EXPERIMENT 1: LINEAR EXPANSION

Roberta Jelena Fae Dacaimat*, Kathlene H. Entino*, Nhyl Kristeen D. Gallawan*, Rommel
Lacambra*, Mary Alexandra C. Merilles*, Renante B. Vasquez Jr.*

*SCE 2105.1-1 - Thermodynamics (Laboratory), Department of Teacher Education, College of

Education, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT: In this experiment, the three different metal rods—copper, lead, and
aluminum—will have their linear expansion coefficients determined by measuring how much
they expand and contract with the changes in temperature. In addition, a multimeter will be used
in this experiment to measure the change in temperature of the metal when the steamer is
turned on and connected to the metal rods with the use of the rubber tube. Most materials
experience an average amplitude increase in atom vibration when heat is applied. As a result,
the separation between the atoms increases, causing the metals to expand. A dial gauge is also
used in this experiment to measure the initial and final lengths of the heated metal rods. In order
to determine the equivalent coefficient of linear expansion, the length change of numerous
metals, particularly copper, lead, and aluminum, will be measured. Furthermore, the students
will use simple mathematical procedures to calculate the metals' coefficient of linear expansion.

Keywords:

INTRODUCTION or volume that corresponds to the change in

Linear expansion is an experiment
where any state of the matter expands itself
through applying heat to it. Basically, most
of the things will expand when there is a
presence of heat, therefore the higher the
temperature, the bigger its chances to
expand. Moreover, the changes that might
happen to an object in terms of length, area
temperature is called the coefficient of linear
expansion, which can be determined by the
minimal change of length per degree
change of temperature. These coefficients
of metals are constant values which are
used by the engineers during building
constructions in order for them to be aware
of the metal’s expansion.
 In this report, students are dealing
only with the expansion of different metals, The materials used in the
particularly aluminum, lead, and copper. experiment were:
Students used metals as their objects of a. Copper rod
expansion because metals greatly respond b. Lead rod
to heat. Also, the rate of cooling metals is c. Aluminum rod
carefully controlled and observed in this d. Thermistor
experiment. e. Multimeter
f. Positive and negative probe
As stated earlier, aluminum, lead, g. Dial gauge
and copper are the metals being used h. Steamer
during the experiment. Aluminum (AI) is a i. Rubber tube
lightweight silvery white metal and it is the j. Meter stick
most common nonferrous metal. Its melting
point is up to (660.3°C) and has a B. Experiment Setup
coefficient of linear expansion about
(0·000023/°C). Furthermore, Lead (Pb) is a
kind of heavy metal which is denser than
the most common materials with a melting
point of (327.5°C) and has a coefficient of
linear expansion about (0·0000167/°C). If
Figure 1. Experiment Setup of Copper
you continue to heat the lead beyond its
Rod
melting or boiling point, lead fume and lead
vapor will be produced. On the other hand,
C. Procedure
Copper (Cu) is a kind of reddish metal
which is a malleable, ductile, and it is a
First, the metal was mounted
good conductor of heat and electricity. This
on the thermistor. Then the initial
metal has a melting of (1,085°C) and has a
length of the metal was measured
coefficient of linear expansion about
using a meter stick. It was followed
(0·000029/°C).
by connecting the Multimeter to the
Thermistor using a positive and
METHODOLOGY
negative probe. After letting the
temperature of the metal reach
A. Materials
thermal equilibrium with the device, DATA AND ANALYSIS
the initial temperature of the metal
was measured using the multimeter. A. Raw Data
The dial gauge was then installed on
the left bar of the Thermistor that
would adjust when the metal
expands, it was calibrated by turning
the screw to tighten it and in order to
set the pointer to 0, however it was
set to -0.01 mm since it is where the
pointer landed during calibration.
The steam machine was set and the
tube connected to it is attached to
the other end of the rod. The group
of students who performed the
experiment took videos for the
documentation of the part where
both the multimeter and dial gauge
are moving during heating and
cooling conditions of the metal. The Figure 2. Raw data from the metal

final temperature as well as the final assignment (Heating of Aluminum) of

length of the rod were recorded. The Group 5 and 6.

procedure was done in all three rods

and all the data gathered would be
presented and analyzed in the
following section.
Figure 3. Raw data from the metal
assignment (Cooling of Aluminum) of
Group 5 and 6.

Figure 5. Raw data from the metal

assignment (Cooling of Copper) of
Group 1 and 2.

Figure 4. Raw data from the metal

assignment (Heating of Copper) of
Group 1 and 2.
 ∆L ∆T α Percent
(mm) (°C) (1/°C) Error
(%)

Heati 1.23 -32.8 -5.24× 3.10

-5
ng 10

Cooli -0.86 -68.4 -1.76× 1.70

Figure 6. Raw data from the metal
ng 10-5
assignment (Heating of Lead) of Group 3
and 4.
Table I: Computed data from heated and
cooled aluminum (Al) metal

The first table presents the

computed data from heating and cooling the
aluminum metal. It consists of 5 columns
and 4 rows. For the first column, it shows
the condition of the metal, while the second
represents the change in length in the units
of millimeter. The ∆L was computed through
the difference of initial and final length.
Similarly, the ∆T or change in temperature
which is located at the third row was
calculated by getting the difference of initial
temperature from the final temperature. For
the fourth row which represents the
coefficient of linear expansion, it was
Figure 7. Raw data from the metal
computed by the formula of ∆L divided by
assignment (Cooling of Lead) of Group 3
the L0 multiplied by ∆T. Lastly, the fifth
and 4.
column exhibit the values of percent error
which was calculated by getting the
B. Table of Calculated Data
absolute value of the difference of
theoretical from experimental data multiplied
Aluminum Metal by 100.
 which are 5.47% for heated and 4.01% for
cooled copper metal.
Copper Metal

∆L ∆T α Percent
(mm) (°C) (1/°C) Error
Lead Metal
(%)
∆L ∆T α Percent
Heati 0.7 9 1.10× 5.47
(mm) (°C) (1/°C) Error
ng 10-4
(%)

Cooli -1.86 -31 8.51× 4.01

Heati -0.15 4°C -5.32× 2.83
ng 10-5
ng 10-5

Cooli 0.10 -2°C -7.09× 3.44

Table II: Computed data from heated and
ng 10-5
cooled copper (Cu) metal

The computed data from heating
and cooling the copper metal is shown in
the second table. The first column displays
the metal's state which is heated and
cooled, and the second column indicates
the change in length in millimeters. For
heating, the value is 0.7 millimeters while
the cooled metal is -1.86 millimeters.
Relatively, the third row's ∆T or change in
temperature was determined by finding the
difference between the starting and final
temperatures which was presented in the
value of 9°C for heating and -31°C for
cooling. For the α or the coefficient of linear
expansion, the numerical values calculated
-4
were 1.10×10 /°C (heated) and
8.51×10-5/°C (cooled). Finally, the fifth
column exhibits the values of percent error
Table III: Computed data from heated and
cooled lead (Pb) metal
For the third table, it displays the
calculated information from heating and
cooling the lead metal. The state of the
metal is shown in the first column as it is
heated and cooled, and the change in
length in millimeters is shown in the second
column. The value is -0.15 millimeters for
hot metal and 0.10 millimeters for cooled
metal. Finding the difference between the
starting and ending temperatures—which
were given the values of 4°C for heating
and -2°C for cooling—led to the
determination of the third row's ∆T, or
change in temperature. The numerical
values calculated for the α were
-5.32×10-5/°C (heated) and -7.09×10-5/°C
(cooled). The values of the fifth column's
percent error are 2.83% for hot and and
3.44% for cooled lead metal.
CONCLUSION
In this experiment which tested the
correlation of length and temperature to
such metals placed under heat or cold
condition, the laboratory participants were
able to garner cohesive data wherein each
solid metal— aluminum, copper, and lead—
showed differences in terms of their length
dimensions in which termed to be its linear
expansion coefficient.
Expressed through a formula of
fractional change in length per
temperature change; ∆L = αL0∆T derived as
α = ∆L/L0∆T, it can be noted that the
expansion of a material also depends on the
value of its coefficient of linear expansion in
which denotes the relation of
coefficient of linear expansion
greater expansion, thus,
proportional to one another.
As illustrated from Table 1-3, the
experiment explicated data where copper
(Cu) showed a visible value of increase in
its length than aluminum (Al) and lead (Pb).
These distinctions between experimented
solids were due to factors of its coefficient
linear expansion, initial length, and change
in temperature. With this, the laboratory
participants were able to determine and
compute the change in length along with its
percentage errors by the end of the
procedure.
Albeit the determinate errors met
during the process like gauge reading
conflict, undetermined expansion, and some
group's failure to capture the simultaneous
changes in length; the precision of values
were still calculable. As the copper holds
greater value, this experiment attested that
when there is a significant increase in
coefficient of linear expansion, it also comes
with significant increase in terms of its
length changes (∆L).
unit
REFERENCES:
[1] Licudine, K. (2018, June 17). Coefficient
higher of Linear Expansion. Retrieved October 18,
means 2022 from
directly https://www.academia.edu/8236887/Lab_re
port
[2] Smith, K., Holroyd, C. (2014). Linear
Coefficient of Expansion. Retrieved October
19, 2022 from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engine
ering/linear-coefficient-of-expansion
[3] Jones, R. V. (1959). The Detection of
Thermal Radiation Using Linear Expansion.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, 249(1256), 100–113.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/100569

[4] Kanaraj, S. (2002). Measurement of the

thermal expansion of metal and FRPs,
Science Direct, 43 (7), pp. 399-424.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(03)0009
6-1

[6] Varley, J. H. O. (1956). The Thermal

Expansion of Pure Metals and the
Possibility of Negative Coefficients of
Volume Expansion. Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. Series A,
Mathematical and Physical Sciences,
237(1210), 413–421.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/100221
APPENDIX

Figure 8: Computation for Lead Metal Figure 10: Computation for Copper Metal

Figure 9: Computation for Aluminum Metal

EXPERIMENT 2: SPECIFIC HEAT OF DIFFERENT METALS

Roberta Jelena Fae Dacaimat*, Kathlene H. Entino*, Nhyl Kristeen D. Gallawan*, Rommel
Lacambra*, Mary Alexandra C. Merilles*, Renante B. Vasquez Jr.*

*SCE 2105.1-1 - Thermodynamics (Laboratory), Department of Teacher Education, College of

Education, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT: In this experiment, students will determine the specific heat of different metals,
such as the Iron, Lead, Copper, and Aluminum. Also, students will determine the specific heat of
the calorimeter from known specific heat of different metals. Specific heat capacity is the energy
needed of an object in order to gain a unit of an increased temperature for every unit of the
mass. Furthermore, this experiment will undergo a calorimetry process where it is used to
measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process. Upon heating the
calorimeter and different metals, students will use an electric stove to start heating. In addition,
after heating the different metals, it is transferred or put into the calorimeter. Thus, the heat
energy transferred from the metal will be used to raise the temperature of the water in the
calorimeter.

Keywords: specific heat, calorimetry process, physical process

INTRODUCTION in joules. In general, knowing how much

heat is required is beneficial. Understanding
Heat is the energy that a a substance's "heat capacity" or "specific
temperature difference transmits. By moving heat" allows one to increase the unit mass
from a warmer to a cooler substance, it may of that substance over a given temperature
affect an object’s temperature and change. range.
While everything must warm up, not
everything requires the same amount of
heat. Heat can be converted from a variety
of energy forms into work, which is referred
to as the quantity of energy and measured
METHODOLOGY 3. The maximum temperature
displayed by the thermometer was
The experiment procedure is recorded.
composed of three parts: 4. The metal was transferred in the
calorimeter with water.
Preparation of Materials. The beaker is 5. The thermometer point where the
filled with water and was placed on the reading stopped moving was
electric stove to start heating. The recorded.
calorimeter was then filled with half full of
water. After that, an alcohol based Mass Determination. The third part of the
thermometer was inserted on the cork part procedure was determining the mass of the
located at the cover of the calorimeter just calorimeter, Iron, Lead, Copper and
enough length to touch the water inside the Aluminum using the Analytical Balance. The
calorimeter. The initial temperature of the apparatus was tared before placing the
water and the calorimeter was recorded. samples to be measured inside-at the
Another alcohol based thermometer was center of the pan. The doors were closed
placed in the beaker with boiling water to properly and the students waited for the
monitor the temperatures on the procedures stabilized reading up to three decimal
where the metals will be involved. Lastly places.
prepared were the metals. It was tied using
thread in order to transport it from the RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
boiling water into the calorimeter.
Metals Initial Initial Max Mass (g)
Metal Water & Temp.
Performing the procedure with metals. Temp. Calorimeter (°C)
(°C) Temp. (°C)
The second part of the procedure was the
set of the following steps which were Iron 106 28.5 38.5 97.5

performed on all metals Iron, Lead, Lead 107 34 38.5 50.1

Aluminum, and Copper. Copper 107 38 40 49.9

Aluminum 107 38.5 44 50.0

1. The metal was submerged in the

Table 1. Raw data with 52.020 g as the
boiling water.
mass of calorimeter
2. The initial temperature was
recorded.
 Metals Energy (Experimental) (Actual) Percent specific heat of aluminum based from the
absorbed Specific heat Specific Error (%)
by the of metal heat of
experiment is 0.90 J/g°C. Therefore,
water (J) (J/g°C) metal
(J/g°C)
laboratory participants conclude that the
quantity of heat emitted or absorbed by the
Iron 2177.5572 0.3308728889 0.451 26.64

chemical reaction can be calculated using

Lead 979.90074 0.133692713 0.129 3.64
the heat capacity of the calorimeter or of the
Copper 435.51144 0.1302639428 0.385 66.17
reaction mixture. Additionally, the
Aluminum 1197.65646 0.3802084 0.9 57.75
determined specific heat capacity can be
Table 2. The computed data to analyze the regarded as somewhat correct. Heat from
experimental result of the specific heat of the environment, heat from the string, and
metals human error with reference to the
observation of the electronic thermometer
As shown in Table 2, the experimentally can all be considered as sources of
acquired values for the specific heat of mistake.
metals are all lower than the actual specific
heat of metals. The percent error on the last REFERENCES
column shows how close the value obtained [1] Britannica, T. E. (2014, June 03).
during the experiment to the theoretical Specific heat. Retrieved January 27, 2023,
value. from
https://www.britannica.com/science/specific
CONCLUSION -heat
In this experiment laboratory participants
were able to determine the specific heat of [2] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
different metals, such as Iron, Lead, (2018, April 12). Heat. Retrieved January
Copper, and Aluminum.The specific heat 27, 2023 from
capacity is the energy needed of an object https://www.britannica.com/science/heat
in order to gain a unit of an increased
temperature for every unit of the mass. [3] OpenStax. (n.d.). Chemistry. Retrieved
Based on the results of the experiment, January 27, 2023, from
students are able to get the actual specific https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/5-2c
heat of Iron which is about 0.451 J/g°C. For alorimetry/
the lead, its specific heat is 0.129 J/g°C.
Furthermore, for the specific heat of Copper, [4] Tilden, W. A. (1904). The Specific Heats
it's about 0.385 J/g°C. And lastly, the of Metals and the Relation of Specific Heat
to Atomic Weight. Part III. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical or Physical Character, 203,
139–149. http://www.jstor.org/stable/90860

[5] University of Oregon. (n.d.). Which metal

heats up fastest, Aluminum, Copper, or
Silver?. Retrieved from
https://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/demos/Whi
ch-metal-heats-up-fastest-Aluminum-Coppe
r-or-Silver

[6] Chemistry LibreText. (2015). Specific

heats and molar heats of metals. Retrieved
from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Material
s/Reference/Reference_Tables/Thermodyna
mics_Tables/T4%3A_Specific_Heats_and_
Molar_Heat_Capacities
APPENDIX

Figure 1. Data for the specific heat of different metals

EXPERIMENT 3: LATENT HEAT OF FUSION OF ICE

Roberta Jelena Fae Dacaimat*, Kathlene H. Entino*, Nhyl Kristeen D. Gallawan*, Rommel
Lacambra*, Mary Alexandra C. Merilles*, Renante B. Vasquez Jr.*

*SCE 2105.1-1 - Thermodynamics (Laboratory), Department of Teacher Education, College of

Education, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT: In this experiment, the concept of specific heat and its connection to the latent
heat of ice in the area of heat fusion of an ice. When consolidating ice and water, an aluminum
calorimeter is utilized and a thermometer is embedded in the water to monitor temperature
changes. Once the temperature is measured and recorded up until the point where the ice and
water attain thermal equilibrium. These observations, along with the known specific heat
constants, based on the three trials, heat fusion is determined. The mass of a calorimeter with
water ranges from 170.399g - 183.984g while the one with ice ranges from 176.855 - 210.164g.
Changes in temperature were also recorded and it ranges from 6.8°C to 20.9 °C. With the
several techniques performed with warm water, calorimeter with ice, calorimeter with warm
water, and calorimeter with dry ice cube—every amount of heat lost as one body of water cools
flows to another.

Keywords: Calorimeter, heat fusion, latent heat, heat loss

INTRODUCTION

A substance must have energy to Latent heat is the heat or energy that is
change phases. The latent heat of the absorbed or released when a substance
substance is defined as the relationship undergoes a phase change. A liquid to solid
between the energy and mass of the transition or a gas to liquid transition are
substance. This resembles the type of heat both possible. Enthalpy, another heat
we just spoke about quite a bit. Because property, is connected to latent heat. An
there is no change or difference in important thing to keep in mind about latent
temperature, it is known as latent heat. heat is that the temperature of the
substance remains constant. Latent heat is
the work required to overcome the attraction
forces that hold molecules and atoms
together in a substance, according to the
mechanism. The quantity of heat (in joules
or calories) per mole or unit mass of the
substance undergoing a change in state is
the typical way to represent latent heat.
Latent heat is generated by the work
necessary to overcome the forces that hold
atoms or molecules together in a substance.
The regular structure of a crystalline solid is
maintained by forces of attraction between
its individual atoms, which oscillate slightly
about their typical positions in the crystal
lattice. As the temperature rises, these
motions get more violent, until, at the
melting point, the attractive forces are no
longer sufficient to keep the crystal lattice
stable. However, further heat (the latent
heat of fusion) must be applied (at constant
temperature) to achieve the transition to the
even more disordered liquid state, in which
the individual particles are no longer bound
in fixed lattice places but are free to move
around in the liquid.
In this experiment, the students will
encounter the heat of fusion (specifically on
ice) which is the term used to describe the
latent heat involved in melting solids or
freezing liquids. The temperature needed to
melt (or freeze) a unit mass of a substance
is referred to as the latent heat of fusion, or
Lf. When matter melts and transitions from
a solid to a fluid structure at a constant
temperature, it releases or consumes latent
heat of fusion.
METHODOLOGY
In this experiment, the calorimeter
and its contents are started at a
temperature above room temperature to
offset the warm water heat loss to the
environment and the heat gain from the ice
that is added to the calorimeter. Also, the
final equilibrium temperature that is at or
close to room temperature is sought after. In
the cooling part of the experiment, the
analytical balance is used to measure the
calorimeter cup's empty mass. The
calorimeter cup was filled with tap water
until it was around halfway full after the data
was gathered. Then, after filling the
calorimeter cup halfway with tap water, the
students determined its mass. Afterwards,
the initial temperature of the calorimeter
was then measured and noted by the
students using tap water. The tap water is
then added along with the ice cubes for the
calorimeter. The ice melts during this
procedure, and the final temperature is
tracked and documented. The students next
calculated the mass of the calorimeter cup
filled with tap water, which now included
water from the melted ice. The students
computed and recorded the mass of the ice RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
after completing all of the procedures. The
processes are repeated a total of three (3) A. Raw Data
times.

DATA TRIAL TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

The experiment's heating part 1
comes in second. Similar to how cooling
Mass of 49.379 52.012 g 52.012 g
works, the analytical balance is used to
Calorimeter g
determine the mass of the empty
calorimeter cup before the data is recorded. Mass of 183.98 178.739 170.399
The calorimeter cup was then once more Calorimeter 4g g g
filled with tap water until it was with Water

approximately halfway full, and the students

Initial Temp 27.0 28.1 °C 27.7 °C
measured its water content to determine its
of Normal °C
mass. The students then measured and Water
documented the temperature of the object
Final Temp of 12.0 22.6 °C 20.9 °C
after it was determined. The beaker was
Normal °C
then heated for around 80° C after being
Water with
filled with tap water to roughly halfway full.
Ice
To avoid getting burned, the experimenters
used a pot holder to help them carefully Mass of 210.16 186.538 176.855
pour the hot water into the calorimeter cup. Calorimeter 4g g g

After the previous steps were completed, with Water

and Ice
the final temperatures of the calorimeter, tap
water, and hot water were recorded. The Mass of 134.60 126.727 118.387
mass of the water-filled calorimeter Normal 5g g g
cup—which now includes hot water—was Water
then measured.
Change in 15.0 5.50 °C 6.8 °C
Temp °C

Mass of Ice 26.180 7.799 g 6.456 g

g

Table 1: Raw Data from Trial 1 to Trial 3

 than the standard value of ice and water's
B. Table of Calculated Data latent heat.

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 CONCLUSION

Qw -8459.924 J -2920.424 J -3373.082 J

In this experiment, the idea of
Qi 656.594 J -537.612 J -664.684 J energy conservation as it relates to
Qc -1391.991 J 368.378 J 282.005 J calorimetry is explored. The thermodynamic
method for separating water from ice is the
L 3.51 × 10⁵ 3.96 × 10⁵ 5.82 × 10⁵
J/kg J/kg J/kg heating process. "Fusion" denotes
combining or merging, and the rule of
conservation of energy states that energy
Table 2: Calculated Data from Trial 1 to Trial
may only be converted from one form to
3
another energy may change into several
forms and cannot be created or destroyed.
The second row on the table indicates
Consequently, as any heat lost when one
the computed data for Qw. In terms of its
body of water cools transfers to another as
values, Trial 2 obtained the highest
a result of the several methods we utilized,
measurement while Trial 1 has the lowest
including the calorimeter with warm water,
number which measures -8459.924 J. All
the calorimeter with ice, the calorimeter with
values for Qw are negative while in contrast,
warm water, and the calorimeter with dry ice
only the value for Trial 1 in terms of Qi was
cube.
expressed in positive joules. For Qc, both
Trial 2 and Trial 3 have positive values and
Trial has the highest measurement which is
368.378 J. Lastly, on Latent Heat of Fusion,
REFERENCES
Trial 3 obtained the highest value, 5.82 ×
10⁵ J/kg.
[1] Latent heat - definition, types, formula,
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Based on the data collected, both the first
BYJUS. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from
and second trial gained the latent heat that
https://byjus.com/jee/latent-heat/
is within the range of the latent heat of ice
which is 3.34 J/kg. However, computed
[2] Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.).
latent heat on the third trial is way higher
Latent heat. Encyclopædia Britannica.
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[5] Dickinson, H. C., & Osborne, N. S.

(1915). The specific heat and heat of fusion
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[6] Feistel, R., 2008: A Gibbs function for

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[7] W. H. Barnes and O. Maass. SPECIFIC

HEATS AND LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
OF ICE. Canadian Journal of
APPENDIX

Figure 1. Data per trial and other values

acquired during the experiment
EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

Roberta Jelena Fae Dacaimat*, Kathlene H. Entino*, Nhyl Kristeen D. Gallawan*, Rommel
Lacambra*, Mary Alexandra C. Merilles*, Renante B. Vasquez Jr.*

*SCE 2105.1-1 - Thermodynamics (Laboratory), Department of Teacher Education, College of

Education, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT: In this experiment, the discussion was focused on Newton’s Law of Cooling.
Verifying Newton's law of cooling, figuring out how air movement affects cooling, and talking
about the cooling process were the experiment's primary objective. Every three to four minutes,
the temperature lowers by 2 to 6 degrees Celsius. After 30 minutes, however, the temperature
declined more steadily, falling from 44.5 to 43.1 in 4 minutes, 41.8 followed through. As a result,
it took 37 minutes for the temperature to reach 41°C. In 37 minutes, the temperature plummeted
from 70°C to 41.8°C. The temperature difference between the surface of an object and its
surroundings dictates how rapidly it cools. As a result, it is obvious that a temperature that is
different from its environment will cool or heat until it reaches equilibrium.

Keywords: Newton’s law of cooling, equilibrium, cooling process

INTRODUCTION

Sir Isaac Newton created Newton's Accordingly, the critical analysis of the
Law of Cooling in 1701. The law was not link between a body's temperature and the
first established in its current version. amount of heat it loses in a particular space
According to Newton, a body's rate of was originally developed by Newton. Base
temperature change is proportional to the on Newton's principle of cooling, a body
temperature differential between it and its subjected to radiation will change
surroundings. After the concepts of heat temperature at a rate approximately
and temperature became muddled, the law equivalent to the temperature difference
took on its current form effectively after between it and its environment, assuming
1701. the difference is

minimal. But keep in mind that this
difference is quite small. Moreover, this
law's formula can be used to determine how
rapidly a substance would cool in a given
environment at a given temperature. It also
provides a basis for understanding how a
substance's rate of cooling relies both on its
constant and on the temperature differential
between it and its surroundings.
Some of its applications include;
determination of how long it will take for a
warm object to reach a particular
temperature, analyzation of the temperature
of a beverage in a refrigerator after a
specific amount of time has passed and
detection of the time of death through
comparing the potential body temperature at
the time of death with the present body
temperature.

METHODOLOGY achieve accurate reading, hold the

thermometer and position your eye so that it
Newton's law of cooling states that is level with the upper tip of the mercury
the rate of heat transfer of an object is thread. After the water reaches a
proportional to the temperature differential temperature of 70.0 °C, pour the hot water
between the temperature and its into a new beaker. The students started
surroundings. In this experiment, the keeping track of the time after the hot water
students are expected to complete three reached the required temperature and
trials but since the limited time, the students waited until the water's temperature was
accomplished a total of two trials only. stable and consistent. The experiment
participants made sure that the
The students heated 100 ml of water thermometer is not in contact with the
in the beaker for the first trial of the beaker's sides. Instead, it ought to be
experiment, and 200 ml of water in the placed exactly in the middle of the
breaker for the second trial. The equipment container. The procedure was then repeated
was set up, and the students made sure to by the students for the second try after the
utilize a copper calorimeter that was dry and first trial.
clean before beginning the experiment. The
students filled the beaker with 100 mL of Following the first experiment, the
water for the first stage of both trials, placed procedure was repeated for the second trial,
it on the electric burner, and waited until the except this time the beaker contained 200
water reached a temperature of 80.0 °C. To mL of water. Similar to the first experiment,
a beaker containing 200 mL was placed on
12 secs
an electric stove and left there until the
water reached an 80 °C temperature. When
Table 1: Set up 1, 200 mL (Room
the water reached a temperature of 70.0 °C,
Temperature)
it was then transferred into another beaker.
When the hot water started to cool down,
Table 1 shows the data points obtained from
the students kept track of the time and
the first set up having 200 ml. The
temperature until it stabilized before
temperature range is from 70.0 °C to 41.8
recording all the results and data.
°C, while the time range is from 00:02:42
until 00:37:42. It can be inferred that the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Temp (T) is inversely proportional to Time (t)
as shown by the values, the temperature
Point Temp (T) Time (t) decreases as the time increases.

1 70.0 °C 2 mins & 42

secs
Point Temp (T) Time (t)
2 64.3 °C 6 mins & 12
1 70.0 °C 1 min & 47
secs
secs
3 59.8 °C 9 mins & 42
2 63.9 °C 3 mins & 47
secs
secs
4 56.0 °C 13 mins &
3 59.5 °C 5 mins & 47
12 secs
secs
5 52.9 °C 16 mins &
4 55.9 °C 7 mins & 47
42 secs
secs
6 50.2 °C 20 mins &
5 52.8 °C 9 mins & 47
12 secs
secs
7 48.1 ° C 23 mins &
6 50.3 °C 11 mins &
42 secs
47 secs
8 46.1 °C 27 mins &
7 48.2 ° C 13 mins &
12 secs
47 secs
9 44.5 °C 30 mins &
8 46.4 °C 15 mins &
42 secs
47 secs
10 43.1 °C 34 mins &
9 44.8 °C 17 mins &
12 secs
47 secs
11 41.8 °C 37 mins &
 10 43.5 °C 19 mins &
rate at which an object warms up and
47 secs cools down. The rate of cooling of an
11 41.8 °C 22 mins & object depends on the temperature
21 secs difference between it and its surroundings.
The results we obtained show that a
Table 2: Set up 2, 100 mL (Room
temperature that is different from its
Temperature)
surroundings will cool or heat until the
temperatures are equal. At 40.2°C, the
The data points of the second setup with
temperature suddenly turned stagnant,
100 ml are shown on Table 2. The
indicating that it is now balanced to the
temperature range is from 70.0 °C to 41.8
surroundings.
°C, while the time range is from 00:01:47
until 00:22:21. Like in the first table, the
REFERENCES
inverse relationship of the values of T and t
are observable.
[1] Experimental report: Newton's law of
cooling: Free essay example.
Comparing the two set ups, the first set up
StudyCorgi.com. (n.d.). Retrieved January
which has greater volume 200 ml, took
27, 2023, from
more time to reach a certain temperature. It
https://studycorgi.com/experimental-report-n
reached the temperature 41.8 °C by
ewtons-law-of-cooling/
approximately 35 minutes while the second
set up with 100 ml acquired the same
[2] Newton's law of cooling experiment.
temperature by approximately 20 minutes.
Study Page. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27,
2023, from
CONCLUSION
https://www.studypage.in/physics/newton-s-l
In conclusion, it will take a while for
aw-of-cooling-experiment
the temperatures to balance out when an
object's temperature is either greater or
[3] Newton law of Cooling Lab report.docx -
lower than the temperature of its
abstract an experiment was set to
surroundings. The speed at which a
investigate the Newton's law of cooling. the
substance cools after being removed from
objective of the study was to: Course hero.
a heat source is determined by the law of
Newton law of cooling lab report.docx -
cooling, a fundamental idea in physical ABSTRACT An experiment was set to
science. It was developed to explain the
investigate the Newton's law of cooling. The
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/78946206/
Newton-law-of-cooling-lab-reportdocx/
[5] Dharavath, A. (2021, February 11).
Newton’s Law of Cooling. ProtonsTalk.
https://protonstalk.com/thermal-properties-of
-matter/newtons-law-of-cooling/

[4] Carolinastaff. (2022, August 24). [6] GeeksforGeeks. (2022, November 15).
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APPENDIX

Figure 1. Data points for set-ups 1 and 2