Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion: Multiple-Choice

Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
Multiple-Choice
1. The experience of feelings is known as a(n) ________.
a. stimulus
b. emotion
c. motive
d. cue
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
Skill: F
2. Both motives and emotions move us toward some ________.

a. incentive
b. stimulus
c. action
Correct: Emotions and motives are at the heart of why our behaviors take place. They move us
toward actions.
d. equilibrium
Incorrect: While some biological motives move us toward a state of physiological equilibrium,
this is not true of all motives and emotions.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
Skill: C
3. Which statement about motivation is not true?

a. Two people motivated by the same factor may satisfy the motive through different means.
Incorrect: You can probably think of two people you know who achieve the same outcome
through very different methods.
b. A motive energizes and directs behavior.
c. The same motivation or emotion always results in the same action or behavior.
Correct: The same motivation or emotion may lead to very different behaviors, given different
contexts or surroundings.
d. We do not have to be aware of motivational processes.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Skill: C
4. Which statement about motivation is true?

a. We are always aware of motivational processes.
b. Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.
c. Different motives always lead to different behaviors.
d. A motive energizes and directs behavior.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
Skill: F
5. Hugh has such a strong need to bolster his fragile self-esteem that he engages in dangerously
promiscuous behavior. Hugh’s need to bolster his self-esteem is a(n) ________.
a. motive
Correct: This tendency of Hugh’s is an internal state that drives his actions. It is not an emotion
because it is not related to his feelings, so it is a motive.
b. action
c. incentive
Incorrect: An incentive is an external reward that motivates behaviors. The best answer to this
question is motive.
d. cue
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
Skill: A
6. A specific need or desire that arouses an organism and directs its behavior toward a goal is
known as a(n) ________.
a. incentive
b. stimulus
c. motive
d. behavior
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
Skill: F
2
Perspectives on Motivation
Learning Objective
 Compare and contrast instincts, drive-reduction theory, and arousal theory (including the
Yerkes-Dodson law) as explanations of human behavior. Distinguish between primary
and secondary drives, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and summarize Maslow’s
hierarchy of motives.
7. In the early 20th century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by
attributing it to ________.
a. instincts
b. emotions
c. learned responses
d. incentives
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Perspectives on Motivation
Skill: F
8. Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species is called

a(n) ________.
a. motive
b. incentive
c. drive
d. instinct
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 259
Skill: F
9. Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of ________.

a. needs
b. incentives
Incorrect: The reward of spawning upstream does not seem to be what motivates the behavior. It
appears to be inborn and instinctive.
c. motives
d. instinct
Correct: These behaviors appear to be unlearned and part of a salmon’s inborn tendencies. This
makes it instinctive behavior.
Answer: d
3
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 259
Skill: A
10. Human behavior is ________ rigid, unchanging, inflexible, and found throughout the
species.
a. never
b. rarely
Correct: Human behavior tends to be very dynamic, adaptable, and idiosyncratic.
c. always
Incorrect: This is the opposite of a correct representation of human behavior.
d. usually
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 259
Skill: C
11. ________ significant human behavior is ________.

a. All; learned
b. Most; inborn
c. Most; learned
d. All; inborn
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 259
Skill: F
12. The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by the body’s attempts to reduce tension from
conditions such as hunger or thirst to a state of balance is ________ theory.
a. needs
b. homeostatis
c. disequilibrium
d. drive-reduction
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
4
13. Some psychologists believe that behavior is motivated by the body’s attempts to achieve a
state of balance in which the body functions effectively, or ________.
a. acquiescence
b. homeostasis
c. propinquity
d. reciprocity
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1 4 yr.: 92% r = .29
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
14. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ________.
a. drive
b. emotion
c. impulse
d. instinct
Answer: a
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
15. Hunger and thirst are examples of ________.

a. incentives
Incorrect: Food or water in response to hunger or thirst would be considered an incentive, but
the hunger or thirst is a drive.
b. instincts
c. motives
d. drives
Correct: Hunger and thirst are unbalanced internal states that seem to motivate behaviors.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
16. Which of the following does not support drive-reduction theory?

a. going to sleep when you are tired
b. getting some food when you are hungry
Incorrect: Hunger is an example of a primary drive, and eating is an action that reduces that
drive and restores homeostasis.
c. going jogging when you are bored
5
Correct: Being bored, though unpleasant, does not cause a disruption to your body’s
physiological homeostasis.
d. getting something to drink when you are thirsty
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: A
17. Primary drives are ________.

a. influenced by stimuli outside the body
b. learned
c. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
d. based on a physiological state
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
18. Primary drives are ________.

a. produced by external incentives
b. unlearned
c. learned
d. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
19. Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of ________ drives.

a. secondary
Incorrect: Secondary drives are acquired through learning, and thirst, sex, and hunger do not
have to be learned.
b. internalized
c. reduction
d. primary
Correct: Primary drives are unlearned and found in all animals. Thirst, sex, and hunger are
found in all animals, and do not have to be learned.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
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Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
20. Which of the following is not a primary drive?

a. thirst
b. sex
Incorrect: The choice to act on a sexual impulse is something that is learned, but sexual impulses
are physiologically driven and unlearned.
c. curiosity
Correct: Curiosity is a cognitive state, not a physiological state. Primary drives are unlearned
physiological states.
d. hunger
Answer: c
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
21. Which of the following is a primary drive?

a. curiosity
Incorrect: Curiosity is a cognitive state, not a physiological state. Primary drives are unlearned
physiological states.
b. achievement
c. introspection
d. sex
Correct: The choice to act on a sexual impulse is something that is learned, but sexual impulses
are physiologically driven and unlearned. This makes sex a primary drive.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
22. Physiologically-based drives that are unlearned are called ________ drives.
a. primary
b. tertiary
c. reflexive
d. secondary
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
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Skill: F
23. Primary drives are found in ________.

a. most animals except primates
b. only mammals
c. only reptiles and fish
d. all animals
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
24. Drives that are acquired through learning are called ________ drives.
a. reflexive
b. tertiary
c. primary
d. secondary
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
25. The drive to become famous and accumulate great power is a ________ drive.
a. secondary
Correct: The need for fame and power are not physiological and unlearned. They are social,
learned needs. This makes them secondary drives.
b. reflexive
c. primary
Incorrect: Primary drives are unlearned and physiological in nature. The needs for fame and
power do not qualify.
d. tertiary
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
26. Which of the following is not a secondary drive?

a. a drive for high levels of achievement
b. a drive for sexual activity
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Correct: Sexual activity is an unlearned, physiological need. This makes it a primary, not a
secondary, drive.
c. a drive for great wealth
d. a drive to be successful in school
Incorrect: The drive to be successful in school, though very important for life success, is neither
unlearned nor physiological. This makes it a secondary drive.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
27. The theory of motivation that proposes that organisms seek an optimum level of stimulation
is ________ theory.
a. drive reduction
b. arousal
c. instinct
d. the hierarchy of needs
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
28. The Yerkes-Dodson Law states ________.

a. organisms seek to reduce arousal and maintain homeostasis
b. that intrinsic motivation is more powerful than intrinsic motivation
Incorrect: The Yerkes-Dodson law does not involve a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation.
c. there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance of any task
Correct: The Yerkes-Dodson law tells us that either too much or too little arousal will fail to
motivate the best performance.
d. extrinsic motivation is more powerful than intrinsic motivation
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
29. Which of the following is true?

a. Behavior is almost always motivated to maintain the current level of arousal.
b. Sometimes behavior is motivated to increase arousal, while other times it is motivated to
reduce arousal.
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c. Behavior is almost always motivated to reduce arousal.
d. Behavior is almost always motivated to increase arousal.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
30. The idea that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance of any task, and the
more complex the task, the lower the level of optimal arousal, is ________.
a. the Law of Effect
b. the Law of Diminishing Returns
c. Weber’s Law
d. the Yerkes-Dodson Law
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
31. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, higher levels of arousal ________.

a. are best when performing complex tasks
b. are best for performing all tasks, whether simple or complex
c. always disrupt performance of a task
Incorrect: The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that for simple tasks, high levels of arousal may
actually help to encourage excellent performance.
d. are best when performing simple tasks
Correct: The Yerkes-Dodson law states that as task complexity increases, our tolerance for
higher levels of arousal decreases.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
32. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, lower levels of arousal ________.

a. are best when performing simple tasks
Incorrect: For simple tasks, the Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that higher levels of arousal are
best.
b. are best when performing complex tasks
Correct: The Yerkes-Dodson law states that as task complexity increases, our tolerance for
higher levels of arousal decreases.
c. are best for performing all tasks, whether simple or complex
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d. always disrupt performance of a task
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
33. Behavior such as skydiving is best explained by ________.

a. a motive for sensation seeking
Correct: Sensation seeking seems to explain why some people are more drawn toward intense
activities such as skydiving.
b. a motive for homeostasis
Incorrect: Homeostasis is a central concept of the drive-reduction theory. The best answer to this
question is sensation seeking.
c. drive reduction theory
d. arousal theory
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: C
34. Extremely stimulating activities such as sky-diving, bungee jumping, and hang gliding are
________.
a. well explained by both arousal theory and drive-reduction theory
b. well explained by arousal theory but not drive-reduction theory
c. well explained by drive-reduction theory but not arousal theory
d. not well explained by either drive-reduction theory or arousal theory
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
35. Which of the following is least well explained by arousal theory?

a. going for a walk
b. playing a computer game
c. skydiving
Correct: The arousal theory, on its own, does not adequately explain why some people seem to
have a need for higher levels of intense activities.
d. watching television
Incorrect: Watching television is a relatively low level of arousal, which would be explained by
the arousal theory.
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Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 260
Skill: A
36. Each of the following is true of high sensation seekers when compared to low sensation
seekers except they are more likely ________.
a. engage in unsafe driving.
b. to be classified as aggressive in school
c. to have more sexual partners and engage in more varied and dangerous sexual activities
d. to smoke, drink heavily and use illicit drugs
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260-261
Skill: F
37. Which of the following statements is not true?

a. Objects in the environment can motivate behavior.
Incorrect: These external objects are the basis of what psychologists call extrinsic motivation.
b. Organisms generally seek to maintain an optimum state of arousal.
c. Drive reduction does not explain all motivated behavior.
d. All behaviors seem to be triggered by internal states.
Correct: Psychologists distinguish between intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external)
motivations, and both are salient in explaining human behaviors.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Skill: C
38. A desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual is known as ________
motivation.
a. secondary
b. intrinsic
c. primary
d. extrinsic
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 261
Skill: F
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39. A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as
________ motivation.
a. primary
b. extrinsic
c. intrinsic
d. secondary
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 261
Skill: F
40. The person who climbs a mountain “because it is there” and is not interested in fame or
fortune is responding to ________ motivation.
a. primary
b. extrinsic
Incorrect: If this individual were offered money or a reward for climbing the mountain, it would
be extrinsic motivation.
c. intrinsic
Correct: This individual is engaging in an action for the internal need and desire to do it. That is
intrinsic motivation.
d. secondary
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 261
Skill: A
41. The student who completes a project in school hoping to get first prize in a competition is
responding to ________ motivation.
a. secondary
b. extrinsic
Correct: This student is engaging in a behavior for the goal of earning some sort of reward. This
is an example of extrinsic motivation.
c. primary
d. intrinsic
Incorrect: If this student completed this project simply for the internal desire to finish the job, it
would be intrinsic motivation. Her desire to win a prize, however, makes this extrinsic
motivation.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 261
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Skill: A
42. Unexpected rewards ________.

a. reduce intrinsic motivation, but not as much as contractual rewards
b. reduce intrinsic motivation as much as contractual rewards
c. reduce intrinsic motivation even more than contractual rewards
d. do not necessarily reduce intrinsic motivation
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
43. Positive feedback, including praise, ________.

a. may actually increase intrinsic motivation
b. dramatically reduces intrinsic motivation
c. has no effect on intrinsic motivation
d. slightly reduces intrinsic motivation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
44. When people are offered extrinsic rewards for a behavior, intrinsic motivation and a sense of
personal responsibility for that behavior are ________.
a. likely to increase
b. likely to remain unchanged
c. impossible to predict
d. likely to decrease
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
45. The motive of self-actualization makes one want to ________.

a. have frequent contact with others
Incorrect: This sort of social need is found in the middle of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is
referred to as belongingness needs.
b. fulfill one’s inborn potential
14
Correct: Maslow suggested that human beings are naturally driven to reach their full potential.
He called this self-actualization.
c. convince others of one’s true worth
d. possess as many material goods as possible
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2 4 yr.: 89% r = .25; 4 yr.: 89% r = .25; 4 yr.: 93% r = .17
Page Reference: 262
Skill: C
46. The correct sequential order of Maslow’s hierarchy of motives from most complex and
human to most primitive is ________.
a. self-actualization, belongingness, safety, esteem, physiological
b. belongingness, self-actualization, esteem, physiological, safety
c. self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety, physiological
d. self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, physiological, safety
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
47. According to Maslow’s theory, higher motives emerge ________.

a. before any other needs emerge
Incorrect: Maslow believed that higher motives are only addressed after lower needs are
satisfied.
b. unpredictably, depending on the situation
c. simultaneously with more basic needs
d. only after more basic ones have been satisfied
Correct: A person who is starving does not care about esteem or belongingness. This
demonstrates that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher needs are addressed.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 262
Skill: C
48. Which of the following proposed a hierarchy of motives?

a. Freud
b. Maslow
c. Skinner
d. Horner
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Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
49. According to Maslow, lower motives spring from ________.

a. bodily needs that must be satisfied
b. needs for spiritual and intellectual development
c. social needs that must be satisfied
d. needs for self-actualization
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
50. According to Maslow, the highest level on the hierarchy of needs is ________.
a. physiological needs
b. esteem
c. intellectual needs
d. self-actualization
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
51. Which of the following does not show the motivating power of self-actualization?
a. Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it
well.
b. Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be
secure in the knowledge that his family can survive.
Correct: Mark’s needs seem to be decidedly extrinsic, while the concept of self-actualization
involves striving for accomplishment for the intrinsic satisfaction it brings.
c. Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more
time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
d. Barbara knows that as a teacher, she is a good person because she realizes the importance of
imparting knowledge to society.
Incorrect: Barbara’s desire to work in an occupation that is not very high-paying is motivated by
intrinsic needs, which is consistent with the concept of self-actualization.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
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Page Reference: 262
Skill: A
52. The correct sequential order of Maslow’s hierarchy of motives from the most primitive to the
most complex and human is ________.
a. safety, physiological, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
b. physiological, esteem, safety, belongingness, self-actualization
c. physiological, esteem, self-actualization, safety, belongingness
d. physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3 4 yr.: 72% r = .35; 4 yr.: 65% r = .30; 4 yr.: 91% r = .45; 4 yr.: 70% r = .47; 2
yr.: 82% r = .30
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
Hunger and Thirst
Learning Objectives
 Identify the areas of the brain that are involved in hunger and describe the role of
glucose, leptin, and ghrelin in determining a biological need for food. Distinguish
between the biological need for food and the experience of hunger (including the role of
incentives).
 List the symptoms that are used to diagnose anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, muscle
dysmorphia, and obesity. Describe the people who are most likely to develop these
disorders and the most likely causes of them.
53. Hunger is stimulated by ________ cues. Thirst is stimulated by ________ cues.

a. internal; external
b. internal and external; internal and external
c. external; internal and external
d. internal and external; internal
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 263
Topic: Hunger and Thirst
Skill: F
54. Thirst is monitored by ________ regulators that monitor the level of fluids inside and outside
the cells.
a. five
b. four
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c. three
d. two
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 263
Skill: F
55. Fat cells in our body produce ________, which travels in the bloodstream, and high levels of
it signal the brain to reduce appetite, or to increase the rate at which fat is burned.
a. leptin
b. ghrelin
c. glycerol
d. glucose
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 264
Skill: F
56. A hormone produced in the stomach and small intestines that increases appetite is ________.
a. insulin
b. glycerol
c. ghrelin
d. leptin
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 264
Skill: F
57. Located in the __________ are two regions that serve as “on and off” switches for eating
behaviors.
a. temporal lobes
b. frontal lobes
c. hypothalamus
d. thalamus
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 264
Skill: F
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58. A hormone secreted by the pancreas that keeps glucose levels balanced is ________.
a. leptin
b. ghrelin
c. insulin
d. glycerol
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 264
Skill: F
59. The brain measures hunger satiety by measuring the level of ________ in the blood.
a. glucose
b. cholesterol
c. lipoproteins
d. insulin
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 264
Skill: F
60. Horse meat is very popular in ________.

a. America
b. Europe
c. Asia
d. Africa
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 265
Skill: F
61. Eating which of the following violates both Islamic and Jewish dietary laws?
a. dog meat
b. lamb
c. horse meat
d. pork
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
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Page Reference: 265
Skill: F
62. Each of the following except ________ affects hunger.

a. cholesterol level
b. being sleep deprived
c. looking at the clock
d. your emotional state
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 265
Skill: F
63. The mere sight, smell, or thought of food causes ________ in insulin production and
________ in glucose levels in the body’s cells.
a. decreases; decreases
b. decreases; increases
c. increases; decreases
d. increases; increases
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 265
Skill: F
64. The mere aroma of food ________.

a. serves as an incentive to eat and arouses the primary drive of hunger
b. has little or no affect, by itself, in arousing hunger
c. arouses the primary drive of hunger, although it does not serve as an incentive to eat
d. serves as an incentive to eat, but does not arouse the primary drive of hunger
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 265
Skill: F
65. The way in which a person responds when hungry ________.

a. is consistent across cultures
Incorrect: There are marked differences in eating norms from culture to culture.
b. varies directly with the age of the individual
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c. is entirely dependent on internal drives
d. varies with each individual’s social conditioning
Correct: The types of foods we enjoy and the types of eating behaviors we demonstrate depend on
our social conditioning.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 265
Skill: C
66. Each of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa except ________.

a. intense fear of becoming obese, which does not diminish as weight loss progresses
b. refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimal normal weight for height and age
c. recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging of the foods just eaten
d. disturbance of body image, such as “feeling fat” even when emaciated
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
67. Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense
fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she “feels fat” and
refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most
likely suffering from ________.
a. bulimia nervosa
Incorrect: Bulimia nervosa differs from anorexia in that bulimic individuals are not drastically
underweight, and do not have distortions of their body image.
b. Karposi’s anemia
c. anorexia nervosa
Correct: Anorexia is marked by being severely underweight, having a distorted body image, and
feeling an intense fear of gaining weight.
d. Huntington’s chorea
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: A
68. A serious eating disorder that is associated with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted
body image is called ________.
a. anorexia nervosa
b. Huntington’s chorea
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c. bulimia
d. Karposi’s anemia
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
69. Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa?
a. an upper-class black female
b. a middle-class black female
c. an upper-class white female
d. a lower-class white female
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
70. Approximately ________ percent of all adolescents suffer from anorexia nervosa.
a. 5
b. 1
c. 3
d. 7
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
71. About 90 percent of those suffering from anorexia nervosa are ________.
a. upper- or middle-class females
b. lower- or middle-class females
c. lower- or middle-class males
d. upper- or middle-class males
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
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72. Each of the following is a criterion used for diagnosing bulimia except ________.
a. body shape and weight excessively influence the person’s self-image
b. refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height
c. recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight
gain
d. recurrent episodes of binge eating
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
73. About ________ percent of all adolescent females suffer from bulimia nervosa.
a. 1 to 2
b. 12 to 15
c. 8 to 10
d. 4 to 6
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
74. Which of the following females is most likely to develop bulimia?

a. a lower-class female who is a college graduate
b. a lower-class female high school dropout
c. an upper-middle class female high school graduate who is attending college
Correct: Like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa most frequently affects middle- or upper-class
women.
d. a middle-class male who is trying to make his high-school wrestling team.
Incorrect: While men with eating disorders represent a population not to be ignored or forgotten,
they are much less frequently seen then women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 266
Skill: C
75. Which of the following people is least likely to develop bulimia?

a. an upper-class female attending a state university where dating is not emphasized
b. a lower-class female who does not attend college
Correct: Lower-class women are less likely to develop eating disorders than middle- or upper-
class women.
23
c. a middle-class female attending a community college where dating is emphasized
Incorrect: A middle- or upper-class woman is more likely than a lower-class woman to develop
an eating disorder.
d. an upper-class female attending an elite private college where dating is not emphasized
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: A
76. Muscle dysmorphia is ________.

a. characterized by excessive cramping of the muscles when exercising
b. an obsessive concern with one’s muscle size
c. characterized by excessively large but weak striated muscles
d. a steady and uncontrollable deterioration of muscle mass in young adulthood
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
77. George spends an inordinate amount of time working out at his health club. Despite the fact
that he is already well-muscled, he constantly frets and worries that he is too “puny” and not
“manly” enough. His behavior is typical of someone with ________.
a. Korsakoff’s syndrome
Incorrect: Korsakoff’s syndrome is associated with extreme alcohol use, and is not related to
one’s perception of their own muscles.
b. muscle dysmorphia
Correct: Muscle dysmorphia is marked by an obsessive preoccupation with one’s muscle size.
c. bulimia nervosa
d. anorexia nervosa
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 266
Skill: A
78. Muscular dysmorphia has been increasing particularly among ________.

a. older men
b. young women
c. young men
d. older women
Answer: c
24
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
79. Women with bulimia nervosa typically are characterized by each of the following except
________.
a. lowered self-esteem and depression
b. engaging in self-injurious behaviors
c. problem drinking and drug use
d. hypersensitivity to social interactions
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
80. Each of the following is true of eating disorders except ________.

a. there is evidence that genetics plays a role in the development of an eating disorder
b. they are relatively easy to treat, once diagnosed
c. they are much more common among females than males
d. media emphasis on weight causes many women to overestimate their body size
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
81. Genetics appears to play a role in ________.

a. neither anorexia nor bulimia
b. both anorexia and bulimia
c. bulimia but not anorexia
d. anorexia, but not bulimia
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
82. About ________ of Americans are either overweight or obese.

a. one-half
b. one-third
25
c. one-quarter
d. two-thirds
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
83. The rate of obesity among young people has ________ since 1980.
a. doubled
b. tripled
c. not changed
d. declined
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
84. According to the U.S. Surgeon General, ________ is the most pressing health problem in
America today.
a. obesity
b. alcoholism
c. illegal drug use
d. cigarette smoking
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
85. ________ refers to an excess of body fat in relation to lean body mass.
a. Fat
b. Obesity
c. Overweight
d. Morbidity
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
26
86. ________ refers to weighing more than a desirable standard.
a. Morbidity
b. Obesity
c. Overweight
d. Bulimia
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
87. Obesity has increased by more than ________ percent during the last decade.
a. 30
b. 50
c. 90
d. 70
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
88. Anna is trying to lose weight. Which of the following will probably not help her?
a. Reward herself for keeping weight off as well as losing weight.
b. Set ambitious goals that will take an “all out” effort to achieve.
c. Keep high-fat, high-calorie foods out of the house.
d. Concentrate on losing small amounts of weight and keeping it off.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 268
Topic: Applying Psychology: The Slow (but Lasting) Fix for Weight Gain
Skill: F
89. According to ________ theory, if you consume more calories than you need for that weight,
your metabolic rate will go up, whereas if you eat fewer calories than you need your metabolic
rate will go down.
a. set point
b. opponent-process
c. reactivity
d. abreaction
Answer: a
27
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
90. According to set point theory, if you consume more calories than you need for your weight,
your metabolic rate will go ________, and if you eat fewer calories than you need your
metabolic rate will go ________.
a. up; up
b. up; down
c. down; down
d. down; up
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
91. A successful weight-control program must be ________-term and work ________ the body’s
tendency to maintain weight.
a. long; with
b. short; with
c. short; against
d. long; against
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
92. The most effective metabolism raiser is a regular program of exercise involving ________
activity several times a week.
a. 20 to 30 minutes of strenuous
b. 2 to 3 hours of moderate
c. 20 to 30 minutes of moderate
d. 2 to 3 hours of strenuous
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
28
93. A regular program of exercise, to be an effective metabolism raiser, needs to burn off about
________ calories during each session.
a. 400 to 600
b. 200 to 300
c. 700 to 1,000
d. 50 to 100
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
94. High levels of fats and sugars in your system cause ________ in the body’s level of insulin
and ________ the hunger center.
a. decreases; calm
b. decreases; stimulate
c. increases; stimulate
d. increases; calm
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
95. Successful weight loss programs involve each of the following except ________.
a. reducing the consumption of both calories and saturated fats
b. combining reductions in food intake with regular exercise to increase metabolism
c. use of your favorite foods as rewards for achieving weight-loss goals
d. focusing on maintaining the lower weight you reach as much as on losing more weight
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
96. The most effective way to increase the body’s metabolism when trying to lose weight is to
________.
a. eat more protein
b. sleep less and get up earlier
c. engage in an exercise program
d. reduce your calorie intake
Answer: c
29
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
97. Which of the following is the most effective way to lose weight?
a. Increase the levels of insulin in your blood.
b. Embark on an exercise program without changing your caloric intake.
c. Reduce your calorie intake without increasing your exercise.
d. Exercise and make proper dietary changes.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 268
Skill: F
98. Each of the following is true except ________.

a. overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults
b. overweight adults have increased risk of developing diseases like diabetes
c. obesity is increasing despite decreases in portion size in recent years
d. a sedentary lifestyle contributes to obesity
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 269
Skill: F
Sex
Learning Objectives
 Describe how sexual motivation is both similar to and different from other primary
drives. Identify the factors (biological and nonbiological) that affect sexual motivation.
 Describe the sexual response cycle and how it differs for men and women. Briefly
explain what is meant by the statement that “research indicates that the sex lives of most
Americans differ significantly from media portrayals.”
 Summarize the research evidence for and against a biological basis for sexual orientation.
99. The human sex drive ________.

a. can be turned on and off by both biological factors and environmental cues
Correct: Human sexual desire can be either activated or inactivated by a variety of stimuli, both
internal and external.
b. cannot be turned on or off, it runs at a constant, preset level
c. can be turned on and off by environmental cues, but not by biological factors
Incorrect: Biological factors, such as hormonal or chemical changes, can impact one’s sex drive.
d. can be turned on and off by biological factors, but not by environmental cues
30
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: C
100. The sexual drive is different from hunger and thirst in that the sexual drive ________.
a. can be turned on and off by environmental cues
Incorrect: Both sex and hunger can be activated or inactivated by environmental stimuli.
b. leads to responses which are shaped by experience
c. is vital only to the survival of the species
Correct: Hunger is only necessary for the survival of an individual, while sex is necessary for the
survival of the species.
d. is vital only to the survival of the individual
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2 4 yr.: 63% r = .41; 2 yr.: 70% r = .33
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: C
101. The primary male sex hormone is ________.

a. estrogen
b. testosterone
c. pheromone
d. progesterone
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
102. The major difference in animal and human sex drives is that ________.
a. human sex drive is controlled by the male’s reproductive system
b. human sex drive is controlled by hormones
Incorrect: Hormones explain some, but not all, of the origin of the human sex drive.
Environmental factors play a very important role as well.
c. humans are capable of sexual arousal at any time
Correct: Humans are not limited in their sexual drives by the influence of biological mechanisms.
They can experience sexual drive at any time.
d. human sex drive is controlled by the female’s reproductive system
Answer: c
31
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: C
103. Chemicals that stimulate sexual readiness through the sense of smell are ________.
a. globulins
b. antigens
c. pheromones
d. androgens
Answer: c
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
104. Sexual excitement seems to be influenced by the ________ and the _________.
a. parietal lobes; hypothalamus
b. thyroid gland; ghrelin cortex
c. upper spinal cord; sympathetic nervous system
d. limbic system; insula
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
105. The researcher(s) known for discovering the sexual response cycle is (are) ________.
a. Hobson & McCarley
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Masters & Johnson
d. Alfred Kinsey
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
106. The sexual response cycle has ________ phases.

a. five
b. two
c. four
d. three
32
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
107. The correct chronological order of the phases of the sexual response cycle is ________.
a. resolution, excitement, plateau, orgasm
b. resolution, plateau, excitement, orgasm
c. excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
d. plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
108. In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, the genitals become engorged with
blood, causing erection of the penis in males, and erection of the clitoris and nipples in females.
a. plateau
b. resolution
c. orgasm
d. excitement
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
109. In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, sexual tension levels off, breathing
becomes more rapid and genital secretions and muscle tension increase.
a. resolution
b. orgasm
c. excitement
d. plateau
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
33
110. In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, the male ejaculates and the woman’s
uterus contracts rhythmically, and both men and women experience some loss of muscle control.
a. excitement
b. resolution
c. plateau
d. orgasm
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
111. In the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, muscle tension decreases and the
engorged genitals return to normal.
a. resolution
b. excitement
c. orgasm
d. plateau
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
112. The average duration of intercourse reported by most people is approximately ________
minutes.
a. 15
b. 5
c. 45
d. 30
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
113. The median number of sex partners for the average male over a lifetime is ________.
a. eight
b. two
c. six
d. four
Answer: c
34
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
114. The median number of sex partners for the average female over a lifetime is ________.
a. eight
b. four
c. six
d. two
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
115. According to a 1994 study, about ________ percent of men have committed adultery.
a. 45
b. 5
c. 25
d. 65
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
116. According to a 1994 study, about ________ percent of women have committed adultery.
a. 5
b. 65
c. 15
d. 35
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
117. Married couples report having sex ________ often and being ________ satisfied with their
sex lives than unmarried persons.
a. less; more
b. less; less
35
c. more; more
d. more; less
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
118. Men are ________ interested in sex than women, and are ________ likely to link sex to a
close, committed relationship.
a. more; less
Correct: Among the four findings about sex differences between men and women that have been
found via extensive research, these are two of them.
b. less; more
c. less; less
d. more; more
Incorrect: While men demonstrate more interest in sex than women, they do not attach it to close,
committed relationships as frequently as do women.
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 272
Topic: Sex
Skill: C
119. ________ refers to the direction of an individual’s sexual interest.

a. Sexual orientation
b. Sexual proclivity
c. Sexual response
d. Gender identity
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
120. People who are attracted exclusively to members of the opposite sex have a ________
orientation.
a. homosexual
b. asexual
c. heterosexual
d. bisexual
Answer: c
36
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
121. People who are attracted exclusively to members of the same sex have a ________
orientation.
a. bisexual
b. heterosexual
c. unisexual
d. homosexual
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
122. People who are attracted to members of both sexes are called ________.
a. bisexual
b. heterosexuals
c. asexuals
d. homosexuals
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
123. Current research indicates that between ________ percent of the young adult population in
the United States is homosexual.
a. 1 to 3
b. 7 to 10
c. 3 to 4
d. 11 to 15
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
124. Each of the following is true of research findings on homosexuality except ________.
37
a. there is a higher incidence of homosexuality among men from families with other gay men or
men who have a homosexual twin
b. children raised by gay or lesbian parents are more likely to become homosexual
Correct: There is no scientific support for the contention that being raised by one or two gay
parents is likely to produce children with a gay sexual orientation.
c. homosexual men and women generally knew before puberty that they were “different”
Incorrect: Many homosexual individuals know early in life that there is something “different”
about them, even before they can identify that difference as being related to their sexual
orientation.
d. studies have shown there are anatomical and physiological differences between the brains of
homosexual and heterosexual men
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: C
125. Among pygmy chimpanzees, about ________ percent of all observed sexual activity is
between members of the same sex.
a. 90
b. 70
c. 30
d. 50
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
126. Homosexual behavior has been observed ________.

a. only in humans and other primates
b. only in humans
c. in humans, primates, mammals, and even in birds
d. only in humans and other mammals
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 273
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
Other Important Motives
38
Learning Objectives
 Briefly describe the major stimulus motives; exploration, curiosity, manipulation, and
contact.
 Describe the role of learning as a determinant of aggression, including evidence for
gender and cultural differences in aggressive behavior.
 Identify the components of achievement behavior and the characteristics of people who
are high in achievement motivation. Explain the factors that affect the affiliation motive
and the likelihood that a person will express their need for affiliation.
127. Greg cannot stand being cooped up in a house all day. He is happiest when he is outdoors
exploring his environment. His need to actively explore his neighborhood is a ________.
a. secondary drive
b. primary drive
Incorrect: Greg is not responding to a motive that is biologically wired into all animals, so this is
not a primary drive.
c. tertiary drive
d. stimulus motive
Correct: Greg is being driven by the stimulus motive of exploration.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 274
Topic: Other Important Motives
Skill: A
128. ________ motives are largely unlearned motives that push us to investigate and often
change the world around us.
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Stimulus
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 274
Skill: F
129. Which of the following is not a stimulus motive?

a. power
b. curiosity
c. exploration
d. manipulation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
39
Page Reference: 274
Skill: F
130. Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

a. affiliation
b. contact
c. hunger
d. achievement
Answer: b
Page Reference: 274
Skill: F
131. Which of the following situations best illustrates how a stimulus motive can direct
behavior?
a. A rat will learn a maze in order to get food.
b. Children who see an object new to their environment will usually pick it up and try to see how
it works.
Correct: Exploration and curiosity are stimulus motives.
c. People who are used to eating dinner at 6 P. M. feel hungrier as dinnertime approaches.
d. Monkeys kept in a zoo will form male-female pairs, copulate, and rear their young.
Incorrect: Sexual behaviors are not considered to be directed by a stimulus motive.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Skill: A
132. Which of the following situations does not illustrate how a stimulus motive can direct
behavior?
a. Children seem to have a natural curiosity to learn about the world.
b. A rat in a maze will naturally explore it.
c. People who are used to eating dinner at 6 P.M. feel hungrier as dinnertime approaches.
Correct: Hunger and eating behaviors are not considered to be stimulus motives.
d. Monkeys kept in a zoo will tend to huddle together.
Incorrect: The contact motive addresses this behavior among the monkeys.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Skill: A
40
133. Taking a Sunday stroll around a city park while playing with a set of keys in your hand
could satisfy each of the following except the ________ motive.
a. exploration
Incorrect: The activity of walking around investigating ones environment (the park) is an
example of exploration.
b. manipulation
c. contact
Correct: This activity, which is taking place alone, would not satisfy the contact motive.
d. curiosity
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Skill: A
134. Curiosity has been linked to ________.

a. neither intelligence nor creativity
b. both creativity and intelligence
c. creativity, but not intelligence
d. intelligence, but not creativity
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
135. Which of the following would be most likely to result from a manipulation motive?
a. tapping your fingers on a desktop during a lecture
Incorrect: Though this is a form of physical contact, it does not really address the manipulation
motive.
b. fiddling with a pocket watch during a job interview
Correct: The manipulation motive refers to a “need” to touch, play with, or “fiddle with”
objects.
c. looking for a drugstore in order to buy a newspaper
d. taking apart a car engine to see how it runs
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 275
Skill: A
41
136. Which of the following motives is the only one that is directed toward a specific object that
must be touched, handled, and played with?
a. curiosity
b. contact
c. exploration
d. manipulation
Answer: d
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
137. Zorba enjoys toying with his set of car keys while he is talking. These keys probably satisfy
his ________ need.
a. contact
Incorrect: If Zorba were just holding the keys (passive) it would be the contact need. Because
Zorba is playing with the keys (active) it is the manipulation need.
b. manipulation
Correct: The need to touch and handle objects refers to our manipulation needs.
c. activity
d. exploration
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 275
Skill: A
138. The manipulation motive is ________.

a. limited to primates
b. limited to humans
c. found in all animals
d. found in all mammals
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
139. The need for affection, cuddling, and closeness is associated with the ________ motive.
a. contact
Correct: Harlow’s studies demonstrated the need for animal-to-animal contact. This refers to the
contact motive.
b. exploration
42
Incorrect: The exploration need refers to our desire to wander and investigate our environment
and surroundings.
c. activity
d. manipulation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 275
Skill: C
140. A monkey will huddle next to a cloth “mother” rather than a wire “mother” when scared,
even when it was nursed from the wire “mother.” This is an example of the ________ motive.
a. contact
Correct: This is the classic experiment done by Harry Harlow that explored the contact motive.
b. manipulation
Incorrect: Although a child may be actively “manipulating” its mother (touching her hair,
playing with her ears, etc) this example demonstrates the contact motive.
c. activity
d. exploration
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 275
Skill: A
141. Each of the following is true of the contact motive except it ________.
a. can be passive
b. helps premature infants gain weight and remain calmer
Incorrect: Research demonstrates that physical contact helps stimulate both physical and
neurological development in premature babies.
c. is usually limited to touching with the fingers
Correct: The contact motive can be demonstrated by making physical contact with any area of
one’s body.
d. is broader and more universal than the need for manipulation
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 275
Skill: C
142. Which of the following choices represents an important conclusion that was drawn from
Harlow’s classic experiments with monkeys and surrogate mothers?
a. When stressed, newborn primates are most powerfully drawn to their source of nourishment.
b. When stressed, newborn primates are powerfully drawn towards their peers.
43
c. Newborn primates cannot survive without their real mothers; newborns given surrogate
mothers refuse to eat and subsequently die.
d. When stressed, newborn primates are most powerfully drawn to a source of “contact comfort”
and warmth.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
143. Harry Harlow’s famous experiments with isolated newborn monkeys provide convincing
evidence that primates possess a strong ________.
a. need to control their environment
b. need to manipulate objects
c. need for contact
d. activity drive
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
144. A recent study of premature low-birth-weight babies who were held and massaged found
that they gained weight ________ and were ________ than those who were touched minimally.
a. faster; more highly aroused
b. faster; calmer
c. slower; more highly aroused
d. slower; calmer
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
145. All human behavior that is intended to inflict physical or psychological harm on others is
known as ________ behavior.
a. aggressive
b. confrontational
c. anger-driven
d. violent
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
44
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
146. ________ is a necessary element of virtually all aggression.

a. Psychological harm
b. Intent to harm
c. Physical harm
d. Anger
Answer: b
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
147. In Harlow’s classic experiments, frightened infant monkeys ran to a surrogate “mother” that
offered ________.
a. food and warmth
b. warmth only
c. food only
d. warmth and contact comfort
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
148. According to a 2009 FBI report, some ________ violent crimes were reported in the United
States in that year.
a. 30,000
b. 30 million
c. 300,000
d. 1.3 million
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 275
Skill: F
149. Which of the following is most closely linked to aggression?

a. emotional shock
b. humiliation
45
c. frustration
Correct: Frustration is linked to aggression, but only when anger occurs in between.
d. depression
Incorrect: There is no evidence that depression is linked to aggression.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 276
Skill: C
150. Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between frustration and
aggression?
a. Frustration is the least important among several types of experience that can provoke
aggression.
b. Frustration almost always leads to aggression.
Incorrect: Frustration does not have to lead to aggression. Anger is an important intermediate
factor that links the two.
c. Frustration generates aggression most often in those people who have learned aggression as a
coping mechanism.
Correct: When individuals have learned, usually in their upbringing, to deal with frustration with
aggression, it is more likely that they will become aggressive adults.
d. Unintentional interference with a task will lead people to become more aggressive.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 276
Skill: C
151. Seeing an aggressor rewarded for his action leads to ________ aggression than seeing no
aggression at all, and ________ aggression than seeing an aggressor punished.
a. less; less
Incorrect: Seeing rewards for aggression increases aggression.
b. more; less
c. more; more
Correct: These relationships play on the principles of operant conditioning and vicarious
learning, where watching aggressive behavior rewarded or punished can lead to increased
aggression.
d. less; more
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 276
Skill: C
46
152. A child is rewarded for constructive behavior and is then frustrated. The child is likely to
show ________.
a. more aggression than one who has been rewarded for aggressive behavior
b. as much aggression as one who has been rewarded for aggressive behavior
c. less aggression than one who has been rewarded for aggressive behavior
Correct: When children are not rewarded for behaving aggressively, they show a decrease in
their aggressive actions.
d. no aggression at all
Incorrect: Though it would be nice if an absence of reward for aggression completely
extinguished aggressive behavior, that is not what the research has shown.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 276
Skill: A
153. A child is rewarded for aggressive behavior and is then frustrated. The child is likely to
show ________.
a. more aggression than one who has been rewarded for constructive behavior
Correct: When children are rewarded for acting aggressively, their aggressive behaviors tend to
increase.
b. as much aggression as one who has been rewarded for constructive behavior
c. no aggressive behavior at all
Incorrect: Rewarding aggression does not cause it to go away. It causes aggression to increase.
d. less aggression than one who has been rewarded for constructive behavior
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 276
Skill: A
154. Whenever Frank is challenged, he prefers to fight to prove his “masculinity.” What reason
would a learning theorist give for Frank’s frequent use of aggression?
a. Frank is expressing his innate, ancient aggressive instinct by fighting frequently and fiercely.
b. Frank is so frustrated that people are challenging his masculinity that he explodes into
violence.
Incorrect: This relationship between frustration and violence may be learned, but it is not the
best answer to the question.
c. Frank is relieving internal pressure built up from a natural bodily need to display aggression.
d. Frank imitated his father, who did the same thing.
Correct: Learning theory suggests that aggressive behavior can be learned, particularly if it is
observed in influential role models like a parent.
Answer: d
47
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 276
Skill: A
155. Studies of individualist and collectivist cultures find that ________.

a. both types of cultures have very high rates of aggressive behavior
b. both types of cultures are equally low in rates of aggressive behavior
c. collectivist cultures tend to be lower than individualist cultures in rates of aggressive behavior
d. individualist cultures tend to be lower than collectivist cultures in rates of aggressive behavior
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 276
Skill: F
156. Which of the following people is most likely to behave aggressively?

a. a male of any age from any culture
b. an American of either sex
c. an adolescent of either sex
d. an Asian of either sex
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 277
Skill: F
157. Research has found that males are ________ verbally aggressive and ________ physically
aggressive than females.
a. less; less
b. more; less
c. more; more
d. less; more
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 277
Skill: F
158. Research on gender differences in aggressive behavior find that they tend to be ________ in
real-life and naturalistic settings than in controlled laboratory settings and they tend to be
remarkably ________.
48
a. smaller; unstable
b. greater; unstable
c. smaller; stable
d. greater; stable
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 277
Skill: F
159. Research indicates that ________ factors contribute to gender differences in aggressive
behavior.
a. neither biological nor social
b. social, but not biological,
c. biological, but not social,
d. both social and biological
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 277
Skill: F
160. The need to excel, to overcome obstacles represents the ________ motive.
a. aggression
b. curiosity
c. power
d. achievement
Answer: d
Page Reference: 277
Skill: F
161. Jack climbs mountains “because they are there.” His desire to overcome obstacles results
from the ________ motive.
a. achievement
Correct: The achievement motive refers to the need to excel and achieve success.
b. power
c. aggression
d. curiosity
Incorrect: While Jack may be interested and curious about what it feels like to climb a mountain,
the best answer is the achievement motive.
49
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2 4 yr.: 88% r = -.04
Page Reference: 277
Skill: A
162. Which of the following best describes a person with high achievement motivation?
a. Jean has always felt she should earn good grades because she believed she should do her best
in school and learn as much as possible.
Correct: Jean is driven by the need to succeed, but that need is not based on the desire for fame
and fortune. This makes Jean the best answer.
b. Bill wanted to be a doctor, but instead he became a physician’s assistant because he wanted to
help people without having to take on the awesome responsibility for their health.
Incorrect: People with a high achievement motivation tend to set high personal standards for
themselves.
c. Paula wants to be a good lawyer but only because good lawyers are well-paid and well-known.
d. Fred believes he has a right to do whatever he chooses, whenever he chooses, due in part to
being raised by extremely lenient parents.
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 277
Skill: A
163. Which of the following is not true of individuals with a high need for achievement?
a. They are driven by a desire for fame and fortune.
Correct: Research does not find an association between the need for achievement and the desire
for fame and fortune.
b. They tend to be energetic.
c. They tend to be fast learners.
d. They tend to set high personal standards of performance.
Incorrect: The need to live up to a personal standard seems to be the driving force behind
achievement, where the need for fame and fortune is not as salient a factor.
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 277
Skill: C
164. A need for affiliation is a need to ________.

a. be with other people
b. belong to a group or organization
c. be married or belong to a family
d. be associated with a large corporation
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Answer: a
Page Reference: 278
Skill: F
165. The affiliation motive is aroused by feeling ________.

a. threatened
b. lonely
c. independent
d. sad
Answer: a
Page Reference: 278
Skill: F
166. Which of the following would most likely result from the affiliation motive?
a. discussing your racket grip with your tennis instructor
b. discussing a lecture you attended with your roommates
c. striking up a conversation with a stranger during a bumpy airplane flight
Correct: The need for affiliation is often triggered by feelings of being threatened, which might
occur on a scary, turbulent airplane flight.
d. talking to a friend about a movie you just saw
Incorrect: This social activity, which is certainly affiliative in nature, is not the best answer
because the affiliation motive is often triggered by feeling threatened.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 278
Skill: A
167. Michelle works for a pharmaceutical company as part of a close-knit team that develops and
tests new drugs. She has been doing so well that her supervisor has offered her a better-paying
job heading a research team in another state. Although the job is lucrative, Michelle declines the
offer, preferring instead to remain with her co-workers. Michelle may be responding to a need
for ________.
a. achievement
b. affiliation
Correct: The affiliation motive might cause a person to stay at a lower-paying job due to the
value they place on the relationships they have established.
c. stability
Incorrect: The need for stability is not a motive that is discussed in the textbook.
51
d. contact
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 278
Skill: A
Emotions
Learning Objectives
 Discuss the evidence for a set of basic emotions that are experienced by all humans.
 Compare and contrast the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and cognitive
theories of emotion.
168. Today, scientists tend to see emotions as ________ to survival and a ________ source of
personal enrichment.
a. unnecessary; major
b. essential; major
Correct: While emotions may have been once viewed as more of a hindrance than a benefit,
scientists today take great interest in the benefits of human emotions.
c. unnecessary; minor
Incorrect: Emotions are not viewed as being unnecessary, and they are seen as being a major
source of personal enrichment.
d. essential; minor
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 279
Topic: Emotions
Skill: C
169. In the past, psychologists viewed emotions as ________.

a. safeguards for our survival
b. the result of immature cognitive control
c. learned responses
Incorrect: Emotions are seen as being instinctive (inborn), and not learned.
d. base instincts
Correct: Emotions were seen as a leftover influence of evolutionary development.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 279
Topic: Emotions
Skill: C
52
170. Bea has just broken up with her boyfriend. She has a test in school on Friday, but try as she
might, she cannot concentrate on her studies. In this example, Bea’s performance is being
interfered with by an intense ________.
a. emotion
Correct: Bea’s difficulty in controlling her feelings indicates the interference of emotions.
b. secondary drive
c. primary drive
Incorrect: Bea is not experiencing a primary drive, as these are universal biological drives that
are present in all animals.
d. motivation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 279
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
171. Plutchik proposes that human beings have ________ basic emotions.
a. five
b. ten
c. three
d. eight
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 280
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
172. Each of the following is true of Plutchik’s theory of emotions except ________.
a. it appears to apply equally well to people of all cultures
b. each of the emotions he describes helps us to adjust to the environment in different ways
c. emotions adjacent to each other on Plutchik’s “circle” are more alike than emotions situated
opposite each other
d. different emotions can be combined to produce a wider range of emotional experiences
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 280
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
173. Each of the following is true except ________.

a. some languages do not even have a word for emotion
53
b. Plutchik’s model may describe only the emotions of English-speaking people
c. there are relatively few differences in the way different cultures categorize emotions
Correct: There are vast differences in the way emotions are experienced and are expressed
across different cultures.
d. the number of words a language has to express emotions can impact on the way those
emotions are psychologically experienced
Incorrect: Similar to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, emotions tend to be experienced in ways
that are consistent with an individual’s language and vocabulary.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Emotions
Skill: C
174. Emotions that are shared by people throughout the world, regardless of culture are
________ emotions.
a. endemic
b. primary
c. common
d. dominant
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
175. Each of the following is one of the criteria for identifying a primary emotion except it
________.
a. is associated with a distinct facial expression
b. is evident in all mammals
c. contributes to survival
d. is evident in all cultures
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
176. Emotions that are found throughout one or more cultures, but not all cultures, are ________
emotions.
a. regional
b. reactive
c. secondary
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d. tertiary
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
177. Recent research examining the ability of people from a variety of cultures to identify
emotions by observing facial expressions of others found that there appear to be universally
recognized facial expression for ________ primary emotions.
a. two
b. six
c. four
d. eight
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
178. Recent research examining the ability of people from a variety of cultures to identify
emotions by observing facial expressions of others found that there appear to be universally
recognized facial expressions for each of the following emotions except ________.
a. anger
b. surprise
c. love
Correct: Despite common belief, love is not identified as a primary emotion according to the
research into facial expressions.
d. disgust
Incorrect: Disgust is a facial expression that appears to transcend culture.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: C
179. Seeing a snake, running away from it, then becoming frightened is the sequence of events
postulated by the ________ theory.
a. Plutchik
Incorrect: Plutchik’s theory of emotions was about identifying different emotions, not about the
sequence by which emotional events occur.
b. James-Lange
55
Correct: The James-Lange theory of emotions suggests that a “feeling” comes after a response
to a stimulus.
c. Yerkes-Dodson
d. Cannon-Bard
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
180. One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty
breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying
about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment
program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how
our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most
supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?
a. James-Lange
Correct: Awareness of our responses can help mediate negative emotions. This would be
consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotions.
b. Spiesman
c. Cannon-Bard
Incorrect: The Cannon-Bard theory does not have a temporal sequence to the elements of
emotions, so this example would not be a demonstration of this theory.
d. Schacter and Singer
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
181. The first modern theory of emotion was formulated by ________.

a. Plutchik
b. James
c. Cannon
d. Bard
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
182. The ________ theory of emotion states that environmental stimuli cause physiological
changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes.
56
a. Schacter-Singer
b. Cannon-Bard
c. cognitive
d. James-Lange
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
183. The ________ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs
simultaneously with biological changes.
a. Cannon-Bard
b. cognitive
c. Schacter-Singer
d. James-Lange
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 282
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
184. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is
the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory.
a. Yerkes-Dodson
b. Cannon-Bard
Correct: The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the elements of emotion occur at the same time,
not in a step-by-step order.
c. Plutchik
d. James-Lange
Incorrect: The James-Lange theory of emotions suggests that our reactions to various stimuli
lead us to interpret those reactions in an emotional way.
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 282
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
185. The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with
tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur
simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion?
a. Cannon-Bard
57
Correct: The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the elements of emotion occur at the same time,
not in a step-by-step order.
b. James-Lange
Incorrect: The James-Lange theory of emotions suggests that our reactions to various stimuli
lead us to interpret those reactions in an emotional way.
c. Schacter and Singer
d. Spiesman
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 282
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
186. Maria has never liked flying; she thinks it is dangerous. Juan loves it; he thinks it is a very
convenient and safe way to travel. They decide to go to Paris together for a vacation, but their
plans are marred by a work stoppage of air traffic controllers. Maria wants to call off the entire
vacation, but Juan is still willing to fly. Which of the following statements about emotions best
fits this example?
a. Males and females have different reactions to stress.
b. Males are more adventurous than females.
c. Different reactions to stressful situations are often based on different cognitive appraisals of
the situation.
Correct: The way we interpret a situation often determines the nature of our response to that
circumstance.
d. Past experiences and feelings have nothing to do with current emotions.
Incorrect: In this example, it is clear that past experiences mediate present responses to
circumstances.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
187. Which of the following is a cognitive theory of emotion?

a. Zajonc
b. Cannon-Bard
c. Schachter and Singer
d. James-Lange
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
58
188. The two-factor theory was created by ________.
a. Schachter and Singer
b. James-Lange
c. Zajonc
d. Cannon-Bard
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
189. A famous theorist argues that when we see a snake, there are bodily changes, but we then
use information about the situation to tell us how to emotionally respond to those changes. This
theorist’s views are most similar to those of ________.
a. Cannon and Bard
Incorrect: The Cannon-Bard theory did not address making an assessment about the environment
as part of our emotional reactions.
b. James and Lange
c. Zajonc
d. Schachter and Singer
Correct: This example demonstrates the cognitive theory of emotions, posited by Schachter and
Singer.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
190. Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological processes
and interpretation or perceptions of the situation?
a. activation theory
b. cognitive theory
c. the Cannon-Bard theory
d. the James-Lange theory
Answer: b
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
191. According to Zajonc, cognitions come ________ emotions.

a. before
59
b. in spite of
c. at the same time as
d. after
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 283
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
192. A rabbit hears a rustle in some bushes and runs away in fear before it has time to evaluate
the possibilities as to what made the rustling noise. This situation best supports ________
theories of emotion.
a. Spiesman’s
b. Cannon’s
c. Zajonc’s
Correct: Zajonc suggested that feelings come first, which opposes the Schachter and Singer
cognitive theory of emotions.
d. Freud’s
Incorrect: Freud’s opinions on emotions are not discussed in this chapter.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 283
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
193. Izard’s theory of emotion stresses the importance of ________.

a. facial movements
b. cognition
c. physiological arousal
d. visceral reactions
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 283
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
194. A baby reacts with a facial expression of disgust when someone puts sour food in its mouth.
This facial reaction is universally recognizable. This innate reaction best supports ________
ideas of emotion.
a. Cannon’s
Incorrect: The Cannon-Bard theory suggested that the different components of emotion all
happen simultaneously, and did not address facial expressions.
b. Izard’s
60
Correct: Izzard suggested that facial movements and body postures may signal to the brain the
type of emotion to experience.
c. Spiesman’s
d. Skinner’s
Answer: b
Page Reference: 283
Topic: Emotions
Skill: A
Communicating Emotion
Learning Objectives
 Explain the importance of facial expressions in communicating emotion and identify the
areas of the brain that are responsible for interpreting facial expressions. Describe the
role of body language, gestures, and personal space in communicating emotions.
 Summarize the research evidence regarding gender and cultural differences in emotion,
the role of “display rules,” and whether it is advantageous to express anger as opposed to
“holding it in.”
195. Hand gestures communicate ________, and facial expressions communicate ________.
a. specific emotions; specific emotions
b. general emotional states; specific emotions
c. general emotional states; general emotional states
d. specific emotions; general emotional states
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 284
Topic: Communicating Emotion
Skill: F
196. Bob tells Jan that he is feeling fine, but Jan doesn’t believe him. What should she focus on
to have the best chance to identify any emotions Bob might be hiding?
a. his facial expressions
Correct: Facial expressions are the most emotionally communicative of non-verbal forms of
expression.
b. his vocal intonations
Incorrect: While words can be deceptive, Ekman and Izard’s research suggests that facial
expressions do not lie.
c. his words
d. his body posture
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
61
Skill: A
197. If we doubt a person’s verbal report of the emotion he or she is feeling, which of the
following would be the most reliable nonverbal indicator to check?
a. kinesics
b. body posture
c. proxemics
Incorrect: Proxemics refers to the interpersonal distance that exists when people interact. The
best answer to this question is facial expressions.
d. facial expressions
Correct: Facial expressions are the most emotionally communicative of non-verbal forms of
expression.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Skill: C
198. Which of the following is not true of distance as an indicator of emotion?

a. The acceptable distance to maintain between two people varies from culture to culture.
b. It is a nonverbal cue to emotion.
c. It is a more reliable indicator of emotion than facial expression.
d. Standing further away than usual may indicate fear or dislike.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 285
Skill: F
199. Activity in the brain circuits involving the ________ is critical for our ability to correctly
interpret facial expressions.
a. amygdala
b. cerebellum
c. thalamus
d. corpus callosum
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 285
Skill: F
62
200. In a recent study of professional “lie catchers,” only the ________ managed to identify the
liars at a better-than-chance rate.
a. psychiatrists
b. judges
c. Secret Service agents
d. police officers
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 286
Skill: F
201. In a study in which men and women were shown people in distress, men showed ________.
a. the same levels of physiological arousal but less emotional expression than women
b. less physiological arousal and less emotional expression than women
c. greater levels of physiological arousal but less emotional expression than women
d. the same levels of physiological arousal and emotional expression as women
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 286
Skill: F
202. Men are ________ times as likely as women to be violent in the face of a life crisis.
a. four
b. six
c. two
d. eight
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 287
Skill: F
203. In the face of crisis, women are much more likely than men to become ________.
a. depressed
b. insensitive
c. angry
d. violent
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
63
Page Reference: 287
Skill: F
204. When men and women are angered, men tend to turn their anger ________, while women
tend to turn their anger ________.
a. outward; inward
b. inward; outward
c. outward; outward
d. inward; inward
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 287
Skill: F
205. Sensitivity to nonverbal cues to emotion ________.

a. is better in men than women
b. is not related to sex
c. decreases with age
Incorrect: Sensitivity to nonverbal emotional cues actually increases with age.
d. is better in women than men
Correct: Research suggests that women are more sensitive to nonverbal emotional cues than are
men.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 287
Skill: C
206. In a recent study of women over 18 years of age, participants who scored high on hostility
but who did not vent their anger were three times more likely to ________ during the course of
the study.
a. become antisocial
b. die
c. become depressed
d. develop ulcers
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 287
Skill: F
64
207. The belief that certain facial expressions represent similar emotions across all cultures is
known as the ________ position.
a. unidimensional
b. fundamentalist
c. culture-learning
Incorrect: The culture-learning theory suggests that the facial expression of emotions is unique
from culture to culture.
d. universalist
Correct: Similar to the concept of primary emotions, the universalist theory suggests that
emotional expressions can transcend culture.
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Skill: C
208. The belief that facial expressions of emotion are learned within a culture and therefore may
vary greatly from culture to culture is known as the ________ position.
a. multidimensional
b. fundamentalist
c. culture-learning
Correct: The culture-learning theory suggests that the facial expression of emotions is unique
from culture to culture.
d. universalist
Incorrect: Similar to the concept of primary emotions, the universalist theory suggests that
emotional expressions can transcend culture.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 288
Skill: C
209. Research indicates that expressions of ________.

a. primary emotions and display rules vary greatly from culture to culture
b. primary emotions are universal but display rules vary greatly from culture to culture
c. primary emotions and display rules are nearly universal
d. display rules are universal but primary emotions vary greatly from culture to culture
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 288
Skill: F
65
210. Culture-specific standards that govern how, when, and why facial expressions of emotion
are shown are known as ________.
a. display rules
b. social mores
c. empathy rules
d. emotion work
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 288
Skill: F
True/False
1. An emotion is an inner-directing force such as a need or a want that arouses the organism and
directs behavior toward a goal.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 259
Topic: Introduction
Skill: F
2. Drive-reduction theory explains only some motivated behavior.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
3. Sex, hunger, and thirst are all primary drives.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
66
4. A certain level of arousal is necessary for good performance.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 260
Skill: F
5. Intrinsic motivation can be decreased by rewards.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Skill: F
6. Maslow believed that higher motives appear only after the lower ones have been satisfied.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
7. The psychological state of hunger is the same as the biological need for food.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Skill: F
8. The brain judges hunger by measuring the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
a. True
b. False
67
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 264
Skill: F
9. Culture influences what we choose to eat.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 265
Skill: F
10. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are much more prevalent among females than males.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 266
Skill: F
11. The human sex drive is powerfully affected by hormones.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
12. Sex hormones, like testosterone, are all that determine a person’s sex drive.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 270
Topic: Sex
68
Skill: F
13. Human sexual arousal is much more dependent on biological influences than on learning.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 271
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
14. What we find attractive is heavily influenced by experience and learning.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
15. Stimulus motives are largely learned.

a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 274
Skill: F
16. Manipulation, curiosity, and exploration are all examples of secondary motives.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 274
Skill: F
17. Aggression is always tied to frustration.

a. True
69
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 276
Skill: F
18. Most data support the idea that aggression is a learned motive.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 276
Skill: F
19. Cultures are very similar in how they handle aggression.

a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 276
Skill: F
20. Across cultures, and at every age, men are more likely than women to behave aggressively.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 277
Skill: F
21. Sex is the primary drive that motivates the affiliation motive.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 278
70
Topic: Sex
Skill: F
22. The affiliation motive is aroused when people feel threatened.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 278
Skill: F
23. The words used to name or describe an emotion may influence how that emotion is
experienced.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 280
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
24. There is no universally recognized facial expression for love.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
25. Facial expressions influence the experience of emotion.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 281
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
26 . Physiological changes in the body are important in experiencing emotion.

71
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
27. Almost all of us conceal our emotions to some extent.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 284
Skill: F
28. Verbal reports provide the most accurate cues to emotional states.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 284
Skill: F
29. Men and women often react with very different emotions to the same situation.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Skill: F
30. Women are consistently better than men at deciphering nonverbal cues.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 287
72
Skill: F
31. Virtually all emotional expressions are inborn.

a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Skill: F
Essay
1. Compare and contrast motives and emotions. Explain drive reduction theory and how it relates
to the concept of homeostasis. Also, discuss arousal theory and how it differs from drive
reduction theory.
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Skill: C
2. Compare and contrast intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Discuss how rewards can affect
intrinsic motivation.
Answer:
Difficulty: 2
Skill: C
3. List the various levels of motives described in Maslow’s hierarchy of motives and discuss how
this hierarchy of motives affects people’s everyday lives, goals, and ideals.
Answer:
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 262
Skill: F
73
4. Explain the functioning of the primary drive of hunger. What mechanisms regulate this drive
and what external and cultural factors affect perceptions of hunger?
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Skill: F
5. Describe what anorexia nervosa and bulimia are in terms of their prevalence, symptoms, who
is most likely to get them, and treatment.
Answer:
Difficulty: 2
Skill: F
6. Explain the difference between “overweight” and “obesity.” Describe the factors that
contribute to obesity and discuss the problems faced by overweight and obese people.
Answer:
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 267
Skill: F
7. Discuss the most effective methods for losing weight and maintaining the weight loss.
Answer:
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 268
Topic: Box: Applying Psychology: The Slow (but Lasting) Fix for Weight Gain
Skill: A
8. Compare and contrast the sex drive with other primary drives. Describe the biological and
psychological factors involved in sexual arousal. Finally, summarize current beliefs about
differences in sexual orientation.
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Sex
Skill: C
74
9. Summarize the research on aggression in humans in terms of the causes of aggression,
methods for modifying aggressive behavior, and cultural and gender differences in aggression.
Answer:
Difficulty: 2
Skill: F
10. List, define, and briefly discuss the functioning of achievement and affiliation motives.
Answer:
Difficulty: 1
Skill: C
11. Describe Plutchik’s scheme for classifying emotions.
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 279
Topic: Emotions
Skill: F
12. Compare and contrast the James-Lange theory of emotion with the Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion. How do these two theories compare with the cognitive theory of emotion?
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Emotions
Skill: C
13. Explain the cognitive theory of emotions and describe the criticisms of this approach.
Answer:
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Emotions
Skill: C
75
14. Compare and contrast verbal and nonverbal communication in expressing emotion. Discuss
at least four types of nonverbal communication in terms of how each assists in sending an
emotional message.
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Skill: C
15. Discuss gender differences in the experience and expression of emotion.
Answer:
Difficulty: 1
Skill: F
16. Summarize the research on the similarities and differences in facial expression of emotions
across cultures.
Answer:
Difficulty: 3
Skill: F
76

Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion: Multiple-Choice

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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion: Multiple-Choice

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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion

2. Both motives and emotions move us toward some ________.

3. Which statement about motivation is not true?

4. Which statement about motivation is true?

8. Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species is called

9. Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of ________.

11. ________ significant human behavior is ________.

15. Hunger and thirst are examples of ________.

16. Which of the following does not support drive-reduction theory?

17. Primary drives are ________.

18. Primary drives are ________.

19. Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of ________ drives.

20. Which of the following is not a primary drive?

21. Which of the following is a primary drive?

23. Primary drives are found in ________.

26. Which of the following is not a secondary drive?

28. The Yerkes-Dodson Law states ________.

29. Which of the following is true?

31. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, higher levels of arousal ________.

32. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, lower levels of arousal ________.

33. Behavior such as skydiving is best explained by ________.

35. Which of the following is least well explained by arousal theory?

37. Which of the following statements is not true?

42. Unexpected rewards ________.

43. Positive feedback, including praise, ________.

45. The motive of self-actualization makes one want to ________.

47. According to Maslow’s theory, higher motives emerge ________.

48. Which of the following proposed a hierarchy of motives?

49. According to Maslow, lower motives spring from ________.

Hunger and Thirst

53. Hunger is stimulated by ________ cues. Thirst is stimulated by ________ cues.

60. Horse meat is very popular in ________.

62. Each of the following except ________ affects hunger.

64. The mere aroma of food ________.

65. The way in which a person responds when hungry ________.

66. Each of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa except ________.

74. Which of the following females is most likely to develop bulimia?

75. Which of the following people is least likely to develop bulimia?

76. Muscle dysmorphia is ________.

78. Muscular dysmorphia has been increasing particularly among ________.

80. Each of the following is true of eating disorders except ________.

81. Genetics appears to play a role in ________.

82. About ________ of Americans are either overweight or obese.

98. Each of the following is true except ________.

99. The human sex drive ________.

101. The primary male sex hormone is ________.

106. The sexual response cycle has ________ phases.

119. ________ refers to the direction of an individual’s sexual interest.

126. Homosexual behavior has been observed ________.

Other Important Motives

129. Which of the following is not a stimulus motive?

130. Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

134. Curiosity has been linked to ________.

138. The manipulation motive is ________.

146. ________ is a necessary element of virtually all aggression.

149. Which of the following is most closely linked to aggression?

155. Studies of individualist and collectivist cultures find that ________.

156. Which of the following people is most likely to behave aggressively?

164. A need for affiliation is a need to ________.

165. The affiliation motive is aroused by feeling ________.

169. In the past, psychologists viewed emotions as ________.

173. Each of the following is true except ________.

181. The first modern theory of emotion was formulated by ________.

11. significant human behavior is .

53. Hunger is stimulated by cues. Thirst is stimulated by cues.