Team 5

Topic: Design and study work. (pages 133 – 170)

Subject: Introduction to industrial engineering.
Proffesor: Elizabeth Medina.
Summary of the book “Introducción a la ingeniería Industrial”, de Gabriel Baca Urbina.
Universidad Politécnica de Altamira.

Altamira, Tamaulipas. 04 at Saturday, 2023

• The “study work design” is a crucial tool for companies, as it allows an efficient allocation of tasks
and responsibilities, and ensures the satisfaction of both the company and the staff.
• Two ideological currents, scientific management and the socio-technical approach, have
influenced the formation of four disciplines within WBS: the study of methods, work measurement,
ergonomics and industrial hygiene and safety. These disciplines seek to improve employee
performance and working conditions, resulting in higher morale, motivation and productivity.
• The method study (em) is the one that serves to assign a work system to a person or a specific
team. The first part of the method study is the observation, in which we determine the work to be
done and can be done through computer methods or by means of flow charts.
• The most common symbols in the process diagrams are:
• Operation: A circle represents the fundamental activities and
information transfer of a process.
• Transportation: An arrow pointing to the right indicates
movement of materials or work personnel without additional work.
• Inspection: A square represents verification activities, either in
quality or quantity.
• Delays: A semicircular D-shaped figure indicates the occurrence
of interference in the flow of operations or in the movement of
materials to perform the next step.
• The inverted triangle represents the deposit of material in
warehouses.
• Combined activities: The most common symbol for combined
activities is the inspection activity.
• The most common process analysis diagrams are classified, listed and described as follows are
classified, listed and described below:
• a) Synoptic diagram of the process. Also also known as
process flow diagram. It is a very general and summarized
representation of the sequence of the main operations and
inspections, materials and inspections, materials and
components of a process. components of a process.
• Analytical Cursogram. Also known as process flow diagram. It is a diagram that
shows in detail the sequence sequence that the different elements of a process
follow.
• c) Bimanual diagram. This diagram shows in detail the
activities performed by both hands of an hands of an
operator, as long as they are performed in a are performed
in a relatively small work area (work table). small work area
(work table).
• Charts with time scales.
• Multiple activity diagrams (man-machine). This type of
diagram shows graphically the graphically shows the
execution of simultaneous activities of several elements of
the process, whether they are teams of operators or the
interaction of these with machinery.
• Diagrams to represent flow, movement and/or movement.
• Path diagram. It complements the the analytical cursogram
and allows to observe, in two two dimensions, the real
distribution of the area where each of the activities that make up
the process that make up the process (plant drawing), in addition
to the flows and distances traveled.
• Thread diagram. It is so called because that before personal computers were so common,
this diagram made it possible to observe the interrelationship between the different areas of
a company by means of the different areas of a company by means of the the laying of one
or more strands of yarns (of the same or different (of the same or different color), so that the
analyst could visually determine analyst could visually determine which area would area
would have a greater relationship with another, mainly the flow of materials, energy and
information between them; the more threads, the more flow there was.
• The next step in the MA is to critically
examine, in depth, the current methods
recorded in the diagrams. in the
diagrams. For this, each activity, work
item and/or step in the and/or step in
the operation will be subjected to an
interrogation; this series of questions
follows a sequence that attempts to
probe attempts to probe:The reason and
usefulness of the activity.The place
where it is performed.The sequence in
which it is performed.The people who
carry it out.The way in which it is carried
out.
• The result of the questioning stage is the conception of the proposed method (or refined method),
which ideally should be the most appropriate method in accordance the most appropriate method
according to the information and analyses done so far. to date.
• The proposed method is The proposed
method is submitted to the scrutiny of
supervisors, supervisors and managers
for their and managers for their
conviction and approval. proposed
method report should be supplemented
by the cost analyses the cost analyses
mentioned above.
• Once the project has been approved, the first step for
its implementation is formal communication to all
stakeholders (especially to the operators who will
implement it). to all stakeholders (especially to the
operators who will implement it); the International Labor
Organization (ILO) recommends the preparation of
operating manual-type documents indicating the details of
the project. The International Labor Organization (ILO)
recommends the preparation of documents such as
operating manuals that indicate the details of the
procedure and, in turn, can be the procedure and that, in
turn, can be used for the training of operators. training of
the operators and be a reference in the future, in case of
doubts about the procedure.
• The implementation of the new method continues with
the the operator about the benefits of the new method.
Convincing the worker is a critical and necessary factor due
to the resistance to change. This is a very recurrent
negative practice of employees in almost all companies
and consists of refusing to comply with the new method.
and consists of refusing to comply with the new method
because they consider it workers do not trust the person
who designed it, they consider that they are experts in
their work and no one from outside the company can do it.
experts in their work and no outsider can suggest better
ways of executing it. better ways of executing it.
• Fortunately, there is a positive side to overcoming the more the new way of working is repeated,
the more the operator will become proficient and skilled at it, the more the new way of working is
repeated, the more the operator will become proficient and skilled at it.
• Medición del trabajo
• A “MT” or “WM” study has two main objectives: Detect, reduce and/or eliminate unproductive
time and create time norms or standards that consider due tolerances and unavoidable delays.
• Detect, reduce and/or eliminate
unproductive time, understood as
time that does not add value to
products or services. value to
products or services. It is idle time
and idle time that employees
sometimes consciously and
unconsciously waste.
• Create time norms or standards that
consider due tolerances and unavoidable
delays, so that they function as a reference for
the time of execution of a task and through
time of execution of a task and through these,
it is and through these it is detected when an
employee takes more time than time than it
should take to execute its work.
• Direct measurement. Study of times with stopwatch.
• The time study is the basic (and
main) technique of MT. MT. Its objective
is to record the execution times of
employees' activities, observing them
directly activities of employees,
observing them directly and using a time
and using a time-measuring instrument
(usually a stopwatch, although video
time-measuring instrument (usually a
stopwatch, although video and
chronograph are also used), evaluating
chronographs are also used), evaluating
their performance and comparing
performance and comparing these
results with established norms. Figure
7.11 describes the general steps of a TM
study, however, the time study (TS) has
slight variations:
• 1. Selecting the job. The
selection of the job has the same
meaning as the one performed for
a MS.
• 2. Select a "qualified" operator. The
object of The object of a TE should be the
average worker, i.e., an operator who
operator who performs his work
consistently and at a normal and at a
normal pace.
• There are several factors that
influence an employee's work
pace. of an employee, the most
common of which are:Variations in
the quality of materials.Equipment
efficiency.Variations in the
concentration of workers.Changes
in climate and environment
(temperature, light, noise,
etc.).Mood.
• 3. Analysis of the work. After
making the two previous choices,
the industrial engineer should
describe in detail the method to be
studied, including the work area,
the materials and inputs, and the
tools and/or equipment used. and
the tools and/or equipment used.
• 4. Dividing work into elements. As a
result of the analysis of the work, it is
divided into parts or sub-elements to
make the measurements in a simpler
way, identify and separate activities
unproductive activities
• 5. Perform test measurements
and run an initial sample. initial
sample. The initial sample, in
addition to serving practice for the
analyst, it allows to determine
some parameters parameters that
will be used to establish the actual
number of number of
observations.
• 6. Determine the sample size.
With the parameters of the initial
sample, and with the level of
confidence and level of confidence
and accuracy required by the time
analyst engineer, we proceed to
determine the sample size of the
study.
• Work Sampling: Work sampling is the simplest
version of the MT survey. Its main objective is not
the determination of standards or the of standards
or the measurement of operating times; the only
thing a sampling study only thing that a sampling
study seeks to do is to determine time proportions
based on random observations12 that justify its
statistical validity.
• Mini-MOST SystemAnother system in the MOST family is the Mini-
MOST; It is considered the most accurate and is used for very short,
identical and repetitive identical and repetitive jobs (jobs that are
repeated more than 300 times in one (jobs that are repeated more
than 300 times in a shift), but has also been used for has also been
used in operations with cycles of less than half a minute.
• Bibliography: Gabriel Baca Urbina. Introducción a
la Ingeniería industrial. (pages 175-210)