Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

4th QUARTER – Module 4

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 4: STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Michelle Ann Ramos
Editors: Mercedita B. Tarog
Dickenson L. Canizares
Illustrator: Edward S. Duarte
Layout Artist: Abdurauf J Baldomero
Reviewers: EPS, Mathematics Vilma A. Brown, Ed. D.
SHS Master Teacher Enrico P. Minao
Management Team: SDS Roy C. Tuballa, EMD, JD, CESO VI
ASDS Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
ASDS Norma T. Francisco, DM, CESE
EPS Mathematics Vilma A. Brown, Ed. D.
EPS LRMS Aida F. Coyme, Ed. D.

Printed in the Philippines

Department of Education – Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Office Address: Tiguma, Airport Road, Pagadian City
Telefax: (062) – 215 – 3751; 991 – 5975
E-mail Address: region9@deped.gov.ph

1
Introductory Message
This Self–learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue
your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you
discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will
tell you if you can proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module,
you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for
each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher are also provided to our
facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your
home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

What I Need to Know

This module tends to explain concepts and procedure on hypothesis testing as

simple and clearly as possible. Hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure for testing
whether chance is a plausible explanation of an experimental finding. Misconceptions about
hypothesis testing are common and to help prevent these misconceptions, this module goes
into more details about the logic of hypothesis testing that is typical for an introductory- level
text.

The module consists of only one lesson entitled steps in hypothesis testing. After
going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Compute for the test-statistic value (population mean). M11/12SP-IVd-1
2. Draw conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic value
and the rejection region. M11/12SP-IVd-2

2
 What I Know

Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know about the
topic covered.

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. If a Null Hypothesis is accepted, then the value of Test statistic lies in the ___________.
(a) Rejection region (c) Acceptance region
(b) Critical region (d) Sample region

2. The computed test statistic of a left-tailed given problem is -2.54. If the critical value is
z = –2.33 what is the decision regarding the null hypothesis?
(a) The decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
(b) The decision is to accept the null hypothesis.
(c) The decision is to reject the alternative hypothesis.
(d) The decision is to accept the alternative hypothesis.

3. When the null hypothesis is rejected, which of the following is true?

(a) There is sufficient evidence to back up the decision.
(b) There is no sufficient evidence to back up the decision.
(c) The conclusion is guaranteed.
(d) The conclusion is not guaranteed.

4. Mr Rumpole believes that the mean income of lawyers is now more than Php 65
thousand per year. Which is the correct set of hypotheses to test this belief?
(a) H0:μ ≥ 65 000; H1: μ < 65 000
(b) H0:μ ≤ 65 000; H1: μ > 65 000
(c) H0:μ = 65 000; H1: μ ≠ 65 000
(d) H0:μ < 65 000; H1: μ ≥ 65 000

5. A tire manufacturer claims that its tires have a mean life of at least 50 000 kms. A
random sample of 16 of these tires is tested and the sample mean is 33 000 kms.
Assume the populations standard deviation is 3000 kms and the lives of tires are
approximately normally distributed. To test the manufacturer’s claim using the 5% level
of significance the analyst should _______.
(a) use a one tail test in the right tail and the test statistic Z
(b) use a one tail test in the left tail and the test statistic Z
(c) use a one tail test in the left tail and the test statistic t
(d) use a two-tail test and the test statistic t

3
 LESSON STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS
1 TESTING

What’s In
RECALL: THE TEST STATISTIC
Test statistic is a value computed from the data. The test statistic is used to assess
the evidence in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. Each statistic test is used for a
different test.

CASE TEST STATISTIC

𝑥̅ − 𝜇0
When the population variance is assumed to be known 𝑧=( ) (√𝑛)
𝜎
𝑥̅ − 𝜇0
When the population variance is assumed to be unknown 𝑡=( ) (√𝑛)
𝑠

√𝑛(𝑥̅ − 𝜇)
Test statistic using central limit theorem 𝑧=
𝜎

RECALL: REJECTION REGION

After the test statistic is computed, the critical region is set. The set of all possible
values of the test statistic could range from negative infinity to positive infinity. This will be
divided into two regions. One region will be set as the acceptance region and the other one
is the rejection or critical region.

Rejection Region/s Rejection Region/s

Alternative Hypothesis
(z-statistic) (t-statistic)
𝜇 < 𝜇0 𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼 𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼,𝑣
𝜇 > 𝜇0 𝑧 > 𝑧𝛼 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼,𝑣
𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼⁄ or 𝑧 > 𝑧𝛼⁄ 𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑣 or 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑣
2 2

Now, it’s time to learn how to draw conclusions about our population mean based on
the value of the test statistic and rejection region. In this lesson, several test of
hypotheses problems will be given and answered using the steps in hypothesis
testing. We will perform the entire process of hypothesis testing involving population
mean.

4
 What’s New

• Imagine yourself as a lawyer inside a court room and try to answer the following
questions.
1. How is a court trial done?
2. What are the steps to come up with a verdict for a case?

• For example, take the case of former President Marcos’ ill-gotten wealth case.
1. State the accusation against the family of former President Marcos.
2. Set or review the guidelines to be used in the decision-making process.
3. Present the pieces of evidence.
4. Decide on the matter, based on the evidence.
5. State the verdict, based on the decision made.

A test of hypothesis is a series of steps that start with the formulation of the null and
the alternative hypotheses and ends with stating the conclusion. Each step has several
components to consider. Steps in hypothesis testing have parallelism with court
proceedings.

What is It

HYPOTHESIS
TERM TESTING

Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a

population based on the characteristics of a sample coming from the population.

STEPS
TERMIN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1: Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

STEP 2: Specify the level of significance to be used.
STEP 3: Select the appropriate and compute test statistic.
STEP 4: Establish the critical region/s.
STEP 5. Make a statistical Decision.
STEP 6: Draw the appropriate conclusion.

5
 HYPOTHESIS
TERM TESTING ON A POPULATION MEAN

PROBLEM: A national magazine claims that the average college student watches less
television than the general public. The national average is 29.4 hours per week, with a
standard deviation of 2 hours. A sample of 30 college students has a mean of 27 hours. Is
there enough evidence to support the claim at 𝛼 = 0.01?

STEP 1: Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

• Null Hypothesis → The mean viewing time of college students per week is greater than
or equal to 29.4 hours.
• Alternative Hypothesis → The mean viewing time of college students per week is less
than 29.4 hours.

𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 29.4 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 29.4 (𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚)

STEP 2: Specify the level of significance to be used.

The level of significance used is 𝛼 = 0.01

STEP 3: Select the appropriate and compute test statistic.

Since the population variance is assumed to be known and n is equal to 30,
we will use case 1: z-test statistic.

̅−𝝁
𝒙 𝟐𝟕 − 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒
𝒛=( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟑𝟎) = −𝟔. 𝟓𝟕
𝝈 𝟐

STEP 4: Establish the critical region/s

Based on 𝐻1 , this is a one-tailed test (left-tailed test) with critical regions
𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼 , where −𝑧𝛼 = −𝑧0.01 = −2.33.

STEP 5. Make a statistical decision.

Since z=-2.33 falls in the rejection region and −6.57 < −2.33 is TRUE, 𝐻0 is
rejected.

6
STEP 6: Draw the appropriate conclusion.
Since H0 is rejected, there is enough evidence to support the claim that
college students watch less television than the general public.

What’s More
Directions: Using the six-step method in hypothesis testing to solve the given problem,
come up with decision about the claim.

PROBLEM: A rural health unit conducted a survey on the heights of the male aged 18 to 24
years old. It was found out that the mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70
inches. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the male aged 18 to 24 years old is not
70 inches if a random sample of 20 male aged 18 to 24 years old had a mean height of 65
inches with a standard deviation of 3. Use 1% level of significance.

GIVEN: 𝑥̅ = 65 , 𝜇0 = 70, 𝑠 = 32, 𝑛 = 20, and 𝛼 = 1% = 0.01

STEP 1: Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.

STEP 2: Specify the level of significance to be used.

STEP 3: Select the appropriate and compute test statistic.

STEP 4: Establish the critical region/s.

−0.70

STEP 5: Make a statistical Decision.

STEP 6: Draw the appropriate conclusion.

What I Have Learned

⚫ Formula in computing the test statistic.

̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙 x̅−μ0 ̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙
1. 𝒛=( ) (√𝒏) 2. 𝐭 = ( ) (√n) 3. z = ( ) (√𝒏)
𝝈 s 𝝈𝒙̅

7
⚫ Summary of critical values.
Confidence Level Two Tailed (𝑧𝛼⁄ ) One Tailed (𝑧𝛼 )
2
90% 1.65 1.28
95% 1.96 1.65
99% 2.56 2.33

⚫ Steps in hypothesis testing.

Step 1: Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2: Specify the level of significance to be used.
Step 3: Select the appropriate and compute test statistic.
Step 4: Establish the critical region/s.
Step 5. Make a statistical Decision.
Step 6: Draw the appropriate conclusion.

What I Can Do
A. Directions: Use the six-step method in hypothesis testing to solve the given problem.

The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation

reports that the average cost of rehabilitation for COVID-
19 victims is P 24,672. To see if the average cost of
rehabilitation is different at a large hospital, a researcher
selected a random sample of 35 COVID-19 victims and
found that the average cost of their rehabilitation is P
25,226. The standard deviation of the population is
3,251. At 𝛼 = 0.01, can it be concluded that the average
cost at a large hospital is different from 24,672?

B. Directions: Briefly answer the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQ) below.

SAQ1: Is hypothesis testing an efficient way of solving problems? Explain.

SAQ 2: How do we draw conclusion about the population mean based on the test-
statistic value and the rejection region?

8
 Assessment
A. Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Nestor Milk Powder is sold in packets with an advertised mean weight of 1.5kgs. The
standard deviation is known to be 184 grams. A consumer group wishes to check the
accuracy of the advertised mean and takes a sample of 52 packets finding an
average weight of 1.49kgs. What is the set of hypotheses that should be used to test
the accuracy of advertised weight?
(a) H0:μ = 1.5; H1: μ ≠ 1.5 (c) H0: x=1.49; H1: x ≠1.49
(b) H0:μ = 1.5; H1: μ < 1.5 (d) H0: x=1.5;H1: x<1.5

2. A manufacturer of car batteries claims that his product will last at least 4 years on
average. A sample of 50 is taken and the mean and standard deviation are found.
The test statistic is calculated to be -1.656. Using a 5% level, what is the conclusion?
(a) there is sufficient evidence for the manufacturer’s claim to be considered correct
(b) there is insufficient evidence for the manufacturer’s claim to be considered
correct
(c) there is sufficient evidence for the manufacturer’s claim to be considered
incorrect
(d) there is insufficient evidence for the manufacturer’s claim to be considered
incorrect

3. A house cleaning service claims that it can clean a four-bedroom house in less than
2 hours. A sample of n = 36 houses is taken, and the sample mean is found to be
1.97 hours and the sample standard deviation is found to be 0.1 hours. Using a 0.05
level of significance the correct conclusion is:
(a) reject the null because the test statistic (-1.8) is < the critical value (-1.64).
(b) do not reject the null because the test statistic (-1.8) is < the critical value (- 1.64).
(c) reject the null because the test statistic (-1.8) is > the critical value (-1.96).
(d) do not reject the null because the test statistic (-1.8) is > the critical value (- 1.96).

For items 4 and 5, refer to the following information:

Previously, an organization reported that teenagers spent 4.5 hours per week, on
average, on the phone. The organization thinks that, currently, the mean is higher.
Fifteen (15) randomly chosen teenagers were asked how many hours per week
they spend on the phone. The sample mean was 4.75 hours with a sample
standard deviation of 2.0. Conduct a hypothesis test.

4. The null and alternate hypotheses are:

(a) Ho :x=4.5,Ha :x>4.5 (c) Ho :μ=4.75Ha:μ>4.75
(b) Ho :μ≥4.5Ha :μ<4.5 (d) Ho :μ=4.5Ha :μ>4.5

9
 5. At a significance level of a = 0.05, what is the correct conclusion?
(a) There is enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of hours is more
than 4.75.
(b) There is enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of hoursis more
than 4.5.
(c) There is not enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of hours is more
than 4.5.
(d) There is not enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of hours is more
than 4.75.

B. Directions: Perform the 6-steps in hypothesis testing in the problems below.

1. A seller claimed that her lip tint has a mean organic content of 90%. A rival seller
asked 60 users of that lip tint and found that it has a mean organic content of 85%
with a standard deviation of 5%. Test the claim at 1% level of significance and
assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.

2. An association of City Mayors conducted a study to determine the average number of

times a family went to buy necessities in a week. They found that the mean is 4 times
in a week. A random sample of 20 families were asked and found a mean of 5 times
in a week and a standard deviation of 2. Use 5% significance level to test that the
population mean is not equal to 5. Assume that the population is normally distributed.

10
 11
What’s More:
Step 1: Hypotheses: 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 70 and 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 70
𝛼 0.01
Step 2: Significance level: α/2=0.01/2=0.005 = = 0.005
2 2
̅
𝒙 −𝝁 𝟔𝟓−𝟕𝟎
Step 3: Test statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) =( ) (√𝟐𝟎) = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎 and 𝑣 = 19
𝒔 𝟑𝟐
Step 4: Critical region:
Since ≠ is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼⁄ ,𝑣 or 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼⁄ ,𝑣 will be used. Now using the
2 2
student t-distribution table, the value of −𝑡𝛼⁄ is
2,𝑣
−𝑡𝛼⁄ = −𝑡0.005, 19 = −2.861
2,𝑣
Step 5: Decision: Since −0.70 < −2.861 is FALSE and −0.70 > 2.861 is also
FALSE, 𝐻0 is rejected. From the illustration above, −0.70 lies between the
two critical regions.
Step 6: Conclusion: There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean
height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70 inches.
What’s New:
• A court trial is done following a series of steps. Everyone is innocent unless
proven guilty. Evidences must be gathered to prove one’s claim.
• Answers may vary.
What I Know:
1. a 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b
Answer Key
 12
What I Can Do:
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
HO: 𝜇 = 24,672 H1: 𝜇 ≠ 24,672 (claim)
Step 2: Find the critical value. Since 𝛼 = 0.01
Step 3: Compute the test value. z = [25,226 – 24,672]/[3,251/Ö35] = 1.01.
Step 4: Critical Region:
The test is a two-tailed test, the critical values are z = –2.58 and +2.58.
Step 5: Make the decision. Do not reject the null hypothesis, since the test value
falls in the noncritical region.
Step 5: Conclusion
There is no enough evidence to support the claim that the average cost of
rehabilitation at the large hospital is different from 24,672.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Assessment Questions:
SAQ1 : Is hypothesis testing an efficient way of solving problems? Explain.
YES. It is an efficient way of solving problems. The main purpose of statistics is to
test a hypothesis. For example, you might run an experiment and find that a certain
drug is effective at treating headaches. But if you can't repeat that experiment, no
one will take your results seriously.
SAQ 2: How do we draw conclusion about the population mean based on the
test-statistic value and the rejection region?
To get the correct wording, you need to recall which hypothesis was the claim. If the
claim was the null, then your conclusion is about whether there was sufficient
evidence to reject the claim. Remember, we can never prove the null to be true, but
failing to reject it is the next best thing.
SAQ1 : Is hypothesis testing an efficient way of solving problems? Explain.
YES. It is an efficient way of solving problems. The main purpose of statistics is to
test a hypothesis. For example, you might run an experiment and find that a certain
drug is effective at treating headaches. But if you can't repeat that experiment, no
 13
Assessment:
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. c
References:

Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016.

Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc.

Ocampo, Jose M. and Marquez, Wimer G. Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond,
Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc., 2016. ISBN 978-621
8006-27-0, 78-92.

Graph Generator. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from http://www.imathas.com/stattools

/norm.html

14
 I AM A FILIPINO
by Carlos P. Romulo
I am a Filipino – inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the
uncertain future. As such, I must prove equal to a two-fold
task – the task of meeting my responsibility to the past, and
the task of performing my obligation to the future.
I am sprung from a hardy race – child many generations
removed of ancient Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries,
the memory comes rushing back to me: of brown-skinned
men putting out to sea in ships that were as frail as their
hearts were stout. Over the sea I see them come, borne upon
the billowing wave and the whistling wind, carried upon the
mighty swell of hope – hope in the free abundance of the
new land that was to be their home and their children’s
forever.
This is the land they sought and found. Every inch of shore
that their eyes first set upon, every hill and mountain that
beckoned to them with a green and purple invitation, every
mile of rolling plain that their view encompassed, every
river and lake that promised a plentiful living and the
fruitfulness of commerce, is a hollowed spot to me.
By the strength of their hearts and hands, by every right of
law, human and divine, this land and all the appurtenances
thereof – the black and fertile soil, the seas and lakes and
rivers teeming with fish, the forests with their inexhaustible
wealth in wild and timber, the mountains with their bowels
swollen with minerals – the whole of this rich and happy
land has been for centuries without number, the land of my
fathers. This land I received in trust from them, and in trust
will pass it to my children, and so on until the world is no
more.
I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of
heroes – seed that flowered down the centuries in deeds of
courage and defiance. In my veins yet pulses the same hot
blood that sent Lapulapu to battle against the alien foe, that
drove Diego Silang and Dagohoy into rebellion against the
foreign oppressor.
That seed is immortal. It is the self-same seed that flowered
in the heart of Jose Rizal that morning in Bagumbayan
when a volley of shots put an end to all that was mortal of
him and made his spirit deathless forever; the same that
flowered in the hearts of Bonifacio in Balintawak, of
Gregorio del Pilar at Tirad Pass, of Antonio Luna at
Calumpit, that bloomed in flowers of frustration in the sad
heart of Emilio Aguinaldo at Palanan, and yet burst forth
royally again in the proud heart of Manuel L. Quezon when
he stood at last on the threshold of ancient Malacanang
Palace, in the symbolic act of possession and racial
vindication. The seed I bear within me is an immortal seed.
15
It is the mark of my manhood, the symbol of my dignity as
a human being. Like the seeds that were once buried in the
tomb of Tutankhamen many thousands of years ago, it
shall grow and flower and bear fruit again. It is the insigne
of my race, and my generation is but a stage in the
unending search of my people for freedom and happiness.
I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the East and the
West. The East, with its languor and mysticism, its
passivity and endurance, was my mother, and my sire was
the West that came thundering across the seas with the
Cross and Sword and the Machine. I am of the East, an
eager participant in its struggles for liberation from the
imperialist yoke. But I know also that the East must awake
from its centuried sleep, shake off the lethargy that has
bound its limbs, and start moving where destiny awaits.
For I, too, am of the West, and the vigorous peoples of the
West have destroyed forever the peace and quiet that once
were ours. I can no longer live, a being apart from those
whose world now trembles to the roar of bomb and cannon
shot. For no man and no nation is an island, but a part of
the main, and there is no longer any East and West – only
individuals and nations making those momentous choices
that are the hinges upon which history revolves. At the
vanguard of progress in this part of the world I stand – a
forlorn figure in the eyes of some, but not one defeated
and lost. For through the thick, interlacing branches of
habit and custom above me I have seen the light of the
sun, and I know that it is good. I have seen the light of
justice and equality and freedom, my heart has been lifted
by the vision of democracy, and I shall not rest until my
land and my people shall have been blessed by these,
beyond the power of any man or nation to subvert or
destroy.
I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge
shall I give that I may prove worthy of my inheritance? I
shall give the pledge that has come ringing down the
corridors of the centuries, and it shall be compounded of
the joyous cries of my Malayan forebears when first they
saw the contours of this land loom before their eyes, of the
battle cries that have resounded in every field of combat
from Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices of my people
when they sing:
“I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall not rest until
freedom shall have been added unto my inheritance—for
myself and my children and my children’s children—
forever.”