Brigade Member Qualifications
and Safety
NFPA1081 Standard
Inc ipie nt Indus t rial Fire B riga de M e mbe r
5.1 .1 Q uali fi cati on or Certifi cati on. For quali fi cati on or certifi cati on at the
inci pi ent i ndustri al fi re bri gade l evel, the i ndustri al fi re bri gade member sh all
meet the JPRs of Chapter 4, Secti ons 5.1 and 5.2, and the si te -specifi c requi re-
ments in Secti on 5.3 as defi ned by the management of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade
and the requi rements defi ned i n Chapter 4 of NFPA 472, Standard for
Professi onal Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materi al s Inci dents. 5.3*
Si te-Speci fi c Requi rements. The management of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade shall
determine the site-specifi c requi rements that are appli cabl e to the i nci pi ent
industri al fi re bri gade member s operati ng on thei r si te. The process used to
determi ne the si te-specifi c requi rements shall be documented, and these addi -
ti onal JPR s added to those i dentifi ed i n Secti ons 5.1 and 5.2.
A dv a nc ed Ext erior Indus tria l Fire B riga de Me mbe r
6.1* General.
6 .1 . 1 Quali fi cati on or Certi fi cati on. For qualifi cati on or certifi cati on at the
advanced exteri or i ndustri al fi re bri gade member l evel, the i ndustri al fi re brigade
member shall meet the JPR s of Chapter 4, Secti ons 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, and 6.2, and
the si te-speci fi c requi rements in Sections 5.3 and 6.3 as defi ned by the manage
ment of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade.
6.1.2 Basi c Advanced Exteri or Industri al Fi re Bri gade Member JPRs.
6.2.1 * Use thermal protecti ve cl othi ng duri ng exteri or fi refi ghti ng operati ons,
gi ven thermal protecti ve cl othi ng, so that the cl othi ng i s correctl y donned, worn,
and doffed.
(A ) Requi site Knowledge. Condi ti ons that requi re personal protecti on, uses and
li mitati ons of thermal p rotecti ve cl othi ng, components of thermal protecti ve
cl othi ng ensembl e, and donni ng and doffi ng procedures.
( B) Requi si te Skill s. The abili ty to correctl y don and doff thermal protecti ve
cl othi ng and to perform assi gnments whil e weari ng thermal protecti ve cl othi ng.
6.2 .2* Use S CBA and PASS de vi ce duri ng exteri or fi re -fi ghti ng operati ons,
gi ven SCBA, PASS, thermal protecti ve cl othi ng, and other personal protecti ve
equipment, so that the SCBA and PASS devi ce i s correctl y donned and acti vated,
the equi pment i s correctl y worn, controll ed breathi ng techni ques are used,
emergency procedures are enacted i f the SCBA fail s, all l ow -ai r warni ngs are
recogni zed, respi ratory protecti on i s not i ntenti onall y compro mi sed, hazardous
areas are exi ted pri or to ai r depl eti on, and the SCBA i s correctl y doffed.
( A) Requi si te Knowl edge. Condi ti ons that requi re respi ratory protecti on, uses
and li mi tati ons of SCBA, components of SCBA, donni ng and doffi ng procedures,
breathi ng techni ques, i ndi cati ons for and emergenc y procedures used wi th
SCBA, and physi cal requi rements of the SCBA wearer.
( B) Requi si te Skil l s. The ability to control breathi ng, use SCBA i n li mi ted
vi si bil ity condi ti ons, repl ace SCBA ai r cyl i nders, use SCBA to exi t through
restri cted passages, i niti ate and compl ete emergency procedures i n the event of
SCBA fail ure or ai r depl eti on, and donni ng and doffi ng procedures.
6.2 .3 (A) Requi si te Knowl edge. Pri nci pl es of fi re stream s; types, desi gn,
operati on, nozzl e pressure effects, and fl ow capabili ties of nozzl es; precauti ons to
be foll owed when advanci ng handli nes to a fi re; observabl e results that a fi re
stream has been correctl y appli ed; dangerous conditi ons created by fi re; pri nci -
pl es of exposure protecti on; potenti al l ong-term consequen ces of exposure to
products of combu sti on; physi cal states of matter i n whi ch fuel s are found; the
appli cati on of each si ze and type of attack li ne; the rol e of the backup team i n fi re
attack si tuati ons; attack and control techni ques; and exposi ng hi dden fi res. 6.3*
Si te-Speci fi c Requi re ment s. The JPR s i n 6.3.1 through 6.3.11 shal l be
consi dered as si te-specifi c functi ons of the advanced exteri or i ndustri al fi re
bri gade member. The management of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade shall determi ne the
si te-speci fi c requi rements that are appli cabl e to the advanced exteri or i ndus tri al fi re
bri gade member operati ng on thei r si te. The process used to determi ne the
site-speci fi c requi rements shall be documented, and these additi onal JPR s added
to those i denti fi ed i n Secti ons 6.1 and 6.2. Based on the asse ss ment of the
site-speci fi c hazards of the facili ty and the duti es that i ndustri al fi re bri gade
members are expected to perform, the management of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade
shall determi ne the specifi c requi rements of Chapters 5 or 6 of NFPA 472,
Standard for Professi onal Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materi al s
Inci dents, or the correspondi ng requi rements i n OS HA 29 CF R 1910.120(q) that
appl y.
Inte rior Struct ura l Indus tria l Fire B riga de M e mber 7 .1
Ge neral .
7.1 .1 Q uali fi cati on or Certi fi cati on. For qualifi cati on or certi fi cati on at the i nterior
structural i ndustri al fi re bri gade member l evel, the member shall meet the JP Rs of
Chapter 4, Secti ons 5.1,5.2, 7.1, and 7.2, and the si te -speci fi c requi rements i n
Secti ons 5.3 and 7.3 as defi ned by the management of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade.
7.1 .2* Basi c Interi or Structural Fi re Bri gade Me mber JP Rs. 7 .1 .2.1 Use therm al
protecti ve cl othi ng duri ng stru ctural fi refi ghti ng opera ti ons, gi ven thermal
protecti ve cl othi ng, so that the cl othi ng i s correctl y donned, worn, and doffed.
(A ) Requi site Knowledge. Condi ti ons that requi re personal protecti on, uses and
li mitati ons of thermal protecti ve cl othi ng, components of thermal protecti ve
cl othi ng ensembl e, and donni ng and doffi ng procedures.
( B) Requi si te Skill s. The abili ty to correctl y don and doff thermal protecti ve
cl othi ng and perform assi gnments whil e weari ng thermal protecti ve cl othi ng.
7.1 .2 .2 * U se S CBA and PA SS de vi ce duri ng i nteri or fi refi ghti ng operati ons ,
gi ven SCBA, PASS, thermal protecti ve cl othi ng, and other personal protecti ve
equipment, so that the SCBA and PASS devi ce i s correctl y donned and acti vated,
the equi pment i s correctl y worn, controll ed breathi ng techni ques are used,
emergenc y procedures are enacted if the SCBA fail s, all l ow -ai r warni ngs are
recogni zed, respi ratory protecti on i s not i ntenti onall y compro mi sed, and
hazardous areas are exited pri or to ai r depl eti on and correctl y doffed.
 ( C) Requi site Knowl edge. Conditi ons that requi re respi ratory protecti on, uses
and li mi tati ons of SCBA, components of SCBA, donni ng and doffing procedures,
breathi ng techni ques, i ndi cati ons for and emergency procedures used with
SCBA, and physi cal requirements of the SCBA wearer.
( D ) Requi site Skill s. The abili ty to control breathi ng, use SCBA i n li mi ted
vi si bility conditi ons, repl ace SCBA ai r cyli nders, use SCBA to exit through
restri cted passages, i niti ate and compl ete emergency procedures i n the event of
SCBA fail ure or ai r depl eti o n, and compl ete donni ng and doffi ng procedures.
7.2.1 (A) Re qui site Knowl edge. Pri nci pl es of condu cti ng i ni ti al fi re si ze -up;
pri nci pl es of fire streams; types, design, operati on, nozzl e pressure effects, and
flow capabiliti es of nozzl es; precauti ons to be foll owed when advanci ng hose
lines to a fi re; observabl e results that a fi re stream has been correctl y applied;
dangerous buildi ng condi ti ons created by fi re; pri nci pl es of exposure protecti on;
potenti al l ong-term consequences of exposure to products of combusti on;
physi cal states of matter i n whi ch fuel s are found; common types of acci dents or
injuri es and thei r causes; and the appli cati on of each si ze and type of handli nes,
the rol e of the backup team i n fi re attack si tuati ons, attack and control tech
ni ques, and exposi ng hi dden fi res.
7.3* Si te-Specifi c Requi rements. The management of the i ndustri al fi re bri gade
shall determi ne the si te -speci fi c requi rements that are appli cabl e to the i nteri or
structural i ndustri al fi re bri gade member operati ng on their si te. The proces s used
to determi ne the site-specifi c requi rements shall be documented, and these
additi onal JPRs added to those i dentifi ed i n Secti ons 7.1 and 7.2. Based on the
asses sment of the site -specifi c hazards of the facility and the duti es that i ndus tri al
fire bri gade members are expected to perform, the management of the i ndustri al
fire bri gade shall determine the specifi c requi rements of Chapters 5 or 6 of NFPA
472, Standard for Professi onal Competence ofResponders to Hazardous Materi al s
Incidents, or the correspondi ng requi rements i n OSHA 29 CFR1910.120(q) that
appl y.
Additional NFPA Standards
NFP A 600 Standard on Industri al Fi re Bri gades
NFP A 140 3 Standard on Li ve Fi re Trai ni ng Evol uti ons
NFPA 1404 Standard for Fi re Servi ce Respi ratory Protecti on Trai ni ng
NFPA 1500 Standard on Fi re Department Occupational Safety and Heal th
Program
N FPA 1851 Standard on Sel ecti on, Care, and Mai ntenance of Structural Fi re
Fi ghti ng Protecti ve Ensembl es
NFPA 1852 Standard on Sel ecti on, Care, and Mai ntenance of Open -Ci rcui t
Self-Contai ned Breathi ng Apparatus (SCBA)
NFPA 1971 Standard on Protecti ve Ensembl es for Structural Fi re Fi ghti ng and
Proxi mi ty Fi re Fi ghti ng
N FP A 1981 Standard on Open -Ci rcuit Self-Contai ned Breathi ng Apparatus
(SCBA) for Emergency Servi ces
N FP A 1982 Standard on Personal Al ert Safety Systems (PASS)
Knowledge Objectives
After compl eti ng thi s chapter, you will be abl e to:
• Di scuss the educational, medi cal , physi cal fitness, and emergency
medi cal care requirements for becomi ng a brigade member.
• Descri be how standards and procedures, personnel , trai ni ng, and equi p
ment are rel ated to the prevention of bri gade member inj uri es and deaths.
• Li st safety precauti ons you need to take duri ng trai ni ng, duri ng emer
gency responses, at emergency i nci dents, at the station, and outsi de your
workpl ace.
• Descri be the protecti on provi ded by personal protecti ve equi pment (PPE).
• Expl ai n the i mportance of standards for PPE.
• Descri be the li mitati ons of PPE.
• Descri be how to properl y mai ntai n PPE.
• Descri be the hazards of smoke and other toxi c envi ronments.
• Expl ai n why respi ratory protecti on i s needed i n the fi re servi ce.
• Descri be the di fferences between open -ci rcui t breathi ng apparatus and
cl osed-circuit breathi ng apparatus.
• Descri be the li mitati ons associ ated wi th sel f -contai ned breathi ng
apparatus (SCBA).
• Li st and descri be the maj or components of SCBA.
• Expl ai n the ski p-breathi ng techni que.
• Expl ai n the safety precauti ons you should remember when usi ng SCBA.
• Descri be the i mportance of d ail y, monthl y, and annual SCBA i nspecti ons.
• Expl ai n the procedures for refilli ng SCBA cyli nders.
• Li st the steps for donni ng a compl ete PPE ensembl e.
Skills Objectives
After compl eting thi s chapter, you will be abl e to perform the foll owi ng skill s: Don
approved personal protecti ve clothi ng. Doff approved personal protecti ve
cl othi ng. Don an SCBA from a seat -mounted bracket. Don an SCBA from a
si de-mounted compartment. Do n an SCBA from a storage case usi ng the
over-the-head method. Don an SCBA from a storage case usi ng the coat
method. Don a face pi ece. Doff an SCBA.
Perform dail y SCBA i nspecti ons. Perform
monthl y SCBA i nspections. Replace an
SCBA cylinder. Cl ean and saniti ze an
SCBA.
 Before leaving the fire station to respond to a structure fire, you don your personal protective
clothing, board the apparatus, and fasten your seat belt. The fire is on the second floor. Your
brigade leader tells you and your partner to mount an interior attack, so you put on your
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and stretch a hose line to the entrance. Smoke fills
the first floor as you make your way to the seat of the fire. You can feel the heat through your
face piece and hear the sounds of breaking glass and crackling flames. You open the nozzle and
direct a stream of water onto the fire to extinguish it. You continue to use your SCBA until the
Safety Officer approves working without it.
1. How does your personal protective equipment keep you safe in this hostile environment?
2. What are some of the limitations of your personal protective equipment?

Brigade Member Qualifications
When a co mpany o r o rganization makes the decis ion to
establish an industrial fire brigade, it is required to establish
a program that defines the mission of the o rganizat ion and to
establish the requirements fo r the organ izat ion, operation,
training, and occupational safety and health of industrial fire
brigades.
Members of an industrial fire b rigade prov ide a v ital
service, the protection of life and property. A successful and
proficient fire brigade member must be properly trained and
supervised by a qualified brigade leader. The job requires a
person who has the desire to learn, the d iscip line to prac tice,
and the ability to apply skills effectively during an incident
(Figure 1-1). Fire brigade members are in a constant
learning process; the more you know, the more effect ive you
will be. Firefighting is manual labor, but it is the most men -
tally ch alleng ing manual labo r anyon e will encount er.
Smart , well-t rained , mot ivated b rigade members are safe
and proficient brigade members.
Roles and Responsibilities of the Fire
Brigade Member
The first step in understanding the organization of the indus-
trial fire brigade is to learn your roles and responsibilit ies as a
member trained to a specific level. As you progress through
this text, you will learn what to do and how to do it so that
you can take your p lace confident ly among the brigade.
Industrial firefight ing performance and kno wledge
requirements are divided into four majo r categories: incip ient
firefighting, advanced exterior firefighting, interior structural
firefighting , and fire brigade leader. The t rain ing,
performance, and knowledge requirements for each level of
response are specified in NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire
Brigades, and NFPA 1081, Standard for Indus tr ial Fir e Brigade
Member Qualifications.
NFPA 1081, Chapter 4 Entrance Requir em ents, w hich app ly
to all levels of the industrial fire brigade member response, is
shown in ( ►Table 1-1 ). The applicable entrance
requirements must be met before brigade members are qual-
ified or certified at the incipient level. This standard also
defines the job performance requirements at each successive
level of response.

Incipient Industrial Fire Brigade Member

(Figure 1-"Q Firefighting requires a special person.
The role of the incipient industrial fire brigade member is to
use the knowledge, skills, and abilit ies received through training
to safely attack incipient fires only This offensive fire attack may
include the use of portable fire ext inguishers or small
handlines that flo w up to 125 gallons per minute. The use of
 B rigade M ember Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and Safety 5

Table 1-1 NFPA 1081 Chapter 4 Entrance Requirements

Prior t o ent ering t raining t o m eet t he requirem ents of C hapt ers 5 t hrough 8, t he c andidat e shall m eet the entrance and educ ational
requirem ents establis hed by the management of the industrial fire brigade and the medic al- and job-related physical requirements est ablished by
NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades.

are. T he em ergency medic al care perf orm anc e capabilities for indust rial fire brigade pers onnel shall be determined and validated by the management of
the industrial fire brigade.
4.3 Job Performance Requirements The JPRs shall be acc om plished in accordance with t he requirem ents of the managem ent of the
(JPRs). indust rial fire brigade and N F PA 600, St andard on I ndust rial F ire Brigades.
In addition t o t he requirem ent s defined in C hapt ers 5 t hrough 8, t he m anagem e nt of the industrial fire brigade shall define the
site-specific requirements for each level of industrial fire brigade m em bership that are applic able to its employ ees and shall include those requirem ents in
the evaluation of the employ ee at the applic able level. T he proc ess us ed t o identify the site -specific requirem ents for a site or fac ility shall be
doc umented.

Performance of eac h requirem ent of t his standard s hall be ev aluat ed by individuals approv ed by t he management of the industrial fire
brigade.
T he entranc e requirement s of C hapt er 4 s hall be m et prior t o beginning t raining at t he incipient level.

Prior t o being qualified or c ertif ied at t he incipient lev el, t he c andidat e shall m eet t he J PR s def ined in Sections 5.1 and 5.2 and the
applicable site -specific requirem ents in Section 5.3 as defined by the m anagement of the industrial fire brigade.

T he inc ipient level is t he first lev el of progress ion fo r t he s ubs equent lev els of progres sion in t his standard.

Prior to being qualif ied or c ert ified at the adv anc ed ext erior lev el, the indust rial fire brigade m em ber shall meet the JPRs of Sections
5.1, 5.2, 6.1, and 6.2 and the applicable site -spec ific requirem ents in Sections 5.3 and 6.3 as defined by the m anagem ent of the industrial fire brigade.

Prior t o being qualified or c ert if ied at the int erior st ruct ural lev el, t he indust rial fire brigade m em ber shall meet the JPRs of Sections
5.1, 5.2, 7.1, and 7.2 and the applicable site -spec ific requirem ents in Sections 5.3 and 7.3 as defined by the m anagem ent of the industrial fire brigade.

Prior t o being qualified or c ert if ied at the int erior st ruct ural/ adv anc ed ext erior lev el, t he indust rial fire brigade mem ber shall meet
the JPRs of Chapters 5, 6, and 7 and the applic able site-s pecific requirements as defined by the m anagement of the industrial fire brigade.

Prior to being qualified or c ert ified at the fire brigade leader lev el, t he indust rial f ire brigade mem ber shall m eet the JPRs of
Chapters 5, 6, or 7 for t he level of the industrial fire brigade he or she is leading and the applic able site -specific requirem ents as def ined by the
managem ent of the indus trial fire brigade.

I ndust rial fire brigade mem bers w ho operate industrial f ire brigade apparatus in t he perform anc e of their duties at any level of
qualification defined by this document shall meet the applicable require ments as determined by the management of the industrial fire brigade in Chapters
4 through 10 of NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driv er/ Operat or Professional Qualifications.

Prior t o operat ing indus trial fire brigade apparat us, t he fire apparat us operat or/ driv er shall m eet the JPRs of Chapter 4, Sect ions 5.1
through 5. 3, and the applicable s ite-s pec ific requirements as defined by the managem ent of the industrial fire brigade.

Prior t o res ponding to incidents s uc h as civ il unrest, use of w eapons of m as s dest ruct ion, or acts of terrorism, the m anagem ent of the
industrial fire brigade shall provide appropriate training to m em bers that is c onsist ent wit h their roles.

raining. T he m anagem ent of the industrial f ire brigade s hall prov ide inc ident m anagement syst em t raining t o industrial fire brigade m embers as defined by the
National Incident Managem ent System (N lfvlS) and NF PA 1561, Standard on Emergency Servic es Incident Managem ent System.
 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
personal protective equ ip ment (PPE) and self -contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA ) is not allo wed when fighting
incipient-stage fires.
So me b rigades are t rained to defensively attack exterior
fires using handlines that flow up to 300 gallons per minute
and/or use master stream devices.
The incip ient brigade member is responsible for attend -
ing the train ing prog rams and drills that should be prov ided
at least annually.
Incipient industrial fire brigade members should have the
ability to:
• Understand and correctly apply app ropriate co mmu
nication protocols.
• Exit a hazardous area safely as a team.
• Set up ground ladders safely and correctly.
• Conserve property with salvage tools and equip ment.
• Extinguish incip ient Class A, Class B, Class C, and
Class D fires.
• Illu minate an emergency scene.
• Turn off utilities.
• Perform fire safety surveys.
• Clean and maintain equ ip ment .
The facility management shall determine the site-specific
requirements fo r the incip ient-level brigade. Fire b rigade
leaders should refer to NFPA 600, Standard on Indust rial
Fire Brigades, to help identify the job performance require-
ments, the SQPs/SOGs, and the t raining requirements that
the brigade will need to meet to safely and efficiently perform
the duties needed to mit igate the hazards found at that facility.
Advanced Exterior Industrial Fire Brigade
Member
The ro le o f the advanced ext erio r industrial fire b rigade
member is to use the knowledge, skills, and abilities received
through training to safely fight exterior fires that may or may
not include structures.
The advanced exterior brigade member is responsible for
attending the educat ion and train ing prog rams that should
be prov ided at least once a quarter, the semiannual drills,
and the annual live fire exercise.
Advanced exterior ind ustrial fire b rigad e memb ers
should have the ability to:
• Don (put on) and do ff (take o ff) PPE p roperly .
• Understand and correctly apply app ropriate co mmu
nication protocols.
• Use SCBA.
• Respond on apparatus to an emergency scene.
• Force entry into a structure.
• Exit a hazardous area safely as a member o f a team.
• Set up ground ladders safely and co rrect ly
• Attack a passenger vehicle fire and an exterior Class A
fire.
• Overhaul a fire scene.
A N D P R A C T I C E
• Conserve property with salvage tools and equip ment.
• Connect a fire depart ment engine to a water supply
• Extinguish incip ient Class A, Class B, Class C, and
Class D fires.
• Extinguish an ignitable liquid fire.
• Control a flammab le gas cylinder fire.
• Illu minate an emergency scene.
• Turn off utilities.
• Perform fire safety surveys.
• Clean and maintain equ ip ment .
Every fire brigade must develop site-specific SOPs/SOGs
that cover the NFPA job perfo rmance requ irements (JPRs)
for the emergency operations and safety considerations asso -
ciated with the types of hazards that the advanced exterior
industrial fire brigade member can be expected to respond to
at that facility.
Interior Structural Industrial Fire Brigade
Member
The ro le of the interio r structu ral industrial fire brigade
member is to use the knowledge, skills, and abilit ies received
through t rain ing to o ffensively attack interior fires that
involve the structure and/or its contents.
The interior structural member is responsible fo r attend -
ing the education and train ing prog rams that should be pro -
vided at least once a quarter, the semiannual d rills, and the
annual live fire exercise.
The interior structural industrial brigade member should
also maintain his or her physical health and ag ility as well as
the skills to:
• Don and doff PPE properly.
• Ho ist hand tools using approp riate ropes and knots.
• Understand and correctly apply app ropriate co mmu
nication protocols.
• Use SCBA.
• Force entry into a structure.
• Exit a hazardous area safely as a member o f a team.
• Set up ground ladders safely and correctly.
• Attack an interior structure fire.
• Conduct search and rescue in a structure.
• Perform ventilat ion of an involved structure.
• Overhaul a fire scene.
• Conserve property with salvage tools and equip ment.
• Extinguish incip ient Class A, Class B, Class C, and
Class D fires.
• Illu minate an emergency scene.
• Turn off utilities.
• Perform fire safety surveys.
• Clean and maintain equ ip ment .
Every fire brigade must develop site-specific SOPs/SOGs
that cover the NFPA JPRs for the emergency operations and
safety considerat ions associated with the types of hazards
that the interio r st ructural industrial fire b rigade member
can be expected to respond to at that facility.

Roles Within the Department
General Roles
A fire brigade member may have many roles during a profes -
sion, particularly in smaller brigades. Some of the more com-
mon positions that fire fighters must assume are described
here:
• Brigade member: The brigade member may be
assigned any task, fro m p lacing hose lines to ext in
guishing fires. Generally, the brigade member is not
responsible fo r any co mmand functions and does not
supervise other personnel, except on a tempo rary
basis when pro moted to an act ing officer.
• Dri ver/operator : Often called an eng ineer or techn i
cian, the driver is responsible for getting the fire appa
ratus to the scene safely, sett ing up, and running the
pump or operat ing the aerial ladder once it arrives on
the scene.
• Company officer : Th is indiv idual is usually a lieu
tenant or captain who is in charge o f a team o f mem
bers that form a co mpany. The co mpany o fficer is in
charge o f the co mpany both on scene and at the sta
tion. He or she is responsible for the in itial firefighting
strategy, personnel safety, and the overall act ivit ies of
the brigade members in their co mpany. Once co m
mand is established, the co mpany o fficer focuses on
tactics.
• Safety officer: The safety officer watches the overall
operation fo r unsafe pract ices. He or she has the
authority to stop any firefighting act iv ity until it can
be done safely and correct ly. The senior ran king offi
cer may act as safety officer until the appointed safety
officer arrives or until another o fficer is delegated
those duties.
• Training officer: The train ing officer is responsible
for updat ing the train ing of current brigade members
and fo r train ing new me mbers. He o r she must be
aware of the most current techn iques of firefight ing
and EMS.
• Inci dent commander : The incident co mmander is
responsible fo r the management o f all the incident
operations. This position focuses on the overall strat
egy of the incident and is often filled by the brigade
leader or ch ief.
• Public informati on officer: The public info rmat ion
officer serves as a liaison between the incident com
mander and the news med ia.
• Fi re protecti on engi neer : The fire prot ect ion eng i
neer usually has an eng ineering deg ree, rev iews
plans, and wo rks with bu ild ing o wners to ensure
that their fire suppression and d etect ion systems will
meet the relevan t cod es and funct ion as needed .
So me fire p rotect ion eng ineers actually design these
systems.
Brigade Member Qualifications and Safety
Specialized Response Roles
Many assignments require specialized training. Many indus -
trial brigades have teams of fire fighters who respond to spe-
cific types of calls. Members of these teams are usually
required to be fire fighters before they begin addit ional train-
ing. Specialist positions include the following:
• Hazardous materials technician: "Hazmat" techni
cians have train ing and certification in chemical iden
tificat ion, leak control, decontaminat ion, and clean -up
procedures.
• Technical rescue technician: A "tech rescue"
technician is t rained in special rescue techniques for
incidents involving structural collapse, trench rescue,
vehicle/ mach inery rescue, confined-space rescue,
high-ang le rescue, and other unusual situat ions.
• Emergency Me dical Services (EMS ) personnel:
EM S personnel ad min ister prehospital care to peop le
who are sick o r in ju red. Prehospital calls account fo r
the majority of responses in many industrial facilit ies.
So me members are often cross -trained as EMS person
nel. EMS train ing levels are no rmally d ivided into
categories: Advanced First Aid, CPR/AED, Emergency
Medical Technician-Basic, Emergency Medical
Technician-Intermediate, and Emergency Medical
Technician-Paramedic.
Management of the industrial fire b rigade must es tablish
the level of industrial fire brigade response and is responsib le
fo r ensu rin g t he requ irements are met . In dust rial brigade
management is also responsible for defin ing and
documenting the site-specific requ irements for each level of
response.
Brigade Member Requirements
Age Requirements
The authority for establishing the age requirements for par-
ticipation in an industrial fire brigade is the responsibility of
management o r the authority having ju risdiction. The level
of emergency response and the potential safety exposure of
brigade members might affect age limitations or restrictions.
Firefighting is classified as a hazardous occupation, wh ich
limits the legal min imu m age to 18. Insurance liab ility may
also be a consideration in determin ing age restrict ions of
brigade members.
Training and Education Requirements
A t rain ing and ed ucat ion p rog ram mu st be est ab lis hed
and maintained to ensure b rigade members are ab le to per-
form their assigned response duties safely and not pose a
hazard to themselves o r others. A ll b rigade members must
be trained to a co mpetency level that meets the response
duties that they are expected to perform. NFPA 1081 speci-
fies th e min imu m s kills and kno wledge requ irements th at
 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
brigade members must meet before part icipat ing in emer-
gency responses.
Medical Requirements
Firefighting is physically demanding and stressful. Brigade
members are required to have a med ical evaluation before
being accepted fo r fire brigade membership when response
activit ies are beyond the incipient level response. Medical
and fitness requirements are established by rev iewing the
risks and tas ks th at will be expected , based on the fire
brigade's response dut ies. Brig ade members must h ave
annual med ical evaluations when participating in advanced
exterior o r interior structural firefighting.
Physical Fitness Requirements
Because of the wide variety of industrial operations and the
varied levels of fire brigade response duties, it is the respon-
sibility of industrial fire brigade management to establish
job-related physical perfo rmance requ irements. NFPA 600
allo ws fire brigade management to choose the fitness testing
method that will be used for fire brigade candidates. In gen -
eral, fire brigade members must have the strength and stamina
needed to perform the tasks associated with firefighting and
emergency operations.
Emergency Medical Care Requirements
Delivering emergency medical care is an impo rtant function
of many industrial fire brigades. The level of init ial med ical
care can vary great ly depending on the resources available
during a 24-hour period. Industrial facilities operate on dif-
ferent shifts, and staffing levels may be min imal after the
normal day shift has ended. Facilities may have the ability to
provide advanced life support response during the day, but
may have limit ed or no emergency medical capabilit ies at
other times. NFPA 1081 states that "emergency care per-
formance capab ilities fo r industrial fire b rigade personnel
shall be determined and validated by the management of the
industrial fire b rigade." OSHA 1910.1030 mandates
blood-borne pathogen training when there is potential for
exposure to blood or other potentially infect ious materials.
Brigade Member Safety
Firefighting, by its very nature, is dangerous. Each individual
brigade member must learn safe methods of confronting the
risks presented during training exercises, on the fireground,
and at other emergency scenes.
Every fire brigade must do what it can to reduce the haz-
ards and dangers of the job and help prevent brigade member
in ju ries and deaths . Each o rgan izat ion must hav e a strong
co mmit ment to brigade member safety and h ealth with
designated personnel to oversee these programs. Safety must
be fu lly integrated into every acti vity, procedure, and job
descript ion.
A N D P R A C T I C E
Appropriate safety measures must be applied routinely
and consistently. During serious incidents, safety officers are
responsible for evaluating the hazards of various situations
and reco mmend ing app rop riate safety measures to the
Incident Co mmander (IC). Each accident or inju ry must be
thoroughly investigated to determine the root cause and how
it can be avoided in the future.
Advances in technology and equipment require organiza-
tions to review and revise their safety policies and procedures
regularly. Informat ion reviews and research by designated
safety personnel can identify new hazards as well as appropriate
risk-management measures. Reports of accidents and fatalities
fro m other fire brigades can help identify problems and
develop preventive actions.
Causes of Brigade Member Deaths and
Injuries
The info rmat ion and stat ist ics in th e fo llo wing sect ion
involve paid and volunteer municipal fire fighters. However,
industrial fire brigade members are exposed to many o f the
same risks. Injury and fatality statistics for industrial brigade
members are not readily available because injuries and fatal-
it ies reported to the Occupational Safety and Health
Admi nistrati on (OSHA) typically don't classify "industrial
fire b rigade" as an occupation. The informat ion contained
here is valuab le in that it clearly shows what is killing and
inju ring the entire fire serv ice.
Each year about 100 fire fighters are killed in the line of
duty in the Un ited States. These deaths occur not only at
emergency incident scenes, but also in the station, during
train ing, and wh ile responding to or return ing fro m emer-
gency situations. Approximately the same nu mber of fire
fighter deaths occur on the fireground or emergency scene as
during t rain ing or wh ile perfo rming other nonemergency
duties. The remainder, app ro ximately 24%, occu r wh ile
responding to or return ing fro m alarms (► Figure 1-2). The
leading cause of fire fighter deaths is heart attacks, both on
and off the fireground.
Vehicle collisions are a major cause of fire fighter fatali-
t ies . Fo r ev ery 1 ,0 0 0 e me rg en cy res po ns es , t h ere is
one v eh icle co llis ion invo lv ing an emergency v eh icle
(►Figure 1-3). One study found that 27% of the fire fighters
who d ied in those incidents were ejected fro m the vehicle,
which suggests that they were not using seatbelts. Brigade
memb ers shou ld nev er overlook bas ic safety procedures,
such as always fastening seat belts, especially during emer-
gency responses.
The NFPA estimates that 80,100 fire fighters were injured
in the line of duty in 2005. Half of these inju ries occurred
while fighting fires, and another 17% occurred at other emer-
gencies. The rest occurred during other on-duty activities. The
most co mmon inju ries were strains, sprains, and soft-tissue
injuries. Burn injuries and smo ke and gas inhalat ion made up
only a small percentage of total injuries (►Table 1-2).

Fire Fighter Deaths by Type of Duty-2005
Fire Fighter Deaths by Cause of lnjury-2005
Fire Fighter Deaths by Nature of lnjury-2005
Figure 1-2) Fire fighter deaths in the United States.
Figure 1-3 Motor vehicle collisions are a major cause of
death for
Fire figthters
Briga de Me mber Q ualifica ti ons a nd Sa fe ty
9
Table 1-2 Fire Fighter Injuries
Ty pe of Injury % of t ot a l
Strains and sprains 40%
Soft-tissue injuries 22%
Burns 7.9 %
Smoke and gas inhalation 6.2 %
Injury Prevention
Injury prevention is a responsibility shared by each member
of the firefighting team. Brigade members must always
consider:
• Personal safety
• The safety of other team members
• The safety of everyone present at an emergency scene
To reduce the risks of accidents, in ju ries, occupat ional
illnesses, and fatalities, a successful safety prog ram must
have four major co mponents:
• Standards and p rocedures
• Personnel
• Training
• Equ ip ment
Standards and Procedures
Because safety is such a high p rio rity several o rganizations
set standards for a safe working env iron ment fo r the fire
service. Although the standard doesn't apply to industrial fire
brigades that operate on ly "on p roperty" NFPA 1500,
Standard on Fire Depar tment Occupational Safety and Health
Program, provides a co mprehensive health and safety pro-
gram. Other NFPA standards focus on specific subjects
direct ly related to health and safety. The OSHA , as well as
various state and p rovincial health and safety agencies,
develops and enforces government regulations on workplace
safety. NFPA standards often are incorporated by reference in
government regu lations.
Every organization should have a set of standard operat-
ing procedures (SOPs) or standard operating gu idelines
(SOGs ), which outline how to perform various functions and
operations. SOPs are a requirement of NFPA 600. SOPs and
SOGs cover a range of topics fro m uniform and groo ming
standards to emergency scene operations. These procedures
should incorporate safe practices and policies. Each brigade
member is responsib le fo r understand ing and fo llo wing
these procedures.
The organizations chain of command also enforces safety
goals and procedures. The co mmand structure keeps every-
one working toward co mmon goals in a safe manner. The
Inci dent Management System (IMS ) is a nationally recog-
nized p lan to establish co mmand and contro l of emergency
10 I N D U S T R I A L FI R E B R I G A D E : PR I N C I PL E S
incidents. Flexib le enough to meet the needs of any emer-
gency situation, IMS should be imp lemented at every emer-
gency scene, fro m a routine equip ment accident to a major
disaster involving nu merous agencies.
Many brigades have a health and safety co mmittee
responsib le for establish ing po licies on b rigade member
safety. Members of the committee should include representa-
tives fro m every area, co mponent , and level with in the
brigade, fro m brigade member to brigade leader. The safety
officer and the brigade physician also should be members of
the committee.
Personnel
A safety program is only as effective as the individuals who
imp lement it. Personnel select ion and t rain ing in the science
of safe and effective fire suppression should be a significant
part of fire brigade operations and budgets.
Teamwork is an essential element of safe emergency opera-
tions. On the fireground and during any hazardous activity,
brigade members must work together to get the job done. The
lives of plant personnel, as well as the lives of other members
of the brigade, depend on compliance with basic safety con -
cepts and principles of operation.
An overall plan also is essential to coordinate the activities
of every team, crew, or unit involved in the operat ion. The
IM S coo rd inat es and t racks the lo cat ion and funct ion o f
every indiv idual or wo rk group involved in an operat ion.
Freelancing is acting independently of a superior's orders
or the organizations SOPs. Freelancing has no place on the
fireground; it is a danger to both the brigade member who acts
independently and every other brigade member. A brigade
member who freelances can easily get into trouble by being in
the wrong place at the wrong time or by doing the wrong
thing. For examp le, a brigade member who enters a burning
structure without informing a superior may be trapped by rap -
idly changing conditions. By the time the brigade member is
missed, it may be too late to perform a rescue. Searching for a
missing brigade member exposes others to unnecessary risk.
Safety officers are designated members of the brigade
whose primary responsibility is safety. At the emergency scene, a
safety officer reports directly to the IC and has the authority to
stop any part of an action that is judged to be unsafe. Safety
officers observe operations and conditions, evaluate risks, and
work with the IC to identify hazards and ensure the safety of
all personnel. Safety officers also determine when brigade
members can work without SCBA after a fire is ext inguished.
Safety officers contribute to safety in the workplace, at
emergency incidents, and at t raining exercises. Ho wever,
each member of the b rigade shares the responsibility for
safety, as an individual and as a member o f the team.
Training
Adequate training is essential for brigade member safety. The
init ial brigade member t rain ing covers the potential hazards
AND P R A C T I C E
of each skill and evolut ion and out lines the steps necessary to
avoid in jury. Brigade members must avoid sloppy practices
or shortcuts that can contribute to in ju ries and learn how to
identify hazards and unsafe conditions.
The kno wledg e and skills d eveloped du ring t rain ing
classes are essential for safety. The in itial train ing course is
only the beginning. Brigade members must continually seek
out addit ional courses and wo rk to keep their skills cu rrent
to ensure personal and team safety.
Equipment
A brigade member's equip ment ranges fro m po rtable fire
ext inguishers to power and hand too ls to personal protec-
ti ve equi pment (PPE) and electronic instru ments. Brigade
members must kno w ho w to use equip ment p roperly and
operate it safely . Equ ip ment also must be properly main -
tained. Poorly maintained equip ment can create addit ional
hazards to the user or fail to operate when needed.
Manufacturers usually supply operating instructions and
safety procedures. Instructions cover proper use, limitations,
and warnings of potential hazards. Brigade members must read
and heed these warnings and instructions. New equip ment
must meet applicable standards to ensure that it can perform
under difficult and dangerous conditions on the fireground.
Safety and Health
Safety and well-being are d irect ly related to personal health
and physical fitness. Although fire organ izations regularly
mon itor and evaluate the health of b rigade members, each
brigade member is responsible for personal conditioning and
nutrition. Brigade members should eat a healthy diet , main -
tain a healthy weight, and exercise regularly.
All brigade members, whether paid or vo lunteer, should
spend at least an hour a day in physical fitness training .
Brigade members should be examined by either a personal or
company physician befo re beginn ing any new wo rkout rou -
tine. An exercise routine that includes weight t rain ing, car -
diovascular workouts, and stretch ing with a concentrat ion
on job-related exercises is ideal. For examp le, many brigade
members will use a stair-climbing mach ine and focus on the
muscle groups used for firefighting. This builds strength and
endu ran ce on the fireg rou nd, bu t ot her muscle g roups
should not be neglected.
Hydration is an important part o f every workout. A good
guidelin e is to consu me 8 to 10 ounces o f water fo r every 5
to 10 minutes of physical exertion. Do not wait until you feel
thirsty to start rehydrat ing. Brigade members should drin k
up to a gallon o f water each day to keep p roperly hydrated.
Proper hydrat ion enables muscles to work longer and
reduces the risk o f in juries at the emergency scene.
Diet is another impo rtant aspect of physical fitness. A
healthy menu includes fruits, vegetables, low-fat foods, whole
grains, and lean protein. Pay attention to portion sizes; most

(Figure 1-4) Regular exercis e will help you to stay healthy and perf orm your
job.
people eat larger port ions than their bodies need. Substitute
healthy choices such as fruit for h igh-calorie desserts.
Heart d isease is the leading cause of death in the United
States and among brigade members. A healthy lifestyle that
includes a balanced diet, weight training, and cardiovascular
exercises helps reduce many risk factors for heart disease and
enables brigade members to meet the physical demands of
the job ( A Figure 1T) .
Drug use has absolutely no place in the fire service. Many
brigades have drug-testing programs to ensure that brigade
members do not use or abuse drugs. The illegal use of drugs
endangers your life, the lives of your team members, and the
public you serve.
Everyone is subject to an occasional illness or inju ry.
Brig ade memb ers sh ou ld no t t ry t o wo rk wh en ill o r
injured. Operating safely as a member of a team requires fit-
ness and concentrat ion. Do not co mp ro mis e th e safety of
the team or your personal health by try ing to work wh ile ill
or inju red.
Empl oyee As sis tance Programs
Empl oyee assistance programs ( EAPs) prov id e con fi-
d en t ial h elp wit h a wid e rang e o f p rob lems th at mig h t
Briga de M e mber Q ualificati ons a nd Safety
11
affect perfo rmance. Many fire brigades have EA Ps so that
brigad e memb ers can get counseling, suppo rt , o r other
assistance in dealing with a physical, financial, emotional, or
substance abuse prob lem. A b rigade leader may refer a
brigade member to an EA P if the p roblem b egins to affect
job perfo rmance. Brigade members who use an EA P can
do so with co mp lete confident iality and without fear o f
ret ribut ion .
Safet y During Trainin g
During train ing, brigade members learn the actual skills that
are later used under emergency condit ions. The patterns that
develop during t rain ing will cont inue during actual emer -
gency incidents. Developing the p roper working hab its dur -
ing training courses helps ensure safety later.
Many of the skills covered during train ing can be danger-
ous if they are not perfo rmed correctly . Acco rding to the
NFPA, an average of nine municipal fire fighters are fatally
inju red during train ing exercises every year. Proper protec-
tive gear and teamwo rk are as impo rtant during train ing as
they are on the fire ground.
Instructo rs and veteran b rigade members are mo re than
willing to share their experiences and adv ice. They can
exp lain and d emonst rate every s kill and po in t out the
safety hazards involved because they have perfo rmed these
skills hund reds of t imes and kno w what to do. But h ere,
too, safety is a shared responsibility . Do not att empt any-
thing you feel is beyond your ab ility o r knowledge. If you
see so meth ing t hat you feel is an unsafe p ract ice, b ring it to
the attent ion o f your instructo rs o r a des ignated safety
officer.
Do not freelance on the t rain ing ground. Wait for specific
instruct ions or o rders befo re beg inning any task. Do not
assume that something is safe and act independently. Follow
instruct ions and learn to work acco rd ing to th e proper
procedures.
Teamwo rk is also important du ring training exercises.
Assignments are g iven to fire fighting teams du ring most
live fire exercises. Teams must stay together. If any member
of the team beco mes fat igued, is in pain or d isco mfo rt, o r
needs to leav e the t rain ing area fo r any reason, not ify the
instru ctor or safety officer. M ed ical p ersonnel shou ld b e
consu lt ed t o p erfo rm an examin at io n and refer fo r further
treat ment if necessary . A b rigade member in jured du ring
train ing shou ld not retu rn unt il med ically cleared for duty.
Safety During Emergency Re sponse
When a co mpany is d ispatched to an emergency, b rigade
members need to get to the apparatus and don app ropriate
PPE qu ickly befo re mounting the vehicle and proceeding to
the incident. Walk quickly to the apparatus; do not run. Be
careful not to slip and become in jured befo re reach ing the
apparatus.
 12 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
( Figure 1-5) Protective clothing should be properly positioned so you can
quickly don it.
Personal protective gear should be properly positioned so
you can don it qu ickly b efo re get t ing into th e app aratus (
Figure 1 -5), Be sure that seat belts are properly fastened
before the apparatus begins to move. All personnel respond-
ing on fire apparatus must be seated with seat belts fastened.
Seat belts should remain fastened until the apparatus comes
to a complete stop. Brigade members can don SCBA while
seated in some veh icles. Learn how to do this without
compromising safety.
Drivers have a great responsibility. They must get the
apparatus and the crew members to the emergency scene
without having or causing an accident en route. They must
know the plant area and any target hazards. They must be
able to operate the vehicle skillfully and keep it under contro l
at all t imes. They must ant icipat e all responses fro m other
drivers who might not see o r hear an app roach ing
emergency vehicle or know what to do. Pro mpt response is a
goal, but safe response is a much higher p rio rity.
Safety at Emergency Incidents
At the emergency scene, brigade members shou ld n ever
charge b lind ly into act ion. The b rigade leader in co mmand
will "size-up" the situation, carefu lly evaluat ing the condi-
t ions to d et ermin e if t he area is s afe to ent er. W ait fo r
A N D P R A C T I C E
instruct ions and fo llo w d irect ions fo r th e specific tas ks to
be performed . Do not freelance o r act independent ly o f
co mmand .
Teamwork
On the fireground, a firefight ing team should always con sist
of at least t wo b rig ade members wh o wo rk tog ether and are
in constant co mmunicat ion with each other. So me b rig ades
call th is the buddy sys tem ( Fig ure 1-6 ). In s o me cases ,
b rigad e memb ers wo rk d irect ly with the b rig ad e lead er,
and all b rigad e memb ers fun ct ion as a team. In other
situations, t wo ind iv idual brigade members may be a team
assigned to perform a specific task. In either case, th e
brigad e leader must always kno w where t eams are and
wh at th ey are do ing . Teams wo rking in a h azardous area
must maintain v isual, vocal, o r physical con tact at all times.
Partn ers o r ass ig ned t eam me mb ers sho u ld ent er
together, work together, and leave together. If one member of a
team must leave the fire build ing for any reason, the entire
team must leav e together, regard less if it is a t wo -person
team or an ent ire brigade working as a team.
Before entering a burn ing bu ilding to perform interior
search and rescue or fire suppression operat ions, b rigade
members must be properly equipped with approved PPE.
Partners should check each other's PPE to ensure it is on and
working co rrect ly before they enter a hazardous area.
Brigade members working in a hazardous area should
maintain visual, vocal, or physical contact with each other at
all t imes. At least one member of each team should have a
portable two-way radi o to maintain contact with the IC or a
designated individual in the chain of co mmand who remains
outside the hazardous area. The radio can be used to relay
p ert inent in fo rmat ion an d t o su mmo n h elp if t he team
(Figure 1-6) A firefighting team should consist of at least two members
who work together.

Brigade Member Safely Tips
The two-in, two-out rule is contained in OSHA 1910.134,
Respirat ory Protection Standard.
becomes disoriented, trapped, o r in jured. The IC can contact
the team with new instructions or an evacuat ion order.
Brigade members operating in a hazardous area require
back-up personnel. The back-up team must be able to co m-
municate with the ent ry team, either by s ight o r by rad io,
and ready to provide assistance. Du ring the in itial stages of
an incident, at least two brigade members must remain out -
s ide th e h azard ous area (t wo -in , t wo -ou t ), p rop erly
equipped to respond immed iately if the entry team has to be
rescued.
As the incident prog resses and add it ional crews are
assigned to work in the hazardous area, a designated rapi d
intervention company/crew (RIC) should be established
and positioned outside the hazardous area. Th is team's sole
responsibility is to be prepared to provide emergency assis -
tance to crews wo rking inside the hazardous area.
Accountability
Every fire brigade should have a personnel accountabili ty
system to t rack personnel and assign ments on the emer-
gency scene. The system should reco rd the ind iv iduals
assigned to each co mpany, crew, or entry team; the assign -
ments for each team; and the teams current activities. Several
kinds of accountability systems are acceptable, ranging fro m
paper assign ments or d isplay bo ards to laptop co mputers
and electronic tracking devices.
So me brigades use a "passport" system. Each brigade
leader carries a small magnetic board called a passport. Each
brigade member on duty with that crew has a magnetic name
tag on the board (►Figure T-7~) At the incident scene, the
company's passport is given to a designated individual who
uses it to t rack the assign ment and location of every co m-
pany at the incident.
An "accountability tag" system is often used by many
org an izat ions . Each b rigad e memb er carries a n ame t ag
and turns it in o r p laces it in a des ignated locat ion on the
apparatus when the ind iv idual is on the scene. The tags are
collect ed and used to t rack crews wo rking to gether as a
unit. Th is system wo rks well when b rigades are o rgan ized
based on th e availab le personnel.
Both systems provide an up-to-date accounting of every-
one who is working at the incident and how they are o rgan -
ized. At set intervals, an accountability check is performed to
account for everyone. Usually a b rigade leader reports on the
status of each crew. The brigade leader should always know
exactly where each brigade member is and what he or she is
Briga de M e mber Q uali ficati ons a nd Sa fety
13
(Figure 1-7) A passport lists each brigade member assigned to a crew.
doing. If a crew splits into two or mo re teams, the b rigade
leader should be in contact with at least one member of each
team.
An accountability check is also performed when there is a
change in operat ional strategy o r wh en a s ituat ion occu rs
that could endanger brigade members. If an accountability
check is needed, the list of personnel and assign ments is
available at the co mmand post.
Brigade members must learn their brigade's accountability
system, ho w to wo rk with in it , and how it wo rks with in the
IMS. Brigade members are responsible fo r co mply ing with
the system and staying in contact with a brigade leader o r
ass ig ned superv iso r at all t imes . Teams must stay
together.
Incident Scene Hazards
Brigade members must be aware o f their surroundings when
performing their assigned tasks at an emergency scene. At an
incident, make a safe exit fro m the apparatus and look at the
build ing or s ituat ion fo r safety hazards such as t raffic,
downed utility wires, and adverse environmental conditions.
An incident on a street or facility road must first be secured
with proper t raffic- and scene-control devices. Flares, traffic
cones, or barrier tape can keep the scene safe and bystanders at
a safe distance. Always operate within established boundaries
and protected wo rk areas.
Changing fire conditions will also affect safety. During the
overhaul phase and wh ile p icking up equip ment, watch out
for falling debris, smoldering areas of fire, and sharp objects. If
a safety officer is not on the scene, another qualified person
should be assigned to mon itor the at mosphere fo r the pres -
ence of carbon monoxi de (CO). CO is an odorless, color-
less, tasteless gas that can cause asphy xiat ion, result ing in
14 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
unconsciousness or death. Because the chance for in ju ry
increases when you are t ired, do not let do wn your safety
guard even though the main part of the fire is over.
Using Tools and Equipment Safely
Brigade members must learn how to use tools and equip -
ment properly and safely before using them at an emergency
incident. Fo llo w the proper procedu res and safety precau-
tions in training and at an incident scene. Use protective gear
such as PPE, safety g lasses, and hearing prot ect ion when
they are required.
Proper maintenan ce includ es sharpen ing , lub ricat ing ,
and clean ing each too l. Equ ip ment should always be in
excellent cond it ion and ready for use. Brigade members
should be ab le to do basic repairs such as chang ing a saw
blade or a handlight battery. Practice these tasks at the fire
station until you can perfo rm them qu ickly and safely on the
emergency scene.
Electrical Safety
Electricity is an emergency scene hazard that must always be
respected. Many fires are caused by electricity, such as those
ign ited by fau lty wiring o r invo lv ing elect ric -powered
equip ment. Energized power lines may be present on the
fireground. Brigade members must always check fo r over-
head power lines when raising ladders. Du ring any fire, the
elect ric po wer supply to the bu ild ing should be tu rned off.
This is part of the fireground task called "contro lling the
utilit ies."
Fire brigades are often called to elect rical emergencies,
such as downed power lines, fires or arcing in transformers
and switchgear, and stuck elevators. Always disconnect the
power to any electrical equip ment involved in an emergency
incident.
Park apparatus outsid e the area and away fro m po wer
lines when responding to a call for an electrical emergency. A
downed power line should be considered energized until the
power co mp any con firms that it is dead. Secure the area
around the power line and keep bystanders at a safe distance.
Never d rive apparatus over a do wned line o r attempt to
move it using tools.
Lifting and Moving
Lift ing and mov ing objects are part of a brigade member's
dut ies. Do not t ry to move so meth in g alone that is t oo
heavy—ask for help. Never bend at the waist to lift an object;
always bend at the knees and use the legs to lift. Use equip -
ment such as handcarts, hand t rucks, and wheelbarro ws to
move ob jects a long distance.
Brig ade members must o ften mov e s ick o r in jured
patients. Discuss and evaluate the options before mov ing a
patient; then proceed very carefu lly. If necessary, request
help. Never be afraid to call for additional resources, to assist
in lift ing and moving a heavy patient.
A N D P R A C T I C E
Brigade Member Safety Tips
Never be afraid to ask for help when moving a heavy object.
Working in Adverse Weather Conditions
In adverse weather conditions, brigade members must dress
appropriately. A turnout coat and helmet can keep you warm
and dry in rain , snow, or. ice. Firefighting gloves and knit
caps will also help retain body heat and keep you warm. If
condit ions are icy , make s maller movements, watch your
step, and keep your balance.
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitati on is a systematic process to provide periods of
rest and recov ery fo r emergen cy wo rkers du ring an inci-
dent. Rehab ilitat ion is usually conducted in a des ignated
area away fro m the hazards of the emergency scene. The
rehabilitation area, o r "rehab," is usually staffed by EM S
personnel.
A brigade member who is sent to rehab should be accom-
panied by the other members of the crew. The brigade leader
should inform the IC o f their change in location. While in
rehab, brigade members should take advantage of the opp or-
tunity to rest, rehydrate, have their vital signs checked by EMS
personnel, and have minor inju ries treated ( Figure 1-8).
Rehab gives brigade members the chance to cool off in hot
weather and to warm up in cold weather.
Rehab ilitat ion t ime can be used to rep lace SCBA cylin-
ders, obtain new b atteries for po rtab le rad ios, and make
repairs o r ad just ments to too ls o r equip ment . Firefight ing
teams can d iscuss recent ly co mp leted assign ments and
plan their next wo rk cycle. When a crew is released fro m
reh ab , th ey shou ld b e rest ed , refreshed , and ready for
another work cycle. If the crew is too exhausted or unab le
to retu rn to wo rk, they shou ld b e rep laced and released
fro m the incident .
Never be afraid or embarrassed to admit you need a break
when on the emergency scene. Heat exhaustion is a common
condition, characterized by profuse sweating, dizziness, con -
fusion, headache, nausea, and cramp ing. If a brigade mem ber
shows the signs or sympto ms of heat exhaustion, the brigade
leader should be notified immed iately. The brigade leader
will request approval for rehabilitation so the problem can be
treated.
Heat exhaustion is usually not life-th reaten ing and, if
ident ified early , can be remed ied by rehydrat ion, coo ling ,
and rest. Left u nt reated , heat exh aust ion can p rog ress
quickly to heat stro ke, wh ich is a life-th reaten ing emer-
gency. A lack o f sweat ing, low b lood pressure, shallo w
breathing, and seizures are so me o f the s igns of heat stroke.

(Figure 1-8) In the rehabilitation area, brigade members can rest and
rehydrate.
If you or a member of your team experience these symptoms
during training or on the fireground, call for help and leave
the fireground or t raining area to seek immed iate medical
attention.
A brigade member who experiences chest pain o r d is -
co mfo rt should stop and seek med ical attent ion immed i-
ately. Heart attacks are the leading cause of death in the fire
service.
Brigade Member Safety Tips
Remember these guidelines t o stay saf e— on and off the job.
• You are personally responsible for safety. Keep y ourself
safe. Keep your teammat es safe. Keep t he citizens —y our
custom ers —saf e.
• Work as a team. The safety of the firefighting unit depends on
the efforts of each mem ber. Bec ome a dependable mem ber of
the team.
• Follow orders. F reelancing c an endanger other brigade
members as well as yourself.
• Think! Before y ou act, think about w hat you are doing. Many
people are depending on you.
Brigad e Member Qualifications and Safety
15
Critical Inci dent Stress Debriefi ng
So me calls are part icularly difficult and emotionally trau -
matic. Afterwards, brigade members who were involved may
be required to attend a critical inci dent stress debriefi ng
(CISD). Usually, a stress debriefing is held as soon as possible
after a traumatic call. It provides a forum for personnel to dis -
cuss the anxieties, stress, and emotions triggered by a difficult
call. Follow-up sessions can be arranged for individuals who
continue to experience stressful or emotional responses after
a challenging incident.
Many fire brigades have qualified, designated CISD staff
available 24 hours a day. The initial CISD is usually a group
session for all brigade members and rescuers. It can also be
done on a one-on-one basis or in s maller g roups. Everyone
handles stress different ly, and new brigade members need
time to develop the personal resources to deal with d ifficu lt
situations. If any call is emotionally disturbing, ask your
supervisor or brigade leader for a referral to a qualified CISD
counselor.
Safety at the Fire Station
The fire station is just as much a workplace as the fireground.
Be careful when working with power tools, ladders, electrical
appliances, pressurized cy linders, and hot surfaces. In juries
that occur at the firehouse can be just as devastating as those
that occur at an emergency incident scene.
Safety Outside Your Workplace
Continue to follow safe practices when you are off the job as
well. An accident or injury , regardless of where it happens,
can end your career. For examp le, if you are using a ladder
while off the job, follow the same safety practices that you
would use at work. Use the seat belts in your personal vehi-
cle, just as you are requ ired to do wh en you are at wo rk ( T
Figure 1-9)
(Figure 1 -9 Alw ays us e your seat belt.
16 I N D U S T R I A L FI R E B R I GA D E :
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equip ment (PPE) is an essential co mpo -
nent of a brigade member's safety system. It enables a person
to survive conditions that would otherwise result in death or
serious injury. Different PPE ensembles are designed for spe-
cific hazardous conditions, such as structural firefighting,
hazardous materials operat ions, and emergency med ical
operations.
PPE ensembles provide specific protections, so an under-
standing of their designs, applications, and limitations is crit-
ical. For examp le, a structural firefight ing ensemb le will
protect the wearer fro m the heat, smo ke, and to xic gases
present in building fires (▼ Figure 1-10). It cannot provide
long-term protect ion fro m ext reme weather condit ions, and
it limits range of motion. The more you kno w about the
protection your PPE can provide, the better you will be able
to judge condit ions that exceed its limitat ions.
PPE must p rov ide fu ll body coverag e and p rot ect ion
fro m a variety of hazards. To be effective, the entire ensemble
must be worn whenever potential exposure to those hazards
exists. PPE must be cleaned, maintained, and inspected
regu larly to ensure that it will p rov ide the intended deg ree
(Figure 1-10) A protective ensem ble for structural firefighting provides
protection from multiple hazards.
P R I N C I PL E S AND PR A C T I C E
Brigade Member Safety Tips
A structural f irefighting ensemble is designed only for struct ural
firefighting. It is not des igned for other functions suc h as hazardous
materials. Specializ ed f unctions require s pecific PPE. If your brigade
performs specialized operations, you need the appropriate PPE for that
activity.
of protect ion when it is needed. Worn or damaged art icles
must be repaired or rep laced.
Standards for Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment for brigade members must be
manufactu red accord ing to exact ing standards. Each it em
must have a permanent label verifying that the particular item
meets the requirements of the standard (▼ Figure 1-11 ).
Usage limitat ions as well as clean ing and maintenance
instructions should also be provided.
The requirements for firefighting PPE are outlined in :
• NFPA 1971, St andard on Prot ect iv e Ens em bles f or St ruc t ural
Fire Fight ing and Proxim ity Fire Fight ing
The requ irements for self-contained breath ing apparatus
and personal alert safety systems are outlined in:
• NFPA 1981, St andard on Op en -C irc uit Self -C ont ained
Breat hing Apparat us (SC BA) for Em ergency Serv ic es
• NF PA 1982, St andard on Pers onal Alert Saf ety Syst ems (PASS)
(Figure 1-11) The label provides important inform ation about each
item of PPE.
 Briga de M e mber Q uali ficati ons a nd Sa fety
17

Table 1-3 Types of Protection Furnished

byPPE
Personal protective equipment:
• Provides thermal protect ion • R epels w at er •
Provides impact prot ection • Provides protection
against c uts and abrasions • F urnishes padding
against injury • Inc reases y our v isibilit y • Prov ides
res piratory protect ion

(Figure 1-12)T he complete structural firefighting ensem ble consists of a

helmet, coat, trousers, protective hood, gloves, boots, SCBA, and PASS devic e.

Structural Firefighting Ensemble
Structural firefighting PPE enables brigade members to enter
burning bu ildings and wo rk in areas with high temperatures
and concentrations of to xic gases. Without PPE, b rigade
memb ers wou ld be unable to conduct search -and -rescue
operations or perform fire suppression activities. A structural
firefighting ensemble is designed to cover every part of the
body. It provides protection from the fire, keeps water away
fro m the body, and helps reduce trauma fro m cuts or falls.
Structural firefighting PPE is designed to be worn with
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCB A), wh ich
provides respiratory protection.
The structural firefighting ensemble consists of a protec-
tive coat, trousers, a helmet, a hood, boots, and gloves. The
helmet must have a face shield, goggles, or both. The clothing
is wo rn with SCBA and a personal alert safety system (PASS)
device. All of these elements must be worn together to provide
the necessary level of protection ( A Figure 1-12).
the feet and ankles from the fire, keep them dry, prevent punc-
ture injuries, and protect the toes from crushing injuries.
SCBA p rovides respiratory protect ion. An SCBA g ives
the b rigade memb er an independent air supply . Th is p ro-
tects the resp iratory system fro m to xic p roducts and hot
gases present in the at mosphere.
Helmet
Fire hel mets are manu factu red in several des ig ns and
shapes using different materials. Each design must meet the
requirements specified in NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective
Ensemble jor Structural Firefighting. The hard outer shell is
lined with energy-absorbing material and has a suspension
system to prov ide impact p rotection against falling ob jects
(▼ Figure 1-13). The helmet shell also repels water, protects
against steam, and creates a thermal barrier against heat and
cold. The shape of the helmet helps to deflect water away
fro m the head and neck.

Protection Provided
A structural firefighting ensemble is designed for full body
coverage and provides several different types of protection
(►Table 1-3). The coat and trousers have tough outer shells
that can withstand high temperatures, repel water, and p ro -
vide protection fro m ab rasions and sharp objects. The knees
may be rein forced with pads for greater p rotection when
crawling. Fluorescent/reflective trim adds visibility in dark or
smoky environments. Insulating layers of fire-resistant materi-
als protect the skin fro m h igh temperatures. A vapor barrier
between the shell and liner keeps liquids and vapors, such as
hot water or steam, fro m reach ing the skin.
The helmet provides protection fro m t rau ma to the h ead
and includes ear coverings. The face shield helps protect the
eyes. A fire-retardant hood covers any exposed skin between
the coat collar, the SCBA face piece, and the helmet. Gloves
protect the hands from heat, cuts, and abrasions. Boots protect

(Figure 1-13) A helmet is constructed with multiple layers and components.

 18 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

Face and eye protection can be provided by a face shield,

goggles, or both. Safety goggles or glasses should meet NFPA
or ANSI (A merican Nat ional Standards Institute) standards.
These components are used when SCBA is not needed or
when the SCBA face piece is not in place. A chin strap is also
required and must be worn to keep the helmet in the proper
position. The chin strap also helps to keep the helmet on the
brigade member's head du ring an impact.
Fire helmets have an inner liner for added thermal protec-
tion. This liner also provides protection for the ears and neck.
When entering a bu rn ing bu ild ing , the b rigad e memb er
should pull down the ear tabs for maximu m protect ion.
Helmets are manufactured with adjustable inner suspen -
sion systems that hold the head away fro m the shell and
cushion it against impacts. Th is suspension system must be
adjusted to fit the indiv idual, with the SCBA face piece and
hood in place. (Figure 1-14) A prot ectiv e hood.
Helmet shells are o ften co lo r-coded accord ing to the
brigad e memb er's ran k and funct ion . They o ften carry
co mp an y nu mb ers , ran k ins ig n ia, o r ot her markin gs.
So me o rgan izat ions use a shield mounted on the front o f
the helmet to ident ify the brigade memb er's ran k and co m-
p an y . Brig ht , reflect ive mat erials are ap p lied to make
the brigade member mo re vis ible in all types of lighting
conditions.
NFPA 1971 requires that helmets approved for structural
firefight ing have a label permanently attached to the inside
of the shell. Th is label lists the manu factu rer, model, date
of manufactu re, weight, size, and reco mmended clean ing
procedures.

Protective Hood
Although the helmet's ear tabs cover the ears and neck, this
area is still at risk fo r burns when the head is turned or the
neck is flexed. Protecti ve hoods provide additional thermal
protection for these areas. The hood, which is constructed of (Figure 1 -15) A bunk er or t urnout c oat.
flame-resistant materials such as Nomex® or PB I®. covers
the whole head and neck, except for that part of the face pro -
tected by the SCBA face p iece (►Figure 1-14). The lo wer material applied to the outer shell makes the brigade member
part of the hood, which is called the bib, drapes down inside mo re v isib le in s mo ky cond itions and at n ight.
the turnout coat. The second layer of the coat is the moisture barrier, which
Protect ive hoods are worn over the face p iece but under is a flexib le membrane attached to a thermal barrier material
the helmet . After securing the face piece straps, carefully fit (th e th ird lay er). Th e mo istu re barrier helps p rev ent th e
the hood around the face piece so that no areas of bare skin
are left exposed. The hood must fit snugly around the clear
area of th e face p iece so th at v ision is not co mp ro mis ed.
Fire M arks
Turnout Coat
Coats used for structural firefighting are generally called
<Before hoods were introduced, the skin on the neck and ears was often
exposed. This often res ulted in burns to the ears. Brigade members still
bunker coats or turnout coats (► Figure 1-15 ). Only coats must be careful to avoid situations where the tempera ture exceeds the
that meet NFPA 1971 should be used for structural firefight- protection provided by PPE,
ing. Turnout coats have three layers. The outer layer o r shell is
constructed of a sturdy, flame -resistant, water-repellant
material such as No mex®, Kevl ar® . or PBI®. Reflect iv e

_
 Briga de M e mber Q uali ficati ons a nd Sa fety 19

transfer of water, steam, and other flu ids to the skin. Water
applied to a fire g enerates large amounts o f superheated
steam, wh ich can engulf brigade members and burn unpro-
tected skin.
The thermal barrier is a mu ltilayered o r quilted material
that insulates the body fro m external temperatures. It enables
brigade members to operate in the high temperatures gener-
ated by a fire and keeps the body warm during cold weather.
The front of the tu rnout coat has an overlapp ing flap to
provide a secure seal. The inner closure is secured first, and
then the outer flap is secured, creating a double seal. Several
different combinations of D-rings, snaps, zippers, and Velcro
can be used to secure the inner and outer closures.
The collar of the coat works with the hood to protect the
neck. The collar has a closure system in front to keep it in a
raised position. The coat's sleeves have wristlets that prevent
hot embers fro m getting between the s leeves and the skin.
They also p revent the s leeves fro m riding up the wrists,
which could result in wrist burns.
Bunker coats come in a variety of lengths that will protect
the body as long as the matching style of pants is also worn.
The coat must be long enough to allow you to raise your arms
over your head without exposing your midsection. The sleeve
length should not hinder arm movement, and the coat should
be large enough that it does not interfere with movements.
Pockets in the coat can be used for carrying s mall tools or
a gloves. Additional pockets or loops can be installed to
hold radios, microphones, flashlights, or other accessories.

Bu n ker Pan t s (Figure 1-16) Bunker pants.

Prot ect ive t rous ers are also calledbu n ker pan ts
or
turnout pants (►Fig ure 1-16 ). They can be constructed in
raist-l eng th d es ign o r b ib sty le con figu rat ion . Bun ker
■ants also must meet the NFPA 1971 and are constructed
with th e same mu lt ip le layers as bun ker coats. The outer
shell resists abrasion and repels water. The second layer is a
e barrier to p rotect the skin fro m liqu ids and steam
id the inner layer is a qu ilt ed , th ermal b arrier to
:he body fro m elevated temperatures. Bunker pants
?rced around the an kles and knees with leather o r
; dding.
Bun ker p ants are manu factu red with a doub le fasten er
m at the waist, similar to the front flap of a turnout coat.
-: stripes around the ankles provide added visibility.
Suspenders hold the pants up. Pants should be large enough
to allo w you to don them qu ickly. They shou ld be b ig
enough to allow you to crawl and bend your knees easily, but
they should not be bigger than necessary.
Boots
Structural firefighting boots can be constructed of rubber or
leather and co me in d ifferent lengths. Rubber firefighting
boots come in a step-in style without laces ( ► Figure 1-17).
Leather firefighting boots are available in a knee-length,
pull-on style or in a shorter version with laces (► Figure 1-18).
Both boot styles must meet the same test requ irements
specified in NFPA 1971. The outer layer repels water and

Brigade Member Safety Tips

thermal liner of most turnout c oats can be remov ed w hile - v - is
being cleaned, but t he t urnout coat must never be ■ -:." :ne
thermal liner. Severe injury could occur if the coat *'thout the
liner.
Fine Marks
Bunk er coats were originally made of rubber and des igned
primarily to repel water. Today's coats provide protection from
flames, heat, abrasions, and cuts as well as water.
 VOICES OF EXPERIENCE
" It was the aggressive training and thorough
qualifications of the on-scene member s that
allowed the incident to be mitigated safely. "

Several years ago, an explosion and resulting fire at an .

industrial facility illustrated the power of member
trainingand qualifications. A small pipeline had ruptured at
the very point it entered a process area, where there was also
fire impingement on a storage tank. This fuel-fed fire was
difficult to isolate because some of the isolation equipment
had been compromised by the initial b last.
It was the aggressive training and thorough qualifications of the on-scene members that
allowed the incident to be mitigated safely, and the team lived to fight another day with
minimal equip ment damage and no injuries. From a novice point of view, the incident
was "big and splashy" due to a 50- to 60-foot flame plu me.
Without the specific qualifications and training of the brigade, the outcome would
have certainly been less desirable. Generally the formu la for success in the industrial
emergency response arena is this: Training and education + certifications and qualifica-
tions + sound operational procedures and prefire planning = safety.
The training and educational requirements established for this brigade met the compe-
tency levels found in consensus standards and regulatory compliance ru les. Without that
training and education, the team would have had a much different result at this incident.
Members operated according to procedures and had intimate knowledge of the
operating systems of the facility and incident command. This behavior and knowledge,
combined with a mastery of emergency response job performance requirements, reduced
the hazards and dangers of the task at hand.
Qualifications and certifications come in many forms. It is vitally important that the
required training and the maintenance of qualifications and certifications be empha-
sized for overall safety.

Jim Philp
Beaumont Emergency Services Training (BEST) Complex (A
division of the Industrial Safety Training Council) Beaumont,
Texas
 Briga de Me mber Q ualifica ti ons a nd Sa fe ty
Two-way radios link the members of a firefighting team.
At least one member of each team working inside a burning
build ing or in any hazardous area should always hav e a
radio. So me fire brigades provide a radio for every on-duty
brigade member. Follow your brigade's SOP on radio use. A
radio should be considered part of PPE and carried with you
whenever it is approp riate.
Limitations of the Structural Firefighting Ensemble
The structural firefighting ensemble protects a brigade member
fro m the hostile environment of a fire. Each component must
be properly donned and worn to provide complete protection.
But even todays advanced PPE has limitations. Understanding
those limitations will help you avoid situations that could result
in serious injury or death.
There are several co mponents that must be put on in the
proper order and correctly secured. You must be able to don
your equip ment quickly and correct ly, either at the station
before you respond to an emergency, or after you arrive at the
scene. Efficient donning and doffing PPE takes practice (▼
Figure 1-22).
PPE is also heavy, adding nearly 50 lbs of extra weight.
This increased weight means that everything you do —even
walking—requ ires more energy and strength. Tasks such as
advancing an attack line up a stairway or using an ax to cre ate
an opening can be difficult, even for a brigade member in
excellent physical condition.
PPE retains body heat and perspiration, making it difficult
for the body to cool itself. Perspiration is retained inside the
protective clothing rather than released through evaporation to
cool you. Brigade members in full protective gear can rap idly
develop elevated body temperatures, even when the ambient
temperature is cool. The problem of overheating is mo re
acute when surrounding temperatures are h igh. Th is is
(Figure 1-22) it takes practice to don the full PPE.
23
Brigade Member Safety Tips
DO NOT don prot ective clothing inside the apparatus while en route to
an emergency incident. Stay in your assigned seat, properly secured by
a seat belt or saf ety harness while the vehicle is in motion. D on
prot ective c lot hing in the firehouse bef ore mounting the apparatus, or
on the scene after you arrive.
one reason that brigade members must undergo regu lar
rehabilitation and flu id replacement.
PPE limits your mobility. Full turnout gear not only lim its
the range of mot ion, but it also makes movements awkward
and difficu lt. Th is increases energy expenditu re and adds
stress.
Wearing PPE also decreases normal sensory abilit ies. The
sense of touch is reduced by wearing heavy gloves. Turnout
coats and pants protect skin but reduce its ab ility to deter-
mine the temperature of hot air. Sight is restricted when you
wear SCBA. The plastic face piece reduces peripheral vision
and the helmet , hood, and coat make tu rning the head diffi-
cult. Earflaps and the p rotective hood over the ears limit
hearing. Speaking can beco me mu ffled and d istorted by the
SCBA face piece, unless it is equipped with a special voice
amp lification system.
For these reasons, brigade members must become accus -
tomed to wearing and using PPE. Practicing skills wh ile
wearing PPE will help you become comfortable with its oper-
ation and limitations.
Donning Personal Prote ctive Cloth ing
Donning protective clothing must be done in a specific order
to obtain maximu m protection. It also must be done quickly.
Although it is not a performance requirement of NFPA 1081,
brigade members should be able to don personal protect ive
clothing in one minute or less. Th is requires considerab le
practice, but remember that your goal should first be to don
PPE properly, and second to do it consistently in 60 secon ds or
less.
Following a set pattern of donning PPE can help reduce
the time it takes to dress. Many brigade members follow the
pattern described in (►Skill Drill 1-1 ). Th is exercise does
not include donning SCBA . First become pro ficient in don -
ning personal protective clothing, and then add the SCBA.
Follow the steps in Skill Drill 1-1 to don personal protective
clothing:
1. Place equipment in a logical order for donning. (Step 1)
• Place the legs of your bunker pants over your
boots and fo ld the pants do wn around them.
• Lay out your coat, helmet, hood, and g loves.
2. Place your p rotective hood over your head and down
around your neck. (Step 2)
24 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
Brigade Member Safety Tips
In hot weather, remove as much of your PPE as possible when you
arriv e at rehab. This will help you to c ool dow n quickly. Som e fire
brigades place fans and misting equipm ent in the rehab area to provide
additional cooling.
3. Step into your boots and pull up your bunker pants.
Place the suspenders over your shoulders and secure
the front of the pants using the closure system. (Step 3)
4. Put on your turnout coat and secu re the inner and
outer closures. (Step 4)
5. Place you r helmet on your head with ear flaps
extended and ad just the chin strap securely. Turn up
your coat collar and secure it in front. (Step 5)
6. Put on your gloves. (Step 6)
7. Check all clothing to be sure it is properly secured.
Have your partner check your clothing. (Step 7)
Doffing Personal Protective Clothing
To doff, or remove, your personal protective clothing, reverse
the procedure used in getting dressed. Follow the steps in
(►Skill Drill 1-2 ) to doff personal protective clothing:
1. Remove your gloves. (Step 1)
2. Open the turnout coat collar. (Step 2)
3. Release the helmet chin strap and remove your
helmet. (Step 3)
4. Remove your turnout coat. (Step 4)
5. Remove your protective hood. (Step 5)
6. Remove your bunker pants and boots. (Step 6 )
When necessary, PPE should be properly cleaned after it
is used, and then kept in a convenient location fo r the next
response. PPE may be kept close to the apparatus, on the
apparatus, or in an equ ip ment locker. Personal protect ive
clothing must be properly maintained, organ ized, and ready
for the next response.
Care of Personal Protective Clothing
Approved personal protective clothing is built to exacting stan-
dards but requires proper care to continue to afford maximu m
protection. Avoid unnecessary wear on turnout clothing. A
complete set of approved turnout clothing (excluding SCBA)
Brigade Member Safely Tips
Make sure your PPE is dry bef ore using it on the fireground. If wet
protectiv e clothing is exposed to the high temperat ures of a struc tural
fire, the water trapped in the liner materials will turn into steam and be
trapped inside the m oisture barrier. This can result in painful steam
burns.
A N D P R A C T I C E
Brigade Member Safely Tips
Turnout clot hing must be properly cleaned and maintained to
provide m axim um protection. Dirty turnout clothing is a sign of
carelessness, not of experience.
costs more than $3,000. Keep th is expens ive equ ip ment in
good shape for its intended use—firefighting.
Check the condition of PPE on a regular basis. Clean it
when necessary; repair worn or damaged PPE at once. PPE
that is wo rn o r damaged beyond repair must be rep laced
immediately because it will not protect you.
Avoid unnecessary cuts or abrasions on the outer mate-
rial. This material already meets NFPA standards; do not
look for opportunities to test its effectiveness. If the fabric is
damaged, it must be properly repaired to retain its protective
qualit ies. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for repair ing
or replacing PPE.
Personal protective clothing must be kept c lean to main-
tain its protective properties. Dirt will bu ild up in the fibers
fro m routine use and exposure to fire environ ments. Smo ke
particles will beco me embedded in the outer shell material.
The interior layers will frequently be soaked with perspiration.
Regular cleaning should remove most of these contaminants.
Other contaminants are formed fro m the by-p roducts of
burned plastics and synthetic products. These residues are
combustib le and can be trapped bet ween the fibers or build
up on the outside of PPE, damag ing the materials and reducing
their protective qualities. A brigade member who is wear ing
contaminated PPE is actually b ringing add itional fuel into
the fire on the clothing.
PPE that has been badly soiled by exposure to s mo ke,
other products of combustion, melted tar, petro leu m p rod-
ucts, or other contaminants should be cleaned as soon as
possible. Items that have been exposed to chemicals or
hazardous materials may have to be impounded for decont -
amination o r d isposal.
Cleaning instructions are listed on the tag attached to the
cloth ing. Fo llow the manufacturer's clean ing instruct ions.
Failure to do so may reduce the effectiveness of the garment
and create an unsafe situation for the wearer.
Some fire brigades have dedicated washing machines that
are approved for clean ing turnout clothing. Other brigades
contract with an outside firm to clean and repair p rotective
cloth ing . In either case, th e man ufactu rer's inst ru ct io ns
for cleaning and maintaining the garment must be followed .
Other PPE also require regular cleaning and maintenance.
The outer shell o f your helmet should be cleaned with a mild
soap as reco mmended by the manufacturer. The inner parts
of helmets should be removed and cleaned accord ing to the
manufacturers instru ctions. Th e ch in strap and suspension
 Briga de M e mber Q ualificati ons a nd Safety 25

Skill Drill
Donning Personal Protective Clothing

Plac e your equipment in a logic al order for donning. Place your protective hood over your head and down around your neck.

Put on boots and pull up bunker pants. Place the suspenders over Put on your turnout coat and close the front of the coat.
your shoulders and sec ure the front of the pants.

Place your helmet on your head and adjust Put on your gloves. Have your partner check your clothing.
the chin strap s ecurely. Turn up your coat
collar and sec ure it in front.
26 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

Skill Drill
Doffing Personal Protective Clothing

Remove your gloves. Open the collar of your turnout coat.

Release the helmet chin strap and remove your helmet. Remove your turnout coat.

Remove your protective hood. Remove your bunker pants and boots.

system must be properly adjusted and all parts of the helmet
kept in good repair.
Protective hoods and gloves get dirty quickly and should
be cleaned according to the manufacturer's instructions. Most
hoods can be washed with mild soaps or detergents. Repair or
discard gloves or hoods that have holes in them; do not use
them. A s mall cut o r opening can result in a burn injury .
Boots should be maintained accord ing to the manufac -
turer's instructions. Rubber boots should be kept in a p lace
that does not resu lt in damag e to th e boot. Leather boots
must be properly maintained to keep them supple and in
good repair. Boots should be repaired or replaced if the outer
shell is damaged.
Specialized Protective Clothing
Vehicle Extrication
Due to the risk of fire at the scene of a vehicle ext rica tion
incident , most memb ers o f the emergen cy team will wear
full tu rnout gear. The b rigade leader may also designate one
or mo re members to don SCBA and stand by with a charged
hoseline. A structural firefighting ensemb le pro tects against
many of the hazards present at a veh icle extricat ion incid ent ,
such as b ro ken g lass and sharp met al objects.
There is protective clothing, such as special g loves and
coveralls or ju mpsuits, specifically designed for vehicle ext ri-
cation. These items are generally lighter in weight and more
flexible than structural firefighting PPE, although they may
use the same basic materials.
Brigade members performing a vehicle ext rication must
always be aware of the possibility of contact with blood or
other body fluids. Medical gloves should be worn when pro -
vid ing p at ient treat ment . Eye p rotect ion also shou ld be
worn, due to the possibilities of breaking glass, contact with
body flu ids, metal debris, and accidents with tools.
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory p rotection equip ment is an essential co mponent
of the firefighting personal protection ensemble. Brigade
memb ers must be p ro ficient in using SCBA befo re they
engage in interio r fire suppression activities; using one con -
fidently requires practice.
The interior at mosphere of a burning bu ild ing is consid -
ered to be IDL H (i mmedi atel y dang erous to li fe and
health). Attempting to wo rk in th is at mosphere without
proper respirato ry protection can cause serious in ju ry o r
death. Never enter or operate in a fire at mosphere without
appropriate respiratory p rotection.
Respiratory Hazards of Fires
Brigade members need respiratory protection for several rea-
sons. A fire involves a complex series of chemical reactions
that can rapidly affect the at mosphere in unpredictable ways.
Brigade Member Qualifications and Safety 27
The most evident by-product of a fire is smoke. The visible
smoke produced by a fire contains many different substances,
most of which are dangerous if inhaled. In addition, smo ke
contains invisible, high ly toxic products of combustion. The
process of co mbustion consumes oxygen and can lower the
oxygen concentration in the at mosphere below the level
necessary to support life. The at mosphere of a fire may
become so hot that one unprotected breath can result in fatal
respiratory burns.
These resp iratory hazards requ ire b rig ade members to
use respiratory protection in all fire environments, regardless
of whether the environ ment is known to be contaminated,
suspected of being contaminated, or could possibly become
contaminated without warn ing. The use of SCBA allo ws
brigade members to enter and wo rk in a fire at mosphere
with a safe, independent air supply.
Smoke
Most fires do not have an adequate supply of oxygen to con -
sume all of the available fuel. This results in incomplete
combus tion and p roduces a variety of by-p roducts, which
are released into the atmosphere. Many of these by-products
are extremely to xic. Collect ively, the airborne products of
combustion are called smo ke, wh ich has three majo r co m-
ponents: solid part icles, vapors, and gases.
Smoke Particles
Smoke particles consist of unburned, part ially burned, and
comp letely bu rned substances. These particles are lifted in
the th ermal co lu mn p roduced by the fire and are usually
very visi ble. The co mp letely burned part icles are primarily
ash; the unburned and partially burned s moke part icles can
include various substances. The concentration of unburned
or part ially burned part icles depends on the amount of o xy gen
that was available to the fire.
Many smo ke part icles are so s mall that they can pass
through the natural protective mechanis ms of the respiratory
system and enter the lungs. So me of these particles can be
toxic to the body and result in severe injuries or death if they
Fire Marks
Modern SC BA has made interior firefighting operations safer and more
effective. Before SCBA, fireground injuries and fatalities caused by smoke
inhalation were c omm on. T housands of municipal fire fight ers died
from res piratory diseas es, canc er, or ot her medical conditions that
were direct consequenc es of repeat ed, unprot ected exposure t o smok e
and other products of combustion. These expo sures often had a
cumulative, som etimes delayed effect. Each time fire fighters inhaled
pois onous com pounds, their lungs became m ore dam aged, even
though the damage was not evident until years later.
 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
Brigade Member Safety Tips
Smoky environm ents and oxygen-deficient atm ospheres are deadly! It is
essential to us e SC BA at all times w hen operating in a smoky
environm ent.
are inhaled. They also can be extremely irritating to the eyes
and digestive system.
Smoke Vapors
Smoke also contains small drop lets of liquids. These smoke
vapors are similar to fog, wh ich consists of s mall water
droplets suspended in the air. When o il-based co mpounds
burn, they produce small hydrocarbon droplets that become
part of the s moke. If inhaled or ingested, these co mpounds
can affect the respirato ry and circu latory systems. So me of
the toxic droplets in s moke can cause poisoning if they are
absorbed through the skin .
Water applied to a fire creates steam and water d roplets
that also become part of the smo ke. These water droplets can
absorb some of the to xic substances contained in the smoke.
Toxic Gases
A fire also produces several gases. The amount of oxygen
available to the fire and the type of fuel being burned deter-
mine wh ich gases are produced . A fire fueled by wood
produces a different mixtu re of gases than one fueled by
hydrocarbon-based p roducts. (Remember, many co mmon
products such as plastics are made fro m hydrocarbon co m-
pounds.) The concentrations of these gases can change rap -
idly as the oxygen supply is consumed or as fresh oxygen is
introduced to the co mbustion p rocess.
Many of the gases commonly produced by commercial fires
are very toxic. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide, and
phosgene are three of many gases often present in smoke.
CO is dead ly in s mall quant it ies. When inhaled, CO
quickly rep laces the o xygen in the bloodstream because it
comb ines with the hemoglobin in the blood 200 times more
read ily than o xygen . A s mall concent rat ion of CO can
quickly d isable and kill a brigade member. CO is odorless,
colorless, and tasteless, wh ich adds to the danger. Because
CO cannot be detected without instru ments, b rigade mem-
bers must always assume that it is present in the atmosphere
around a fire.
Hydrogen cyani de is fo rmed when p last ic produ cts,
such as the PVC p ipe burns. It is a po isonous gas that is
quickly absorbed by the blood and interferes with cellular
respiration. A s mall amount of hydrogen cyanide can easily
render a person unconscious.
Phosgene g as is fo rmed fro m inco mp lete co mbust ion
of many co mmon p ro ducts , in clud ing v iny l
mat erials .
A N D P R A C T I C E
Table 1-4 Physiological Effects of
Reduced Oxygen Concentration
Oxygen Effect
Concentration
21% Normal breat hing air
17% Judgment and c oordination im paired; lack of
muscle control
12% Headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue
9% Unconsciousness
6% Respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, death
Phosgene gas can affect the body in several ways. At low lev-
els, it causes itchy eyes, a sore throat, and a burning cough. At
higher levels, phosgene gas can cause pulmonary edema
(flu id retention in the lungs) and death. Phosgene gas was
used as a weapon in World War I to disable and kill soldiers.
Fires produce other gases that have different effects on the
human body. A mong these to xic gases are hydrogen
chloride and several co mpounds contain ing d ifferent co m-
binations of n itrogen and o xygen. Carbon d io xide, wh ich is
produced when there is sufficient o xygen fo r co mp lete
co mbustion , is not to xic, but it can d isplace o xygen fro m
the at mosphere and cause asphy xiat ion .
Oxygen Deficiency
Oxygen is required to sustain life. No rmal outside or roo m
air contains about 21% o xygen . A decrease in the amount
o f o xy g en in t h e air wi ll d ras t ically affect an in d i-
vidual's ability to funct ion as shown in (A Table 1-4 ).
Atmosphere with an o xygen concentration of 19.5% or less is
considered oxygen-deficient. If the o xygen level drops below
17%, people can experience d isorientation, an inab ility to
contro l their muscles, and irrat ional th in king, wh ich can
make escaping a fire much more difficult.
Du rin g co mp art men t fires (fires bu rn in g wit h in
enclosed areas), oxyg en deficiency o ccurs in two ways.
First, the fire consu mes large quant it ies of the availab le
o xygen, decreas ing the concentrat ion of o xygen in the
at mosphere. Second, the fire produces large quant it ies of
other gases, wh ich decrease the o xygen concentrat ion by
disp lacing th e o xyg en that wou ld otherwise b e p resent
inside the co mp art ment .
Increased Temperature
Heat is also a respiratory hazard. The temperature of the gases
generated during a fire varies, depending on fire conditions
and the distance traveled by the hot gases. Inhaling super-
heated gases produced by a fire can cause severe burns of the
respiratory tract. If the gases are hot enough, a single inhala-
tio n can cause fat al resp irat o ry bu rns. M ore in fo rmat ion
Briga de M e mber Q ualificati ons a nd Safety 29

abo ut fire behav io r and p rod ucts o f co mb ust ion is Anytime you are in an area where there is smoke, SCBA must
presented in Chapter 5, Fire Behavior. be used. This includes exterior fires such as vehicle and
dumpster fires. Utilize your SCBA at the fire scene until the air
Other Toxic Environments has been tested and proven to be safe by the safety officer. Do
Not all hazardous atmospheric conditions are caused by fires. not remove your SCBA just because a fire has been knocked
Brigade members will encounter to xic gases or down. SCBA should be worn during overhaul until the air has
o xygen-deficient at mospheres in many emergency been tested and deemed safe by your safety officer.
situations. Respiratory protection is just as important in these SCBA must also be used in any situation where there is a
situations as in a fire suppression operation. possibility of to xic gases being present or oxygen deficiency,
Toxic gases can be released at hazardous materials incidents such as a confined space. Always assume that the atmosphere
fro m leaking storage containers or industrial equ ip ment, fro m is hazardous until it has been tested and p roven to be safe.
chemical reactions, or fro m the normal decay of o rganic
materials. CO can be produced by internal co mbus tion eng ines Types of Breathing Apparatus
or imp roperly ad justed heating systems. The basic respiratory protection used by the fire service is the
To xic gases can quickly fill confined spaces or belo w-g rade SCBA. The term self-contained refers to the requirement that
structures. Any confined space or below-grade area must be the apparatus is the sole source of the brigade member's air
treated as a hazardous atmosphere until it has been tested to supply. It is an independent air supply that will last for a
ensure that an adequate concent ration of o xygen and no predictab le durat ion.
hazardous or dangerous gases are present. The two types of SCBA are open-circuit breathing apparatus
and closed-circuit breathing apparatus Open-circuit
Condjtions That Require breathing apparatus is usually used for
Respiratory Protection structural'firefight-ing. A tank of co mpressed air provides the
We have looked at several factors that contribute to the dan - breathing air supply for the user (▼ Figure 1-23) Exhaled air
gers that exist in or near a fire at mosphere. Fires produce is released into the atmosphere through a one-way valve.
huge quantit ies of s mo ke, wh ich contains unburned, par tially Approved open-circuit SCBA comes in several models,
burned, and completely burned poisonous particles, as well as designs, and options.
to xic co mpounds and gases. Most fire deaths are caused by
smo ke inhalat ion rather than bu rns.
Fine liquid drop lets, suspended in the s mo ke, contain h igh ly
to xic co mpounds fo rmed fro m the b reakdo wn o f fuels.
Smoke contains a wide variety of highly toxic gases resulting
fro m inco mplete co mbustion. Fires consume huge quantities
of o xygen and generate huge quantities of poisonous gases,
which can d isplace o xygen, causing an o xygen -deficient
environment. Superheated gases are also produced. All of
these factors contribute to classifying the at mosphere in a fire
environment as IDLH.
Adequate respiratory protection is essential to your safety. The
products of co mbustion fro m structure fires and co mmercial
fires are so to xic that a few breaths can result in death. As
you arrive at the scene o f a fire, you do not have any way to
measure the immed iate danger to your life and your health
posed by that fire. You must use approved breath ing
apparatus if you are go ing to enter and operate with in this
atmosphere.

Brigade Member Safely Tips

Consider all below-grade areas or confined spaces to be
IDLH-imm ediately dangerous to life and health —until they have been
tested.

( Figure 1-23) Open-circuit SCBA.

30 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

Brigade Member Safety Tips

Always put on SCBA bef ore entering a confined spac e or a below -ground (Figu re 1 -25) A s upplied-air
structure. C ontinue to use respiratory protection until the air is tested and respirator may be needed for special
deem ed safe by the safety officer. Do not attempt confined s pace rescue operations.
operations without special training.

breathes air through the line

and exhales through a
Closed-circuit b reathing apparatus recycles the user's one-way valve, just as with
exhaled air. Th e air passes th rou gh a mech an is m th at an open-circuit SCBA.
removes carbon dio xide and adds o xygen with in a closed Although SARs are
system (▼ Figure 1-24). The o xygen is generated fro m a commonly used in
chemical canister. Many closed-circuit SCBAs have a small industrial settings, they are
o xygen tank as well as the chemically generated o xygen. not used for structural
Closed-circu it breathing apparatus is mo re often used for firefighting. Hazardous
extended operat ions, such as mine rescue work, where materials teams and
breathing apparatus must be worn for several hours. confined space rescue
A supplied-air respirator (SAR) uses an external source for teams so metimes use SARs
the breathing air (►Fig ure 1-25 ). A hose line is connected for specialized operations. Some fire service SCBAs can be
to a breathing-air co mp ressor or to compressed air cy lin ders adapted for use as SARs.
lo cat ed outs ide th e h azard ous area. The user
SCBA Standards and Regulations
In t he Un it ed St at es , th e Nati onal Ins ti tute f or
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOS H) sets the design,
testing, and certification requirements for SCBA. NIOSH is a
federal agency that researches, develops, and imp lements
occupational safety and health programs. It also investigates
fire service fatalit ies and serious inju ries, and makes reco m-
mendations on how to p revent accidents fro m recurring .
OSHA and state agencies are responsible for establishing and
enforcing regu lat ions for resp irato ry protection p ro grams. In
some states there are individual occupational safety and health
agencies to establish and enforce regulations.
The NFPA has developed three standards directly related to
SCBA. NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Depar tment O ccupational

Brigade Member Tips

Do not confuse SCBA and SCUBA. Self-contained breathing appa ratus,
SCBA, is used by brigade mem bers during fire suppression activities.
Div ers us e self-contained under water breathin g apparatus
(SCUB A) w hile swimmina underwat er.

(Figure 1-24)Clos ed-circ uit SC BA.

Briga de M e mber qualifi cati ons a nd Safety 31

Fire M arks
Many of the occupational healt h and safety regulations for the fire service
and other work ers us e the term respirator. A respirat or is a device that
provides respiratory protection for the user. There are several different
types of respirat ors for different applications. An SCBA is a partic ular type
of respirator.

Safety and Health Program, includes the basic requirements for

SCBA use and program management. NFPA 1404, Standard for
Fire Service Respiratory Protection Training, sets requirements for
an SCBA training program. NFPA 1981, Standard on
Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for
Emergency Services, includes requirements for the design,
performance, testing, and certification of open-circuit SCBA for
the fire service. Each organization must follow applicable
standards and regulations to ensure safe working conditions for
all personnel.

Uses and Limitations of Self- Contained

Breathing Apparatus
SCBA is designed to provide pure breathing air to brigade
memb ers wo rking in the hostile env iron ment o f a fire. It
must meet rig id manu facturing specificat ions to properly
function in the increased temperature and smoke-filled envi-
ronments that brigade members encounter. When properly (Figure 1-26)SCBA ex pands a user's profile, making it more diffic ult to get
maintained, it will prov ide sufficient quantities of air for through tight spaces.
brigade members to perform rigorous tasks.
Using SCBA requ ires that b rigade members develop unique
skills, including different breathing techniques. SCBA limits
Brigade members must manage their working time wh ile
normal sensory awareness; scent, hearing, and sight are all
using SCBA to ensure adequate time to exit fro m the haz-
affected by the apparatus. Proficiency in the use of SCBA and
ardous area b efo re exh aust ing t he air s upp ly . If it t akes 5
other PPE requires ongoing train ing and practice.
minutes to reach the wo rk area and 5 minutes to return to
SCBA also has its limitations, as with any type of equipment.
fresh air, a 15-minute air supply provides about 5 minutes of
Some of these limitations apply to the equip ment; oth ers
working time.
apply to the user's physical and psychological ab ilit ies.
The weight of an SCBA varies, based on the manufac turer
Limitations of the Equipment and the type and size of cy linder. Generally, an SCBA
Because an SCBA carries its own air supply in a pressurized weig h s ab ou t 25 lb s . Th e s ize o f t h e u n it als o makes it
mo re d if f icu lt fo r t h e u s er t o f it in t o s mal l p laces (A
cylinder, its use is limited by the volume of air in the cylin der.
Fig ure 1-26 ). The added weight and bu lk decrease the user's
SCBA for structural firefighting must carry enough air for a
minimu m of 30 minutes; cylinders rated for 45 minutes and flexib ility and mob ility, and effects the user's center of
gravity.
60 minutes are also availab le. These duration ratings,
The design of the SCBA face piece limits visibility, particularly
however, are based on laboratory conditions. The realistic
useful life of an SCBA cylinder for firefighting operations is peripheral v ision. The face p iece may fog up under so me
conditions, further limit ing visibility. SCBA also may affect
usually less than the rated duration, and actual use time will
the user's ability to co mmunicate, depending,on the type of
depend on the acti vities being perfo rmed and the physical
condition of the person using the apparatus. An SCBA cylin - face p iece and any add it ional hard ware p rovided , such as
voice amp lification and rad io microphones.
der will generally have a useful life of 50% of the rated time.
For examp le, an SCBA cylinder rated for 30 minutes can be Physical Limitations of the User
expected to last for a maximu m of 15 minutes of interior fire
Condition ing is important fo r SCBA users. An out-of-shape
fighting.
brigade member will consu me the air supply mo re qu ickly
 32 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
and will have to exit the fire area long befo re a
well-condit ioned brigade member. Overweight or poorly
conditioned brigade members are also at greater risk for heart
attacks due to physical stress.
The protect ive clothing and SCBA that must be wo rn when
fight ing fires may weigh as much as 50 lbs. Mov ing with th is
ext ra weight requ ires add itional energy, wh ich in creases air
consu mp t io n an d bod y temp eratu re. Th is
places additional stress on a brigade members body. A person
with ideal body weight will b e ab le to perfo rm more work
per cy linder o f air than a person who is overweight.
The weight and bulk of the co mp lete PPE ensemb le limits a
brigade members ab ility to walk, climb ladders, lift weight,
and crawl through restricted spaces. Brigade members must
become accustomed to these limitations and learn to adjust
their movements accordingly . Pract ice and conditioning are
required to beco me p roficient in wearing and using PPE
while fighting fires.
Psychological Limitations of the User
In add ition to the physical limit ations, the user must also
make mental adjustments when wearing an SCBA. Breathing
through an SCBA is different fro m normal breathing and can
be very stressful. Covering your face with a face piece, hearing
the air rushing in, hearing valves open and close, and
exhaling against a positive pressure are all foreign sensations.
The surrounding environ ment, wh ich is often dark and filled
with s moke, is foreign as well.
Brigade members must ad just to these stressful conditions.
Practice in donning PPE, breathing through SCBA, and
performing firefighting tasks in darkness helps to build con -
fidence, not on ly in the equ ip ment , but also in personal
skills. Train ing generally int roduces one skill at a time.
Pract ice each skill as it is introduced and try to become pro -
ficient in that skill. As your skills improve, you will be able to
tackle increasing levels of difficulty.
Components of Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus
SCBA consists of four main parts: the backpack and harness,
the air cylinder assembly, the regulator assembly and the face
piece assembly. There are several manufacturers and models
with varying features and operations. Although the basics are
similar, you need to become familiar with the specific SCBA
used by your brigade.
Backpack and Harness
The back pack provides the frame for mounting the compo-
nents of the SCBA (► Figure 1-27). It is usually constructed of
a lightweight metal or composite material. The SCBA harness
consists of the straps and fasteners used to attach the SCBA to
the brigade member. Most harnesses have two adjustable
shoulder straps and a waist belt. Depending on the specific
model of SCBA, the waist belt and shoulder straps will carry
A N D P R A C T I C E
Figure 1-27 SC BA backpacks come in different models.
different proportions of the weight. The procedures for tight-
ening and adjusting the straps also vary based on the model.
The harness must be secure enough to keep the SCBA firmly
fastened to the user, but not so tight that it interferes with
breathing or movements. The waist strap must be tight
enough to keep the SCBA fro m moving fro m side to side or
getting caught on obstructions.
Air Cylinder Assembly
A co mpressed air cylinder ho lds the breath ing air for an
SCBA. This removable cy linder is attached to the backpack
harness and can be changed quickly in the field. An experi-
enced brigade member should be able to remove and replace
the cylinder in co mp lete darkness.
Brigade members should be familiar with the type of
cylinders used in their o rganizat ion. Cylinders are marked
with the materials used in construction, the wo rking pressure,
and the rated duration .
The air pressure in filled SCBA cy linders ranges fro m 2216
to 4500 pounds per s quare inch (psi ). The g reat er the air
pressure, the h igher the vo lu me o f air that can be stored in
the cylinder.
Low-pressure cylinders, rated at 2216 psi, can be const ru ct ed
o f s teel o r alu min u m and are usu ally rated fo r 30 minutes
of use. Co mposite cy linders are generally con st ructed o f an
alu minu m sh ell wrapp ed with carb on , Kevlar®, or g lass
fibers. They are significantly lighter in weight, can be
pressurized up to 4500 psi, and are rated fo r 30, 45, o r 60
minutes of use.
As previously noted, the rated durat ion times are established
under laboratory conditions. A working brigade member can
quickly use up the air because of exertion. Generally, the
working time available for a particular cylinder is half the
rated durat ion.
Briga de M e mber qualifi cati ons a nd Safety 33
(Figure1-28) SC BA regulat or.
The neck o f an air cy linder is equipped with a hand-operated
shut-off valve. The pressure gauge is located near the
shut-off valve and ind icates the pressure of the cylinder. Be
careful not to damage the threads or let any dirt get into the
outlet o f the cylinder.
Regulator Assembly
SCBA reg ulators may be mounted on the waist belt or
shoulder strap of the harness or attached directly to the face
piece (A Figure 1-28). The regulator controls the flow of air to
the user. Inhaling decreases the air p ressure in the face p iece.
This increases the regulator flow, which releases air fro m the
cylinder into the face piece. When inhalation stops, the
regulator reduces the air supply. Exhaling opens a second
valve, the exhalation valve, to exhaust exhaled air into the
atmosphere. SCBA regulators are capable of delivering large
volumes of air to support the strenuous activities required in
firefighting.
SCBA regulators will maintain a positive air pressure in the
face piece in relat ion to the amb ient air pressure outside the
face piece. Th is feature helps to prevent the hazardous
atmosphere outside the face piece fro m leaking into the face
piece during inhalat ion. If there is any leakage in the area
where the face piece and the face make the seal, the positive
pressure breathing air inside the face p iece will help to pre vent
the hazardous atmosphere fro m leaking in. Regardless of the
positive pressure, a proper face piece to face seal must always
be maintained. Breathing with this slight positive pressure may
require some practice. New brigade members often say that it
takes mo re energy to breathe when first using
positive-pressure SCBA. Th is sensation gradually decreases.
Regulators are equipped for two modes of operation —the
normal mode and the emergency bypass mode. In the nor mal
mode, described above, the regulator supplies breathing
air during inhalation, decreases when inhalat ion stops, then
opens an exhalation valve to exhaust used air into the atmos -
phere. To act ivate the normal mode, so me SCBA models
require that the user open a supply valve. Simp ly attaching
the regulator to the face piece and inhaling will activate the
normal mode in other models.
The emergency bypass mode is used only if the regulator
malfunctions ( ▼ Figure 1-29). Figure 1-29 shows a combina-
tion bypass and purge valve on a Scott face piece-mounted
regulator. So me SCBA manufacturers provide a combination
bypass and purge valve, commonly called "purge valves," on
certain SCBA models. The comb ination valve permits the
wearer to "purge" the facepiece for defogging purposes and
also functions as a bypass valve in the event of regulator fail-
ure. The bypass valve is activated when the user turns on the
red-co lo red emergency bypass valve or the co mbinat ion
bypass and purge valve. Th is releases a cons tant flow of
breathing air into the face p iece. The emergency by -pass
mode uses more air, but it enables brigade members to exit a
hazardous environ ment if the regu lato r malfunct ions. A
brigade member who must use the emergency bypass mode
must leave the hazardous area IMMEDIATELY.
Like the cylinder, the regulator has a gauge that indicates the
pressure of the breathing air remaining in the cylinder. This
gauge enables the user to monitor the amount of air remaining
in the cylinder. The regulator pressure gauge may be mounted
directly on the regulator or on a separate hose attached to a
shoulder strap for easier viewing. The regulator and cylinder
pressure gauges should read within 100 psi of each other.
NIOSH requ ires SCBA to be equipped with a low -air alarm
that act ivates when one quart er o f the air supp ly remains.
This alarm may be a bell or wh istle, a vib rat ion, or a flashing
light-emitting di ode (LED). Early SCBAs (those
manu factu red befo re th e 1997 ed it ion o f NFPA Stand ard
( Figure 1-29) The SCBA em ergency bypass valve is used if the regulator
malfunctions.
34 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
(Figure 1-30) A PASS device can be integrated into an SCBA.
1981 became effective) have a single low-air supply alarm.
Newer models have two different types of low-air alarms that
operate independently of each other and activate different
senses. For examp le, one alarm might ring a bell, and the
second alarm might vib rate or flash an LED. Brigade mem bers
should never ignore the lo w-air alarm.
SCBAs meeting the current NFPA 1981 standard allows PASS
devices to be stand alone or integrated. Turning on the air
supply automatically activates the integrated PASS devices. This
ensures that a brigade member doesn't forget to turn the PASS
device on when entering a hazardous area. If your SCBA is
equipped with a PASS device, learn how to activate it and how
to turn it off ( Figure 1-30 ).
Although there are many different models of SCBA regulators,
brigade members must learn how to operate the par ticular
model that is used in their organ izat ion. Brigade members
should be able to operate the regu lator in the dark and with
gloves on.
Rapid Intervention Crew/Company
Universal Air Connection
SCBAs manufactured in co mp liance with the 2002 edition of
NFPA 1981 are equipped with a Rapid
Intervention
Brigade Member Safely Tips
Most SCBA manufacturers offer a buddy breathing system as an
accessory. The NFPA does not recommend buddy breathing systems,
and thes e systems are not part of NFPA 1981.
A N D P R A C T I C E
(Figure 1-31) SCBA face piec es come in several siz es.
Crew/ Company Universal Air Connection (RIC UA C) fitting.
This fitting allows the RIC to quickly refill a low air cylinder
when a brigade member has beco me trapped o r otherwise
incapacitated. The RIC UA C should not be confused with a
buddy breathing system. The RIC UAC allows fo r the quick
refilling o f a lo w air cy linder fro m an air cy linder source
other than another brigade member's own SCBA.
Face Piece Assembly
The face piece delivers breath ing air to the brigade member (
Figure 1-31 ). The face piece also protects the face fro m high
temperatures and smoke. The face piece consists of a facemask
with a clear lens, an exhalation valve, a communication system
that consists of a mechanical speaking diaphragm at a
min imu m, and —on models with a harness-mounted
regulator—a flexible low-pressure supply hose. Other models
will have the regulator attached directly to the face piece.
The face piece should cover the entire face. The part in
contact with the skin is made of special rubber or s ilicon to
provide a tight seal. Exhaled air is exhausted from the face
piece through the one-way exhalation valve, which has a
spring mechan ism to maintain posit ive pressure inside the
face piece. Because it is hard to communicate through a face
piece, some models have a voice amp lification device.
Face pieces may be equipped with nose cups to help pre vent
fogging of the clear lens. Fogging is a greater problem in
colder climates. The co mpressed air you breathe is dry, but
the air you exhale is mo ist. The flo w o f dry air helps to pre vent
fogging of the lens.
The face piece is held in place with a web-like series of straps,
or a net and straps. Face p ieces should be stored with the
straps in the extended posit ion to make them eas ier to don.
Pull the end o f the straps toward the back of the head (not out
to the sides) to tighten and ensure a snug fit.
A leak in the face piece seal can be caused by an improp erly
sized face p iece, improper donning, or facial hair around
Briga de Me mber Q ualifica ti ons a nd Sa fe ty 35
Brigade Member Safely Tips
Be sure that your face piece is properly fitted and the correct size for
your face.
the seal area of the face piece. A leak of any size will deplete the
breathing air and reduce the amount of time availab le for fire
fighting.
Face pieces are manufactured in several sizes. OSHA
1910.134 requires that all b rigade members must have their
face pieces fit-tested annually to ensure that they are wearing
the proper size. So me brigades issue individual face pieces to
each brigade member; others provide a select ion of sizes on
each apparatus. OSHA also requires that the sealing surface
of the face p iece must be in d irect contact with the user's
skin. There must not be hair, beard, or other obstruction in the
seal area.
Pathwa y of Air Through an SC B A
The b reath ing air is stored under p ressure in the cy linder.
The air passes through the cylinder shut-off valve into the
high-pressure air line, or hose, that takes it to the regulator.
The regu lator reduces the high p ressure to lo w p ressure.
The regu lator opens when the user inhales, reducing the
pressure on the do wnstream side. In an SCBA un it with a
face piece-mounted regulator, the air flows d irect ly into the
face piece. In units with a harness-mounted regulator, the air
flows fro m the regu lato r th rough a lo w-p ressure hose into
the face piece.
When the user exhales, used air is retu rned to the face p iece.
The exhaled air is exhausted fro m the face p iece through the
exhalation valve. This cycle repeats with every breath. As the
pressure in the face piece drops, the exhalation valve closes
and the regulator opens.
Skip- Breathing Technique
The skip-breathing technique helps conserve air while using
an SCBA in a firefighting situation. The technique is to take a
short breath, hold, take a second short breath (do not exhale
Brigade Member Tips
Controlled-Breathing Technique
Controlled breat hing helps extend the SCBA air supply. Controlled
breathing is a conscious effort to inhale naturally through the nos e and to
force ex halation from the mouth. Practicing controlled breathing during
training w ill help y ou to max imize the efficient use of air w hile y ou are
working.
in between breaths), and then relax with a long exhale. Each
breath should take 5 seconds.
A simp le drill can demonstrate the benefits o f s kip breathing.
One brigade member dons PPE and an SCBA with a full air
cylinder, and walks in a circle around a set of traffic cones, or,
if safety permits, around the parking lot at the station. A
second brigade member t imes how long it takes for the
brigade member to co mp let ely dep lete the air in the SCBA.
After the first brigade member is completely rested, replace the
air cy linder, and repeat the same drill using the skip-b reath ing
technique. Co mpare t imes after co mp let ion of both
evolutions.
Mounting Breathing App aratus
SCBA should be located so that brigade members can don it
quickly when they arrive at the scene of a fire. Seat-mounted
brackets enab le brigade members to don SCBA en route to an
emergency scene, without unfastening their seat belts or
otherwise endangering themselves. This enab les b rigade
members to begin work as soon as they arrive.
There are several typ es o f apparatus seat -mount ing
brackets. So me hold the SCBA with a spring clamp . Others
are equ ipped with a mechan ical ho ld -do wn dev ice th at
must be released to remove the SCBA. Regardless of the
mount ing system used, it must ho ld the SCBA secu rely in
the bracket. A collision o r sudden stop should not dislodge
the SCBA fro m the brackets. A loose SCBA can be a dan -
gerous p ro ject ile. The brig ade memb er who don s SCBA
fro m a seat-mounted b racket should not t ighten the shoulder
straps while seated, so as not to dislodge the SCBA in a
sudden stop situat ion . Th e b rigad e member shou ld be
secured by a seat belt o r co mb inat ion seat belt and shoulder
harness.
Co mpart ment-mounted SCBA units also can be donned
quickly. These units are used by brigade members who arrive
in apparatus without seat-mounted SCBA o r whose seats
were not eq u ipp ed with th em. The mou nt ing b rackets
should be positioned high enough for easy donning. So me
mount ing brackets allo w the brigade member to lower the
SCBA without removing it fro m the mounting bracket. Older
apparatus may have the brackets mounted on the exterior o f
the vehicle. An exterior-mounted SCBA should be protected
fro m weather and dirt by a secure cover.
SCBA also may be kept in a storage case. This method is most
approp riate fo r t ranspo rt ing ext ra SCBA un its . It should
not be used to t ransport SCBA that will be used during the
init ial phase of operations at a fire scene.
The SCBA should be stored on the apparatus in ready-for-use
condition, with the main cy linder valve closed. After checking
the SCBA, close the cylinder valve and slowly open the bypass
valve to release pressure in the system. The low-pressure alarm
should sound as the pressure b leeds down . After releasing the
pressure, close the bypass valve. The SCBA . is now ready to be
placed in a bracket for immediate use.
 36 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
Donning Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
Donn ing SCBA is an impo rtant skill. Brigade memb ers
should be ab le to don and act ivate SCBA in one minute.
Personal safety and the effectiveness of the operation depend on
this skill. Brigade members must be wearing fu ll PPE before
donning SCBA. Before beginning the actual donning process,
brigade members must carefully check the SCBA to ensure it is
ready for operation.
• Check to be sure the air cy linder has at least 90% o f
its rated p ressure.
• Open the cy linder valve t wo o r three turns, listen for
the lo w-air alarm to sound, and then open the valve
fully.
• Check the p ressure gauges on the regu lator and on
the cylinder. Both gauges should read within 100 psi
of each other.
• Check all harness straps to be sure they are fully
extended.
• Check all valves to be sure they are in the correct
position. (An open bypass valve will waste air.)
Donning SCBA from an Apparatus Seat Mount
Donning SCBA while en route to an emergency can save valu-
able time. However, this requires that you don all of your pro -
tective clothing before mount ing the apparatus. Place your
arms through the shoulder straps as you sit down, and then
fasten your seat belt. Or, you can fasten your seat belt first,
and then slide one arm at a t ime through the shoulder straps of
the SCBA harness. You can partially tighten the shoulder straps
while you are seated.
When you arrive at the emergency scene, release your seat
belt, activate the bracket release, and exit the apparatus. Face
pieces should be kept in a storage bag close to each
seat-mounted SCBA or attached to the harness. After exiting
the apparatus, attach the waist strap, and then t ighten and
adjust the shoulder and waist straps.
Follow the steps in (►Skill Drill 1-3) to don SCBA from a
seat-mounted b racket . Befo re b eg inning th is skill drill,
inspect the SCBA to ensure it is ready for serv ice.
1. Don full PPE ensemble prior to mounting the fire appa
ratus. Safely mount the apparatus and sit in the seat,
placing arms through SCBA shoulder straps. (Step 1)
2. Fasten your seat belt . Partially t ighten the shoulder
straps. Do not fu lly tighten at th is t ime. When the
apparatus comes to a co mp lete stop at the emergency
scene, release your seat belt and release the SCBA
fro m the mount ing bracket. Carefu lly exit the appara
tus. (Step 2)
3. Attach the waist belt and cinch down . (Step 3 )
4. Adjust shoulder straps until they are tight. (Step 4)
5. Open the main cylinder valve. (Step 5 )
6. Remove o r loosen your helmet and pu ll back the
protective hood. Don the face piece and check for
A N D P R A C T I C E
leaks. Pull the protective hood up over the head, put the helmet
back in p lace, and secure the chin strap. (Step 6)
7. If necessary, connect the regulator to the face piece.
(Step 7)
8. Activate the airflow and PASS alarm. (Step 8)
Donning SCBA from a Compartment Mount
To don a co mpart ment -mounted SCBA , s lide on e arm
through the shoulder harness strap . Slide the other arm
through the other shoulder strap. Release the SCBA fro m the
mount ing b racket. Ad just the shoulder straps to carry the
SCBA fairly high on your back. Attach the ends of the waist strap
and tighten.
Follow the steps in (Skill Drill 1-4) to don SCBA fro m a
side-mount ed co mp art ment o r b racket. Before start ing ,
check to be sure that the SCBA has been inspected and is
ready for service. If the SCBA is mounted on an exterior
bracket, remove the protective cover befo re beg inning the
donning sequence.
1. Stand in front of the SCBA bracket and fu lly open the
main cylinder valve.
2. Turn your back toward the SCBA, s lide your arms
through the shoulder straps, and part ially tighten the
straps.
3. Release the SCBA fro m the bracket and step away
fro m the apparatus.
4. Attach the waist belt and t ighten.
5. Adjust the shoulder straps.
6. Remove your helmet and pu ll the hood back.
7. Don the face p iece and check fo r adequate seal.
8. Pull the protective hood into posit ion, rep lace your
helmet, and secure the ch in strap.
9. If necessary connect the regulator to the face p iece.
10. Activate the airflo w and PASS alarm.
Donning SCBA from the Ground, the Floor,
or a Storage Case
Brigade members must somet imes don an SCBA that is
stored in a case or on the ground. Two methods can be used:
the over-the-head method and the coat method .
Over-the-Head Method
To don an SCBA using the over-the-head method, place the
SCBA on the ground or on the floor with the cylinder valve
facing away fro m you. Lay the shoulder straps out to each
side of the backpack. Grasp the backplate with both hands
and lift the SCBA over your head. Let the backpack slide
down your back. The straps will s lide do wn your arms .
Balance the unit on your back. Attach and tighten the waist
strap and then tighten the shoulder straps. Follo w the steps
in (►Skill Drill 1-5) to don SCBA using the over-the-head
method. Before starting, ensure that the SCBA has been
inspected and is ready for service.
Briga de M e mber Q uali ficati ons a nd Sa fety 37
Skill Drill
Donning SCBA from a Seat-Mounted Bracket
Don full PPE ensem ble prior to m ounting fire apparatus. Safely
mount the apparat us and sit in the seat, plac ing arms through SCBA
shoulder straps.
Attach waist belt and cinch down.
1. If necessary, open the protect ive case and lay out the
SCBA so that the cylinder valve is away fro m you and
the shoulder straps are to the sides. (Step 1)
2. Fully open the main cy linder valve. (Step 2)
3. Bend down and grasp the SCBA backp late with both
hands. Using your legs, lift the SCBA over your head.
Let the backpack slide down your back. (Step 3)
4. Slo wly slide the pack down your back. Make sure that
your arms slide into the shoulder straps. On ce the
SCBA is in place, t ighten the shoulder straps and
secure the waist strap. (Step 4)
5. Remove your helmet and pu ll the hood back. Don the
face p iece and check fo r an adequate seal. Pu ll your
Fasten your seat belt. Partially tighten the shoulder straps. When the
apparatus stops, release the seat belt and release the SCBA from its
brackets. Exit apparatus.
Adjust shoulder straps until they are tight.
protective hood into posit ion, rep lace your helmet , and
secure the chin strap. (Step 5) 6. If necessary, connect the
regulator to the face piece. Activate the airflow and PASS
alarm. (Step 6)
Coat M ethod
To don an SCBA using the coat method, place the SCBA on
the ground or on the floor with the cylinder valve facing
toward you. Sp read out and extend the shoulder straps. Use
your left hand to grasp the left shoulder strap close to the
backplate. Use your right hand to grasp the right shoulder
strap farther away fro m the backplate. Swing the SCBA over
y ou r left s hou ld er. Releas e y ou r rig ht arm an d s lid e it
 38 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
Skill Drill (Continued)
Open the main cylinder valve.
If necessary, connect regulator to face piece.
t h roug h th e rig ht shou lder harness st rap. Tig hten bot h
shoulder straps. Attach and tighten the waist belt.
Follow the steps in (►Skill DrillT6^ to don SCBA using
the coat method. Before starting, ensure that the SCBA has
been inspected and is ready for service.
1. If necessary, open the protective case and lay out the SCBA
so that the cylinder valve is facing you and the straps are laid
out to the sides. Fully open the main cylinder valve. Place
your dominant hand on the opposite shoulder strap. For safety
reasons be sure to grasp the strap as close to the backplate as
possible. (Step 1)
A N D P R A C T I C E
Loos en or remove helmet and pull hood back. Don fac e piece and
check for leaks. Replace protective hood and helmet and secure chin
strap.
Activate airflow and PASS alarm.
2. Lift the SCBA and swing it over your dominant shoulder,
being careful of people or objects around you. (Step 2)
3. Slide your other hand between the SCBA cylinder and
the corresponding shoulder strap. (Step 3)
4. Tighten the shoulder straps . (Step 4)
5. Attach the waist belt and adjust tightness. (Step 5)
6. Remove your helmet and pu ll you r hood back. Don
the face piece and check for an adequate seal. (Step 6)
7. Pull the protective hood into posit ion, rep lace the
helmet, and secure the chin strap. If necessary, connect
the regulator to the face piece. Activate the airflow and
PASS alarm. (Step 7)
Briga de M e mber qualifi cati ons a nd Safety 39

Skill Drill
Donning SCBA Using the Over-the-Head Method

Open the case and lay out the SCBA with the cylinder valve away Fully open the main cylinder valv e
from you and the shoulder straps out to the sides.

Bend down and grasp the SC BA backplate with both hands. Using Slide the SC BA down your back while your arms slide into the
your legs, lift the SCBA over your head. shoulder straps. Tighten the shoulder straps and secure the
waist belt.

Remove your helm et and pull the hood back. Don your face piece If necessary, connect the regulator to the face piece. Activate the
Mid check for an adequate seal. Pull your prot ective hood into airflow and PASS alarm.
position, replace your helm et, and secure the chin strap.
40 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

Donning SCBA Using the Coat Method

Open the case and lay out the SCBA wit h the cylinder valve away from Lift the SCBA and swing it over your dominant shoulder.
you and the shoulder straps out to the sides. Fully open the main cylinder
valve. Place your dominant hand on the opposite shoulder strap.

Slide your other hand between the SCBA Tighten the shoulder straps, Attach the waist belt and adjust tightness.
cylinder and the corresponding shoulder strap.

Remove your helmet and pull your hood back. Don the face piece Pull the hood into position, replace the helmet, and secure the chin
and check for an adequate seal. strap. If necessary, connect the regulator to the face piece. Activ ate the
airflow and PASS alarm.
Brigade Member Qualifications and Safety 41
These instructions will have to be mod ified for d ifferent
SCBA un its. The sequence for adjusting shoulder straps and
waist belts varies with different models. Modificat ions must
also be made for SCBAs with waist-mounted regulators.
Refer to the specific manu facturer's instruct ions supplied
with each unit. Follo w the standard operating procedures for
your organization.
Donning the Face Piece
Your face p iece keeps contaminated air outside and pure
breathable air inside. To perform properly, it must be the cor-
rect size and it must be adjusted to fit your face. Be sure you
have been tested to determine your p roper s ize.
There must be no facial hair in the seal area. Eyeg lasses that
pass through the seal area cannot be worn with a face piece,
because they can cause leakage between the face piece and
your skin. Your face piece must match your SCBA. You
cannot interchang e a face p iece fro m a d ifferent SCBA
model.
Face pieces for various brands and models of SCBAs are
s lig ht ly d ifferent . So me h ave the regu lat or mo unt ed o n
th e face p iece; oth ers have it moun ted on th e h arness
straps.
Follow the steps in (► Skill Drill 1-7) to don a face piece:
1. Remove your helmet and pu ll the hood do wn over
your neck.
2. Fully extend the straps on the face piece. (Step 1 )
3. Rest your ch in in the ch in pocket at the botto m o f the
mask. (Step 2)
4. Fit the face p iece to your face, bringing the straps or
webbing over your head. (Step 3)
5. Tighten the lowest two straps. To t ighten, pu ll the
straps straight back, not out and away fro m your
head. (Step 4)
6. Tighten the pair of straps at your temp le, if any.
7. If your model has additional straps, t ighten the top
strap(s) last. (Step 5)
8. Check for a p roper seal. This p rocess depends on the
model and type of face piece you use. (Step 6)
9. Pull the protective hood up so it covers all bare skin.
Be sure it does not get under your face p iece or
obscure your vision.
10. Replace your helmet and secure the chin strap.
(Step 7)
11. Install the regulator on your face p iece or attach the
low-pressure air supply hose to the regu lator.
(S tep 8)
Safety Precautions for Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus
As you practice using your SCBA, remember that this equip-
ment is your p rotection against serious inju ry o r death in
hazardous condit ions. Pract ice safe p rocedures fro m the
beginning.
Learn to recognize the low-air alarm on your SCBA. As soon as
your alarm goes off, you must exit the hazardous environ ment
before your air supply is depleted. Never get into a situat ion
fro m which you cannot escape when your low-air alarm goes
off.
Before you enter a hazardous env iron ment, make sure your
PASS dev ice is act ivated. Be sure you are p roperly logged
into your accountability system. A lways wo rk in teams of two
in hostile environments. A lways have at least t wo brigade
members outside at the ready whenever two brigade members
are working in a hostile environ ment.
Preparing for Emergency Situations
Because host ile env iron ments are o ften unp red ict ab le,
brigad e members must be p repared to react if an emer gency
situation occu rs wh ile they are us ing SCBA . In emergencies,
fo llow s imp le gu idelines. First, keep calm, stop, and th ink.
Pan ic increases air consu mpt ion . Try to contro l your
breathing by maintain ing a steady rate of res pirat ions. A calm
person has a greater chance of surviv ing an emergency.
If the problem is with your SCBA, try to exit the hostile
environment. Use the emergency bypass valve so you can
breathe if your regu lator malfunctions.
If you are in danger, activate your PASS device. Use your hand
light to attract attention. If you have a portable radio , call for
help. These are simple but effective steps; additional
emergency techniques are covered in Chapter 18, Brigade
Member Survival.
Doffing Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
The procedure for doffing your SCBA depends on the model and
whether it has a face piece-mounted regulator or a
harness-mounted regulator. Follo w the procedures
recommended by the manufacturer and your brigades SOPs.
Brigade Member Tips
Restricted Spaces
The size and shape of SCBA may mak e it difficult for you t o f it through
tight openings. Sev eral techniques m ay help you nav igat e these spaces. •
Change your body posit ion: R otat e y our body 45° and try again. • Loos en
one shoulder strap and change the loc ation of the SC BA on your back. • If
you hav e no other c hoic e, you may have t o rem ove y our SC BA. In this
case, do not let go of the back pack and harness for any reason. Keep t he
unit in front of you as you nav igate through the tight space. Re -attac h the
harness as soon as you are through the restricted spac e. This is an
absolutely "last resort" proc edure!
 42 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

In general, you should reverse the steps used to don your 5. Remove your face piece. (Step 4)
SCBA. Follow the steps in (►Skill Drill 1 -8 ) to doff your 6. Release your waist belt. (Step 5)
SCBA: 7. Loosen the shoulder straps and remove the SCBA.
1. Remove your gloves. Remove the regulator fro m your (Step 6)
face p iece o r d isconnect the lo w-p ressure air supply 8. Shut off the air-cylinder valve. (Step 7)
hose from the regulator. (Step 1) 9. Bleed the air p ressure fro m the regulator by opening
2. Shut off the air-supply valve. the emergency bypass valve. (Step 8)
3. Remove your helmet and pull your protect ive hood 10. If you have an integrated PASS device, turn it off.
down around your neck. (Step 2) 11. Place the SCBA in a safe location where it will not get
4. Loosen the straps on your face piece. (Step 3 ) dirty or damaged. (Step 9)

Donning a Face Piece

Fully extend the straps on the face piece. Place your chin in the chin pocket.

Fit the face piece to your face, bringing the straps or webbing over Tighten the lowest two straps.
your head.
Briga de Me mber Q ualifica ti ons a nd Sa fe ty 43
Putting It All Together: Donning the
Entire PPE Ensemble
The co mplete PPE ensemb le consists of both personal pro -
tective clothing and respiratory protection (SCBA). Although
donnin g personal p rot ect iv e cloth ing and do nn ing and
operating SCBA can be learned and practiced separately, you
must be able to integrate these skills to have a complete PPE
ensemb le. Each part o f the co mp lete ensemb le must be in
the proper p lace to prov ide who le -body protect ion .
If there are more straps, tighten the top straps last.
Pull your protective hood up so it covers all bare skin. Don your
helmet and secure the chin strap.
Th e s teps fo r donn ing a co mp lete PPE ensemb le are
listed below:
• Place the p rotective hood over your head.
• Put on your bun ker pants and boots. Ad just the
suspenders and secure the front flap of the pants.
• Put on your turnout coat and secu re the front.
• Open the air-cy linder valve on your SCBA and check
the air pressure.
• Put on your SCBA.
• Tighten both shoulder straps.
Check for a proper seal.
Install the regulator on your face piece or attach the low -pressure air
supply hose to the regulator.
44 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

Doffing SCBA

Remove your gloves. Remove the regulator Remove your helm et and pull the protective Loosen the face piece straps.
from the face piec e or disconnect the hood down around your neck.
low-pressure hose from the regulat or.

Remove your face piece. Release your waist belt. Loosen the shoulder straps and remove the
SCBA.

Shut off the air -cylinder valv e. Bleed the air pressure from the regulator. Place the SCBA in a safe location.
B r i g a d e M ember Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and Safety
Brigade Member Safety Tips
Any SC BA air cylinder showing less than 90 percent of the "f ull"
pressure should be replaced.
• Attach the waist belt and t ighten it.
• Fit the face p iece to your face.
• Tighten the straps, beginn ing with the lowest straps.
• Check the face piece fo r a proper seal.
• Pull the protective hood up so that it covers all bare
skin , but does not obscure vis ion.
• Place your helmet on your head with the ear tabs
extended and secure the ch in strap .
• Turn up your coat co llar and secu re it in front.
• Put on your gloves.
• Check your clothing to be sure it is properly
secured.
• Be sure your PASS device is turned on.
• Attach your regulato r or turn it on to start the flo w o f
breathing air.
• Work safely!
SCBA Inspection and Maintenance
SCBA must be properly serviced and prepared for the next
use each time it is used, whether it is an actual emergency
incident or a train ing exercise. The air cy linder must be
changed or refilled, the face piece and regulator must be san -
it ized acco rd ing to the manufacturer's instruct ions, and the
unit must be cleaned , inspected, and checked fo r proper
operation . It is the users responsibility to ensure that the
SCBA is in ready condit ion before it is returned to the
apparatus.
Each SCBA must be checked on a regular basis to ensure that
it is ready fo r use. There are different p rocedures for daily,
monthly, and annual inspections. The daily inspection
procedure should be used when restoring a unit to service
after it has been used.
If an SCBA inspection reveals any problems that cannot be
remed ied by routine maintenance, the SCBA must be
removed fro m service for repair. On ly properly t rained and
qualified personnel are authorized to repair SCBA.
Daily Inspection
Each SCBA un it should be inspected daily o r at the begin -
ning o f each sh ift. When stat ions are not staffed, SCBA
should be inspected at least once a week. Fo llo w the steps in
Skill Drill 1-9) for daily SCBA inspection:
1. Check the backpack and harness straps. Make sure
these co mponents are intact and the straps are kept
lengthened. (Step 1)
45
2. Check the air-cy linder pressure. Make sure it is fu ll.
Turn on the air-cy linder valve. Check the regulato r
gauge or remote gauge. It should read within 100 psi
of the cylinder gauge. (Step 2)
3. Check the condition of all hoses while they are pres
surized. (Step 3)
4. Activate the PASS device. (Step 4)
5. Check the face piece. It should be clean and undam
aged. Check the operat ion of the exhalation valve.
(Step 5)
6. Connect the regulator to the face p iece and take one
or two test breaths. (Step 6)
7. Close the cylinder valve and open the emergency
bypass valve to bleed the pressure. (Step 7)
8. Check to ensure that the low-pressure alarm(s) act ivate
at the proper pressure. Close the emergency bypass
valve and restore the SCBA to ready condition. (Step 8)
Monthly Inspection
SCBA should be completely checked each month for proper
operation, for leaks, and for any deteriorat ion. Follo w the
steps in ( Skill Drill 1-10) for monthly SCBA inspection:
1. Remove the SCBA fro m the apparatus and place it on
the floor or on a workbench.
2. Inspect the mount ing b racket fo r damage o r wear.
Lubricate if this is reco mmended by the manufacturer.
3. Look at the overall condition of the SCBA and note
any damage.
4. Remove the air cylinder fro m the SCBA harness and
check the hydrostatic test date.
5. Check the air cy linder fo r damage or wear.
6. Inspect the SCBA shoulder straps and waist belt for
damage, cuts, burns, o r wear.
7. Check all buckles and fasteners to ensure they work
properly.
8. Examine the backplate fo r damage, cracks, o r rust.
9. Make sure all connection po ints between the cy linder
and the SCBA harness operate properly and are free of
damage or corrosion. Lub ricate them if th is is reco m
mended by the manu facturer.
10. Reattach the air cylinder to the SCBA harness.
11. Check all hoses and connection points for wear, cuts,
or damage.
12. Open the air-cy linder valve. Co mpare read ings on the
cylinder and regu lator gauges to ensure they match .
13. Attach the face p iece and check the regulator fo r
proper operat ion.
14. Activate the PASS alarm. Allow the SCBA to sit idle
until the PASS alarm sounds.
15. Shut off the air-cylinder valve and open the bypass
valve to b leed the p ressure. Check the lo w-p ressure
alarm as the p ressure b leeds down .
16. Return the SCBA to the mounting bracket.
17. Co mp lete all necessary paperwo rk.
I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
Annual Inspection
A co mplete annual inspection and maintenance must be per-
formed on each SCBA. The annual inspection must be per-
formed by a cert ified manufacturer's rep resentat ive o r a
person who has been trained and cert ified to perform th is
work. SCBA requires regular inspection and maintenance to
ensure that it will perform as intended.
Servicing SCBA Cylinders
A pressurized SCBA cylinder contains a tremendous amount
of potential energy. Not only does the air within the cylinder
Daily SCBA Inspection
Check backpack and harness straps.
Check condition of all hoses while pressurized.
A N D P R A C T I C E
exert considerable pressure on its walls, but the cylinder is
used under extreme condit ions on the fireg round. If the
cylinder ruptures and suddenly releases this energy, it can
cause serious injury o r death. Cy linders must be regularly
inspected and tested to ensure they are safe. Cy linders must
be visually inspected during daily and monthly inspections.
More detailed inspection is required if a cy linder has been
exposed to excessive heat, come into contact with flame,
exposed to chemicals, or dropped.
The U.S. Depart ment of Transportation requires hydrostatic
testi ng for SCBA cy linders on a period ic bas is and
Check air-cylinder pressure. Turn on the air -cylinder valv e and
check gauge pressure.
Activate PASS device, if present.
Briga de M e mber Q ualificati ons a nd Safety 47
limits the nu mber of years that a cylinder can be used.
Hy d rost at ic t est ing iden t ifies d efects o r damag e th at
render the cy linder unsafe. Any cylinder that fails a hydro -
st at ic tes t is immed iat ely t aken o ut o f s erv ice and
destroyed.
Cylinders constructed of different materials have different
testing requ irements. A lu minu m, steel, and carbon -fiber
cylinders must be hydrostatically tested every five years.
Cylinders constructed of composite materials such as
Kevlar-aramid or fiberglass fibers must be tested every three
years. Brigade members must know what type of cylinders are
used
Check the face piece.
Close the cylinder valv e and open the em ergency by -pass valve to
bleed the pressure.
by their brigade and must check each cylinder for a current
hydrostatic test date before filling.
Replacing SCB A Cylinders
An expend ed air cy linder can be qu ickly rep laced with a
fu ll cy linder in the field to enab le you to cont inue
fire-fight ing act iv it ies. A s ing le b rig ade member must do ff
SCBA to rep lace the air cy linder; t wo b rigade members
wo rking together can chang e cy linders without remov ing
the SCBA. The steps listed belo w outline how a sing le per so n
ma kes a cy lin d er ch an ge. Th es e p rocedu res wil l
Connect the regulator to the face piece and take test breaths.
Check function and activation pressure of low -air alarm. Close by -
pass valv e and restore unit to ready c ondition.
48 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E

chang e d epend ing on th e mod el o f SCBA b eing used .

Fo llow the p rocedu res reco mmended by the manu factu rer
and by brigade SOPs.
Practice changing air cylinders until you become proficient. A
brigade member should be ab le to change cylinders in the dark
and while wearing gloves. Fo llow the steps in (►Skill Drill
1 -11 ) to replace an SCBA cylinder:
1. Place the SCBA on the floor or a bench. (Step 1)
2. Turn off the cylinder valve. (Step 2)
3. Bleed off the pressure by opening the bypass valve.
(Step 3)
4. Disconnect the high-pressure supply hose. Keep the
ends clean. (Step 4)
5. Release the cylinder fro m the backpack. (Step 5 )
6. Slide a fu ll cylinder into the backpack. Align the outlet
to connect the supply hose. Lock the cy linder in place.
(Step 6) (Figure 1-32) Air compressors are installed at many fire stations to refill SCBA
7. Check that the " O" ring is present and in good condi cylinders.
tion. (Step 7)
8. Connect the h igh-pressure hose to the cylinder. Hand
tighten only. (Step 8)
9. Open the cylinder valve. Check the regu lator gauge or
remote gauge. It should read with in 100 ps i o f the Brigade Member Safety Tips
cylinder gauge. (Step 9)
Refilling SC BA cylinders requires special precautions bec aus e of the
To save time, someone else can replace the air cylinder while high pressures that are inv olved. The SCBA cylinder m ust be in a
you are wearing the SCBA harness. You should not overtax shielded c ontainer w hile it is being refilled ( ▼ Figure 1 -33} The
yourself, ho wever, by replacing the cy linder and go ing back container is designed to prev ent injury if the cylinder ruptures. The
to work without adequate rest when you need it. hydrostatic test date m ust be checked before the cylinder is refilled t o
ens ure that it has not expired. Spec ial procedures m ust be follow ed to
Refilling SCBA Cylinders ens ure that the air us ed to fill the SC BA cylinder is not contaminated.
Compressors and cascade systems are used to refill SCBA
cylinders. A co mpressor or a cascade system can be perma -
nently located at a maintenance facility or at a station or they
can be mounted on a truck or a trailer for mobile use. Mobile
filling units are often brought to the scene of a large fire.
Co mpressor systems filter at mospheric air, co mpress it to a
h igh p ressu re, and t rans fer it t o th e SCBA cy lind ers (►
Figure 1-32). Cascade systems have several large storage
cylinders of co mpressed breathing air connected by a
high-pressure manifo ld system. The empty SCBA cylinder is
connect ed to the cascade system, and co mp ressed air is
transferred fro m the storage tanks to the cylinder. The storage
cylinder valves must be opened and closed, one at a time, to fill
the SCBA cy linder to the reco mmended pressure.
Proper train ing is requ ired to fill SCBA cy linders. Whether
your brigade has an air co mpressor or a cascade system, only
those brigade members who have been trained on the
equip ment should use it to refill air cylinders.

Cleaning and Sanitizing SCBA

Most SCBA manufacturers will provide specific instructions
for the care and clean ing of their models. The first step in
clean ing the SCBA is to rinse the ent ire un it using a hose (Figure 1-33~) SC BA cylinders are refilled in a protective enclosure.
with clean water. The harness assembly and cylinder can be
B rigade M ember Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and Safety 49

Replacing an SCBA Cylinder

Place the SCBA on the floor or a benc h. Turn off the cylinder valve. Open the bypass valve to bleed off pressure.

Disconnect the high -pressure supply hose. Release the cylinder from the backpack. Slide a full cylinder into the back pack. Align
the outlet to the supply hos e. Lock the
cylinder in plac e.

Check that the "0" ring is pres ent and in Connect the high-pressure hose to the air Open the cylinder valve. Check gauge
good c ondition. cylinder. reading.
50 I N D U S T R I A L F I R E B R I G A D E : P R I N C I P L E S
cleaned with a mild soap and water solution. If add itional
cleaning is needed , the un it can be scrubbed with a stiff
brush. A fter scrubb ing , the SCBA harness and cy lind er
should be rinsed with clean water.
After a fire, face p ieces and regulators can be cleaned with a
mild soap and warm water or a d isinfectant cleaning solution.
The face piece should be fully submerged in the cleaning
solution. If add it ional clean ing is needed, a soft b rush can be
used to scrub the face piece. Avoid scratching the lens or
damag ing th e exh alat ion valve. The regu lato r can be
cleaned with th e same so lut ion bu t shou ld not b e sub -
merged. The face p iece and regulator should be rinsed with
clean water.
A N D P R A C T I C E
Allo w the SCBA time to dry co mp letely before returning it to
service. Ch eck for any damage before return ing the SCBA
to service. Follow the steps in (Skill Drill 1-12) to clean and
sanitize an SCBA:
1. Inspect the SCBA for any damage that may have
occurred before clean ing.
2. Remove the face p iece fro m the regulator. On some
models, the regu lator also can be removed fro m the
harness.
3. Detach the SCBA cylinder fro m the harness.
4. Rinse all parts of the SCBA with clean water. Water
fro m a garden hose can be used fo r th is step.
Briga de Me mber Q ualifica tions a nd S afe ty 51
5. Using a stiff b rush, and a soap-and-water solution,
scrub the SCBA cy linder and harness. Rinse and set
aside to dry.
6. In a 5-gallon bucket make a mixture o f mild soap and
water o r use the manu facturers reco mmended clean
ing and d isinfect ing solut ion and water.
7. Submerge the SCBA face p iece into the clean ing
solution. For heavier cleaning, allo w the face piece
to soak.
8. Clean the regulator with clean ing solution, fo llowing
the manu facturers instructions.
9. Use a soft brush, if necessary, to remove contaminants
fro m the face p iece and regulator.
10. Co mp letely rinse the face p iece and the regu lato r
with clean water. Set them aside and allow them
to dry.
11. Reassemble and inspect the entire SCBA before plac
ing it back in serv ice.
 • Industrial firefighting perf orm ance and k nowledge require
m ent s are div ided int o f our m ajor c at egories: incipient
firefighting, adv anc ed exterior firef ighting, int erior st ruc
tural firefighting, and f ire brigade leader.
• Qualific ations for becoming a brigade mem ber include age
requirem ents, m edic al requirem ents, phy sic al f itness
requirem ents, and emergency medic al c are requirements.
• Good s afety practic es must be followed during t raining,
during respons e, at em ergency inc idents, at the st ation,
and outs ide the w orkplac e.
• The PPE ens emble f or struct ural firefighting c onsists of a
helm et, a protectiv e hood, a t urnout c oat, bunker pants,
| boot s, glov es, SC BA, and a PASS devic e.
• Res pirat ory haz ards from fires inc lude sm ok e part icles and
vapors, toxic gas es, an oxygen-deficient environment, and
high temperatures.
• Underst anding the uses and lim itations of SC BA is ess en
tial f or y our saf ety at fire s cenes.
Air cyli nderT he c om ponent of t he SC BA t hat st ores t he
com pres sed
Air li ne T he hos e t hrough w hic h air flows, eit her w it hin an
SC BA or f rom an outside s ourc e t o a supplied air res pirat or.
Backpack T he harnes s of t he SC BA t hat s upport s t he
com ponents w orn by a brigade m em ber.
Bri ga de me mb er T he brigade m em ber m ay be as s igned
any task, from placing hos e lines to extinguishing fires.
Generally, the brigade mem ber is not res pons ible for any
com m and functions and does not supervis e ot her pers onnel,
exc ept on a tem porary basis when promot ed to an act ing officer.
B ud dy syste m A s yst em in w hic h t w o brigade m em bers
alw ays work as a t eam for saf ety purpos es.
Bu nker coat T he prot ectiv e c oat w orn by a brigade m em ber
for interior struct ural firefight ing; also c alled a turnout coat.
Bu nker pa nts T he prot ect iv e t rous ers w orn by a briga de
mem ber f or int erior struct ural firefighting; als o called t urnout
pants.
Carbon monoxide (CO) A to xic gas produced through
incom plet e c om bustion.
Cas ca de s yste m A n appar at us c ons ist ing of m ult iple
tank s us ed to st ore com press ed air and f ill SC BA cylinders.
Closed-circuit breathing apparatus SCBA
des igned to recycle the us er's ex haled air. The system remov es
carbon dioxide and generates fres h ox ygen.
C o mpa ny office r T he c om pany off ic er is res pons ible f or
the initial firefighting strat egy, pers onnel saf ety, and the ov erall
activ ities of the brigade m em bers in their c om pany.
C o mpres so r A m ec hanic al devic e t hat inc reas es t he
pressure and dec reas es the volume of atm os pheric air; us ed t o
ref ill SC BA c ylinders.
Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) A
confident ial group disc uss ion am ong thos e w ho serv ed at a
traum atic incident to addres s em otional, psyc hological, and
stressful iss ues; usually occ urs wit hin 24 t o 72 hours of t he
incident.
Doff T o t ak e off an it em of clot hing or equipm ent. D on
T o put on an it em of c lot hing or equipm ent.
Dri ver/ o perat or Oft en c alled an engineer or t ec hnician,
the driv er is responsible f or getting the fire apparat us t o the
scene s af ely, s etting up, and running t he pump or operat ing
the aerial ladder onc e it arriv es on the sc ene.
E mer g e ncy by p ass mo d e O perat in g m od e t hat allow s
an SCBA t o be used even if part of the regulat or f ails t o func tion
properly.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel
EM S pers onnel administer prehos pital care to people w ho are
sick or injured.
Em ployee ass ista nce program (EAP) Program
adopted by m any organiz ations for brigade m em bers t o rec eiv e
confident ial help wit h problems s uc h as s ubst ance abus e,
stress, depres sion, or burnout that can aff ect their w ork
performance.
Face piece C om ponent of SC BA t hat f its ov er t he f ac e.
Fire he l met Prot ec tiv e head c ov ering w orn by brigade
mem bers t o prot ect the head from falling objects, blunt traum a,
and heat.
Fi re p r otect i o n e n gi ne er T h e f ire prot ec t ion engin eer
us ually has an engineering degree, reviews plans, and works
with building ow ners to ens ure t hat t heir fire s uppression and
det ection systems will m eet the relev ant codes and function as
needed.
Freela nci ng D angerous pract ic e of act ing independently
of c om m and inst ructions.
Han d li ght Sm all, port able light c arried by brigade mem bers
to improv e visibility at em ergency scenes, often pow ered by
rechargeable batteries.
Hazardous materials technician "Ha zmat" techni-ti
ans hav e training and certific ation in c hem ic al ident ific ation,
peak control, decont amination, and clean-up proc edures.
Hy d ro ge n cy an i de T ox ic gas produc ed by c om bus t ion of
plastic s and sy nt het ics.
Hy d ro static testi n g Periodic c ert if ic ation t es t per -f orm ed
on press ure v ess els, inc luding SC BA cy linders.
Immediately dangerous to life and health
ID L H) An at m os pheric c onc ent ration of any t oxic, c orro sive,
or as phyxiant s ubst anc e that poses an im mediate threat to life or
could c aus e irreversible or delay ed adv ers e healt h eff ects.
There are three general ID LH atmospheres: toxic, flam mable,
and oxy gen -deficient.
In ci d e nt co m ma n d e r T h e pers o n in c harge of t he
incident s ite w ho is res pons ible f or all dec isions relating to t he
m anagem ent of t he inc ident.
Inc ident ma na gement s ys tem (IMS) The
combi-nation of facilities, equipm ent, pers onnel, procedures,
and c om unic at ions under a st andard organiz ational structure
to m anage e assigned res ourc es eff ectiv ely t o acc omplis h
stated objectives for an incident. Als o k now n as I ncident
Com mand syst em (IC S).
In c o mp le te c o mb u st i o n A b urnin g proc es s in w hic h the
fuel is not c om pletely cons um ed, us ually due to a limit ed s upply
of oxy gen.
Kevlar® St rong, s y nt hetic m at erial us ed in t he c onst ruc tion of
prot ectiv e c lot hing and equipm ent.
Light-emitting diode (LED) An electronic semicon-
ductor that em its a single-c olor light w hen activat ed.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
He alt h ( N I OS H) A U . S. F ederal agenc y res pons ible f or
res earc h and dev elopm ent of occupational s af ety and health
issues.
No mex ® A fire-resistant sy nt hetic m at erial us ed in t he
construct ion of pers onal prot ective equipm ent for fire fighting.
Nose c ups An ins ert ins ide t he f ac e piec e of an SC BA t hat
fits over the user's m outh and nose.
Occupational Safety and Health Ad mi n i s t rat i o n
( OS H A ) T h e f ed er al a ge nc y t hat regulates worker safety
and, in some cas es, res ponder s afety. OSH A is part of the
Departm ent of Labor.
Open-circuit breathing apparatus SCBA in which
the ex haled air is released into the at m os phere and is not reused.
Oxy ge n defici en cy A ny at m os phere w here t he ox y gen
lev el is below 19. 5%. Low oxy gen lev els c an hav e s erious
effects on people, inc luding adv ers e reactions s uc h as poor
judgm ent and lack of muscle c ontrol.
PBP A fire-ret ardant sy nt het ic m at erial us ed in t he c on struction
of pers onal prot ective equipm ent.
Personal alert safety s ystem (PASS) De vice worn
by a brigade m em ber t hat sounds an alarm if the brigade
mem ber is m otionless f or a period of tim e.
Persona l pr otective equipme nt (PPE) Gear worn by
brigade m em bers that inc ludes helm et, glov es, hood, coat, pants,
SC BA, and boots. The personal protective equipment provides a
thermal barrier for brigade m em bers against int ens e heat.
Personnel accountability system A method of
tracking the identity, assignm ent, and loc ation of brigade
mem bers operating at an incident sc ene.
Phosgene A c hemical agent that c auses s ev ere pulm onary
damage.
Pounds per square inch (psi) Standard unit used in
meas uring press ure.
Press ure ga u ge A dev ic e t hat m eas ures and dis play s
pressure readings. In an SC BA, the pressure gauges indicat e the
quantity of breathing air that is av ailable at any tim e.
Pr otective h o o d A part of a brigade m em ber' s PPE
des igned to be worn over the head and under the helmet to
provide thermal prot ection for t he neck and ears.
Public information officer The public information
officer serves as a liais on betw een the incident c om mander
and the news media.
Rapid intervention company/crew (RIC) A
minim um of tw o fully equipped pers onnel on sit e, in a ready
stat e, for im m ediate resc ue of injured or t rapped brigade
mem bers. In s om e organizations, this is also k now n as R apid
Intervention Team.
Re ha bil itati on A sy st em at ic proc es s t o prov ide periods of
rest and rec ov ery f or em ergency w orkers during an inci dent;
us ually conducted in a designat ed area aw ay from the hazardous
area.
Res pirat or A prot ect iv e devic e us ed t o prov ide s af e
breathing air to a user in a hostile or dangerous at mosphere.
Safety offi cer T he pos it ion w it hin I M S res pons ible f or
identify ing and evaluating haz ardous or uns afe c ondit ions at the
scene of the incident. Saf ety offic ers hav e the aut hority to st op
any activ ity deem ed uns afe.
SC BA har ness T he straps and f ast eners us ed t o att ac h
the SC BA to the brigade m ember.
SC BA regulat ors Part of t he SC B A t hat reduc es t he high
press ure in t he cylinder t o a us able low er press ure and c on trols
the f low of air to t he user.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Res pirator with independent air supply us ed by brigade m em -
bers to enter toxic and ot herwis e dangerous atm os pheres.
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
(SC U B A) R es pirat or wit h indepe ndent air s upply us ed by
underw ater div ers.
S moke part icl es Airborne s olid m at erial c ons ist ing of as h
and unburned or partially burned f uel releas ed by a fire.
Sta nda rd operating pr ocedures (SOPs ) Wri tten
rules, policies, regulations, and proc edures enf orced to struc ture
the norm al operations of m ost fire brigades.
Supplied-air respirator (SAR) A respirator that gets
its air through a hos e from a rem ot e s ourc e, s uc h as a c om -
press or or c om pres sed air cy linder.
Technical rescue technician A "tech rescue" technician
is trained in s pecial resc ue tec hniques f or incidents inv olv ing
structural c ollapse, trenc h rescue, vehicle/m ac hinery res cue,
confined-spac e res cue, high-angle res cue, and other unus ual
situations.
Trai ni n g officer T he training off ic er is res pons ible f or
updating the t raining of c urrent brigade m embers and f or
training new mem bers.
Tu rn out c oat Prot ectiv e c oat t hat is part of a prot ect iv e
clothing ens em ble f or struct ural firef ight ing; als o c alled a
bunker coat.
T ur no ut pa nts Prot ect iv e t rous ers t hat are pa rt of a
prot ectiv e c lot hing ensem ble for struct ural firefighting; also
called bunk er pants.
T wo- way ra di o A port able c om m unic ation dev ic e us ed by
brigade m embers. Ev ery firefight ing t eam s hould c arry at least
one radio to c om m unic ate distress, progress, changes in fire
condit ions, and ot her pert inent inf orm ation.
Brigade Member Qualifications and Safety

Your fire brigade is dispatched via the plant radio system to respond to a report of hydrocarbon release and
fire in a processing unit on the other side of the plant from your work area. As you walk out to your vehicle,
you hear the plant alarm system sounding and see visible smoke in the sky above the involved process unit.
Your arrival on the scene is followed first by other brigade members' arrival, and then by the first-due foam
engines and hazmat trucks.
As you exit your vehicle, the on-shift fire brigade leader is walking away from the process area. He instructs
you and another brigade member to "gear up" and place fixed master stream appliances on the unit
perimeter in service to protect several exposures in the general fire area. The fire brigade lea der quickly
briefs your team on the assignment. It will require you to work in an area that is located cross-wind of the
actual fire area. You will be required to activate three to four fixed monitors as well as to perform
reconnaissance of the area for potential hazards.

1. Bas ed on the ass ignm ent your team has been giv en, C. It provides a c onst ant flow of c ool air t o m ake t he
what lev el of pers onal protectiv e equipm ent w ould SC BA easier to wear.
you don? D. It serv es as a s ec ondary means to s hut off air flow
A. No s pecializ ed personal protect ive equipm ent from the SC BA.
required.
B. Norm al w ork c lothing wit h a s elf-c ontained breat h 4. Prior to mak ing ent ry into t he proc ess unit area, w hic h
ing apparat us. of t he f ollowing PPE ins pections s hould y ou c onduct
C. Full bunk er gear wit h no respirat ory prot ection. jointly wit h y our part ner?
D. Full bunker gear w ith a s elf-c ontained breat hing A. Check t he lev el of air available on your SCBA.
apparatus. B. Ens ure no skin is v isible or prot ruding f rom y our
PPE ensem ble.
2. W hic h of the follow ing act ions would y ou not perf orm C. Ens ure y our PASS alarm is activ ated.
while donning full bunk er gear wit h a s elf-c ont ained D. All of the abov e.
reat hing apparat us ?
A. Don y our prot ectiv e hood and then don your SCBA 5. After ex iting t he area, w hic h of t he f ollow ing actions
mas k ov er t he t op of the hood. should y ou not take as y ou doff y our SC BA?
B. Be sure y our PASS devic e is t urned on. A. Rem ov e the regulator from t he SC BA or disc onnect
C. Turn up y our c oat c ollar and s ec ure it in front. the low-press ure hos e from t he regulat or.
D. Tighten your SC BA fac e piec e, starting at the lowest B. Shut off t he air cy linder v alv e.
straps. C. Do not bleed off the air from t he regulator.
D. Place t he SC BA is a s afe location.
I. Prior to entry into a fire s ite, y ou s hould alw ays c heck
your SC BA by pass v alv e. What is the primary purpos e of
the bypass valve?
serv es as t he primary press ure relief valv e for the SC BA
system.
I. It prov ides em ergency air in t he event t he prim ary jlat or
fails.