Triple I

CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
INNOVATIVE PROCESS OF CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
Title Pa
A Research Proposal presented to

the Faculty of the Senior High School
Hermosa National High School
Culis, Hermosa Bataan
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Applied Subject
Practical Research 2
Jorenz Ivan Tolentino Libot

Francis Cyriel Espaldon Viray
Princess Jyka Omus Añora
Jhanz Henesey Isidro Lopez
Ivan Mico Dizon Manigo
Jazz Andrei Tuazon Sumulong
January 2023
APPROVAL SHEET
1
This thesis entitled: “Innovative Process of Converting Carbon Soot Into Ink
In-response to the Increasing Air Pollution”, prepared and submitted by LIBOT,
JORENZ IVAN T., AÑORA, PRINCESS JYKA O., LOPEZ, JHANZ
HENNESSY I., MANIGO, IVAN MICO D., SUMULONG, JAZZ ANDREI T.,
and VIRAY, FRANCIS CYRIEL E. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the applied subject, Practical Research 2, has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance and approval for Oral Defense Examination.
HAREN B. VALENCIA. MAEd

Adviser
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Applied Subject
Practical Research 2 by the School Specialization Committee.
ERNANI D. MAÑALAC, MAEd

Chairperson
MEE ANN MAE L. TUNGOL, MAEd ARIEL V. SOBREVILLA, MAVE

Internal Critic Internal Critic
GRAC ANN S. DESNACIDO, MAEd CAMILLE ANNE C. GERONIA, MAEd

Member Member
Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the for the
Applied Subject Practical Research 2.
MELODY P. DEL ROSARIO, EdD

School Principal II
January 2023
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The writing of this thesis has been one of the most significant academic
challenges Ithe researcher has ever faced. Without the full support, patience and
guidance of the myriad of special people who served as inspiration and strength, this
study would not have been completed. It is to them that he owed his deepest gratitude
The researcher would first like to thank his thesis adviser, Mr. Haren B.
Valencia of Hermosa National High School-Main, Senior High School Department.
Finally, He lift this triumph to our Almighty God – for the knowledge, strength,
healthy body and mind that enables the researcher to accomplish this research study with
full guidance and blessings; for providing all the gifts which we now use to serve His
divine cause and evidently glorify and worship His name… our Lord and Savior.
3
ABSTRACT
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
APPENDICES viii
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1
Introduction 1
Statement of The Problem 3
Significance of The Study 3
Scope and Delimitations 4
Notes to Chapter I 6
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 7
Relevant Theories 7
Related Literature 9
Related Studies 10
Conceptual Framework 13
Hypothesis 15
Definition of Terms 15
Notes to Chapter II 16
METHODS OF RESEARCH 18
Methods and Techniques 18
Population and Sample Error! Bookmark not

defined.
Ethical Considerations Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Research Instrument 18
Construction and Validation of Instrument 18
Data Gathering Procedures 19
Statistical Treatment of Data 19
Notes to Chapter III 20
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation 21
Notes to Chapter IV 21
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 22
Summary of Findings 22
Conclusions 22
5
Recommendation 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23
APPENDICES Error! Bookmark not
defined.
6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Paradigm of the Study 14
7
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE
1 Reliability Test of the Instrument Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
8
PAGE
A
Study Protocol 24
B First Endorsement 26
C Second Endorsement Error! Bookmark not defined.
D Letter of Consent Error! Bookmark not defined.
E Letter of Validation Error! Bookmark not defined.
F Validation Criteria For Lesson Plan Error! Bookmark not defined.
G Pretest Posttest Error! Bookmark not defined.
H Tiered Learning Plan Error! Bookmark not defined.
I Classification of Students Per Lesson Error! Bookmark not defined.

J Curriculum Vitae 29
9
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Air Pollution is a particulate matter resulting from burning fossil fuels
forming car soot. It comes from many vehicles and machinery. The transportation
sector is one of the major sources of air pollution, with passenger cars being the
biggest contributor. This in turn can cause global warming, harm to millions of
people by inhaling carbon emission and even damage our environment by
contaminating water and soil, since we are talking about carbon soot builds up from
vehicles and machinery this can be used as a source of material for different
industries since it is very rich in carbon.
In fact, almost every ink that we use for writing, printing, calligraphy, and
drawing are made in carbon soot. The purpose of this is to create an alternative to
make black ink. Some of this soot is from burning coconut husks, woods, and fuels.
But these carbon soot processes produce pollution again due to burning that causes
carbon emission.
Carbon emission poses harm to human health affecting the respiratory system
of humans causing asthma, wheezing, carcinoma, etc. In scientific fact exposure to
carbon dioxide can produce a variety of health effects and as carbon soot builds up in
the exhaust pipe of the vehicle it expels smoke made from the incomplete
combustion of the vehicle. Carbon soot is the consequence of incomplete combustion

of petroleum products, wood, fuel oil, plastics, and household refuse while diesel
emissions from vehicles, domestic heating, and wildfires are the primary sources of
carbon soot emissions (Dhone, Mayur 2021).
In line with that, it is essential to understand the influencing factors of vehicle
emissions and establish a corresponding evaluation model for the emission
estimation of operating vehicles. These include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, ozone, and water vapor and trap the sun’s heat and they warm the average
global temperature, causing it to rise. There are growing evidence suggests that
environmentally relevant elevations in carbon dioxide concentrations could make
adverse exposures more frequent and prolonged through increases in indoor air
concentrations and increased time spent indoors which produced adverse effects of
air pollutions to the health, society, environment, and even mental conditions
according to Pu Lyu, Osmanski, Jacobson (2021).
On the other hand, when it comes to pollution, it is a real issue that make it
something that no one wants, but when you focus and look at it from a material
standpoint, it is really quite rich in carbon. By developing this carbon soot from car
can turn into ink Khan (2021).
In addition to this, the black ink that we use in our pen or printers for our
daily lives is essentially made from soot. This soot is the powder that remains after
burning coal or oil. Then the soot collected is mixed with a polymer and solvent to
turn it into smooth ink Lallensack (2019).
Moreover, some engineers and researchers in India create a device that can
capture soot from emissions from vehicles then make a maker out of it. Buy heating
the collected soot and use chemical to remove impurities, then mix it with solvent
Rishi Rajan at et al (2021).
Typically, these inks that are usually made from synthetic materials like
petroleum and chemical solvent are hazardous especially to human health or mainly
to users’ health and to the environment.
In fact, studies have shown long-term exposure to the solvent (chemicals used
in ink) linked to various health problems. There is much evidence that these
chemicals have negative effects on fertility and unborn fetus, as well as on several
organs, including nervous system, skin, liver, blood, and kidney. Rose-Innes (2005).
Based on the citations above, the researchers aim to address the air pollution
by collecting soot from diesel powered vehicles and find a practical use of it. Also, to
develop a new process of converting carbon soot into ink that is more effective,
efficient and environmentally friendly.
Statement of The Problem
The problem being addressed is the need for a practical and efficient method
for converting carbon soot into ink. The purpose of this research is to develop a new
method for converting carbon soot into ink that is effective and efficient.
Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. How may the profile of the respondents be described according to:
1.1 sex; and
1.2 Age;
2. What is the evaluation of the ink as to:
2.1 consistency;
2.2 viscosity;
2.3 applicability; and

2.4 sustainability?
3. Is there a significant difference between the evaluation of the ink when
grouped according to profile?
4. What variables have the greatest impact on the conversion process?
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study will be deemed important for Community,
Environment, and Future Researcher.
Users. The users who utilize permanent markers would greatly benefit from
it. It also offers individuals a number of benefits, including a more natural and less
expensive way to get ink for their markers.
Community.
Environment. It will help the use of carbon soot instead of leaving it stuck in
exhaust pipes of the vehicles and spreading the soot in the air.
Future Researcher. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for
further data for future researcher on this topic. These findings may also be able to
inspire future research on the potential uses of other forms of pollution, such as
industrial waste, as raw materials for new product.

Scope and Delimitations
The researchers aim to develop a new process of converting carbon soot into
usable maker ink out of diesel powered vehicles. The first limitation is the lack of the
availability of scientific instruments used to measure and balance each quantity and
properties of the materials. This can make it harder to accurately measure and
balance the quantities and properties of the materials, and may lead to unwanted
results. And lastly researchers only focus on the transportation vehicles in collecting
carbon soot due to several reasons. First, transportation vehicles are a major source
of carbon soot. Second, it is easily accessible. Then lastly, transportation soot is a
significant environmental problem.
Notes to Chapter I
Dhone, Mayur. Reduce Air Pollution of Vehicle Exhaust. s.l.: Pijush Mondal, 2021.
https://www.irjmets.com/404.php
Olivia,Rose-Inne
https://www.news24.com/health24/lifestyle/environmental-health/21st-
centurylife/is-ink-bad-for-your-health-20120721
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering. Pu Lyu, Peirong (Slade) Wang.
s.l.: Yuanyuan Liu, August 2021.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-traffic-and-transportation-en
gineering-english-editionoffic
Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Jacobson, Tyler
A.
s.l.: Michael T. Hernke, July 2019.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0323-
Ranchael Lallensack. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/ink-made-
airpollution-180972212/
Rishi Rajan. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-09329-4
Zohara Khan.
https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-recycling-air-pollution-into-inks-air-ink-by-
gr aviky-labs
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature and studies,
conceptual framework, hypotheses of the study and definition of terms.
Relevant Theories
Michelsewn Theory (2018)
Soot formation is from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, such as
oil, natural gas, and wood. Although it has detrimental health and environmental
effects, soot is extremely important to many industrial processes, such as boiler
performance, glass production, and carbon-black generation for rubber-product
reinforcement and pigments. Soot is very similar to graphite that can turn into liquid
using high temperature and mixing it with liquid like water.
Ink Transfer Theory. (Walker and Fetsko theory, 1955)
Ink can be transferred into paper but has three controlling parameters:
immobilisation, cavitation, and surface tension. The equation for ink transfer is based
on these three parameters. Also, viscosity has the biggest influence in ink transfer
mechanism.
The Molecular composition of Soot (Dr. Jacobson et al., (2020)
When hydrocarbon fuels are burned, soot (also known as black carbon) is
created. According to our theory, the majority of soot is made up of poly nuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, which aggregate into primary particles in
the form of ordered stacks (PP). Here, we demonstrate how high-resolution mass
spectrometry imaging in conjunction with low-fluence laser desorption ionization
can precisely detect and characterize the soot's PAH composition. This aromatic
hydrocarbon is used in manufacturing paints, pigments, fuels, and more.
Based on the theories above the researchers conclude that the Walker and
Fetsko theory are the most related to this study. It says the equation on how this ink
made from soot can be affected by viscosity in applying it onto a paper surface
Related Literature
According to Abubakar, A. B. (2013), global environmental challenge today
is because of climate change that resulting in devastating effect such as flooding in
almost every country of the world. According to Statista statistics, the global
transportation sector is a major polluter that produced approximately 7.3 billion
metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and passenger car were the biggest
sources of emissions, accounting for 41 percent of global transportation emissions.
As stated by Avellar, J. (2020) in his article, greenhouse gases, such as
carbon dioxide and methane, are released through different human activities. Which
means human activities especially the use of car for daily life are the main
contributor of greenhouse gases. Ignoring this problem will may result to
unimaginable disaster and many unpleasant events in every place of this world.
The soot cannot be left as is as it contains carcinogenic particles and these
soot that collected from different automobile must be purified and processed to make
many kinds of ink. These inks can be used in many ways like making ball pens,
printing ink, painting, and marker. (Rao, 2018).

As indicated by Innovation, C. (2018) in his study, that the device called
Chakr Shield can trap carbon dioxide on its own without experiencing much back
pressure. Additionally, these carbon dioxides can process and used to create ink
pigment. This is pigment is can be used in paint, pens, textile printing, paper
printing,
etc.
As stated above Chakr Shield may be one of the best ways to address
pollution. But according to Moller, K. (2018), the inventor of Air-Ink Anirudh
Sharma has the perfect way of turning exhaust from diesel engines into black ink.
This can be converted into oil-based marker, spray cans, and paint.
As mentioned by Stein, E. (2017) in his article that company called Graviky
Labs and their device Air-Ink, which captures carbon soot developed under the
Kaalink team is having progress. The author also tackles especially about its
contribution to the world.
According to Lallensack R. (2019) in her article that the carbon soot (the
powder that remain in exhaust pipe can be used in pens or inkjet printer. The powder
is mixed with polymer and a solvent that will make a smooth black ink.
When using a pen, different troubles may occur. According to Nikolov, A.
(2020) in his article, using flex nibs pen you may encounter some troubles, which is
its ink leaks and spill over the paper surface. He also claims that air ink meniscus
that forms at the capillary valve and eventually breaks into air bubbles. These
troubles may cause problems to the pen and how it will work.
The toxicity of heavy metals has led to the replacement of many inorganic
pigments, that's why carbon black now replaces spinel black, rutile black and iron
black in nearly all black inks. The process of converting air pollution (carbon soot)
into ink is recycles for consumer safe ink. This process includes carefully
detoxifying heavy metals and particles carcinogens from the soot or carbon. Where it
could have been in the lungs of millions of people but are now beautifully resting as
art. (Singh,
2017).
Related Studies
New energy vehicle is also one the solution to growing level of air pollution.
But according to Yin, (2021), consumer demand for alternative fuel vehicles will rise
as carbon emission reduction technology used by businesses matures and improves,
and this trend will become more pronounced. However, if carbon emission reduction
technology is too expensive, manufacturers might not be as motivated to implement
technical innovation, research, and development, which prevents system
optimization.
As indicated by Al-Wakeel, H. B. (2013) in his study, “Soot Reduction
Strategy: A Review” as a first step, review the soot particles generation and their
influence on air pollution and illustrates the diesel particulate matter emission
regulation, composition, and characteristics including the size, shape, process, and
oxidation. Different strategies are presented from his article including the advantages
and disadvantages of each strategy. The method of using filter generation strategies
for reducing soot emission from vehicles is one those strategies.

According to study entitled, “Preparation of black Iyophilic ink using the
carbon soot emitted by vehicles” from Gopal, V. (2020) that the ink produced from
the scraped soot was comparable to commercially available inks in terms of color and
drying time. In the study, the researcher used a scraping tool to collect soot from the
exhaust pipe of a diesel vehicle. The collected soot was then processed to remove
impurities and used as the main component in the production of black ink.
Zugman, (2022), sought by answer as if the use of bio fuel could be a
legitimate means of carbon emissions reduction and if the biofuel could replace fossil
fuel sources for any major transport sector and their potential CO^2 reduction.
Before proceeding to any strategies it is important to know the different
compound of carbon emission. As stated by Viskup, R. (2019) , diesel engine exhaust
emissions are not made up of pure carbon particle only. Instead there are is 8 separate
main compound: calcium, iron, magnesium, chromium, and aluminum.
Moreover, Voon, C. (2016) revealed in his study that capturing carbon soot and
the conversion of it to usable ink not only reduces air pollution but also gives people
other benefits. He added, a pen can be filled with about 30 milliliters of ink, which
determined that the amount of car emission that the gadget fitted to silencer can catch
in 45 minutes.
Conceptual Framework
The study undertook using Input-Process-Output Approach. The figure below
showed how the study was undertaken.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Figure 1 - Paradigm of the Study
The figure shows the conceptual framework of the study. It is represented in
the form of paradigm of input-process-output format (IPO style). In the first part, the
input identifies the profile of the respondents to evaluate the ink profile. In the
second part, the process which states the research instrument to be used, namely
survey the data gathered undergoes Student’s T-test to assess statistics derived from
the survey. Lastly, the output that contains the objective of the research output which
is producing ink. That is proved to reduce the carbon emission generated by vehicles
Hypothesis
The following listed are the assumptions of the researchers:
H0 - There is no significant difference between the evaluation of the ink when
groped according to profile.
H1 - There is significant difference between the evaluation of the ink when
groped according to profile.
Definition of Terms
In order to provide the readers a common frame of understanding in the study,
the following terms were herein defined conceptually and operationally.
Carbon emission – emissions produced by burning fossil fuels
Carbon soot- a black powdery substance that the main ingredient for the study
Chemical Conversion - a method used to convert pollutants in car emissions into
ink pigments through chemical reactions.
Detoxifying - the process of removing harmful substances from a material.
Iron Oxide Pigment - make the ink dark black color.
Viscosity - the state of being thick, sticky, and semi fluid in consistency, due to
internal friction.
Vegetable Glycerine - ingredient mixed to the soot that preserve and prevent skin
irritations.
Notes to Chapter II
Relevant Theories
Dr. Jacobson et al., (2020). The Molecular Composition of Soot - Wiley Online
Library from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.201914115
Selin, N. (2018) Carbon Sequestration.

Britannica.com/technology/carbon-sequestration from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/carbon-sequestration
Seppo, S. (1955). Walker and Fetsko, Evaluation of Ink Transfer Theory

PrintPlanet.com from https://printplanet.com/attachments/ink-transfer-theory-
1116-pdf.223506/
Relevant Literature
Abubakar, A. B. (2013). Carbon Emission Control Measures. Academia.edu, from

https://www.academia.edu/57138146/Carbon_Emission_Control_Measures
Avellar, J. (2020). Environmental, Natural Resources, & Energy Law Blog.
Lewis & Clark Law School, from
https://law.lclark.edu/live/blogs/156-car-emissions-are-a-major-source-of-pollu
tion-
Al-Wakeel, H. B. (2013). Soot Reduction Strategy: A Review. Science Alert, from

https://scialert.net/fulltext/?
doi=jas.2012.2338.2345&fbclid=IwAR3dlBJQFwC
L3hOcxVimNfDcyN0RzQob-W39JPlBtpsl6-tpNRv-K9Imljg
Rao, A. ... (2018). Development of a device to capture particulate matter from

vehicle exhaust. AJAST. From http://ajast.net/data/uploads/5042.pdf
Gopal, V. (2020). Preparation of black lyophilic ink using the carbon soot emitted by
vehicles. Springer Link from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-09329-4
Innovation, C. (2018). Turning Air pollution into ink. Climate CoLab, from
https://www.climatecolab.org/contests/2017/energy-supply/c/proposal/
1334143
Moller, K. (2018). Scientists Turn Air Pollution from Car Exhaust into Black Ink.
simplemost, from
https://www.simplemost.com/scientists-turn-car-air-pollution-usable-black-ink/
Stein, E. (2017). Magic black: Air-Ink, the art supplies made from vehicle pollution.
The Guardian. From
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/06/carbon-air-ink-pollutio
n-vehicle-emissions-anirudh-sharma-graviky-labs-london-black-cabs?fbclid=I
wAR0_uEtivnFmjFyEGJW9_YwybIcnoNsJ3I0NpRH5gEQ56QhXNNbamzzv
G28
Nikolov, A. (2020). How the capillarity and ink-air flow govern the performance of a
fountain pen. Colloid and Interface Science, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021979720305877
Singh, K. (2017). Solving Air Pollution: From Toxic Vehicle Exhaust to Ink, Here’s
A Device That Does Just That. LAKSHYA. From
https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/solving-air-pollution-from-toxic-vehicle-
exhaustto-ink-heres-a-device-that-does-just-that-14574/
Relevant Studies
Sun, W. (2020). How does urbanization affect carbon emission efficiency? Evidence
from China. Cleaner Production. From
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652620328730
Yin, Y. (2021). Carbon Emission Reduction and Coordination Strategies for New
Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain under the Carbon Trading Policy.
ResearchGate, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355370261_Carbon_Emission_Redu
ction_and_Coordination_Strategies_for_New_Energy_Vehicle_Closed-Loop_
Supply_Chain_under_the_Carbon_Trading_Policy
Zugman, I. (2022). Biofuels x Carbon emissions. academia.edu. from

https://www.academia.edu/10287311/Biofuels_x_Carbon_emissions?
fbclid=Iw AR14AtsrWvbYbxYILCBrprA6__-
LhfsvDAO0FkaqPAT3OcyI77fykxK1LBA
Viskup, R. (2019). Major Chemical Elements in Soot and Particulate Matter Exhaust
Emissions Generated from In-Use Diesel Engine Passenger Vehicles. Chapter
Metrics. from
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70456?fbclid=IwAR3oVFJJy22wcnp3R
HVscJfqI7peqEiMTBE2nvsCoYhtW4DIOKqvvOQQoe0
Voon, C. (2016). Converting Air Pollution into Inks and Pigments for Artists.
HYPERALLERGIC. From
https://hyperallergic.com/319765/converting-air-pollution-into-inks-and-pigme
nts-for-artists/?fbclid=IwAR3ELfypsokTnrNbQa4qNK3WiBOOgaQIEghcvqo
5LMCfVT6D02m2wIX0Qwk
Chapter III
METHODS OF RESEARCH
Methods and Techniques
This study followed a quantitative research design which aims to discover
Innovative Process of Converting Carbon Soot into Ink.
This quantitative type of study utilized an experimental method to identify
the causal relationship between the research’s’ two variables namely independent
variable (carbon soot) and dependent variable (ink). As defined by Bhat, A., (2015),
quantitative research was a systematic investigation of phenomena using data
gathering.
Research Instrument
This study employed a survey that is a set of managed questions that is based
on the research output (ink) which is focused on gathering the opinions or responses
from respondents by using non-probability sampling. Since the researchers hopes to
acquire relevant information from respondents, we used purposive sampling by
selecting respondents from Hermosa National High School - Science Teachers from
Junior High School to Senior High School. The research instrument is then divided
into 2 parts.
Part 1 consists of the respondent’s profile such as their name, sex, and gender.
Part 2 consist of the answer sheet that has numbers 1-5 from each four (4)
corresponding table where the respondents will rate the profile of the carbon soot
ink.
Construction and Validation of Instrument
The research instrument of the study had gone different process to assess its
reliability and validity before it was distributed to the respondents. The survey is
based on existing literatures and is validated from the examination of three (3)
professional research teachers. This was done to ensure the survey instruments
quality and value.
Data Gathering Procedures
The data for this research were collected manually by using surveys that is
given personally to respondents and retrieved personally by the researchers.
In regards to the experimental method the researchers started by collecting
the carbon soot from exhaust pipes of vehicles using scraping method. After the
collection process the researchers used grinding process by using mortar and pestle
to remove lumps of carbon soot and obtain fine carbon soot powder. Then the soot is
heated from solar energy. The researchers then applied vegetable glycerine to the
soot to attain the ink’s profile. The finished output is used as a subject from the
research survey to gather feedback from the said respondents, this can be used to
address the ink’s profile and identify areas for improvement.

Statistical Treatment of Data
The data were collected from the respondents and is verified by undergoing
Student’s T-test to identify the mean of the population of interest drawn from the
small sample of respondents wherein the researchers try to draw conclusions.
Notes to Chapter III
Bhat (2015), What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, Uses & Methods
(scribbr.com)
Chapter IV
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter presents the data gathered by the researcher, analysis of the
findings according to the problems stated in the study and the interpretation of
results.
Notes to Chapter IV
Joseph, Thomas, Simonette & Ramsook (2013), The Impact of Differentiated

Instruction in a Teacher Education Setting: Successes and Challenges,
International Journalof Higher Education,
http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v2n3p28
Richards, M. R. E., & Omdal, S. N. (2007). Effects of tiered instruction on academic
performance in a secondary Science course. Journal of Advanced Academics,
18, 424–453
Areelu, Fisayo & Akinsola, Mojeed Kolawole (2014), Influence of tiered Lesson and
Group Personalization Instructional Strategies on Senior Secondary School
Students’ achievement In Mathematics, European Scientific Journal vol.10,
No.16 ISSN:1857 – 7881
Scott, Brian E. (2012), The Effectiveness Of Differentiated Instruction In The

Elementary Mathematics Classroom, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
Faustino, J B, (2013), Designing A Differentiated Curriculum For Gifted Children In

Grade I Science, Harris Journal of Education, Volume'1,'Number'1
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and their
corresponding recommendations.
This research aims to use tiered learning to help improve students’
scores on assessments by developing a positive attitude towards Mathematics. In this
research, the researcher will be examining the students’ achievement to seek answers
to the following research questions:
Out the statement of the problem here
Summary of Findings
The findings of the study were summarized as follows:
1. ….
Conclusions
On the context of the aforementioned findings, the following conclusions
were drawn:
Recommendation
Based on the foregoing conclusions, the researcher has arrived with the
following recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abante, M. E. R., Almendral, B. C., Manansala, J., & Mañibo, J. (2014). Learning
styles and factors affecting the learning of general engineering students.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and
Development, 3(1), 16-27.
Adams, C. & Pierce, R L. (2006) Differentiating Instruction: A Practical Guide for

Tiered Lessons in the Elementary Grades, Prufrock Press Inc, Waco, Texas.
Anderson, K. M. (2007). Differentiating instruction to include all students.Preventing
School Failure, 51(3), 49–54.
Aranda, Ma. Rita R. & Zamora, Joel L. (2016) , Using Differentiated Instruction in
Improving the Academic Performance of Students in Filipino Language,
National University, Manila.
Appendix A
A StudyProtocol
Study Protocol
Study: “THE EFFICIENCY OF WHITE RADISH AS AN ALTERNATIVE
FEEDSTOCKS IN PRODUCING BIOETHANOL”
Researcher: Angela Andulan, Wella May Bautista, Kianne Allei Pruna, Jim
Daniel Cruz, Kristian Dale Montemayor
Institution: Hermosa National High School – Current School
Prior to proposal, a protocol was proposed, and it is described below:

I. Objectives
1. To compare the sugar-containing and less sugar-containing feedstock in
producing bioethanol;
2. To compare the qualities and characteristics of the said feedstocks producing
in bioethanol;
3. To test the following hypotheses:
H01: There are no significant differences between white radish and other
sugarcontaining feedstocks in producing bioethanol;
H02: There are no significant differences between white radish and other sugar-
containing feedstock in terms of appearance, smell, and heating value;
II. Background and Rationale

Bioethanol as an alternative source of energy as received special attention
worldwide due to depletion of fossil fuels. The cellulosic materials are cheaper and
available in plenty but their conversion to ethanol involves many steps and is
therefore expensive. Can less sugar-containing feedstock can produce bioethanol?
Can less sugar containing feedstock can be an alternative for producing bioethanol?
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by microbial fermentation. Mostly any plants
that are producing a large amount of bioethanol has a large amount of sugar and
carbohydrates, specifically; banana, pineapple, sugar cane, and corn etc. However,
the researchers use a less sugar feedstock which is white radish. White radish that
only had 1.86ml of sugar and 3.4ml of carbohydrates.
To produce an alternative bioethanol, the researchers create a bioethanol
using white radish. According to Struer, H., bioethanol is a colorless liquid with
characteristics of smell. In addition, Halder, P., et. al., (2019) stated that, bioethanol
is from fermentation of various fermentable sugar and carbohydrates. In order to
determine the efficiency of the white radish, the researchers used observation sheet
to distinguish the qualities and characteristics of bioethanol. After the observation,
the data gathered will be treated statistically using one-way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to compare the results, to see if there is a significant difference on the less
sugar-containing and sugar-containing feedstock. III. Procedures
A. Research Design
Static and Experimental design was selected for this study. In this design the
selected sample is divide in to two, the high sugar containing feedstock (banana peel
and pineapple) and the less sugar containing feedstock (white radish). The less sugar
containing feedstock (white radish) is compared to the high containing feedstock
(banana peel and pineapple). After this treatment, the result of the comparison of the
both feedstocks will determine the efficiency of white radish as an alternative
feedstock in producing bioethanol.
B. Measurement / Instrumentation
This study employed a locally made observation sheet which focused on
discovering the efficiency of white radish as an alternative feedstock in producing
bioethanol. The research instrument is divided into one part.
Part 1 is about the qualities and characteristics of bioethanol where the
researchers are going to rate from 1 to 5 (5 being the highest) in terms of color, smell,
heating value.
C. Detailed study procedures
The study aims to answer if there is a significant difference between white
radish and other sugar-containing feedstock in producing bioethanol.
Mostly, sugar-containing feedstock is the most usable food crops for creating
bioethanol. The researchers use white radish as a main subject of this experimental
study. This feedstock is chosen because it is also having sugar thus, it is less. it will be
compared by two other sugar-containing feedstock (banana peel and pineapple) to
determine if white radish can produce bioethanol.
In this bioethanol production, the researchers use white radish, yeast, and hot
water. To produce bioethanol, the white radish should be fined by using blender, the
hot water should be 100℉ to ensure that the two and a half tablespoon of yeast will be
dissolve then mix the dissolved yeast to the fined white radish. After doing this
procedure, it will undergo fermentation process, that will take 1 week and a half to be
fully fermented. After this, get the fermented oil and distilled it to become transparent.
After producing bioethanol using white radish, the researcher tests this ethanol by
observation sheet, and compare it to the sugar-containing bioethanol (banana peel and
pineapple).
The result of ANOVA will be used to compare the less sugar-containing
(white radish) to sugar-containing feedstock (banana peel and pineapple). More
specifically, the test indicates how less sugar-containing feedstock produced
bioethanol. The data will be treated statistically to compare the results to see if there is
a significant difference on the less sugar-containing and sugar-containing feedstock.
D. Data Analysis
The data will be collected, tabulated and manipulated statistically using one-
way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). To find the significant difference between the
experimental and control groups, the developed null hypotheses will be tested.
Appendix B
B First Endorsement
Research Instrument
Part 1
Highly Mediumly Slightly Not
Observable
Observable Observable Observable Observable
3
5 4 2 1
HEATING
VALUE
1. The
2. The product
product can
produce firea
smells like
rotten
easily.
feedstock.
SMELL
TRANSPARENCY
1. The product
1. The product
is clear or
can produce
transparent
smell. (pure
in color.
alcohol
smell)
Part 2
APPENDIX
C Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE
ERNANI D. MAÑALAC
#19 Sta. Isabel Dinalupihan, Bataan
 09293133879
Objectives
To apply my knowledge and skills, and to contribute to the success and
betterment of the company / institution where I would be working by continuously
improving my skills and knowledge by unselfishly sharing them to my co-workers.
Education
June 2014- Present
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus, Balanga City
Masters in Education
Major in Mathematics
36 units completed
April 2001
BATAAN STATE COLLEGE
Dinalupihan, Bataan
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Mathematics
April 1996
BATAAN STATE COLLEGE
Dinalupihan, Bataan
Associate in Micro Computer Systems
Eligibility
Licensure Examination for Teachers
August 26, 2001
Rating: 82.6%
Skills
Computer Repairs
Basic Web Designing
Microsoft Office Manipulation
Work Experiences
May 2016 - Present
Teacher III
Hermosa National High School - SHS
Hermosa, Bataan
June 2004 – April 2016

Teacher
Saint John Academy
Dinalupihan, Bataan
July 2003 – April 2004

Part Time Teacher
Northern Bataan Institute
Dinalupihan, Bataan
November 2003 – January 2004

Instructor
Bataan State College
Dinalupihan, Bataan
Personal Information
Date of Birth : December 16, 1976
Place of Birth : Dinalupihan, Bataan
Civil Status : Separated In Fact
Height : 5’5”
Weight : 170 lbs.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Sex : Male
Language Spoken : Filipino & English
Father’s Name : Ernesto Mañalac
Occupation : Carpenter
Mother’s Name : Gloria Mañalac
Occupation : None

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CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK

HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

INNOVATIVE PROCESS OF CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK

A Research Proposal presented to

Jorenz Ivan Tolentino Libot

In-response to the Increasing Air Pollution”, prepared and submitted by LIBOT,

JORENZ IVAN T., AÑORA, PRINCESS JYKA O., LOPEZ, JHANZ

and VIRAY, FRANCIS CYRIEL E. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

acceptance and approval for Oral Defense Examination.

HAREN B. VALENCIA. MAEd

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Applied Subject

Practical Research 2 by the School Specialization Committee.

ERNANI D. MAÑALAC, MAEd

MEE ANN MAE L. TUNGOL, MAEd ARIEL V. SOBREVILLA, MAVE

GRAC ANN S. DESNACIDO, MAEd CAMILLE ANNE C. GERONIA, MAEd

Applied Subject Practical Research 2.

MELODY P. DEL ROSARIO, EdD

Valencia of Hermosa National High School-Main, Senior High School Department.

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1

Statement of The Problem 3

Significance of The Study 3

Scope and Delimitations 4

Methods and Techniques 18

Population and Sample Error! Bookmark not

Construction and Validation of Instrument 18

Data Gathering Procedures 19

Statistical Treatment of Data 19

Notes to Chapter III 20

Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation 21

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 22

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Reliability Test of the Instrument Error! Bookmark not defined.

C Second Endorsement Error! Bookmark not defined.

D Letter of Consent Error! Bookmark not defined.

E Letter of Validation Error! Bookmark not defined.

F Validation Criteria For Lesson Plan Error! Bookmark not defined.

G Pretest Posttest Error! Bookmark not defined.

H Tiered Learning Plan Error! Bookmark not defined.

I Classification of Students Per Lesson Error! Bookmark not defined.

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Air Pollution is a particulate matter resulting from burning fossil fuels

people by inhaling carbon emission and even damage our environment by

industries since it is very rich in carbon.

of humans causing asthma, wheezing, carcinoma, etc. In scientific fact exposure to

combustion of the vehicle. Carbon soot is the consequence of incomplete combustion

carbon soot emissions (Dhone, Mayur 2021).

In line with that, it is essential to understand the influencing factors of vehicle

emissions and establish a corresponding evaluation model for the emission

estimation of operating vehicles. These include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous

environmentally relevant elevations in carbon dioxide concentrations could make

according to Pu Lyu, Osmanski, Jacobson (2021).

can turn into ink Khan (2021).

turn it into smooth ink Lallensack (2019).

to users’ health and to the environment.

efficient and environmentally friendly.

Statement of The Problem

Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described according to:

1.1 sex; and

2. What is the evaluation of the ink as to: