*Respiratory System primary function is to provides body tissues with oxygen.

*How do intercostal muscles contribute in the process of inspiration and expiration?

They contract, causing inspiration, and relax, causing expiration.

Pharynx

 Oropharynx - is the region of the pharynx serves as the passageway for both air
and ingested food.
 Nasopharynx- region of the pharynx serves as the passageway for air only
 Laryngopharynx- region of the pharynx serves as the connection between the
larynx and esophagus.
 Larynx- It keeps the air passages open during breathing and digestion and is the key organ for
producing sound.

 “When we exercise, relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles causes them to dilate. This
is called Bronchodilation.”

 “When smooth muscles are stress, Bronchoconstriction in the bronchioles causes less ventilation.

 The lungs are responsible for gas exchange between the air we breathe and our bodies. They are
protected inside the Thoracic Cage.

 The lungs has two partitions. The right lung has three lobes, accommodating the liver.

 Alveoli are microscopic air sacs served by the bronchioles. During Inhalation , the alveoli fill
with air from the bronchioles.

 Inspiration it is a breathing mechanism where the diaphragm contracts, moves downward, and
causes the chest cavity to be pulled upward and forward, making the chest cavity increase in
volume.

* How are digested nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream?

Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi that line the
small intestine.

*When a blood vessel tears, Thrombocytes and plasma proteins work together to stop blood loss.

*RBC / red blood cell main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body.

Types of Leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils

HEART – has 3 layer:

Epicardium- this layers covers the heart, wraps around the roots of the great blood vessels, and adheres
the heart wall to a protective sac.
Endocardium- this layer of the heart serves as the interior lining and is considered to be the innermost
layer among the three.

Myocardium- layer of the heart is responsible for its pumping action

BLOOD VESSEL

Arteries- type of blood vessels which is responsible for transporting blood away from the heart.

Veins - type of blood vessel which returns blood back towards the heart.

Capillaries- these are tiny blood vessels that branch out from arterioles to form networks around body
cells.

* The ___ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The ___ receives deoxygenated blood returning
from other parts of the body. A: left atrium – right atrium

* The ___ receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, then pumps the blood along to the lungs to
get oxygen. The ___ receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, then sends it on to the aorta.

A: right ventricle – left ventricle

*Nitrogen base pairs consist of purines and pyrimidines. Cytosine and Thymine are under purines.
FALSE

*In a specific DNA base pairing, Adenine (A) is always pair with Guanine (G) and Thymine (T) is paired
with Cytosine (C) FALSE

*The DNA double helix is held together by two types of bonds, covalent and
hydrogen. Covalent bonds for base pairs, and hydrogen for sugars and phosphates. FALSE

.*Allele is the segment of chromosomes, while genes are segments of chromosomes. FALSE

*Diseases that are sex – link, like hemophilia and colorblindness are equally occurring in both male and
female population. FALSE (female only)

*Gene therapy is the process that makes it possible to merge DNA segments to produce Recombinant
DNAs . FALSE

*Males are less likely to be affected by sex – linked related diseases because they only have one X
chromosome. FALSE