JAPANESE ART

Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture, ink
painting and calligraphy on silk and paper, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints,
ceramics, origami, and more recently manga which is modern Japanese cartoons and comics along
with a myriad of other types. It has a long history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation
in Japan, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present-day country.

Japanese art style is known as nihonga (Japanese painting), which are perhaps not
widely known internationally, but were created by some of the best Japanese artists to
date

Painting is the preferred artistic expression in Japan, practiced by amateurs and professionals alike.
Until modern times, the Japanese wrote with a brush rather than a pen, and their familiarity with
brush techniques has made them particularly sensitive to the values and aesthetics of painting.

Japanese pottery is among the finest in the world and includes the earliest known Japanese
artifacts; Japanese export porcelain has been a major industry at various points. In architecture,
Japanese preferences for natural materials and an interaction of interior and exterior space are
clearly expressed.

History of Japanese art

Jōmon art
The first settlers of Japan were the Jōmon people (c. 10,500 – c. 300 BCE[1]), named for
the cord markings that decorated the surfaces of their clay vessels, were nomadic hunter-gatherers
who later practiced organized farming and built cities with populations of hundreds if not thousands.
They built simple houses of wood and thatch set into shallow earthen pits to provide warmth from
the soil. They crafted lavishly decorated pottery storage vessels, clay figurines called dogū, and
crystal jewels.

Early Jōmon period -  villages started to be discovered and ordinary everyday objects were found such as ceramic
pots purposed for boiling water.

Middle Jōmon period -  became less nomadic and began to settle in villages. They created useful tools that were
able to process the food that they gathered and hunted which made living easier for them.

Late and Final Jōmon period -  the weather started to get colder, therefore forcing them to move away from the
mountains. The main food source during this time was fish, which made them improve their fishing supplies and
tools. This advancement was a very important achievement during this time. In addition, the numbers of vessels
largely increased which could possibly conclude that each house had their own figurine displayed in them. 
* Dogū figurines - ("earthen figure") are small humanoid and animal figurines made during the later part of
the Jōmon period. They were made across all of Japan, except Okinawa. Some scholars theorize the dogū acted
as effigies of people, that manifested some kind of sympathetic magic. Dogū are made of clay and are small, typically
10 to 30 cm high. Most of the figurines appear to be modeled as female, and have big eyes, small waists, and wide
hips. They are considered by many to be representative of goddesses. Many have large abdomens associated with
pregnancy, suggesting that the Jomon considered them mother goddesses.

Yayoi art
Yayoi people, named for the district in Tokyo where remnants of their settlements first were found.
These people, arriving in Japan about 300 BCE, brought their knowledge of wetland rice cultivation,
the manufacture of copper weapons and bronze bells (dōtaku), and wheel-thrown, kiln-fired ceramics.

Kofun art
The third stage in Japanese prehistory, the Kofun period (c. 300 – 710 AD),represents a modification
of Yayoi culture, attributable either to internal development or external force. This period is most
notable for its tomb culture and other artifacts such as bronze mirrors and clay sculptures
called haniwa which were erected outside these tombs. Throughout the Kofun period, the
characteristics of these tombs evolved from smaller tombs erected on hilltops and ridges to much
larger tombs built on flat land. The largest tomb in Japan, the tomb of Emperor Nintoku, houses 46
burial mounds and is shaped like a keyhole, a distinct characteristic found within later Kofun tombs.

Asuka and Nara art

 named because the seat of Japanese government was located in the Asuka Valley from 542 to
645[1] and in the city of Nara until 784, the first significant influx of continental Asian culture took
place in Japan.
The transmission of Buddhism provided the initial impetus for contacts between China and Japan.
The Japanese recognized the facets of Chinese culture that could profitably be incorporated into their
own: a system for converting ideas and sounds into writing; historiography; complex theories of
government, such as an effective bureaucracy; and, most important for the arts, new technologies,
new building techniques, more advanced methods of casting in bronze, and new techniques and
media for painting.

Heian art
The term Heian period refers to the years between 794 and 1185, when the Kamakura shogunate was
established at the end of the Genpei War. The period is further divided into the early Heian and the
late Heian, or Fujiwara era, the pivotal date being 894, the year imperial embassies to China were
officially discontinued.

Early Heian art -  the growing wealth and power of organized Buddhism in Nara.

Fujiwara art -  In the Fujiwara period, Pure Land Buddhism, which offered easy salvation through belief
in Amida (the Buddha of the Western Paradise), became popular. This period is named after the Fujiwara family, then
the most powerful in the country, who ruled as regents for the Emperor, becoming, in effect, civil dictators.

* E-maki - In the last century of the Heian period, the horizontal, illustrated narrative handscroll,
known as e-maki (絵巻, lit. "picture scroll"), came to the fore.

Kamakura art
 In the Kamakura period, Kyoto and Nara remained the centres of artistic production and high
culture.

* Sculpture
* Caligraphy and Painting

Muromachi art
During the Muromachi period (1338–1573), also called the Ashikaga period, a profound change took
place in Japanese culture. The Ashikaga clan took control of the shogunate and moved its
headquarters back to Kyoto, to the Muromachi district of the city. With the return of government to
the capital, the popularizing trends of the Kamakura period came to an end, and cultural expression
took on a more aristocratic, elitist character. Zen Buddhism, the Ch'an sect traditionally thought to
have been founded in China in the 6th century, was introduced for a second time into Japan and
took root.

Azuchi-Momoyama art
n the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603), a succession of military leaders, such as Oda
Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, attempted to bring peace and political
stability to Japan after an era of almost 100 years of warfare. Oda, a minor chieftain, acquired power
sufficient to take de facto control of the government in 1568 and, five years later, to oust the last
Ashikaga shōgun. Hideyoshi took command after Oda's death, but his plans to establish hereditary
rule were foiled by Ieyasu, who established the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603.

Art of the Edo period

ne of the dominant themes in the Edo period was the repressive policies of the shogunate and the
attempts of artists to escape these strictures. The foremost of these was the closing of the country to
foreigners and the accoutrements of their cultures, and the imposition of strict codes of behaviour
affecting every aspect of life, the clothes one wore, the person one married, and the activities one
could or should not pursue.

* Woodblock printing
* Architecture
* Painting
* Sculpture
* Ukiyo-e and nanga (bunjinga)
* Ceramics
* Lacquerware

Art of the Prewar period

During the Prewar period, The introduction of Western cultural values led to a dichotomy in
Japanese art, as well as in nearly every other aspect of culture, between traditional values and
attempts to duplicate and assimilate a variety of clashing new ideas. This split remained evident in
the late 20th century, although much synthesis had by then already occurred, and created an
international cultural atmosphere and stimulated contemporary Japanese arts toward ever more
innovative forms.

* Painting
* Enamels
* Lacquerware
* Metalwork
* Porcelain and Earthenware
* Textiles

Art of the Postwar period

Immediately following Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945, large numbers of Japanese artists fell
under the influence of, or even joined, the Japan Communist Party, which had just been legalized by
the U.S.-led military occupation of Japan after many years of suppression by the prewar and wartime
Japanese police.

- The 1950s: Struggling to break free of socialist realism

- The 1960s: An explosion of new genres
-The 1970s and 1980s: Riding the economic bubble
- Contemporary art in Japan

CHINESE ART

Chinese art is visual art that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or by

Chinese artists. The Chinese art in the Republic of China (Taiwan) and that of overseas Chinese can
also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese heritage and Chinese
culture. 

Chinese art has arguably the oldest continuous tradition in the world, and is marked by an unusual
degree of continuity within, and consciousness of, that tradition, lacking an equivalent to the
Western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles.

* Painting
Traditional Chinese painting involves essentially the same techniques as Chinese calligraphy and is
done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most
popular materials which paintings are made of paper and silk
Two main techniques in Chinese painting:

Gong-bi- meaning “meticulous”, uses highly detailed brushstrokes the delimits details precisely.
- often highly coloured and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects.
- practiced by artists working on royal court.
- Bird-and-flower paintings were often in this style.

Ink and wash painting/Shui-mo- means “literati painting”, one of the four the “Four Arts” of the
ChineseScholar-official class.
- also referred to as “xie yi” or freehand style.

Example of Chinese paintings:

- a painting of Lohan manifesting himself as an eleven-headed Guanyin.
- a painting of a parrot and insect among pear blossom by Huang Jucai.
- a painting of Wang Xizhi watching geese by Qian Xuan.

* Sculpture
Chinese ritual bronzes from Shang and Western Zhou dynasties come from the period of over a
thousand years from c. 1500, and have exerted a continuing influence over Chinese art.

They are cast with complex pattered and zoomorphic decoration, but avoid the human figure, unlike
the huge figures only recently discovered at Sanxingdui.

Examples of Chinese sculpture:

- Wine vase (zun)
- One of the warriors of the Terracotta army
- Changxin Palace lamp
- The Flying Horse of Gansu
- The Leshan Giant Buddha

* Ceramics
Chinese ceramics ware shows a continuous development since the pre-dynastic periods, and is one of
the most significant forms if Chinese art.

Example of Chinese ceramics:

- Tomb Guardian
- Statues of dancers
- The David Vases
- Buddhist figurines

* Decorative Arts
As well as porcelain, a wide range of materials that were more valuable were worked and decorated
with great skill for a range of uses or just for display.

Example:
- Chinese Jades
- Folding Screens (pingfeng)
- Chinese Moon Gate bed

* Architecture
Chinese architectures refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many
centuries.The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the
main changes being only the decorative details.

Example:
- The Great Wall of China
- The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
- The Forbidden City
- The Songyue Pagoda
* Chinoisere
Chinoisere is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and East Asian artistic
traditions, especially in the decorative arts, garden designs, architecture, literature, theatre, and
music.

Example of Chinoisere:
- The Chinese House
- Kneehole writing table
- Audience of the Chinese Emperor (Hard-paste porcelain)
- Drop-front secretaire

INDIAN ART
Consist of a variety of art forms, including painting , sculpture, pottery, and textile art such as woven
silk.

The origin of Indian art can be traced to prehistoric settlements in the 3 rd millennium BC. On its way
to modern times, Indian art has had cultural influences, as well as religious influences such as
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Islam.

Early Indian Art

Rock Art
Rock Art of India includes rock relief carvings, engravings and paintings, some (but by no means all)
from the South Asian Stone Age. It is estimated there are about 1300 rock art sites with over a
quarter of a million figures and figurines.

Ex: Rock painting at one of the Bhimbetka rock shelters

Mauryan art (c. 322 BCE – c. 185 BCE)

The north Indian Maurya Empire flourished from 322 BCE to 185 BCE, and at its maximum extent
controlled all of the sub-continent except the extreme south as well as influences from Indian ancient
traditions, and Ancient Persia,[18] as shown by the Pataliputra capital.

The emperor Ashoka, who died in 232 BCE, adopted Buddhism about half-way through his 40-year
reign, and patronized several large stupas at key sites from the life of the Buddha, although very little
decoration from the Mauryan period survives, and there may not have been much in the first place.
There is more from various early sites of Indian rock-cut architecture.

Ex: The Pataliputra capital, an early example of Mauryan stone sculpture,

displaying Persian and Hellenistic influences. 3rd century BCE

Buddhist art (c. 150 BCE – c. 500 CE)

The major survivals of Buddhist art begin in the period after the Mauryans, from which good
quantities of sculpture survives. Some key sites are Sanchi, Bharhut and Amaravati, some of which
remain in situ, with others in museums in India or around the world. Stupas were surrounded by
ceremonial fences with four profusely carved toranas or ornamental gateways facing the cardinal
directions. These are in stone, though clearly adopting forms developed in wood. They and the walls
of the stupa itself can be heavily decorated with reliefs, mostly illustrating the lives of the Buddha.
Gradually life-size figures were sculpted, initially in deep relief, but then free-standing.
[32] Mathura was the most important centre in this development, which applied to Hindu and Jain art
as well as Buddhist.

Ex: Crossbar medallion with elephant and riders, Mathura art, circa 150 BCE.[31]

Gupta art (c. 320 CE – c. 550 CE)

The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of north Indian art for all the major religious
groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, and survives in the Ajanta Caves, the surviving
works are almost all religious sculpture. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone
deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha-figure and Jain tirthankara figures, these last often on a
very large scale. The main centres of sculpture were Mathura Sarnath, and Gandhara, the last the
centre of Greco-Buddhist art.

The Gupta period marked the "golden age" of classical Hinduism, [45] and saw the earliest
constructed Hindu temple architecture, though survivals are not numerous.

Ex: Seated Buddha, 5th century CE

Middle kingdoms and the Late Medieval period (c. 600 CE – c. 1300
CE)
Over this period Hindu temple architecture matured into a number of regional styles, and a large
proportion of the art historical record for this period consists of temple sculpture, much of which
remains in place. The political history of the middle kingdoms of India saw India divided into many
states, and since much of the grandest building was commissioned by rulers and their court, this
helped the development of regional differences. Painting, both on a large scale on walls, and in
miniature forms, was no doubt very widely practiced, but survivals are rare. Medieval bronzes have
most commonly survived from either the Tamil south, or the Himalayan foothills.

Examples: Cave 3 at the Badami cave temples (Early Chalukya dynasty, c. 6th century CE)

Early Modern and Colonial Era (c. 1400 CE – c. 1800 CE)[edit]

Mughal art
Although Islamic conquests in India were made as early as the first half of the 10th century, it wasn't
until the Mughal Empire that one observes emperors with a patronage for the fine arts. Emperor
Humayun, during his reestablishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1555, brought with him Mir Sayyid
Ali and Abd al-Samad, two of the finest painters from Persian Shah Tahmasp's renowned atelier.

Ex: Arghan Div Brings the Chest of Armor to Hamza, from Volume 7 of the Hamzanama, supervised by Samad,
ca. 1562—1577. Opaque watercolor and gold on cotton. ; Portrait of the emperor Shah Jahan, enthroned. ca.
17th century.

Contemporary art (c. 1900 CE-present)

In 1947, India became independent of British rule. A group of six artists - K. H. Ara, S. K. Bakre, H.
A. Gade, M.F. Husain, S.H. Raza and Francis Newton Souza - founded the Bombay Progressive
Artists' Group in the year 1952, to establish new ways of expressing India in the post-colonial era.
Though the group was dissolved in 1956, it was profoundly influential in changing the idiom of
Indian art.

Ex: Group of Three Girls by Amrita Sher-Gil

Material history of Indian art

Sculpture
Wall painting
Fresco from the Ajanta Caves, c. 450-500

Miniature painting
Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant

Jewellery
Pair of gold earrings, 1st century BCE, Andhra Pradesh.

Temple art
 rock-cut
caves,t Badami, Aihole, Ellora, Salsette, Elephanta, Aurangabad and Mamallapuram and Mughals.

Folk and tribal art

 Nakashi art from Telangana or Cherial Scroll Painting

Contextual Modernism
Warli painting from Maharastra

FILIPINO ART
Arts in the Philippines refer to all the various forms of the arts that have developed and
accumulated in the Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the country up to the present era.
They reflect the range of artistic influences on the country's culture, including indigenous forms of
the arts, and how these influences have honed the country's arts. These arts are divided into two
distinct branches, namely, traditional arts[1] and non-traditional arts.[2] Each branch is further
divided into various categories with subcategories.

(A) Traditional arts[1]

 Folk architecture – including, but not limited to, stilt houses, land houses, and aerial houses

Ex: Some bahay na bato houses

 Maritime transport – boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions

Ex: A paraw in Palawan

 Weaving – including, but not limited to, basket weaving, back-strap loom weaving, headgear
weaving, fishnet weaving, and other forms of weaving

Ex: Mestiza dress (1930's) ; An indigenous fish net

 Carving – including, but not limited to, woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture

Ex: Standing bulul ; Visayan tenegre buffalo horn hilt

 Folk performing arts – including, but not limited to, dances, plays, and dramas

Ex: Tinikling ; Senakulo in Bulacan

 Folk (oral) literature – including, but not limited to, epics, songs, and myths

Ex: Pabasa during the Pasyon ; A manananggal drawing, as depicted in folk stories

 Folk graphic and plastic arts – including, but not limited to, calligraphy, tattooing, folk writing,
folk drawing, and folk painting
Ex: Basahan (surat Bikol) script sample ; Pintados recorded in the Boxer Codex ; Whang-od crafting a
tattoo (21st century)

 Ornament, textile, or fiber art – hat-making, mask-making, accessory-making, ornamental metal

crafts

Ex: Parañaque Cathedral window ; Gourd-based Salakot (bottom) ; Pangalapang ; Nabua Church retablo

 Pottery – including, but not limited to, ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk clay sculpture

Ex: Calatagan Pot with suyat calligraphy (14th-15th century)

 Other artistic expressions of traditional culture – including, but not limited to, non-ornamental
metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions

Ex: Brass gadur ; Brass gadur ; Kuntaw utilized in dance ; Halo-halo, a common Filipino dessert or summer
snack ; Capiz shell window
B) Non-traditional arts[2]

 Dance – including, but not limited to, dance choreography, dance direction, and dance
performance

Ex: Dancers during the Sinulog Festival

 Music – including, but not limited to, musical composition, musical direction, and musical
performance

Ex: Choir music

 Theater – including, but not limited to, theatrical direction, theatrical performance, theatrical
production design, theatrical light and sound design, and theatrical playwriting

Ex: Promotion for the opera, Sangdugong Panaguinip (1902)

 Visual arts – including, but not limited to painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography,
installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging

Ex: Mujer filipina (1895) ; Gabriela Silang statue ; Photo of Theodora Alonzo Quintos, 1909

 Literature – including, but not limited to, poetry, fiction, essay, and literary/art criticism

Ex: Noli Me Tángere, 1887

 Film and broadcast arts – including, but not limited to, film and broadcast direction, film and
broadcast writing, film and broadcast production design, film and broadcast cinematography, film
and broadcast editing, film and broadcast animation, film and broadcast performance, and film
and broadcast new media

Ex: A postcard for the film, Zamboanga (1936)

 Architecture and allied arts – including, but not limited to, non-folk architecture, interior design,
landscape architecture, and urban design

 Baroque Manila Cathedral (c. 1571, rebuilt 1954) ;

Balay Negrense interior

 Design – including, but not limited to, industrial design, and fashion design

Rattan rocking chair ; Tagalog royal fashion (1590)

MY OWN EXPLANATION:

In the Japanese art, the common example I can give is their creation of “manga”(book with images/drawing) and
its animated version called “anime”(animation). A manga or an anime contains story,characters and
imagination.Also through this, the creator can express his/her thoughts,ideas or emotion to his/her readers or
watchers.An example of this is a 2014 shonen manga titled “Boku no Hero Academia” or “My Hero Academia”
created by a manga artist Kohei Horikoshi that has already an animated version last 2018 till now.The
manga/anime is popular in Japan and in other countries.I,myself enjoy watching and reading it.The story lives
in a world where powers called “quirk” is natural to their living environment where only 80% of the population
have it and where literal heroes and villains also exist.The line of the story is connected to a quirkless boy who’s
eager to be a hero and soon received a power and trained to a school where he will be the no. 1 hero in the
future.The manga/anime is still ongoing and I am looking forward to it.

In the Chinese art,The Great Wall of China and Their palaces like the Forbidden City tells the story of its history
and it catches the eye of the tourist.

In the Indian art,Indian have a unique style of traditional clothing and songs.Their clothing can be sometimes
plain or colorful and their songs are different to my kind of style.

Filipino art expresses the history and unique treasures the we proudly shows to others.Like the Noli Me Tangere
which is made by our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal,our unique folk dances like carinosa or different festival like
niyog-niyugan festival and many more.For me,our kind of art never lost a detail that shows or represents a
treasure that we enriched and proudly present to other countries.