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Properties of Materials
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• Introduction to material properties
• Introduction
• Thermal properties
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Introduction
• The properties of materials change, when cooled
to cryogenic temperatures (demo video).
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thermal Expansion
• Reduction (contraction) in the dimensions of a
material occur when cooled to low temperatures.
A B 300 K
A B 80 K
Contraction Contraction
of A of B
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thermal Expansion
• The linear coefficient of thermal expansion (λt)
λt =
( δ L / L)
K −1
δT
• is the fractional change in length per unit change
in temperature while the stress is constant.
used materials is as
24 C1020 Carbon Steel
Titanium
shown.
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• In general, the
16
coefficient of thermal
12 expansion decreases
with the decrease in
8
temperature.
4
• Most contraction
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 occurs till 80 K.
Temperature, K
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Mean Linear Thermal Exp.
• Mean linear thermal
expansion is defined
as
∆L LT − L0
=
X 105
L0 L0
• Here L0 is the length
at 0 K and LT is length
at any temperature T.
lengths of the
specimen at T1 and T2
respectively. Then
change in length is
given by
∆L LT 1 − LT 2
=
Temperature, K L0 L0
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Mean Linear Thermal Exp.
32
2024-T4 Aluminum L280 − L80 5 L80 − L20 5
304 Stainless Steel
.10 .10
28 L0 L0
Nickel
X 106, per K
hυ Debye
• x is a dimensionless variable. x=
kT function
• In the equation, only the value of θD changes
from material to material.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Specific Heat Curve
3.2
• The variation of Cv/R
2.8 with T/θD is as shown.
2.4
• In general, the
2.0 specific heat
Cv/R
0.4
0
1 2 3 4 5
T/θD
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Debye Characteristic Temp.
Material θD Material θD
Aluminum 390 Mercury 95
Argon 85 Molybdenum 375
Beryllium 980 Neon 63
Calcium 230 Nickel 375
Copper 310 Platinum 225
Diamond 1850 Silver 220
α-Iron 430 Titanium 350
γ-Iron 320 Tungsten 315
Lead 86 Vanadium 280
Lithium 430 Zirconium 280
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Calculation of Cv
• The calculation of Cv for a particular material at
a particular temperature, T, involves the
following procedure.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thermal Conductivity in Solids
• In a cryostat, the solid members made of a
metal or a non metal conduct heat from high
temperature to low temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thermal Conductivity in Solids
• Thermal conductivity,
W/m-k
10000
kT, is the property of a
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
material which
1000
indicates its ability to
Pure Copper conduct heat. In
100 2024-T4 Aluminum general, kT decreases
C1020 Carbon Steel with the decrease in
304 Stainless Steel
the temperature.
10
10000
• The Electron and
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
10000
on the product of
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
electronic specific
1000
heat and mean free
Pure Copper path.
100 2024-T4 Aluminum
C1020 Carbon Steel • This product being a
304 Stainless Steel
constant above LN2,
10 the kT remains
constant above LN2.
1
0.11
10 100 200 400
Temperature, K
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Conduction in Pure Metals
• As the temperature is
W/m-k
10000
lowered, phonon
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
contribution increases
1000
and kT varies as 1/T2.
Pure Copper
0.11
10 100 200 400
Temperature, K
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Conduction in Pure Metals
• When this condition is
W/m-k
10000
reached, the surface
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
exhibits a resistance
1000
causing the kT to
Pure Copper decrease with the
100 2024-T4 Aluminum further drop in the
C1020 Carbon Steel temperature.
304 Stainless Steel
10000
have imperfections
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
10000
scattering decreases.
Thermal Conductivity, W/m
1000
• As a result, kT
Pure Copper decreases with
100 2024-T4 Aluminum decrease in
C1020 Carbon Steel temperature in impure
304 Stainless Steel
metals and alloys.
10
• These materials do
1 not exhibit any high
maxima like that of
0.11
10 100 200 400 pure materials.
Temperature, K
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Electric & Magnetic Properties
Electrical Conductivity
• It is defined as the electric current per unit cross
sectional area divided by the voltage gradient in
the direction of the current flow.
Electrical Resistivity
• It is the reciprocal of electrical conductivity.
Iron defined as R
T
Copper
R273
0.1
• The variation of electrical
resistivity ratio for some
commonly used materials
is as shown.
0.01
• This ratio for a material
decreases with the
decrease in the
0.004
20 100 200 273 temperature.
Temperature K
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Electrical Conductivity
• Electrical and thermal conductivities are related
by Wiedemann – Franz expression.
2
kT 1πk
=
k eT 3 e
• It means that the ratio of kT and ke is a product
of constant and absolute temperature.
kT
= AT
ke
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Summary
• The coefficient of thermal expansion decreases
with the decrease in temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Self Assessment
1. Coefficient of thermal expansion is the change in
length to original length per __________.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Self Assessment
6. Debye characteristic temperature is denoted by
____.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Self Assessment
10. Specific heat of the material __________ with
decrease in temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Answers
1. Unit rise in temperature.
2. Decreases
3. 80 K
4. F∆L LT − L0
=
L0 L0
5. 3R
6. θD
7. 4π4/5
d = −G (θ 2 − θ1 )
8. Q
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Answers
9. Decrease
10. Decrease
11. Increase
12. Wiedemann–Franz
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay