Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy

Fundamentals of Electricity,
Magnetism, and Circuits-Part 3
CAD/CAM
Sophomore

By
Abass M. Jabber El-Enzy

2023
Energy in an inductor
A coil stores energy in its magnetic field when it carries a current I. The energy is given by

If the current varies, the stored energy rises and falls in step with the current. Thus, whenever
the current increases, the coil absorbs energy and whenever the current falls, energy is
released.
Energy in a capacitor
A capacitor stores energy in its electric field whenever a voltage E appears across its terminals.
The energy is given by
Example: A coil having an inductance of 10 mH (millihenry) is connected in
series with a 100𝜇F capacitor. The instantaneous current in the circuit is 40 A and the
instantaneous voltage across the capacitor is 800 V. Calculate the energy stored in the
electric and magnetic fields at this moment.
Solution:
Some useful equations
We terminate this section with a list of useful equations (Table B) that are frequently required
when solving ac circuits. The equations are given without proof on the assumption that the
reader already possesses a knowledge of ac circuits in general.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic field intensity H and
flux density B
Whenever a magnetic flux exists in a body or component, it is due to the presence of a
magnetic field intensity H, given by

There is a definite relationship between the flux density (B) and the magnetic field intensity (H)
of any material. This relationship is usually expressed graphically by the B-H curve of the
material.
B-H curve of vacuum
In vacuum, the magnetic flux density B is directly proportional to the magnetic field intensity H,
and is expressed by the equation

In the SI, the magnetic constant is fixed, by definition. It has a numerical value of or
approximately 1/800 000. This enables us to write Eq. 20 in the approximate form:

The B-H curve of vacuum is a straight line. A

vacuum never saturates, no matter how great
the flux density may be (Fig. 25). The curve
shows that a magnetic field intensity of 800
A/m produces a flux density of 1 millitesla.
Nonmagnetic materials such as copper, paper,
rubber, and air have B-H curves almost
identical to that of vacuum.
B-H curve of a magnetic material
The flux density in a magnetic material also depends upon the magnetic field intensity to which
it is subjected. Its value is given by

where B, 𝝁o, and H have the same significance as before, and 𝝁r is the relative permeability of
the material. The value of 𝝁r is not constant but varies with the flux density in the material.
Consequently, the relationship between B and H is not linear, and this makes Eq. 22 rather
impractical to use.

Determining the relative permeability

The relative permeability 𝝁r of a material is the ratio of the flux density in the material to the
flux density that would be produced in vacuum, under the same magnetic field intensity H.
Given the saturation curve of a magnetic material, it is easy to calculate the relative
permeability using the approximate equation
Example: Determine the permeability of silicon iron (1%) at a
flux density of 1.4 T.
Solution:
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction revealed a fundamental relationship between the
voltage and flux in a circuit. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction opened the door to a
host of practical applications and established the basis of operation of transformers,
generators, and alternating current motors.

if the flux varies inside a coil of N turns, the voltage induced is given by:
Example 8: A coil of 2000 turns surrounds a flux of 5 mWb produced by a
permanent magnet (Fig. 28). The magnet is suddenly withdrawn causing the flux inside the coil
to drop uniformly to 2 mWb in 1/10 of a second. What is the voltage induced?

Solution: