S h ould e r
S to f -o
, go ods , stu ff gu t - i , t o c h ut e or pour
S to n - o , ston e ou t g r a in sand , , e t c.
Qto p - i , to stop up S v e l- i , t o s we ll
S t ru m p - o , sto ckin g sv i t i -
, t o p e rspir e
et u p - O , sta i r -st e p
t . e. ,
!l
a tal m u d o talmud
est a s, t h at is -
,
t abak o - t al p o mol e (a nimal )

, t obacco -
,
taban o ga d fl y - talk o t a lc
,
- -
,
t ab e l o tabl e (fi gur e s
-
, ta m b u r o dru m ,
-
,
na me s e t c ) ta m b u r i n o t a mb ou r in e
, .
-
,
t ab l o tabl e ( furnitur e )
-
, t a m e n h owe v e r ,
t a b u l o plank- ta m ta m o tom t om
,
-
,
-
t a b u r e t o tabour e t t a n i to t an
-
,
-
,
t a é m e n t O a squ a d o f t an d e m o tand e m
-
,
-
s oldi e rs ta n ge n t o tan ge nt -
,
ta ft o taffe ta
-
, tan i n o tannin -
,
t a g o da y
-
, t ap e t o t a p e str y -
,
t aj lor o tailor tap i s o car e t

tar o t a r e (bfwe i gh t )
- -
, ,
t aj d o tid e
-
,
-
,
tak s i to e stim a t e t h e t aran t e l o tar a nt e lla

-
,
-
,
v a lu e of to pri ce t a r a n t u l o t a rantula
,
-
,
t a k su s o y e w - t ari fo tariff
,
-
,
tak t O b ar (music )
-
, t a s o cup -
,
tak t i k o t a cti c s
- ta s k O task
,
-
,
tal e n t o t a l e nt - ta rt ar o cr e a m o ftartar
,
-
,
tal e r o t h al e r
-
, t ata r o a T a rtar -
,
t al i o w a ist
-
, ta tu i to tattoo -
,
t al i s m a n o talisman ta u g i to be fit for
-
,
-
,
72 E J pcr a ulo E ug lislz-
Voca bu l
ar y
t ip - o , t ype trakta t o tr e a t is e -
,
t y po grap h y
t i p o gr a fi - o , t ra m o tra m -
,
t i r i to draw pull
-
, , t r e n c i to cut -
,
t i ra n o t y r a n t
-
, t r a n k v il a c a l m -
,
t i to l o titl e
-
, t ra n s acr oss be yond
, ,
t i u t h at p e rson t h at
, , t ra n s c e n d a t r an sce n d -
,
t o g o to ga
-
, an t
to l o lin e n
-
, t ran s i t i v a tr a nsit i v e -
,
to l e r i t o tol e rat e
-
,
t rap e z o t r a p e z e
-
,
to m o t om e
-
, , t rat i t o dr aw (a draft
-
, ,
to m a t o t omato -
, n ot e e tc ) , .
to m b o to mb -
, t rav e s t i O trav e st y -
,
to m bak o t ombac -
,
t r e v e ry
,
t on o ton e
-
, t r e fo cl u b ( in cards )
-
,
to n d i t o S h e a r clip
-
, , t r e m i t o t r e mbl e
-
,
t o n dr i t o t h und e r
-
, t r e m o l o asp a sp e n , ,
to paz o t o p a z -
, t r e m p i dip i mme rs e
-
, ,
t o p ogr a fi o topo grap h y -

,
t r e n i to d r a g
-
,
to re o tor ch
-
,
t r e z or o tr e a sure
-
,
to rd i to wind t wist
-
, , t ri t h r ee
,
t or e n t o torr e nt -
, t ri b u n o rostru m -
,
to r fo p e at turf
-
, , t ri bu nal o tribun a l -
,
to r n i to t u rn on lat h e
-
, t ri bu t o t r ibut e
-
,
t or n i st r o kn a psa c k -
,
t r i c ik l o tric y cl e
-
,
t o r p e d o torp e do -
, t r ik i knit
-
,
to r t o t a rt
-
, t riko t o k nitt e d work
-
,
to s t o toast
-
, t ri l o trill
-
,
t ra t h rou gh
, t ri nk i t o d r ink
-
,
t rab o b e a m
-
, t ri p oj tripe
-
,
t r a di c i o t r aditi on -
,
t ri t i k o wh e a t
-
,
t r a du k i t o tr a nsl a t e -
,
t ri u m fo triu mp h -
,
t ra fi t o h it t h e ma rk
-
, t ri v i a l a trivial -
,
t ra e di o t r a ge d y -
, t ro t oo t oo muc h
, ,
t ra e o tra c h e a -
,
t r of e o t r op h y
-
,
t r aj t o f e at u r e
-
, t ro g o t r ou gh man ge r
-
, ,
t rak t i to tr e at o f
-
, t r o m b o wa t e r S p out
-
,
-
E p
lsl
z Voca bul
ar y 73
t r om b on - o , tr ombon e t uf
-o
, tuft
t ro m p i t o d e ce iv e -
, t uj i mm e diat e l y
,
t ro n o t h r on e
-
, tu k o a clot h
-
,
t ro p o t r op e
-
, t u l o tull e
-
,
t r O p ik o tr opic -
, t u l i p o tulip-
,
t ro t i t o tr ot
-
, t u m u l t o tumult -
,
t r o t u ar o sid e walk -
, t u n e l o tunn e l
-
,
tro v i to find -
, tu n i k o tunic -
,
t ru o h ol e
-
, t u r o towe r
-
,
t ru d i t o intrud e
-
, t u rban o turban -
,
t r u fo t r u f
fle
-
,
t u rb i n o turbin e-
,
t r u l o tr owe l
-
, t u rd o t h rus h
-
,
t r u m p O a l a r ge h orn
-
, t u ri s t o tourist -
,
t r u m p e t o tru mp e t -
, tu rk o T urk
-
,
t ru nk O trunk (oftr e e )
-
, t u rki s o turqu ois e
-
,
t ru p o tr oup e
-
, t ur m e n t i t o torm e nt -
,
t ru s t o tru st s y ndic a t e
-
, , t u rn i to turn
-
,
t ru t O trout -
, t u r n ir o tournam e nt
-
,
t u a le t o t oil e t -
, t u r f o d ov e
-
,
t u b o tub e
-
, t u s i to cou gh
-
,
t ub e r o bulb or knot
-
, t u S i to t ouch
-
,
(in plant s) tu t a e ntire wh ol e

-
, ,
i n of imp e rativ e
u, S g ul m -O
, el m
a m u love , uln - o, el
l
uj
’
t h a t wh i ch cont a ins
, ulti ma t ulti matu m - o,
c i ga r u o , c j igar
-
ca se u l tra m ar a ultrama r -
,
ukaz o ukas e -
, in e
u l a p e rs o n not e d f
'
, or u m in d e fin i t e su fii x
’
t i m o fea r ; t i mu lo u mb ili k o nav e l

—
-
, , ,
a cow a r d . unc O, o unce

ulce r - o, ul ce r u n g- O , fi n ge r n a il
-
ule k s- o, fu r z e u n i fo r m - o, un i for m
74 E p i
s e r a n t o- E ng lsh Voca b ul
ary
u n i v e r s o un i v e rs e -
, u r oga l-o
, h e at h - cock
u n i v e r s al a univ e rsal -
, u rs - be ar
o,
u n i v e r si t a t O univ e rs -
, u r t i k o n e ttl e
-
,
it y u s conditi on a l of v e rb
,
u ni k -a
, uniqu e a m u s mg / t love ,
r c
u n u , on e u t e r o wo mb ut e rus
-
, ,
ur - o , u r e - ox u t i l a us e ful
-
,
u r a ga n - o , h u rrican e u t ilis m - it a r ia n ism

o , u t il
u ra n o u r a niu m
-
, u t op i- o , utopi a
u rb o c i t y to wn
-
, , uv e r t ur - o ov e rtu r e
,
u ri n i to urinat e
-
, u z - i , t o u se
u r n o urn
-
, uzur p i, - to usurp
v a d- i , to w ad e vapo r v a por
- o,
v a fl -o, wa ffl e v a r b i to r e cruit e nlist
-
, ,
v a g- i , to r oam v a r i O l o s ma ll p ox
-
,
-
v a go n o r a il wa y car
-
, v a r m a wa r m-
,
v a k c i n i o wh ortl e be rr y -
, v a r t i to nurs e
-
,
v a k i to be vacant
-
, va s a l O vassal
-
,
v ak s o wa x -
, v as t a wi d e vast
-
, ,
v a l o vall e y
-
, v a t o w addin g
-
,
v al i d a valid -
, V a t i kan O V atican -
,
v al i z o v a lis e
-
, v a z o v as e
-
,
val o r i to be wort h
-
, v e z e l i n o vas e lin e -
,
v al s i t o waltz
-
, v e l woe l
val v o valv e -
, v e ge t i to v e ge tat e
-
,
va m p i r o vampir e -
, v e ge t a r a v e ge tarian -
,
v an a vain
-
, v ej n o v e in
-
,
v an d al o v a ndal -
, v e k i to a wak e
-
,
v a n e l o l a pwin g -
, v ekt o - s ca l e be am
,
v a n g o c h ee k
-
, v elo - s a il
,
v a ni l o v a nill a-
, v e l e n o v e llum-
,
v a n t a vain fut i l e
-
, , v e lk i to fad e
-
,
76 E p
s er a n t o- E ng l
xlcb Voca bu l
ary
v ir - a man
o, to call
v ok - i ,
v i r g a vir ginal
-
, vo ka l o a vowe l-
,
v i r f o virtu e
-
, v ol i t o w ill
-
,
v i r t u oz O v irtu o so -
, v ol fra m o wolfram -
,
vi s k o mi stl e toe v olon t - e w il

lin gl
g
-
, ,
v i s k i o wh i sk y-
, vo l u m o -
, u me book )
v ol
v i s t o w h ist
-
, v o l u m e n o v o lu me -
,
v i s i t o w ip e
-
, v ol u p t o v olupt y -
,
v i t r o gl a ss
-
, v ol v i t o r o ll wind
-
, ,
v i t r i ol o v itriol -
, v o m i t o v o mit
-
,
v i v i t o l iv e
-
, v o rt o word
-
,
v i za g o face -
, v o s t o t a il
-
,
v i zi o v i sion
-
, v u a l o v e il
-
,
v i z i e r o vizor -
, vu l gar a vul gar com-
, ,
v i z i t i t o visit
-
, mon
v oe o - v o ic e , v u lkan - kan o
o , v ol
v oj o wa y r o ad
-
, , v ulp -o
, f
ox
v oj a g i t o v o y a ge
-
, v u l tu r - o, vultur e
v o e v od- o ,
j w a y v ode , a v u n d- i , to woun d
small Polis h offi cial
ze b r ze bra
-o
, z odiac
z odi a k - o ,
zel at o z e a lot
-
, z on O -
girdl e ,
z e n i t o z e nit h-
, zo ol o gi o zo ology -
,
z ih c l o s a bl e mart e n
-
,
- zo r g i ca re for watc h
-
, , ,
z i gza g o zi gz a g -
, see aft e r
z i n gi b r o gi n ge r -
, z u a v o zouav e
-
,
z i nk o zin c -
, zu m i to h um
-
,
z i z e l o ziz e l
-
,
E N G LI S H E S P E RAN T O V O C A B UL A R Y
aban do n for la si . a c co rd i n g to Ia n ,
abas h h on t igi
, a c cou c h e a k u Si ,
abbo t a b a t o
, a c co u n t konto k a lk u , ,
a bb r e v i a t e ma llon gi gi ,
lo , r a k on t o
ab do m e n v ent r o , a c c u m u l at e a ma sigi ,
a b d u c t for r ab i , a c c u ra t e a ku r a t a ,
ab i d e r e sti l ogi
, , a c c u s e k u lp igi ,
ab i l i ty t a l e nt o
, a c c u s to m e d kutima ,
ab l e p ov a
,
a c e aso
,
ab o l i s h fo r igi n u l
,
igi ,
a c h e doloro ,
abo m i nat i o n a b omen o , a c i d a cid o

,
a bo u n d sv a r mi
, a ckno w l e d ge k on fe si , ,
abo u t p r e sk a il eir k a ti
,
'
,
‘
a v iz i
abo v e supr e
,
aco rn glan o ,
ab s c e s s a bsce so ,
a c qua i n t scu gi k on igi , ,
abs e n t f or e st a n t a
, a c qu i e s c e k on sen t i ,
a b so l u t e a b solut a , a c qu i r e akiri ,
ab s o rb sorbi , a c roba t ak r ob at o ,
ab s t ra c t a b strakta , a c t a go a kto
, ,
abs urd ab su r d a
, a c t i v e a ge ma aktiv a
, ,
a b u se , t r ou z i a c to r a k t or o
,
a c a d e m y a k a de mio , a c tual e fe k t iv a ,
a c c e d e ce di k on sen t i
, , ad a ge p r ov e r b o
,
a c c e l e ra t e a k ce li ,
ad d a ldon i a dicn
, ,
a c c e n t (m a r k ) si gn o , ad d r e s s a dr e si ,
a c c e n t a k cen t o
,
ad e p t ad e pto ,
ac c e p t a k ce p t i
, ad e qu at e a de kv at a ,
a c c i d e n t ok a z o , ad h e r e a li gi ,
a c co m pany a k omp an i , a d i e u a di afi ,
78 E ug lislz E sper a ulo
-
Voca bu l
a ry
a dj ac e n t apuda , a ir , ae ro a e r umi, , a rio

a dj e c t i v e a dje k t iv a , al a s al a s 1
a d m i n i st e r a dmin ist r i , a lbu m albu mo ,
a d m i ral a dmir a lo , albu m e n albu me n o ,
a d m i re ad mi t i , al c o h o l a lkoh olo ,
ad m o n i s h a dmon i , al ge bra algebr o ,
a do p t a dO p t i al
, pr en i , a l i a s a li e
,
a do r e adori
, al ik e s imila,
ad o rn or n ami , a l i v e viva ,
ad u l t e ra t e f alsi , al l Ciom ciu j

, ,
a d u l ter y adulto , a l lo t l o t u mi
,
A d v e n t A dv e nto , a l lo w p e r me si ,
a d v e rb a dv e r bo , al l u d e aludi ,
a d v e rt i s e an on ci , a l l u r e lo gi ,
a d v i s e k on sili av iz i
, , a l m i gh ty Ciop ov a ,
a ffab l e a fab la , al m o s t p r e ska u ,
af a l m s a lmoz o
'
a fl a ir , er o ,
a ffe c t a fe kt i
, a l o ft supr e,
affe c t i o n amo afe kcio , , a l o n e sol e ,
af fi r m a t e st i, al p h ab e t alfabe to ,
affir m a t i v e je sa , A lp s Al p oj
,
a fli x , a fi k so al r e a dy j am ,
a ft e r w ard p ost e , a l s o an ka n
,
a gai n r ee
, al ta r altaro ,
a ga i n s t k on t r au , al t h o u gh kv an kam ,
a ga t e a gato
, al to ald o,
a ge n t a ge n t o
, al to ge t h e r tut e ,
a gi tat e a giti , a l u m aluno ,
a go anta u
, al w ay s Ci am ,
a go ny a gonio
, a m al ga m amal ga mo ,
a gr e e in t e r kon sen t i
, a m ba ss ado r a mbas a ,
a gri c u lt u r e , agr ik ul
t ur o d oro
a h ! ha l a m b e r su kce n o ,
ah e ad , a n t a tie a m b i t i o n a mbicio ,
a i d h e lpi
, , asist i a m bu sh e mb u sk i ,
a i m c e lo
, A m e r i c a Ame r iko ,
80 E ug lclr/z E sper a ulo -
Voca bul
ar y
a rt i c l e ar t ikolo aj o , , a u n t on k lin o
,
a r t i s t ar t isto, au s p i c e s a usp icoj ,
a s ki e l t i e l
, , A u s t ral i a Afi st r alio ,
a s h e s cin dr o ,
A u s t ri an a u stro ,
A s i a Azi o, a u t h o r a ut or o ,
a s k d e ma ndi pe ti
, , au t h o ri ty a utor it a to ,
a s p h al t as falto , au to c ra t a utok r a t o ,
a s p i r e aspi r i c e li
, , a u to m a t i c a u t oma t a ,
a s s au l t atako , aut o mob ile , a ifto mobilo

as s i gn a sign i , a u t u m n a ut un o ,
a s s i s t a sist i h e lp i
, , a vala n c h e l a v an go ,
a s t r i n ge n t a dst r in ga , avari c i o u s a v a ra ,
a s t ro lo gy a st r ologio , a v e n ge v e n gi ,
a s t ro no m y a st r on omio , av e ra ge m e za ,
a t Ce
, av e rs i o n an t ip at io ,
a t h e i s m at e ismo , a v e rt de t u r n i
,
a t h l e t e a t le to , a v i d avida,
a t m o s p h e r e a t mosfe r o , avo i d e viti ,
a t o m atom o , a w a i t at e nd i ,
a t ta c k at a ki , a w ak e n v e k i ,
a t ta i n a tin gi , a w ay for ,
a t t e m p t at e n e i , a w ful t e rur e ,
a t t e n d at en di a t e n t i
, , , a w k w ar d n e le r ta ,
se r v i z or gi , a w l a l e no
,
at t e n t i o n at e nto ,
ax e , h a k il
o
at t e s t a t e st i, a x i s , a k so
a t t ra c t a lt ir i , a x i o m , ak siomo
au c t i o n a tik c io , azo t e azot o ,
au d i e n c e a u dito r i o , a zu r e lazure ,
babbl e babil i , b a c h e lo r fr a ulo ,
b aboo n p a v iano ,
ba c k d or so r e post e
, , ,
baby in fa n e t o ido
, , ba d ge S i mbol o de v iz o
, ,
E ng lish E sp er a nt o Voca bula r y
-
8x
b ad ge r m e lo , ba s e fundam e nt o
,
b a g, sa k o bas i n pe lv o ,
ba ga t e l l e b a ga t e lo , ba sk e t k orbo ,
ba gga ge p a k a j o , bas s (musi c ) baso ,
b a i l k a ii cio
,
'
bat v e sp er t o
,
bal an c e b a l an ci ,
b at t e r y b at e r io ,
bal a n c e s h e e t b ilan co -
, ba t t l e bat a l o ,
bal c o ny b alkon o , b ayo n e t b ajon e t o ,
ba l d se n h ar a
, bazar bazar o ,
b al l bal o p ilk o glob o

, , , b e e sti
,
bal la d b a lad o , b e ak b e ko ,
b al l a s t b a l a sto , b e a m trabo ,
bal l e t b ale t o
, b e an fab o ,
bal lo o n b a l ono , b e ar urso ,
b al l o t bal oti
, b e ar n a sk i p r odu k t i
, ,
bal s a m b a lz amo , b e ard b ar b o ,
b a m boo b a mbu o ,
b e as t bruto h e st o
, ,
b an ana b a nan o , b e a t b a ti
,
b an d ligilo b a ndo
, , b e au t i fu l b e la ,
b an d a ge b an da go ,
b e a v e r k a st or o ,
b an i s h e k z ili , b e c a u se , 6 a r
b ank bank o b ord o
, , b e d, lito
b ank e r b an kie r o ,
b e e , ab e lo
b a n n e r fl a go st an dar do
, , b e e c h fago ,
ban qu e t fe st en o ,
b e e f b ov aj o
,
‘
bap t i z e ba p t i ,
b e e r bie r o
,
b a r b ar i
, b e e t b e to
,
barbar i an b a rbar o ,
b e e t l e sk ar ab o ,
ba rb e r b ar b ir o ,
b e fo r e an t ati ,
'
b a r e nuda,
b e g p e t e gi p e ti al
, moz on ,
bark b oji barko

, , b e gi n k omen ci ,
barl e y h or de o , b e h av e k on du t i ,
b a ro m e t e r b a ro me tr o , b e h i n d post ,
b a ro n b a r on o
,
b e l ch r u kti ,
b arr e l b ar e lo ,
B e l gi an b e l go ,
bari to n e b a r it on o ,
b e l i e v e, k r e di
82 E Voca bu l
ar y
b e l l son or ilo
, b l o ck , S tipo ,
bl
ok o ,
b e l ly v e ntr o , k v a dr a t o
b e l o n g a p ar t e n i , b l o t mak u l o
,
b e l o w sub ma lsu p r e , , b l o w b lov i ,
b e l t z ono, bl o u s e b lu z o k it e lo
, ,
b e n c h be nko stablo , , b l u e b lu a
,
b e n d fl e k si , b o a bo a o
,
b e n e d i c t i o n be no , b o a r d t a bul o ,
b e r ry b e r o , bo a s t f a n f a r oni
,
b e s i d e s kro m , b o a t b oa t o
,
b e s i e ge si e gi , bo dy ko r p o,
b e t v e ti
, B o h e m i an b oh e mo ,
b e t w e e n int e r , bo i l b ol i
,
b e y o n d t r an s , b o l t t i gli
,
B i b l e bibl i o , bo m b bo mbo ,
b i c yc l e b iciklo , b o n bo n b ombon o ,
b i g gr a nd a
, b o n e ost o ,
b i ga m y b igamio , b o n n e t Ca po ,
b i l e g a lo
, boo k libro ,
b i l l bil o k alku lo be ko
, , , , bo o t b o to
,
k a mbi o a fi So , boo t h budo ,
b i n d l i gi bindi ban
, , , bo ra x b or a k so ,
d a gi bo r e b ori
,
b i o gr a p h y b iogr afio , bo r ro w p r u n t e p r e n i
,
b i o l o gy b iologio , bo s o m b r u st o ,
b i r c h be tulo , bo ta ny b o t a n iko ,
b i r d bird o
, bo t h a mb a u
,
b i s c u i t b iskv it o , bo t t l e bot e l o ,
b i s h o p e p isk op o , bo t to m fund o ,
b i t p e co
, b o ul e vard bu lv a r do ,
b i t e mordi, bo u n d a r y l i mo ,
b l a c k n i gra , b o u qu e t b u k e do ,
b l a ckb i rd m e rlo , b o w sal u ti

,
b l e a t bl e ki , b ow , ar co p a far k o , ,
b l e s s be ni , b a nto
b l i nd blinda , bo w l p e lv o kaliko
, ,
84 E ug lclr /z E spcr a ulo - Voca bul
a ry
c ab fi a k r o
, c ap i tal k a p it alo kapi
, ,
c a b b a ge b r a sik o ,
t e l o gr a nd a lit e r o
,
c ab i n k a j u t o k ab an o
, , , c ap i to l k a p it olo ,
Ca mb r e t o c ap r i c e k a p r ico ,
c ab l e Sn u r e go
, c ap t a i n Sipe st r o , kap ,
c a d e t k a de t o , it a no
c a fe r e st or acio
, , ka f
e jo c a rat k a r a to
,
c a ge , k a go c a rava n k ar av an o ,
cak e , k u ko c a rb u n c l e k ar bu n k olo ,
c a l c u l a t e k alku li , c ar d k a rt o
,
c al d ro n k aldr on o , c ardbo a rd k a r t on o ,
c a l e n d a r k a le n dar o , c ar e zo r g i
,
c a l f b o v ido t ib ik a r n o
, ,
c ar e s s k a r e si
,
c a l i b e r k a lib r o ,
c a r m i n e k ar min o ,
c a l i co k alik oto , c a r n i v al k a r n iv a l o ,
c al l vok i
, c a ri c atu r e k ar ik a t u r i ,
c al lo u s kala , c arp k a r po
,
c a l m k v ie t a t r an k v ila
, , c a r p e n t e r Ca rp enti ,
c a l u m ny k a lu mn io ,
c a rp e t t a p iSo ,
c a m p t e n da r o
, c a r r i a ge v e t u r ilo ,
c a m p h o r k a mfor o ,
c a r ro t k ar ot o
,
can , p ov a s c a r r y p o rti
,
c a n a l k a n al o
,
c a r t i l a ge k a r t ilago ,
c a n a r y k an ar io , c ar t ri d ge k a r t oéo ,
c a n d i d a t e k an didat o , c a s e k a z o k e st o in go
, , ,
c a n d l e k a n de lo , c as h mon o kout a nto

, ,
c a n dy k a nd o , c a s t fand i
,
c a n e kan o baston o
, , c a s t l e k ast e l
, o
c a n no n p a file go ,
ca t k a t o
,
c an o n kan ono , c a tal o gu e k at alogo ,
c a no py b a ldak en o , c a ta rr h k a taro ,
c a n va s k an v a so , ca t c h ,kap ti
ca p , Ca p o , k e p o c a t h e d ral k a t e dr alo ,
c a pabl e ,
k ap a bl
a C at h ol i c K a t olika ,
E ug l z E
zkl -
p
s er a n ca Voca bula r y 85
c au l i flo w e r fl or br a sik o , c h a r m i n g Carma ,
c au s e k a u o , z c h as t e c a sta ,
c a u t i o n a v e r ti , c h a t t e r b a bili ,
c ava l r y k av ale r io , c h e ap m a lk a r a
,
c a v e k av e r n o
, c h e a t t r o mp i
,
c e a s e c e si , c h e e s e fr oma go ,
c e d ar ce dr o , c h e m i s e ee miz o ,
c e d e c e di, c h e m i s t r y b e mi o ,
c e i l i n g p la fon o , c h e ck c e k o ,
c e l e r y c cl e r i o
, c h e r r y ee r iz o ,
c e l l cel o
, c h e s s Sa k o j
,
c e l l ar k e lo , c h e s t k e st o b r u st o
, ,
c e m e n t c e me nto , c h e s t nu t k a St an o ,
c e ns o r ce n z u r i , c h e w ma c i
,
c e n t c e n do
, c h i e f c e fa
,
c e n t i m e c e ntim o , c h i l d i n f a mo
,
ce n te r c e nt r o , c h i m n e y k amen t u bo ,
c e n tu r y ce n t ja r o , c h i n me n t on o
,
c e r e m o ny ce r e mon io , c h i na p or ce lan o
,
c e r ta i n c e r t a , C h i na m a n h i n o ,
ce r t i f y ce r t igi a t e st i
, , c h i rp Ci r pi p e pi
, ,
c h a gri n Ca gr en o , c h i s e l ciz i ,
c h a i n Ge n o , c h o co l at e Cok ola do ,
c h ai r s e go
, c h o i c e e le k t o ,
c h a l i c e k a liko , c h o i r h or o
,
c h a l k k r et o, c h o p h a ki
,
c h a m b e r Cambr o , C h r i s t K r ist o
,
c h a m o i s 6 a mo ,
C h ri s t m a s K r ist n a sk o ,
c h a m o i s ski n Sa mo -
,
c h u rc h e klez io p r e ge jo
, ,
ch a n c e h a z ar do Sa nc o, , , c i d e r cidro
,
ok a z o c i ga r ciga r o
,
c h an ge San gi , c i gar e t t e c iga r e do ,
c h a p t e r Ca pitr o , c i nd e r c in dr o
,
c h ara c t e r k ar a kt e r o , c i n n a m o n cin a mo ,
c h a ri o t éa r o , ci ph e r ci fer o ,
C h arl atan ear l a t an o , c i r c l e rondo

,
86 E ug lzr /z E sper a u lo Voca bu l
'
-
ary
c i r c u l ar cir k u le r o , c o c oa kak a o ,
c i r c u m s ta n c e cir kon , c o c o anu t kokoso ,
st a n c o c o d ga do
,
c i rc u s c irko , c o d i c i l k odicilo ,
c i s t e rn c iste r n o , c o d d l e dor lot i ,
c i t e citi
, c offe e k a fo ,
c i t i z e n urbano an o , , cof fe r k e st o ,
c i t y u rbo
, c o ffi n Ce r k o,
c i v i l civ ila ge ntila

, , c o i n m on e ro
,
c i v i l i z e c iv iliz i , c ok e k oak so
,
c l a s s k la so , c ol i c k oliko
,
c l a w un go u n ge go
, , c o l l a r k olu mo ,
c lay a r gilo
, c o l l e c t k ole k t i,
c l e a n pura , c o l l e ge k ole gio ,
c l e a r kl a ra , c o l o n e l k olon e lo ,
c l e rk k omiz o , c olo ny k olon io ,
c l e v e r le r t a , c o l o s s al kolosa ,
c l i e n t k lien t o,
c o l o r koloro
,
c l i m a t e k lima t o , co l u m n kol ono ,
c l i m b su p r e n r amp i
, c o m b k ombi ,
c l i nk tinti, c o m ba t batal o ,
c l i p t ond i
, c o m b i n e k omb in i ,
c l o a k m ant e lo
,
c o m e v e ni
,
c l o c k b or logo
,
c o m e dy k ome dio ,
c l o s e p r ok sima
, c o m e t k ome t o ,
c l o s e f e r mi, co m f o r t k o mfor to ,
c l o t h dr a p o tu ko
, , co m i c k o mik a
,
c l o t h e v e st i , co m m a k omo ,
c lo u d n u bo , co m m and ko mandi , ,
c l o v e k a r iofilo
,
o r don i
c l ub b ast on e go t r e fo
, , , c o m m an d e r (o fan or
kl
u bo der ), k o man dor o
c o a l k a rbo St on ka r bo
, , c o m m e n c e , k ome n ci
c oa s t ma r bor do glit i
, , c o m m e n tary ko me n ,
c o a t v e sto
,
t a rio
co c k , k oko c o m m e rc e kome r co ,
88 E ng lzZr/z E sp er a n t o -
Voca bu la r y
c o nv e rt k on v e r t i , c o v e r kovr i t egi
, ,
c o n v i n c e k on k in k i , c o w l k a p u éo
,
c oo k k u i r i
, c o x co m b dand o ,
c opp e r k u p t o , c oy , r e zer va
c o py k o pii e kz e mp l
, er o , c rab k a n k r o
,
co q u e t k ok e t i
, c rac k f e ndi k r ak i
, ,
c o ral k or a l, o c ra d l e l u ll o , i
c o rk k o rk o S t o p i
, , c ra f ty ru za ,
c o rk s c r e w k o r k t ir il
o , c ran e gr u o Sa r gl
, e v il
o ,
c o rn ma iz o kalo
, , c rap e k r e p o,
c o rn e r a n gu lo , c rat e r k r a t e r o
,
c o rn i c e k or n ico , c rava t k r av a t o ,
c o rpo ral k or p or a l o , , c ra w l ra mpi ,
k o rpa c ra y o n k r a jon o ,
c o rp s e k a dav r o , c razy fr e n e z a
,
c o rr e c t k or e k t a , c r e a m k r e mo ,
c o r r e s po n d k or e sp on di , c r e at e k r e i ,
c o rs e t k or se t o
, c r e d i t k r e dit o
,
C o s s ac k k oz ak o , c r e d i to r k r e dit or o ,
c o s t k o st o
,
c r e d u l i ty k r e de mo ,
c o s t ly mu l t ek ost a
, c r e e d kr edo ,
c o t to n k o t u n o
,
c r e e p r a mpi,
c ou gh tus i , C r e o l e k r e ol o
,
co u n s e l k on sili a dv o
, ,
c r e s t tu fo
,
k a fo c r e v i c e f e nd o ,
c o u n t k al ,ku li gr a fo , c r e w S ip an ar o
,
c o u n t e nan c e v iz a go , c ri ck e t gril o ,
c ou n t r y lan do k a mp ar o , , c r i m e k r imo,
c o upl e p a r o , c ri ppl e d k r ip la ,
c o u ra ge k u r a go , c ri s i s k r iz o
,
c o u r i e r k u r ie r o , c ri t i c i s e k r it iki ,
c o u r s e ku t so , c ro c o d i l e k r ok odilo ,
c ou r t ju ge jo ju gist ar o
, , , c ro p r ik olt o k r op o
, ,
min du m i
a c ro s s k r u co mala fa bla
, ,
c ou r t e o u s gentila ,
c r ys tal k r ist a l o ,
c o u s i n kuzo kuzino
, , cub e , ku bo
E ug lzk/z E sp er
-
a u /o Voca bu l
ary
c u cko o k u k olo , c u rr e n t fl u o ,
c u c u m b er kuku mo , c u r tai n k u r te n o ,
c uff m a n u mo
, c u s h i o n k u se n o ,
c u i ra s s kir a s o , c u s to m k u t imo ,
c u lp a b l e k u lpa , c u t t r an c i
,
c u n n i n g ruza , c u tl e t k otle t o ,
c u p t a so
, c y c l o n e c iklon o ,
c upo l a k u polo , cyl i n d e r c ilindro ,
c u r e k u r aci r e san igi

, , c y m b a l ci mb a l o ,
c u rl b u k lo
, cyp r e s s cip r e so ,
cu rr an t ribo , c zar c a ro ,
d affo d i l n a rci so , d ark e n ma llu migi ,
d a gge r p on a r do ,
d arl i n g k ar u le t o ,
d a h l i a d a li o , d arn fl lk l ,
d ai ly Ciu t aga
, da rt s e go p ik ilo
, ,
d ai n ty fr a n dajo, d at e d a to
, da t u mi , ,
d ai sy le k a n t e t o
, da k t il
o
d a m di go
, d at i v e dat i vo ,
d a m a ge dife k t i , d a ub q i ,
d a m as k d a m a sk o , d au gh t e r fi lin o ,
d a m e S in jor in o
, d au n t ti mi gi ,
d a m n k on damn i
, d a u n tl e s s se n t ima ,
d an c e d a n c i , d aw n t a gigo ,
d andy d a n do , d ay t a go,
Dan e d an o , d a y book t aglib r o ,
d a n d e l i o n le on t odo , d a yd r e a m r e v o ,
d a n ge r dan ge r o , d azzl e bli n digi ,
d an gl e p e n de t i , d e a c o n dia k on o ,
d a r e k u r a gi
, d e ad se n v iv a mor t in t a
, ,
d a rk ma llu ma
, d e af sur da ,
90 E ”g lamE sp er a nt o
-
Voca bu l
ar y
d e al k ome r ci disdon i
, d e p e n d d e p e ndi , ,
d e a r k a r a mu lt e kost a d e pu t e d e puti
, , ,
d e a t h morto , d e s c ri b e p r isk r ibi ,
d e b a t e d e bato , d e s e r t for la si ,
d e b a u c h dib oCo d e s e r t de z e r t o
, ,
d e b i t d e bito
, de s e rv e m e r iti ,
d e b t S u ldo
, d e s i gn de se gn o ,
d e c a n t e r kara to d e si r e de z ir i
, ,
d e c ay i n g k a duka d e s k sk r ib t a b lo
, ,
d e c e i v e t r omp i , d e s s e r t d e se r to ,
D e c e m b e r Dece mbr o d e s t i n e d e stin i

, ,
d e c e n t d e ca , d e st roy de t r u i ,
d e c i d e d e cidi , d e tai l de t a lo ,
d e c i p h e r d ec ifri d e t e r ma lh e lp i
, ,
d e c k fe r de kO
, d e v i l di a bl o '
d e c l a i m de kla mi , d e vo t e d sin don a ,
d e c l ara t i o n de klar acio de w r o so , ,
d e c l a r e ase r t i , d i a go na l diagon a la ,
d e c l i v i ty de kliv o d i a gra m di a gr a m o
, ,
d e c o ra t e o r n a mi d i al e c t di a l e kto
, ,
d e e p pro funda
, d i al o gu e di a l ogo ,
d e e r c e rvo
, d ia m e t e r di a m e tr o ,
d e fe n d d e f en di, d i a m o nd dia man t o ,
d e fi c i e n cy de ficito d i c ta t e di k t i
, ,
d e fi n e d e finit e
,
d i c t i o nary v or t ar o ,
d e l a y p r ok r a st i difl e r dif er en ci
'
, ,
d e l e gat e de le git o dig f o si

, ,
d e l e ga t i o n de le gacio d i ge s t di ge sti
, ,
d e l i c a t e de likat a , d i l i ge n t dilige n t a ,
d e l i v e r liv e ri , d i n e t a gman gi v e spe r , ,
d e m an d postuli , ma n gi
d e m o c r a t de mok r a t o d i p t r e mp i
, ,
d e m o n de mon o , d i p h t h o n g difton go ,
d e n o u n ce d e nunci d i plo m a d i plomo

, ,
d e n s e d en sa
, d i pl o m a cy dip loma t io ,
d e n y n ei
, d i r e c t di r e k t i or don i , ,
92 E ug lzsb -
E p
s er a u t o Voca bul
ary
e a c h Ciu , e ecl t , e kt i
el
e a ge r a v ida , ell, u l
no
e a gl e a gl o, el m ulmo
,
e ar , or c l o spiko , e l s e ali e
,
e arl gr a fo
, e mb a r a ss mb ar a si
, e
e a rly fru a fru e

, , em bl e m , e mbl e m o
e a r th t e ro,
e m b ra c e , Cir k a up r e mi
e a rt h e n w ar e f a jen co , e m bro i d e r br odi ,
e a rt h qu ak e t e r t r e mo ,
e m e ra l d s me r a ldo ,
e a s t ori e nt o
, e m i ne n t e min e n t a ,
E a s t e r P a sko , e m p i r e imp e r io ,
e as y f a cil
, a e m pl oy dun gi uzi , ,
e a t m a n gi
, e m pl oym e n t o fi co ,
e b o ny e bon o , e m p t y ma l plen a
, vak ,
e ch o , e ho anta
ec o no m i z e Sp a ri , e na m e l e ma jl o ,
e c s t a cy e k st a z o , e n c lo s e e n me t i en f ,e r mi ,
e c z e m a e k z e mo , e n c or e bi s ,
E de n o E d e n , e n c o u n t e r r e n k on t i ,
e dge , r a n do e n c ro a c h trudi ,
e d i c t e dik t o
, e n d, fin o
edif y e difi , e nd o w , d o ti
e d i t r e da k t i
, e n e m y , ma l a mik o
e d i t i o n eldon o , e n e r gy , e n e r g io
e d u c a t e e du ki , en gi n e m a s i n o ,
e e l a n gil o
, E n gl i s h m a n an glo ,
e ffe c t e fik i , e nj oy gu i ,
ef fo r t pe no at e nco
, , e nl i s t v a r bi ali gi a i
, ,
e gg, o v o e n o u gh su fi Ce ,
E gyp t i a n , e gi pto e n t e rp r i s e e n t r e p r e n o ,
e i gh t , o k e n t h u sia s m e n tu z ia smo
,
e i t h e r , at e n t i c e l o gi ,
e la s t i c , ela st a e n t i r e tuta ,
e l bo w , k u b u t o e n tr e a t p e t egi ,
E ug l
l p
s/z- E s er a n t o Voca bu l
ar y 93
e nv e l op e n v olvi , e vo l u t i o n e v olu cio ,
e nv e l o p e k ov e r t o , exac t p r eciz a gu sta

, ,
e n v y e n v ii
, e x a m i n e e k z amen i ,
e p i d e m i c e pi de mi o , e x a m pl e e k z e mp l o ,
e p i l e p sy e p il e p sio ,
e x c e p t e sce p t e ,
epi sode e p iz o do ,
ex c e s s i ve tr oa ,
e p i tap h e p it a f o , e x c h an ge in t e r San go ,
e p i t h e t e pit e t o ,
e x c h an ge b orso ,
e po c h e p ok o
, ex c i te e k scit i
,
e qu al e ga l
,
a e x c l u s i v e e k sk l u siv a ,
e q u a t i o n e k v a cio ,
e x c u r s i on e k sk u r so ,
e qu a to r e k v a t or o , e x e c u t e ek z eku ti ,
er r , e r ar i e x e rc i s e e k z e r co ,
e rr a nd k omisio , e x h i b i t i o n e k sp oz icio ,
e r y s i p e la s e r iz ip e lo , exi s t e k z ist i
,
e s c o r t e sk or t o
, e xpa n d ef e ndi
,
e spe cial sp e ci a l a , expe c t at e ndi,
e s s e n c e e se n co o l e o , , expe d i te e k sp e di ,
e s ta b l i s h f ondi k on , , e x pe l el ,pel i
st a ti st ar igi, e x p e n s e el sp e z o ,
e s te e m e stimi , e x p e r ie n c e sp e t to ,
e t e rn a l e t e rna ,
expe rt l er t a
,
e t h e r e t e ro
,
e x pl a i n kl ar igi ,
e t h i c s e t ik o , e x plo d e e k sp l odi ,
e ti q u e t t e e t ik e t o , e x pl o r e e spl o r i ,
e up h o n i o u s b e lson a , exp re s s e sp r i mi
, s e ndi ,
E u ro p e E ur op o , r a p idir e
e v e n e c e ben a
, , ex et n d e t en di ,
e v e n t ok a z o
, e x t e rnal e k st e r a ,
e v e r a jn
, ia m , e x t i n gu i s h e st in gi ,
e v e r y Ci u eia
, , e x t r a e k st r a
,
e v e r y bo d y Ciu , e x t r e m e e k st r e ma ,
e v e r y bo d y s cies oku l o
’
, eye ,
e v e r yt h i n g cio e y e b ro w b r ov o ,
e v e r yw h e r e th e , e y e gl a s s e s v it r oj
ok u l ,
e v i d e n t e v ide n t a ,
e y e l i d p a lp e br o
,
94 E ug lzl
clz- E spcr a u /o Voca bula r y
fabl e fa blo , fe as t fe st e n i
,
fa c i l i ta t e fa ciligi , fe a th e r, pl u mo
fa c s i m i l e , fa k similo F e b ru a r y , F e br u ar o
fa c t , fa k t o fee , p a go
fa c to ry fab r iko , fe e d , nutr i
fa d e v e lki
, fee l p a lpi , s e nt i
,
fa il ,
ma lsu k ce si, b an k r o ti fe l t f e lto
,
fa i n t , sv e ni fe m a l e , in o
fa i r , f o ir o j usta , fe m i n i s m , f e minismo
fa i t h , fi do fe n c e , S k e r mi barilo ,
fa i r y , fe in o fe n n e l , f e nk olo
fa l l fal i
, fe r m e n t , f e rm e nt i
fal s a , f a lsa , malv e r a fe rn , fi l ik o
fame fa mo, fe r r y , p r a mo
fa m i ly , f a mili o fer vo r, f e r v or o
fa m i l i ar , f a mil i ara fe s t o o n , f e stono
fan , v e n t u mi fe s t i val f e st o ,
fa na t i c al , fan at ik a fe t t e r , k a t en o
fa n ta sy fan t a z io , fe v e r , f e bro
fa r , ma l p r ok sima fe w , iom, n e mu l
t aj ,
fa r e w e l l a dia ii , malmu lt a j , k e ik e i
fa r m , f a rmi fia n c e fi an Co ,
fas h i o n , man i e ro , modo , fi b e r fi br o ,
f a so n o fi c t i t i ou s fi k t iv a ,
fa s t , r a pida f
ie ! fi l
fat , gr a s a fi e l d kampo ,
fa tal fa t ala
, fi g, figo
fa t e , sorto fi gh t , batal i
fa t h e r , p a tr o fi gu r e , c i te ro
fa t h o m , s ondi fi le , f aj l i
fa u c e t k r an o , fi l l , p le n igi
fau l t k u lp o , e r a r o
, fi nal , fin a
fa vo r , f a v or o fi n an ce , fin an co
fe a r , timo fi n d, trov i
96 E ”( fi sh E
-
p
s er a n t o Voca bu l
ary
fo u n tai n fontan o , fr i e n d , a mik o

fo u r k v ar
, fr i n ge , fran go
fo w l , k or t b ir do fri v o l o u s , frivola
fox , v ul po fr iz, f r iz i
fra c t i o n f r a k cio
, fro g r a n o
,
fra g m e n t , fra gme nto fro s t f r o st o

,
fr a m e kadro , fro t h , Sailmo

fra n c f r a nko
, fru i t , f r uk to
Fran c e F r an cujo , fr y, f r it i
frank since ra
, fu l fi l l , p le n u mi
fra t e r n al frata , fu l l , pl e na
frau d trompo, fu n n e l f ,u n el o
fr e ckl e le n t u go
, fu r , f e lo
fr e e l i b e r a se n p a ga
, , fur i o u s , f u r ioz a
fr e e m a s o n f r amason o , fu rn a c e , forn o
fr e i gh t S ar go , fu rn i sh p r ov iz i
,
F r e n c h m a n franco , fu rn i t u r e , me bla r o
fr e qu e n t o f ta , fur t h e r , pli e , plu
fr e s c o fr e sko
, fu t i l e , v a nta
fr e sh fr e Sa
, fu tu r e , e st on t a
ga i n , ga jn i garl i c , ajlo
gai t e r , ga ma So gar m e n t , v e sto
ga l l , galo ga r ri s o n , ga r n iz on o
gal l e r y , ga le r io gart e r , S t r u mp l igilo
gal lo p , ga l Op i ga s, gaso
ga m e , ludo , Ca saj o gat h e r , k ol ek t i
ga m u t , g amo gau ge , me z u r i
gan g, bando gau z e , ga zo
ga n gr e n e , ga n gr eno gay , ga j a
gar d e n , ga r de n o gaz e t t e , gaz e t o
gar gl e , garga ri ge l a t i n e , ge l
a t en o
garl an d , girlando ge nd ar m e , gen dar mo

E p
zs/z- E s er a n t o
ug l Voca bul
'
ar y 97
ge nd e r , se k so gro u p , n O
ge n e alo gy , ge n e al ogio gro u s e , t e t r o

ge n e ral , ge n e rala , ge n gro w , k r e sk i
er al o gru m b l e , gr u mb l i
gi p sy , ci gano gru n t , gr u n t i
gr a v e , t ombo , g rava gu aran t e e , gar an t io
gravy v ian dsu k o, gu ard , ga rdi , gv ar dio
gr a y griz a
, gu e s s , div en i
gr e a s e graso , gu e s t , ga sto
gr e at gr a nda
, gu i d e , gv idi
gr e e n v e rda
, gu i l lo t i n e , gil
ot in o
G r e e k gr e ko , gu i l t , ku l po
gri m a c e gr imaco , g u i tar , g itaro
gri nd p ist i mu e l
, i , gu l f , golfo
groan ge mi , gu m , gu mo
gro i n in gv e n o
, gu n , p afi l o
gro t e s qu e gr ot e sk a , gu npo w d e r , p u l vo
gro u n d t e ro , gyp s u m , gips o
h a ! ha ! h ardly , a p en ati
‘
h ab i t , k u t imo h ar e , le p or o
h a ck , h a ki h ar e m , ba r e mo
h ai l , h a jli h ar m o ny , h a r mon io
h a i r , h ar o h arn e s s , jun g i
h al f , du on o h arp , h a rpo
h al t , h a lti , h al t igi h arpoo n , h ar p u n o
h a m S ink o
, h arro w , e r p i
h a m m e r , ma rt e l o h ars h , mal milda , s e v e ra
h an d , ma n o h arv e s t , r ik olto
h an g p e n di , p e n digi
, h as t e n , r a pidi , r a p idigi
h ap p i n e s s , f e li c o h a t , c a p e lo
h arbo r b av e n o , h at c h e t , h ak il o
h ard , ma l mola h at e , m a lami

98 E ug l z E sp er
csl Voca bu l
'
-
a ulo ar y
h a v e , h av i h e r e sy , b e r e zo
h av e n , b a v e no h e r m i t , e rmi t
h aw k , a k c np it r o , kol h e ro , b e r oo
p orti h e rri n g, b a rin go
h ay f , ojn o h e s i ta t e , Sa n ce ligi
h a zard , h az ar do h i c co u gh sin gulti
,
h a z e l - nu t , avel o h i d e , kasi
h e , li h i e ra r c h y , h ie r a r h io
h e ad , k a po , e st r o h i e r o gl y p h i c , h ie r o gli f
o
h e al , r e san igi k u r a c i
, h i gh , a lta
h e ap , a maso , st a p l o h i m , li , lin
h e a r , a udi h i m s e lf , sin , S i me m
h e a rt , k oro , k e r o H i nd oo , h in do
h e a t , h e j t i, v ar migi h i n ge , ca r n ir o
h e av e n , c i e lo h i p , k ok so
h e avy , p e za h i p p o dr o m e , h ip odr omo
H e br e w , h e br e o h i ppopo ta m u s , h ip o p o
h e d ge h o g, e r in a co ta mo
h e e d , a t en t i h i r e dun gi
,
h e e l , k al k a n o , kalk an h i s, lia S ia
,
u mo h i s s , sibli
h e i r , h e r e dan t o h i s to r y , h i storio
h e l i o t ro p e , h e liotropo h it , f r ap i
h e l l , in f e r o h o ! ho !
h e l m , dir e k t il o h o ar f ro s t , p r ujn o
h e l p , h e lpi h o ars e , ra h ka
h e m , b or de r i h o e , s a r ki
h e m i s p h e r e , duon sf er o h o g, p or k o
h e m p , k a n ab o h o l d , t e ni , h ol do
h e n , k okin o h o l e , truo
h e n c e , de nun , de tio h ol i d ay , f e sto
h e r , S i n , S ia , si , S ia h o l ly , il e k so
h e r a l d , h e r oldo h oly , san k t a

h e rb , h e r b o h o m e , h e j mo
h e rd , p a s ti , b r u t ar o h o m e opa t h y, h om e o
h e r e , t ie Ci, Ci t ie patio
r oo E ug lzs/z E sper -
a u /o Voca bu l
ary
i m m i gra t e e n migr i , i no c u l a t e in ok u li ,
i m p koboldo
, i nqu i r e d e ma ndi ,
i m pa i r dife k t i , i nqu i s i t i v e sciama ,
i m p e r a t i v e o rd ona ,
i n s a n e fr e n ez a,
i m p e ri al i mp e ria , i n s e c t in se k t o
,
i m p o rt e n p or t i, i n s i d e int e rn e
,
i m p r e s s impr e si , i n s i d i o u s i msida ,
in , en i n s i s t i n sisti
,
i n c h colo
, i ns p i ri in spiri ,
i n c i t e in citi, i n s tan c e in st an co ,
i n c l i n e in k lin i de k liv o
, , i n s t e a d of a n st a ta ii ,
i n c l u d e en h av i , i n s t i n c t in st in k t o ,
i n c o m e r en t o , i n s t i tu t e fondi insti , ,
i n d e fi n i t e n e difin it a ,
tuto
i nd e x tabe lo
, i n s t i t u t i o n in st itu cio ,
i n d i c a t e mont r i , i n s t r u c t instrui ,
i n d i c a t i v e indik a tiv e , i n s t r u m e n t in st r u me n ,
i n d i ffe r e n t in dife r e n t a , to ilo

,
i nd i gnan t indi gn a , i n s ul t insulti

,
i nd i v i d ua l individuo , i n t e l l i ge n t int e li ge nt e ,
i n do r s e giri , i n t e n d in t e nc i
,
i n d u s t ri o u s diligen t a ,
i n t e n s e forta e ga , ,
i n d u s t r y a n industri o , ,
i n t e r e n t e r igi
,
i n e r t i a in e rcio, i n t e r e s t int e r e so pro, ,
i n fa n t in ta no in fan e t o
, , ce nto
i n fe c t in fe k t i
, i n t e r i o r int e r na ,
i n fe rn a l infe ra , i n t e r p r e t t r a du k i ,
i n fi n i t e se n lima , i n t e r r u p t in t e rrompi ,
i nflu e n c e in fl u i ,
i n t ri gu e in t r igi ,
i n fl u e n za gripo , i n t r u d e t r udi ,
inf o r m inf or mi sciigi

, , i nval i d invalido , mal ,
i n fu s e in fuz i, S an u l
o
i n h ab i t l ogi , i nv e n t e lpe n si
,
i n h a l e e n sp ir i
, i nv e n to r y inv e nt a t o ,
i n i t i a t e in i cia t i
, i nv e s t i ga t e e spl ori ,
i nj u r y vundo dif
,
e k to , i nv i t e inv iti
,
E ug l p
zs/z- E s er a n t o Voca bu la r y IOI
i nvo i c e fa k t u r o , i s o la t e i oli , z
i o d i n e j o do , i s s u e e ldon i ,
I r e l an d I r l a n do , i s t h m u s i st mo ,
i ro n f e r o gl a di
, , i t gi,
i ro ny lloDlO ,
'
I ta l i an I t alo ,
i s e st a s
, i t c h j u ki ,
i s l a n d in sul o , i vy b e d e r o
,
j a ckas s , a z e n v ir o j o i n t a r t ik o ,
j ack a l Sa k a lo , j ok e se r ci ,
j a ck e t j a k o j a k o j ak e t o
, , , j ou rna l j u r n a lo ,
j ai l k a r ce r o
'
, J O Y, 2 010 . JO Y
j a m fr u k t aj o
, j ub i l e e j u b i l e o ,
J an ua r y J a n u a r o , j u dge ju si .
J a pan e s e ja p a n o , j u g k r u co
,
j ay , ga r o l
o j u ggl e j on gli ,
‘
j e s s a m i n e j a sme n o , j u i c e suk o ,
J e s u s J e su o , J ul y J u li o ,
J e w j u do
, J u n e J uni o ,
j i n gl e tinti , j u s t j u st a gu st e
, ,
j o b t a sk o
, j u s t n ow j u s ,
j o i n k u n igi
, j u s t i c e ju st e co ,
kan garoo , dide lf

o k i lo m e t e r kil ome tro ,
k e e l k i lo , ki n d sp e co b on k or e
, ,
k e y , Slo silo k i n g r e go ,
k i ck , p ie dfr a p o ki s s ki si ,
ki d n e y r e n o , k i t c h e n k u ir e jo ,
ki l l mor t igi b u éi
, , k n a p s a ck t or n ist r o ,
ki lo gr a m k i l ogr a mo , k n e a d k n e di ,
k i lo l i t e r k i l ol i tr o , kn e e ge mn o ,
102 E ug l
zsl
r - E spcr a u /o Voca bul
ary
kn i fe t r a n ci lo
, kno w s ci i ,
k n i gh t k a v a li r o , kno t ban t o tube ro

, ,
k n i t t r ik i
, kop e c k k O p e k o ,
k no u t k n u t o , Ko ran k o r a n o ,
l abo r l a b ori , l a t h e t or n ilo

,
la c e laCi p a sa men t o
, , , L a t i n l a tina ,
p u nto l au gh ridi ,
l ac k ma nko
, l au nd r e s s la v ist in o ,
l ac k e y la k e o , l au r e l l a u r o ,
l ac o n i c l a k on a , la w l e go
,
la d k h a b o
, l a w s u i t p r oce so ,
l ady S i n jor in o
, l ay me ti
,
la k e , la go l ay e r tavol o ,
l a m b , Sa fido l e ad k onduki
,
l a m e l a ma , l e ad plu mbo,
l a m p l a mp o , l e a f f o li o
,
l a n c e l a n co , l e an k li n i malgr a sa
, ,
l an d t e r o l a ndo
, , l e ap s a lti,
l an d l o rd h o t e lma st r o , , l e arn l e r ni scn gi

, ,
b ie n u lo l e gi t i m at e l e git i ma ,
l an d s c ap e , p e jz a go l e m o n c it r on o ,
la n gu a ge , h n g v o l e m o nad e limon a do ,
l an t e r n , la n t e r n o l e n d p r u n t i p r u n t e d oni
, ,
l ar c e ny St e l o , l e opard l e op a rd o ,
l a rd l a r d o
, l e p ro sy l e p r o ,
l a r ge gr a nd a, l e s s ma lp li
,
l a rk a la udo
, l e s s o n l e cion o .
l a rv a l a r v o, l e t h ar gy l e t a r gio ,
l a ryn x l a r in go , l e t t e r l e t e r o lit er o
, ,
l a s t l a st a d a u r i
, , l e t t u c e la t u ko ,
l at e ma lfr u a
, l e v e l n i v e l o e be n a
, ,
l a t h la to
, l i abl e r e spo n da
,
104 z E sp er a n t o Voca bul
E ng lisl ar y
l oyal fidela , l u t e liut o

,
l u c k Sa nc o
, , bon S a n co L u t h e ra n lut e r a no ,
l u l l luli
, l u x u ry lu k so ,
l u n g pulmo
, lyr e liro
,
m a c ad a m mak ada mo , m a r c h mar s i ,
m a c aro n i mak a roni , m ar gi n mar gen o ,
m a c h i n e ma s ino , m a r gu e r i t e le k an t o ,
m a d a m S in jor in o , m a ri n e ma r a ,
m a ga z in e , r e v uo , gaz e t o m a rk si gn o st a mp o
, , ,
m a gi c m a gi o , ma r k o
m a gn e t ma gn e to , m arq u i s mar k e z o ,
m a h o gan y mah ogon o , m a r r i a ge e dz e co , , e dz i

go
m a i l p o s to
, m a rs h m a r eo ,
m a i z e ma iz o , m ar s h al m a r ga lo ,
m aj e s t i c m a j e st a ,
m a r t y r ma r ti r o ,
m aj o r ma j or o, m a s k ma sk o ,
m aj o r i ty p limu lt o , m as t ma sto ,
m ak e f a r i, m a s t e r maj st r o ,
m al e vir o , m a s t i c a t e m ac i ,
m a l i c i o u s malica , m at mat o
,
m a n h omo vir o
, , m a t c h a lu me t o,
m a na ge a dmin ist r i , m at e ri a l ma t er ia lo ,
m a n i a ma n i o , m a t t e r ma t e ri o pus o
, ,
m an i fe s to ma nife st o , m at t r e s s ma trac o ,
m a n i fo l d multe n omb r a , m a t u r e ma tur a ,
m a n n e r m a ni e r o , m a x i m ma k si mo ,
m an u fa c t u r e f a briki , m a x i m u m ma k simu mo ,
m a nu r e st e r k o , M a y Maj o ,
m any mult e mu lt aj
, , , m a y o r u r be st r o
,
mult o m azu rka maz u r ko ,
m arbl e mar mor o , m e min m i

, ,
M a rc h Marto , m e al fa r u n o ma n go
, ,
E ug lzsb E sp cr a /zt o Voca bul
-
ar y 05
m e an me z a sign ifi
, , m i l d mild a
,
m e as l e s mor bilo , m i lk l a kt o me lki

, ,
m e a s u r e mez ur i , m i l l mu e lilo
,
m e a t v ian do
, m i l l e t mili o,
m e dal me d a l o , m i l l i o n mi lion o ,
m e d i c i ne k u r a cxl
o , m i nd an i mo spirito
, , ,
me di c in o o b e i a t e n t i z o r gi
, ,
m e d i tat e me diti , m i n e mia mi a n

, ,
m e d i u m m e z a me di , , m i n e mi n o
,
u mo m i n e ral min e r a lo ,
m e e t r e n k on t i
, m i n i s t e r p a st r o min , ,
m e l a n c h oly melan k o , i stro

lio m i n t me nto
,
m e l o dy me l odi o , m i nu t e minuto noto , ,
m e lo n me lon o , m i rro r sp e gu lo ,
m e l t fl u id gi d e ge li
, i , m i s e rl y a v a r a ,
m e m o ry me mor o , m i s e r y miz er o ,
m e na c e min a ci , m i s p ri n t p r e se r a r o ,
m e n d fl iki
, m i s s fr a ulin o
,
m e n t i o n citi , m i s s i o n misi o ,
m e r c u ry h idr ar go , M i s t e r S in jor o,
m e r e nura, m ix mik si
,
m e r i d i an me ridiano , m oan ge mi ,
m e r i t me riti
, m o c k moki ,
m e s h ma § o
, m o d e mo d o,
m e s s a ge de p e so , m o d e l mo d e l o
,
M e s s i a h M e sio , m o d e rat e mod e ra ,
m e t a l me t a lo
, m o d e rn mod e rn a ,
m e t e o r m e t e oro , m o d e s t m o d e st a ,
m e t h o d me t odo , m o d u l a t e moduli ,
m e t e r me t r o me z u r ilo
, , M o h a m m e d an mah o ,
m i c rob e mik r obo , met an o

m i d dl e me z a , m o m e n t mo me nt o ,
m i e n mie n o
, m o narc h mon a r h o ,
m i gh t pov o , M o nday lund o ,
m i gra t e mi gri , m o n e y m on e y ,
1)z g lzs/c- E
. p
s er a u t o Voca bul
ary
m o n e y o rd e r mandat o
-
, mow fa lé i ,
m o n gr e l h ib r ida
m o nk e y S i mio
, m u c h mult e
mu d k ot o Slimo
ul
tO, ,
m '
, , ,
m o no grap h mon ogr a fo , m u ff mu fo,
m o no gr a m mon ogr a mo , m u l b e r r y mor u so ,
m o no l o gu e monolo go , m u l e mu lo ,
m o no m an i a mon oma , m u l t i ply mu lt igi mu l , ,
n io t ip l
ik i
m o nopo ly mono p olo , mu m m y mu mo ,
m o n s t e r monstro , m u n i c i pa l u r ba ,
m o n t h monat o , m u rd e r mor t igi ,
m o nu m e n t monu me nto , m u r m u r mu r mur i ,
m oo d h u mor o modo
, , m u s c l e mu sk olo ,
m oo n l u n o
, m u s e muz o r e v i
, ,
m o ral a morala , m u s e u m mu z e o ,
m o ral s m or o e t iko , , m u s h ro o m fun go ,
m o r e pli mult e pli plu

, , , m u s i c mu z ik o ,
m o r e t h e ju
, , m u s k e t mu ske do ,
pli m u s l i n mu slin o ,
m o rni n g mat e no , m u s t d e va s de v e ga s
, ,
m o r t ga ge h ip ot e k o , m u s tard mu st a r do ,
m o sia c moz a ik o , m u s ty s i ma ,
m o s qu i to moskito , m u t e mut a mutulo

, ,
m o s s musko
, m u t i ny r ibe lo ,
m o s t p le j p lej mul t e
, , m u t t e r mu r mu r i ,
m o t h tin e o
, m u t to n Sa ia io ,
m o t h e r p a trino , m u tu al r e cip r oka ,
m o t i o n movo , m u zzl e b u Sumo ,
m o t i v e motivo , m y m ia mi a n
, ,
m o t to moto , myri a d miriado ,
m o u l dy Si ma , m yr r h mir h o ,
m o u n tai n monto , m yr t l e mirto ,
m o u s e mus o , mys t e r y mist e ro ,
m o u s t a c h e lip har oj , my s ti fy mist ifik i ,
m o u t h bu so , myt h mito ,
m o v e mov i, m yt h o l o gy mit ologio ,

108 E ng li sh E -
p
s er a n t o Voca bul
ar y
oa k , kve r ko O il
, ol eo
oa r , r e mil
o Old, maln ov a , an t ik v a ,
o a s i s c azo , malju n a .
o a t h j uro
, O l i v e olivo ,
o a t m e al gr i o o m e n a n t a ixsign o
’
, ,
o b e l i s k obe l isk o, o m n i bu s omn ibu so ,
o b e y o be i , O m n i po t e n t Ciop o v a ,
O bj e c t c e l o ob je k t o
, , o n , sa t
O bj e c t k o n t r a up ar oli
, once , unu f
o e j
ob l i ga t i o n d e v o , on e , u n u
obl i ge de v igi fari k om
, , o n i o n bulbo ,
pl
e z on o nly nur ,
o b l i q u e ob lik v a , o n w ard anta u en ,
o b s e rv e r i ma r k i , o nyx on ik so ,
o b s t i n at e o bstina ,
O pal o palo,
ob s t r u c t ob st r u k ci ,
o p e n m a lfe r mi
,
o b ta i n ric e vi a ki r i
, , O p e ra O p e r o ,
ob t r u d e trud i ,
O p e ra gl a s s lor n e to
-
,
o c c a s i o n ok a z o , O p e ra t e op er acii funk , ,
o c c u py ok u p i , cii
o c c u r ok az i , op i n i o n o pinio ,
o c e a n oc e ano , O p i u m o pio ,
O c tob e r O k t ob r o , O ppo n e n t k on t r a uu lo ,
o c u l ar okula , O ppo rt u n e gu st a t e mp a ,
o dd st r an ga n e p a ra
, , o ppo r tu n i t y o k a z o ,
o de , o do o ppr e s s su b p r e mi ,
o d o r odoro
, o p t i c s O p t ik o ,
o f de da
, , o p t i m i s m o ptimismo ,
o fl e n d of e ndi opu l e n t r iCa

'
, ,
o fi e r pro p oni p r ez en t i o r a ti
'
, , ,
o fli c e , ofico o ra c l e or akolo ,
o ft e n oft e , o ran ge or a n go ,
oh lh o l o rda i n or den i ,
Eng /zlf/z E sp er azzt o
-
Voca bula r y 1 09
o rd e r me ndi or don i
, , o va r y ovujo ,
o r gan or gano or gen o

, , o v e n forno
,
o ri e n t or i e nt o , o v e r sup e r
,
o rna m e n t or n ami , o v e rco m e v e nki ,
o rp h a n or f o , o v e r h e a d sup r e ,
o rt h o do x or t odok sa , o v e rt ak e a tin gi ,
o rt h o grap h y or t ogr afi o , o v e rt h ro w r en v er si ,
o s t r i c h st r u t o , o v e r t u r o , u v er t u r o , pr o
o t h e r a lia , pon o
o u gh t d e v a s , Ow e , S uldi
o u n c e unco , ow l, st r igo , gu f
o , c ik u rn o
ou r , nia o w n , p r 0p r a , p ose di
ou t , e l, e k st e r ox , b ovo
o u t l i n e sk iz o , , k on t u r o o x y ge n ok sigen o ,
o u t s i d e e k st e r , ,
-
a, -e o x i d e ok sido
,
o va l ovala , oys t e r o str o ,
pa c k p a ki , pa m p h l e t p a mfl e t o ,
p a cka ge p ak ajo , pan i c p an ik o

,
pad v a ti
, pan t al oo ns p an t alon o ,
pa goda p agodo , pan t h e r p a nt ar o ,
p a i l sit e lo
, p a n t om i m e , p a n t omimo
p a i n d ol oro
, papa p a éjo
,
p a i n t p e nt t i k olori
, , p ap e r p a p e r o
,
pa i r par o
, papyru s p ap ir u so ,
pal a c e p a lae o , p a rad e p a r adi ,
p a l a t e palat o , p a rad i s e p ar a diz o ,
p a l a tabl e b on gu st a , parado x p a r a dok so ,
p a l e p a l a p a l i gi
, , p a ras ol su n omb r e lo ,
p a l m p a l mo ma n p la t o
, , par c h m e n t p e r ga m e no ,
p a l t r y trivi a l e
, . pardo n p a r don i ,
pa m p e r dor lot i , par e sen Se li gi

,
I IO E ag lzlf/z E sp cr a n lo
-
Voca bu l
ar y
par e n t s ge p at r oj , pau s e p auz o ,
p ark p a r k o
, pav e m e n t p a v irn o ,
pa rl i a m e n t p a rlam e nto , pav i l i o n pavili on ,
p a ro d y p a r odio , p a y p a si
,
pa rr o t p a p ago, p e a , p xz o
pa r s i m o n y p a r cimon io , p e a c e p a co ,
pars l e y p e t r o se lo , p e ac h p e rsiko,
par s n i p p a st in ak o , p e a c o ck pavo ,
p a rs o n p a st r o , p e ak pinto
,
pa rt p a rt o porcio
, , p e a r pi r o
,
pa rt i c i pa t e p ar t op r e n i , p e arl p e r lo
,
pa rt i c i pl e p a r t i cipo , p e dal p e dal o

,
pa r t i t i o n l i cio , p e d an t p e da n to,
par t ri d ge p e r dr iko , p e d d l e k olp or t i

,
par ty p a r t io
, p e d e s ta l p ie de st alo ,
pa s s p a si
, p e e l Se lo
,
pa s s e n ge r v oja gan t o , p e l t fe lo
,
pa s s i on pasio m an i o , , u mo
p en, pl
p as s i v e p a si v a , p e nal ty puno ,
pa s s po r t p a sp or t o , p e n c h an t in klin o e mo , ,
pa s t e stint a
, . p e nd u l u m p e nd ol o ,
pa s t e p a sto
, p e n e t ra t e p e n e tri ,
pa s t e bo a rd k ar t on o , p e n i t e n t pe nta ,
pa s t e l p a Ste lo
, p e nny p e n co ,
p a s t i l l e p a ste lo , p e n s i o n p e n sio ,
pa s to r p a st r o
, p e nu r i o u s avara ,
pas to ral kampat a p a s , , p e o ny p e onio ,
t or a l
o p e op l e p o poli h omoj
, ,
pa t c h fl ik i, p e pp e r p ip r o .
pa t e n t pat e nto
, p e r c e n ta ge p r ocen t o ,
pa t e rn al p a tra , p e rc h pe rko ,
pat h o s p a t oso , p e rfe c t p e r f e kt a,
p a t i e n c e p a c ie n co , p e r fo r m fari p len u mi , ,
p a t ri ar c h p a t r iar k o , p e rfu m e p ar fumo ,
patr i o t p a trioto , p e r h ap s e bl e ,
pa tro l pat t olo , p e r i l dan ge r e go

,
I2 E fl g lzslz E sp cr a ulo Voca bul
'
I -
ar y
pl e a sa n t p IaCa , po rt bav e no
,
p l e n t y su fifia , po rt i o n p orc i o parto, ,
p l i a b l e fl e k se b la , po rt ra i t p or t r e t o ,
p l o t k on sp ir i k omp lot o
, , po s i t i v e p oz it iv a ,
plo w plu gi , po s s e s s p ose di ,
p l u ck kura go , po s s i b l e e bla ,
pl u m pruno , po s t i o sto
,
pl u m p dika , po s t c ard p oSt k ar t o ,
p l u ra l mu lt en omb r a , po s t e r ans o ,
p l u s h p 1u § o , po t poto
,
po ck e t po s o , po ta s h p ot aso ,
po d Se lo
, po tato t er p omo ,
po e m p oe mo , p o t e n cy p ot e n co ,
po e t po e to
, po u l t i c e k a t a p lasmo ,
p o i n t punkto , po u nd p ist i ba t e gi
, , ,
p o i s o n v e n e no , funto livro ,
po l e stan go poluso
, , po u r v e r s i Sut i
, ,
p o l i c e p olico , po w d e r p u lv o p u lv or o
, , ,
po l i s h pol a ri , pudr o
po l i t e ge ntila , po w e r povo p ot en co
, ,
po l i t i c s p olitiko , p ra c t i c al p r a ktika ,
po lyp p olipo , p ra c t i c e k u t imo ,
p o m a d e p oma do , p rai r i e h e r be j o st e p o
, ,
p o m gr a n a t e granato , p rai s e la u di ,
po m po u s pompa ,
p ra t tl e babil i ,
po n d la ge t o , p ray p r esi
,
po n i a rd p on ar do , p r e a c h p r e dik i,
poo d l e p u delo , p r e c e n to r k a ntoro ,
po p e papo , p r e c i s e p r e ciz a gu st a
, ,
p o pl a r p op lO , p r e fe r pr e f e r i
,
po pu l ar p O p u lar a , p r e fi x p r e fik so
,
po r c e l ai n p or ce lan o ,
p r e gnan t gr a v e da ,
po r c u p i n e h ist r ik o , p r e j u d i c e a n t a fi j u go ,
po r e poro , p r e m i u m pr e mi o ,
po rk p oxk ajo
, p r e par e pr e p a ri ,
po rp h yry p or fi r o , p r e po s i t i o n p r e p oz icio ,
E ng lzs/z E -
p
ar y 1 13
p r e sb y t e r pr e sbit e r o , p rol e tar i a n prol e tario ,
p r e s c ri p t i o n r e c e pto , p ro m e nad e p r ome n i ,
p r e s e n t don aci p r ez en t i
, , pro m i s e p r ome si ,
p r e s e rv e k on fi t i , p ro m p t ly tuj gusta , ,
p r e s i d e p r ez idi , t e mp e
p r e s s p r e milo p r e silo
, , p ro nou n p r on omo ,
p r e t e x t p r e t e k st o
, p ro no u n c e e lp ar oli ,
p r e t t y b e le t a
, p roo f p r uv o pr ov o
, ,
p r e v i o u s antati a ,
'
p ropa ganda propagan ,
p ri c e pr e zo
, do
p r i c k piki
, p rop e r t y p ose daj o ,
p ri e s t p a st r o
, p rop h e t profe to ,
p ri n c e princo , p ropo r t i o n p r op or cio ,
pr i n c i pal p r e cip a , p ropo s a l p r op on o ,
p ri n c i pl e p r in cip o , p ro ra ta p r Op or cie ,
pri n t pre si
, p ro s e p r oz o
,
pri s o n k ar ce r o
, p ro s p e r p r osp e ri,
p ri vat e p r i v a t a
, p ro t e c t p r ot e k t i
,
p ri v i l e ge p r i v il e gi o , p ro t e s t p r ot e sti
,
p ri z e p r e mi o
, p ro u d fi e r a
,
p rob e sondi e splori

, , p ro v e p r uv i
,
p ro b l e m p r ob le mo , p r ov e r b o prov e rb ,
p robo s c i s r ostr o , p ro v i d e p r ov iz i
,
pro c e e d proce di , p rov i n c e p r ov in co ,
p ro c e s s i on p r oce sio , p ro v i s i o n p r ov iz aj o ,
p ro c l a i m p r ok lami , p ro v i s i o nal p r ov iz or a ,
p ro c u r e ak i ri , p ro vok e incit e ,
p ro d i ga l malsp a r a , p ro x i m i ty p r ok sime co ,
pro d u c e p r odu k t i , p ru d e n t p r u de n t a
,
pro fe s s p r ofe si , p run e se k p r u n o

,
p ro fe s s i o n p r ofe sio , P r u s s i an pruso ,
pro fe s s o r p r ofe sor o , p s al m p salmo ,
p ro fi c i e n t k omp e t en t a , publ i c p u b lik a

,
pro fi l e p r ofi lo
,
publ i s h e ldon i publik
, ,
p ro fi t p r ofi t o gajn o
, ,
igi
pro ge ny ido ida r o , , pul l tir i
,
1 14 E p
ish - E s er a n t o
ng l Voca bul
ar y
pu l l e y r ulbloko , pu ri tan purit an o ,
p u l s e pulso , pu rpl e pu r pu r o ,
pu m p pump i , pu rpo s e c e l o in t e n co , ,
pu m pk i n k u k ur bo , pu rs e mon u jo ,
pu n c h ( drink ) pun t o , pu s p u so
,
p u n c tu a t e in t e r p u n k cu , p u s h pu s i ,
pu n c tu r e t r a p ik i , p u tri d putra ,
pu n i s h p u ni , p u t t y ma st iko ,
p u p i l le r n an t o pupil o
, , p uzzl e e ni gmo ,
p u r c h a s e a ce ti , pyr a m i d p ir a mido ,
p u r e pur a V i rt a Casta
, , , pyt h o n p it on o ,
quac k an a sblek i Ca r
, , qu e e r st r an ga ,
l a tan o q u e s t i o n d e ma n d o ,
qu ad ra n t k v a dr an t o , qu i c k r a pi da , .
q u ad ri l l e k v a dr ilo , q u i e t k v ie t a ,
q ua i l k o t a rn o
, q u i l l p lumo ,
q u al i ty k v a lit o eco , , q u i t las i ,
q u an t i ty k v a n t o , q u i t e tut e ,
qu a r t e t k v a r te t o , q uo i n k ojno ,
qu e e n r e gino , quo t e citi ,
ra bb i r a ben o ,
rak e r a sti ,
r a bb i t k u n iklo , r a nk vi co r a n go
, ,
r ad i u s r a diu so , r ap e p e r f or t o
,
r af t fl o so
, r ap i d r a pid a ,
r a g, enf
on o ras pb e rry fra mb o ,
r a ga mu fli n , bu bo r a t r at o
,
ra i l r lo
, e r at e p r oce n t o
,
rai l road fer v ojo ,

r a t h e r pl i vol ont e ,
ra i n p lu v o
, r e ac h a tin gi ,
r a i nbo w Cie l
ar k o , r e ad l e gi ,
I I6 E ug lis/z -
E spcr a n t o Voca bul
ar y
r e s u l t r e z u lt i r ezu lt at o
, , rob r a b i
,
r e ta i n ga rdi t en i, , rob e v e st i robo

, ,
r e t i na r e tin o , robu s t for t ik a ,
r e to r t r e spond i , r o ck , r oko
r e t u rn r e don i r e v en i
, , ro gu e fr ip on o ,
r e v e n ge r e v e n ge , rol l ru li r u ligi bu lk o
, , ,
r e v i e w r e vu o parado , , roo f t e gme nt o

,
r e v o l t r ib e lo , ro ok fr u gile go
,
r e v o l u t i o n r e v olu cio , r oo m Ca mb r o,
r e w ard r e k omp e n co , r oo s t e r k o ko ,
r h e u m at i sm r e u ma , roo t r a dik o
,
t ismo rop e sn u r o ,
r h i no c e ro s r in ocer o , ro s e r oz o
,
r h ubarb r a bar bo , ro s i n k olofon o.
r h ym e ri mo , ro t p u tri
,
r yt h m rit mo , ro ub l e ru blo ,
r i b ripo
, ro u nd r onda ,
ri bbo n rubando , ro u s e v e ki e k scit i

, ,
ri c e rizo
, r ou t e v o jo ,
r i c h r iCa
, r ow r e mi v i co
, ,
r i d e rajd i
, rub fr ot i
,
ri d i c u lo u s r idin da , r uby rub e no ,
r i fl e p anlo
, r ude ma lge n t ila
,
ri gh t raito gu st e de k
, , , r u i n m in o
,
stra r e kt a prava
, , ru l e r e gi r egul o
, ,
ri gh t e o u s justa , r un ,kuri
ri m r a ndo
, r u m rumo ,
ri n g rin go rondo
, , ru ral k a mp ar a ,
ri n gl e t bu k lo , r use ruzo
,
ri s e le v igi
,
ru s h k u r e gi
,
r i s k t iski
, r u s h junko ,
r i v a l k on k u r i
, R u s s i a R u sl an do ,
ri v e r riv e ro
, R u s s i a n ruso ,
ro a d v ojo, ru s t r u st i
,
ro a m va gi , ru t h l e ss sen komp a t a ,
r oa r mu gi b le k e gi
, , r y e , se k al
o
E ng l
is/z E sj -
cr a n lo Voca bul
ar y 1 17
sack , sak o say , di n

s a c r e d san k ta , sc ab , sk abio
s a c ri fi c e of er i , sc a f
fol d , e sa fodo
s ad d l e s e lo , s cal d br ogi,
s a ga c i o u s sagaca , s cal e sk a l o sk varn o

, ,
s a ge s a lvio sa ga
, , s cal e s p e sil o
,
s a i l v elo
, , s c andal s kandalo ,
s al ad salato
, S c and i nav i a n sk an di ,
s al ary salajr o , n av o
s al e v e ndo
, sc a r ,cik at r o
s a l i n e sala , s c arc e ly a p e n afi ,
s al m o n salmo , s car f ska r p o

,
s al t salo
, s carl a t i na sk ar l a t in o ,
s al u t e s a lut i
,
s carl e t sk a r l at o
,
s a m e s ama, s c e n t odo r o ,
s a m p l e sp e cime n o, s c h e m e p r oje k t o ,
m n c t ion , san k cii sc i e n c e scie n co ,
s an d sablo
, s c i s s o rs t on dil o ,
s a n e r a cia
, s c o r e du de k o
,
s a n i tary h igien a , S co t c h m an sk ot o ,
s ar c as m sar k asmo , s cou n d r e l k a n a jlo ,
s a rd i n e sardin e , s c o u r ge sk u r gi ,
S a rd i n i an sardo , s c r ap e sk r ap i ,
S a tan S at an o,
sc ra t c h grati ,
s a t i n at laso
, s c r e e n sir mil , o
sa t i r e satiro
, sc r e w St a u bo
,
s a tu rat e satu r i , sc ro f ul a sk r ofolo ,
S a t u rday sabat o , s c u lp tu r e sk u l pti ,
s au c e sa iico , se a m a r o
,
s au sa ge k olb aso , s e al sige l

, i f oko ,
sa v a ge , sov a ga se ar c h s e rei ,
sav e savi
, , Spar i se a s h o r e mar b or do ,
saw s e gi
, se as o n se z on o ,
I I8 E ng liM E cpcr a n t o Voca bu l
-
ar y
s e a t s e go s idi gi si di gi
, , , se r i o u s ser ioz a ,
s e c o n d se k u n do dua
, , s e r m o n p r e diko ,
s e c r e t se kr e to, se r p e n t s e rp ento ,
s e c r e t e ka s i , s e r v an t se r v ist o ,
s e c t se k t o
, se r v i l e sk l av a ,
s e c t i o n se k cio parto
, , se v e n se p ,
s e c u l ar n ee klez ia , se v e ra l k e l kaj multai , , ,
se d i m e n t f e t o , div e r saj
se d u c e delogi , se v e r e s e v e ra ,
se e vid i
, se w , k u dr i
se e d ,s e mo se x , se k so
se e k se r Ci
, sh ad e n u an co ombr ajo
, ,
se e m Saj n i, sh a f t timono
,
se e m ly d eca , sh ak e San oe l
, i sku i , ,
se i z e e k k a p t i
, tr e mi
se l e c t e l ekti
, sh a m e h onto ,
se l f se l v e s mem
, , sh ap e f ormo,
se l l v e n d i
, sh ar e d i vidi ak cio
, , ,
se m i colon , p u n kt ok omo parto porcio p arto , ,
se m i na r y s e minario , pt en i
se na t e s e nato
, sh a rk Sarko ,
se na to r sen atan o ,
sh arp akra ,
se n d ,s e nd i sh at t e r fr ak asi ,
se n se ,s en to s enco , , sh av e raz i,
raci c sa geco , sh a w l S al o ,
se n s i bl e sa ga , sh e ! i
,
se n s ua l v ol u p t e ma
, sh e a f garbo ,
se n t e n ce ju gi kon , , sh e a r tond i
,
damn i i raz o , sh e a t h in go ,
s e pa rat e aparta , sh e e p Sa f o,
S e p t e m b e r S e p t e mb r o , sh e l f br e t o
,
s e ra p h s e rafo
,
sh e l l Se lo
,
s e r e n a d e se r en ade , sh e p h e rd p aSt ist o ,
s e r e n e t r an kv ila
, sh i e l d Sil do s irmi
, ,
se r ge a n t se r ge n t o , sh i l l i n g Sil in go ,
se r i e s se ri o
,
sh i n e bril , i
I20 E ng lzr lz E sj cr a n lo Voca bu l
ar y
sn ak e s e rp e nto , sop rano sopran o ,
s nar e k a p t il o, s o rr e l ok z a l
o ,
s n e e z e t e rn i , so rt sp e co
,
s no r e t ouki , so u l animo
,
s no w n e go , s o u nd sono sondi , ,
so ti e l
, tia t i om , , sou p , su p 0
so a p , sa p 0 so u r a cida
,
s ob e r s obra , so u r c e f on t o de v e n o
, ,
s o c i al sociala s oci a
, , so u t h sud o ,
s o c i a l i s m sociali smo , sow , p ot kino

so da , so d0 sow , s e mi
s o fa sofo , s pa c e spac c datir o
, ,
s o ft mola
, s pad e f osil o
,
s o i l t e ro
, s pad e (c a rds ) pik o ,
s o l ar suna , s par e indul gi,
s o l d e r luti , spa r r o w p aser o ,
s o l d i e r s oldato , sp e ak paroli ,
s o l e sola , sp e c i e s sp e c o ,
s o l e m n sol en a , sp e c t e r f a n t o mo ,
so l i d for t ik a fi r ma
, , s p e c u l at e sp e k u l
acu ,
s o l i l oquy monolo go , s p e e d r a p ideco

,
s o l u t i o n solvo , S p e l l sil a bi
,
s o l v e solvi , sp e nd el sp ez o
,
s o m e k e lkaj , k e lk e , , s p h e r e sf er o ,
io m ia , S p h i n x sfin k so ,
s o m e bo dy in , S p i c e sp ico,
s o m e bo dy s ies sp i d e r a r a n eo
’
, ,
s o m e h o w ie l , S p i l l disv e r Si disSu t i
, ,
s o m e t h i n g io , sp i n S pin i
,
so m e w h a t iom , S p i ne spino ,
s o m e w h e r e ie , spi r i t s pirito an i mo
, , ,
son , fil
o lan t e rn o , e n er gio, al
s o na ta sonato , k oh olo
so n g k a nto , sp i r i tu al i sm, s p i r i tu al
s oo n balda u , i smo
so ot f ul go
, sp i t k r aCi
,
p Voca bul
’
E ug l
zsl
z- E s er a n t o ar y 12 !
Sp i t e malamo
, s tarboard de k st r o ,
s p i t e of i n spit e , , s tato e tat o , stato ,
s p l a s h Sp r u ci p laiidi
, , s tat u e st a t u o ,
s pl i t f e ndi
, s tat u r e kr e sko ,
sp o i l difekt i
, malbon , s tatu t e r e gul o l e go , ,
igi, ma lb on igi s tay r e st i,
s pok e radio , s t e ak st e k o b if, st e k o ,
sp o n ge , sp 0n g0 s t e al S t e li ,
s poo n kul e ro , st e a m v aporo ,
s po o n f u l p le n k u le r o , st e e l St al o,
sp ri n g salti p r in t e mp o
,
!
, , st e e p kruta ,
ris or t o tonto , s t e e r dir e k t i bovo

, ,
s pu r sp r ono
, s t e no grap h y st en ogr a ,
s py spi on o
, no
s qu a d t aéme n t o , s t e p Stu p o pa s i
, ,
s quad ro n sk a dr 0(mil) , . s t e p (r e lation ) duon ,
e sk a dr o (n a v a l ) s t e r e o typ e st e r eotip o
msi
, ,
s quar e k v a dr a t o ,
s qu i n t st r a b i , t ri l e sen fr uk t a
s e ,
s qu i rr e l sciur o , s t i c k baston o,
s tab p ik e gi
, s ti ck glui ,
s tabl e cev alejo ri gida

'
, st i fi ,
s t a ff st a n go stabo
, , s ti fl e su f ,
o ki
s t a ge sce n ejo
, s t i l l t r an k v il
, a k v ie t a , ,
s t a i n ma kulo
, t a men , a n k or a ii , se n
s ta i r ,st u p a r o mova dist ililo ,
s tak e p a liso io sto

, , s t i r movi
,
s t a l l bu d o st a i o
, ,
s t i t c h st eb i ,
s ta m i n st a me n o , s to ck i n g S t r u mp o ,
s t a m m e r balbuti ,
s to i c a l st oik a ,
s ta m p stampi po s t, , s to m ac h st omako ,
ma r k o s to n e S t on o ,
s tan d star i, s too l sk a b e l

, o
s tan da rd st an da r do , ,
s top h a lti h alt igi Ce si
, , ,
mo d e l o s to r e p r ov iz o maga
, ,
s tar st e l o
,
ze no bu t ik o ,
I2 2 E ng lislz E sp er a n t o Voca bu l
ar y
s tor y , h i stor i o , f
abe l
o, s ubj e c t t e mo subje k t o
, , ,
e ta go re gato r e gnano ,
s to u t ( fat ) d i ka , s ub m ari n e su b mar a ,
s to v e f orno
, s ub s c ri b e aboni sub , ,
s t ra i gh t r e kta , sk r ib i, mon of
er i
s tra i n st r e Ci , k r ib r i , s ub s e qu e n tly se k v e , ,
s t ra i t ma r k olo
, post e
s tra n d fa den o, sub s t i tu t e an st a t a ii i ,
s tran ge st r a n ga
, s ub t e r fu ge a r t ifik o ,
s t ra tu m tavolo , su c c e e d su kce si ,
s tra w p a jl,o su c h tia ,
s t ra w b e r r y f rago , su e , proce si
s t r e ak st r e k o , suff i x su fik so ,
s t r e a m r i v e ro r iv e r e t o
, ,
su f fra ge v oedon o ,
s t r e e t strato , s u ga r su ke r o ,
s t r e e t c ar t r a mv e t u r il
-
o , s u i t k on v e n i k omp le to
, ,
st r e t c h st r eCi , su l p h u r sulfuro ,
s t ri c t s e ve ra
, su m ,su mo
s t r ik e f r a p i st r ik o
, , s u m m e r s o me ro ,
s t ri n g Sn u r e t o
, su m m i t supr o ,
s t r i n ge n t s e v e ra dr a , , s u m p tu o u s luksa ,
kona s u n sun 0
,
s t ri p str i o
, S u nd ay dima n Co ,
s t ri p e st r e k o
, s up e rfluou s su p e r fl u a ,
s t rol l p r omen i
, s up e r i o r sup e ra ,
s t r u c t u r e st r u kt u r o , s u p e rs t i t i o n su p e r st it o ,
s t r u ggl e b ar ak t i , s upp e r n o k t oman go

, ,
s t ru t p a radi
, v e sp er ma n go
s t r yc h n i n e st r ikn in o , s u ppl e m e n t a ldon o ,
s t u d e n t st u den t o , supply p r ov iz i ,
s tu d i o u s l e r n e rn a , su ppo r t su b t e n i ,
s t u dy l e rn i
,
s uppr e s s su b p r e mi ,
st u f f St o f
, o pl en ig i , s u rp ri s e su r p r iz i ,
s tyl e stilo modo f

, aso , , s u s p e c t su sp e k t i,
no sw al lo w gl u t i h irundo , ,
s tyl i sh moda , sw a r m sv ar mi ,
12 4 E M itch -
E p
s er a n t o Voca bu la r y
t e n do n t e nd e mo , t h i r s t soifo ,
t e no r t e n or o , t h i s t io Ci t i u Ci
, ,
t e n t t e nd o
, t h i st l e kardo ,
t e r m t e mp l imo t e rmino
, , t h o rn dorn o ,
t e r m i nat e fi n i , t h o u ci vi , ,
t e r r a c e t e r a so , t h o u gh kv an k am ,
t e r r i to ry t e r it or io , t h ra s h dr a Si ,
t e rro r t e r u r o , t h r e ad f a den o ,
t e s t provi, t h r e a t e n minaco ,
t e s t a m e n t t e stam e nt o , t h r e e tri ,
te s tif y a t e st i , t h r e s h o l d soilo ,
t e ta n u s t e t a no , t h ri l l vibri e k scit i
, ,
t e x t t e k st o
, t h ro a t g or go ,
t e x t i l e t e k sa , t h ro n e trono ,
t h a n 01 , t h ro n g amaso ,
t h a nk danki , t h ro u gh t r a , .
t h a t tio tiu kiu k e

, , , , t h ro w j e ti ,
t h a w d e ge li , t h r u s h turdo ,
t h e la , t h u m b d ika fin gr o ,
t h e a t e r t e atro , t h u n d e r t on dr i ,
t h e i r ilia si a
, , T h u r s d ay j a nd o ,
t h e m i lin ili , , t h u s ti e l t iaman ie r e

, ,
t h e m e t e mo , t h y ci v ia
, ,
t h e n ti a m do p ost e
, , , t h y m e t imian o ,
t h e o lo gy t h e ologio , t i ck e t b ile t o ,
t h e o r y t eor io ,
t i ckl e t ik li ,
t h e r e t ie ,
t i d e t ajdo ,
t h e r e fo r e tial , t i e li gi k r av at o
, ,
t h e r m o m e t e r t e rm o , t i e r vico
,
me tr o t i ge r ti gro ,
t h e y ili ,
ti l l gis
,
t h i ck d i ka ,
t i m e t e mpo ,
t h i e f st e list o
,
t i n stano
,
t h i gh f e mu r o
,
t i nkl e tinti ,
t h i n g io a j o , , t i ppl e dr in k i ,
t h i nk p e ns i .
t i p s y e bria ,
E Voca bula r y
'
ng l
zsl
z- E s cr a rzt o
p 12 5
t i r e lacigi t e di e nui
, , , t ra c e p ost sign o
,
t i tl e tit olo
, t r a c k v ojo ,
to a l
, t rad e n e goci k ome r ci
, , ,
to a d bu fo , m e ti o
toa s t t oa st o , t rad i t i o n t r a dicio ,
tob a c c o t ab a ko , t r a ge dy t r a ge di e ,
to d a y h o diaiI ,
'
t ra i n dr e si
, v a gon ar o , ,
t o e , p ie dfi n gr o in st r ui
tol r t
e a e , t ol er i t rai t t r aj t o
,
to m a to t oma t o , t r a i to rou s p er fida ,
to m b t omb o , t ra n s c ri b e t r an ssk r ibi ,
to m o rro w mor gati ,

’
t r a n s l a t e t r a du k i ,
t o n e , t 0n o t ran s par e n t t r a v ide bla ,
to n gu e l an go , t ra v e l v e t u r i V OJa gi
, ,
t oo , t r o t ray p le t o
,
to ol ilo , t r e ad l e p e dalo ,
too t h d e nto , t r e a s u r e t r ez or o ,
t o p sup r o pinto
, , t r e a t k u r a ci r e ga li
, , ,
topaz t op az o , t r ak t i
to pi c t e mo , t r e aty , k on t r a k t o , in
to rc h t or eo ,
t e r k on sen t o
to r m e n t t u rm e nti , t r e e a rbo
,
to rp e do t or p e do , t ri an gl e trian gulo ,
to rr e n t t or e n t o ,
t rib e ge nto ,
torr i d v ar me ga ,
t ri fl e b aga t e lo
,
to rto i s e t e studo ,
t ri l l trili
,
to s s j e ti
,
t ri o tr i o
,
to t a l tuto ,
t ri u m p h triu mfo ,
to t t e r San ce li ,
t ri v i a l t r iv iala
,
tou c h tu § i palpi , ,
t ro m bo n e t r omb on o ,
t ow , st u p o t roo p b a nd o a ma s o
, ,
to w a rd a l ,
t rop i c t r op ik o ,
to w e l v isilo ,
t ro t t r oti
,
to w e r t u ro ,
t ro u gh trogo ,
t o w n urbo ,
t ro u s e rs p an t olon o ,
u dil
t oy , l o tro u t t r u t o ,
I26 E ug lc /c E sp er a n t o
-
Voca bul
ar y
t ru m p , at ut o, t r u mp o tu rk e y me le a gr o ,
t r u nk , k e st o , k o ir o , t u rn turni torn i vico

, , ,
t r u n k o, r o stro tu rp e n t i n e t e r e binto ,
t r u s t k on fi di ndi
, , t u rq uo i s e t u r k iso ,
t r y p e ni pr o vi at e n e i
, , , t u rt l e t e studo,
t ub , k uv0 t u rt l e do v e t u r t o
-
,
t u b e , t u b0 t w e l v e de k du ,
t ub e r tube r o , t w i n e fade n o Sn u r e t o
, ,
T u e s d ay mardo , t w i nkl e b r ile t i ,
t u ft t u io
, t w i s t t ordi,
t u l i p t u lip o
, t w i t t e r p e pi c irp i, ,
t u m bl e r gla so , t w o, (111
t u m u l t tu multo , typ e mod e lo p r eslit e r o

, , ,
t u n e a gor di
, tip o
t u r f t or fo
, t yp h u s ti f
o ,
T u rk turk o , t yran t tirano ,
u d d e r mamo , u n i v e rs al u n iv er sala ,
u gly ma lbela, u n i v e r si t y u n iv er sita t o ,
ukas e u kaz o , u nl e s s e sce p t e k e

,
u l c e r ulc e ro, u n t i l gis

,
u nbo u n d e d sen lima , unto ai

,
u n c l e o mklo , u nw o r t h y malinda ,
u n d e r su b , u p o n , su r
u n d e r go su fe ri , u r ge ur gi,
u n d e r s c o r e su b st r e k i , u ri n e urin o ,
u n d e rs t an d k omp r e n i , u s nin
,
u n d e r tak e e n t r e p r e n i , u se , uz i
u n e x p e c t e d n ea t e n dit a , u s u al kutima ,
u n h appy ma lfe liCa , u s u rp u z u r p i,
unif o r m unif or mo , u t i l i z e u t iligi ,
u n i o n u n u igo u n u igo
, , u to p i a u t 0p i0 ,
u n i t un uo ,
u t t e rly tut e ,
I2 8 E ng lzc/z E sp er a n t o Voca bu l
'
-
ar y
w a d vat i
, w e e d , sark i
w a ge r v e t i , w e e k , se majn o
w a ge s , salajr o w e e p plori
,
w a go n , Sa r gv e tu r il o w e i gh , p e z i , p e si
w a i s t , talio w e l c o m e , bon v en o
w a i t , at e ndi , s e rvi w e l l , nu , s ana , bon e ,
w a i t e r , k e ln e r o puto
w ak e , v e ki w e s t ok cide n t o
,
w a lk , ma r s i , p r ome n i w e t , malse k a
w a l l , muro w h a l e , bal e n o
w al nu t , ju gl an do w h a t , kia k io ,
w a l t z , valso w h e a t , t r it ik o
w a n d e r , v a gi w h e e l r a do,
w an t , b e z on i mank i , w h e n , kiam
w ar d , k v ar t a lo w h e r e k ie ,
w a r m , varma w h e t h e r Cu ,
w ar n , a v e rt i w h i c h , kio , k i u
w a s h , l av i w h i l e , dum
w at c h , gardi , p 0! h 0r ~ w h i m , k a p r ico
l ogo w h i p , vipo
w a t e r akv o , w h i s k e r s , v an gh ar oj
w av e ondo , w h i s p e r , p ar ole t i
w a x , v a k so w h i s t le , f a jfi
w a y , v ojo , man i e ro w h i s t , vi sto

we ni
, w h i t e , blan ka
w e al t h , r iCeco w h o , kiu
w e a r , porti , e lu z i w h o l e , tuto , t u ta
w e a ry , la ca , e nua w h o l e s al e , p ogr an de
w e a t h e r v e t e ro , w h o m , kiun
w e d ge k omo , w h o s e , ki e s
W e d n e s d ay me r kr e do , w h y , kial
E ng lzs/z E spcr a n lo Voca bu l
'
-
ary 12 9
w i do w e r , v idv o w i zard , sor Cist o

w if e , e dz in o w o l f lupo
,
w i l d , sov a ga w o m a n , v irino
w i l lf u l , o bstina w o m b ut e ro ,
w i l l , t e st a me n ti , voli w o nd e r , miri
w i l l in gly , v ol ont e w oo a min du mi
,
w in , v e nki , ga jui w oo l l a no
,
w i nd , v e nt o w o rd , v or t o
w i nd , t ordi , vindi , st r eCi w ork l a b ori , v e r k o
,
w i n do w , f en e st r o w o rl d , monda
w i n e , vin o w o r m , v e rmo
w i n g, fl u gilo , fl an k ajo w ors h i p adori ,
w i nk , p a lp e b r u mi w o r t h v a l oro indo
, ,
w i nt e r , v in t r o w o u n d , v u n di
w i p e , v i§ i w rap kovri , v o lvi
,
w i s do m , sa go , sa geco w r e at h , gi r l a nd o
w i s h , de z ir i, v oli w r e ck Si p p e r e o
,
w it , sp r it o w r e t c h e d m iz ara ,
w i t h o u t , se n w r i nkl e , su lk o
w i tn e s s , vidi , a t e st i w r i t e , skr ib i, v e rki
ya c h t y ah t o
, y e w , t a k su so
y a rd k ort o jardo
, , yi e l d , ce di , k ap itu laci .
ya w n o sce di
, p r odu k t i
y e a r jar o
,
yok e ju go
,
y e a rly Ciu jar a

, . yo u v i
,
y e l l k r ie gi
, yo u n g juna i do , ,
y e l l o w fi av a , yo u r you r s v ia
, ,
y e s, je s yo u t h ju n u lo jun eco
, ,
y e s t e rday , h ie r aii yo u t h fu l j una ,
y e t , t a me n , a n k or ali
‘
Y u l e k r ist n a sk o
,
1 30 31 6
-
“ E ng l lE
lk z- p
ar y
z e al fer v or o
, z i gza g zi gza go
,
z e b ra z e b r o
. z i n c zinko
,
z e n i t h z e n it o
, z oo lo gy zoolo gi c
,
z e ro nulo
, zo uav e zu a vo
,
“Tota l mbe r
nu o fpages, 316 .

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THE AMERICAN

A C O M P E N DIU M OF THE I NTERNAT ION AL

ART H UR BAK ER A E A E DITOR O F AMERI K A

T h i s gr e a t n ee d o f h um a nit y E sp e ranto suppli e s .

By a f . e w we e ks ofstud y e v e n w it h out t h e aid of

a t each e r on e can quali f y h i ms e l ffor c onv e rsation

an d corr e sp ond e nce w it h all t h e ot h e r E sp e rantists

numbe r i s incr ea sin g by h undr e ds of t h ousands

so h as t h e voi ce i n t h e t e l e p h on e It i s not art

ist ic n e it h e r i s a st e am l ocomot i v e T h e useful

ness o fE sp e r a nt o i s so t h orou gh l y e stablis h e d t h at

t h e discussion o f its artistic m e rits ma y we ll b e

lan guage i s fr equ e ntl y mist a k e n b y t h e uninitiat e d

T h e aim o ft h is b oo k i s to provid e i n on e vol

knowl e d ge of E sp e ran to . As su gge st e d by i ts

n o t e s an d tran slati ons w it h t h e discussi o n oft h e ,

gr a mmar wh il e c ont a inin g mu ch o r i gin a l work

a r e a l so ind e bt e d t o t h e f o ll o w in g s our ce s : T /ze

F r u ict ier ; Gr a mma r a n d C ommen t a r y b y Ma j o r ,

v oca bul a ry is comp i l e d fr om t h e s e c ond e diti on of

n or and C F H a y e s is d r awn up on for t h e m a tt er

con ta i n e d in t he E n glis h E sp e ranto vo cabular y - .

R e ad car e full y ﬁ r st part oft h e bo ok pa ge s

7 t o 7 6 i n clusiv e I t i s b y n o m e ans d e.sirabl e to

muc h o f E n glis h gramm a r w ill ﬁnd h is m e mory

and commit t o me m or y t h e s ounds o ft h e E sp e ranto

H a vin g ﬁn is h e d t h e s e and m e moriz e d all t h e w ords

a n y ordinar y c orr e spo nd e n ce and lit e r a tu r e in t h e

l a n gu a ge T h is b oo k be in g a mod e st c omp e ndium

includ e in t he E sp e r a nto E n gli sh voc a bul ar y m an y

unusual words and t e c h nic a l t e r ms an d t h e w is e

s tud e nt will n ot att e mpt t o burd e n h is me mor y

You ma y put y our know l e d ge o fE sp e ran to to

d e nce for an y p u rpos e wh at e v er wit h pe rs ons in

an y part o ft h e wor ld . Addr e ss e s ma y b e obtai n e d

E sp e ranto E n glis h V ocabul a r y

E n glis h E sp e ran to V ocabular y

(vowe ls ) ar e t h e sounds an d t h os e of t h e con son ,

ant s ar e form e d b y addin g t h e E sp e ranto noun

r r o, 8 so, 3 s/zo, t t oe, ii zoo, v 00, z z o .

E i s lik e a in fa t e (but n ot so lon g) .

H i s lik e ( it in loo/t (S xp l tio ) ee e ana n .

S i s lik e sit in snow .

It w i ll be obse r ve d t ha t t h e l e tte r s b ea r ingth e su

The E s pe ran to E i s a matt e r of d i f ﬁcult y to

sound wh ic h e xactl y r e pre se nts it Aut h or i t i es .

agree t h at i t i s appr ox i mat e l y h alf way be t wee n our -

e in me n an d a i n f ate Inasmuc h as ci e xactly .

duplicat e s t h e E n glis h a i n fa t e i t i s cons i d e r e d ,

be st to advis e t h e stud ent to pronounc e e li k e our

lon g it cannot poss i bl y be misund e rstood e x ce pt

r i s pronounc e d w it h t h e trill u suall y r e gard e d as

an affe ct a tion in Ame rica but u s e d b y most of ,

E urop e an s C o p y t h e r r r ofy our G e rman Fr en c h

0 in E spe ranto i s not e xactl y as in E n gl i s h .

Be gi nn e rs s h ould pronounc e i t as i n vot e r oll e t c , , .

s h ort en in g t h e sound a s muc h as possibl e .

1 h as the sound of s as i n p leasur e , measur e,

al w ay s bl e nd e d wit h t h e pr e c e din g v owe l in f ormin g

ploo moy ; p lu moj n p l oo moyn ; gra nd a g r a izn d a l

P ro no u n ce d oy i s not an i ncons ist e nc y , ,

as ma n y sup e r ﬁ cial stud e nts suppos e nor i s ai ,

wh e n giv e n t h e sound ofl on g i I f y ou doubt t h is . .