M A R I K INA P O LY T ECHNIC CO L LE GE

G R A D U AT E S C H O O L
MASTER OF ARTS IN TEACHING MAJOR IN MATHEMATICS

A RITHMETIC O PERATIONS AND A LGORITHM

L ESSON 1 C OMPLEX NUMBERS

P re pa red B y : R E Y N A L D O C . R I V E R A , J R . , M . S c .
 Consider the curves below and find its zero(s).

f ( x ) = x2 − 1 f ( x ) = x2

f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = 0
x2 − 1 = 0 x2 = 0

SS : x =  -1,1 SS : x =  0
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 f ( x ) = x2 + 1
There is no real
f ( x) = 0 number x that satisfies
the polynomial equation
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 + 1 = 0.
To permit solutions
of this and similar
equations, the set of
SS : x = no real roots
complex numbers is
introduced.
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
(FTA) states
Every polynomial equation of degree n
with complex coefficients has n roots in the
complex numbers.

1799: Doctoral dissertation on the FTA, with

Johann Carl
the title: "New proof of the theorem that every
Friedrich
integral algebraic function of one variable can
Gauss
be resolved into real factors (i.e., polynomials)
1777 - 1855
of the first or second degree"
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 Complex Number ( )
a + bi where a, b 
Real Number ( ) Pure
Rational Number ( ) Irrational Imaginary
Integer ( ) Fraction Number Number
( ') ( bi )
Negative Whole Number ( ) or
Integer Zero Decimal
( − ) ( )
Natural Number ( )
or
Posi tive Integer ( + )

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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
• A complex number is any number of the form
z = x + yi
where x and y are real numbers and i is the
imaginary unit.
• Complex variable :z
• Real part of z or Re(z) :x
• Imaginary part of z or Im(z) :y
• Imaginary unit :i
• Property of imaginary unit : i2 = -1
• Pure imaginary number z : yi
• Complex conjugate of z or z or z* : x – yi 6
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
Rules for Complex Conjugates
• z=z
• z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 an d z1 − z2 = z1 − z2
 z1  z1
• z1z2 = z1  z2 a n d   = , z2  0
 z2  z2
• z  z = x 2 + y 2 wh e r e z = x + yi
• ( z n ) = ( z )n , n
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 If z1 = x1 + y1i and z2 = x2 + y2i, these operations are
defined as follows.
• Addition:
z1 + z2 = (x1 + y1i) + (x2 + y2i)
= (x1 + x2) + (y1 + y2)i
• Subtraction:
z1 − z2 = (x1 + y1i) − (x2 + y2i)
= (x1 − x2) + (y1− y2)i
• Multiplication:
z1・z2 =(x1 + y1i)(x2 + y2i)
= (x1 x2− y1 y2) + (x1 y2 + x2y1)i 8
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
Cont.

• Division:
z1 x1 + y1i
= , x2  0 or y2  0
z2 x2 + y2i
x1 + y1i x2 − y2i
= 
x2 + y2i x2 − y2i
x1x2 + y1 y2 + ( y1x2 − x1 y2 ) i
=
x22 + y22
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
If n is a nonnegative integer, If n is a negative integer,

i = (i )
4n+0 -1 -n
i =1
0
i =1 n

i1 = i i 4 n+1 =i
()
-n
= 1
i2 = - 1 i 4n+ 2 = -1 i
= ( -i )
-n
i 3 = -i i 4 n +3 = -i
i4 = 1
Hence, i n   -1,1, -i, i for all integers n.
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
• The absolute value or modulus of a complex number
z = x + yi is the real number
z = x + yi

= x2 + y 2 .
• If z1, z2, z3,…, zm are complex numbers, the following
properties hold.
1) z1z2 = z1 z2 or z1z2 zm = z1 z2 zm
z1 z1
2) = if z2  0
z2 z2 11
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
Cont.
3) z1 + z2  z1 + z2
or z1 + z2 + + zm  z1 + z2 + + zm
4) z1  z2  z1 − z2

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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 .
I. Simplify the following and write the given number
in the form x + yi.
1. ( 3 + i ) − 2i (1 − 4i ) 5. i (1 − i ) ( 2 + i ) ( 3 − 5i )
(1 − i ) ( 2 + i )
2. 5i − 10 6.
3+i (1 + i ) ( 3 − 4i )
( ) 2
(
3. 1 − i 1 + i )3
(
4 2i )( )
7. 1 + 1 5 − 2i
3i

8. ( 3 − 2i ) ( 1 + 2i )
(1 − 2i ) ( 3 + i ) 2
4.
1− i 2−i
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 .

3 − i
II. Let z1 = 2 − i, z2 = 2 + 3i, and z3 = .
2
Evaluate each of the following.
1. z1 − 2 z2 4. 3 z1 − z2 + 2 z3

5. z3 ( z3 − 1)
2 2
2. z2 + 3 z3
2 2
− z1 z2 −
z12 z2
3. ( z3 )
4
6.
z1 − z1 z2 + z2
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 .

III. Find real numbers x and y in each of the following

cases:
1. (1 + 3i) x + (-2 + i) y = 1 − 11i
2. ( x + yi ) (3 − i ) 2 = -14 − 52i
2 ( 2 xi − 1) 3 y + 5
3. + = -9 + 6i
1− i 2i
3x + 1 − i -2 y − 5 + 2i
4. + = -2 + 4i
2+i 1 + 2i
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.
 .
IV. Simplify the following:
1. i + i 2 + i 3 + + i 2019 + i 2020
2. i 2 − i 4 + i 6 + + i 2018 − i 2020
3. i − 1  i − 3  i − 5 i − 2019  i − 2021
i + i 3 + i 5 + + i 2017 + i 2019
4. − 1 − 4 − 7
i + i + i + + i − 2017 + i − 2020
i − 2  i − 7  i − 12   i − 2017  i − 2022
5. 7 10 13
i + i + i + + i 2017 + i 2020 + i 2023 16
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND ALGORITHM • PROF. R.C. RIVERA, JR., M.Sc.