Apontamentos sobre o ensaio laboratorial

1. Fotografia

2. Especificações
3. Equações

caudal mássico de ar:

R Ta πd 2 pa
m& a = ρ a AC d 2 ∆p = Cd 2 ∆p
pa 4 R Ta

com um coeficiente de descarga de Cd = 0,6 e um diâmetro do orifício igual a d = 18,5 mm .

caudal volumétrico de combustível:

V
V&f = pipeta
∆t

caudal mássico de combustível:

m& f = ρ f V& f

potência:

2π
Pe = B × n
60

consumo específico:

Ch 3600 m& f
Ce = =
Pe Pe

razão ar-combustível:

 A  m& a
 =
 F  m& f

coeficiente de excesso de ar:

 A  A
   
λ=   = 
F F
 A x
 
 F s

rendimento volumétrico:

m& a
ηv =
n
rs ρ aV
nr
rendimento efetivo:

3600 3600Pe
ηe = =
Ce PCI Ch PCI

pressão média efetiva:

Pe nr
pe =
Vn

3 - Experimental procedure

3.1 - General description

Start by familiarizing yourself with the laboratory, particularly with the safety conditions and
procedures and learn how to stop the engine in case of an emergency. Familiarize yourself with
the experimental facility that you are going to use and its equipment.

Verify whether all the systems concerning the engine that you are going to use are set in place
and ready (e.g., fuel in the fuel tanks, electrical connections properly done, etc, etc).

The engines will be started by the lecturer and the laboratory’s technician. Pay attention to the
starting procedure and try to learn as much as possible from that procedure.

After the start of the engine, load it with a light load. Never let an engine warm up with no load.
But never load the engine too much when it is cold, and, especially, never rev the engine to high
engine speeds in the initial seconds of running the engine.

Before starting to make measurements, register the air temperature, pressure, and relative
humidity. Repeat these registrations immediately after the last measurements of engine
performance, prior to switching the engine off.

Throughout the test (especially when some modification of the settings is carried out) listen
attentively the engine noise, feel its vibrations, its smell, and its heat release and surface’s
temperature (be careful not to touch the exhaust manifold and pipe!). This sensorial awareness
is one of the reasons to perform the laboratorial engine tests! Register the alterations (or the
evolutions) that seem more relevant!

After carrying the tests, prepare to switch the engine off. Most likely the engine is very hot (in
most tests high engine loads are used towards the end of the test). Reduce the load (and engine
speed, if possible) to very low values and let the engine cool down. Never switch off an engine
when it is very hot.

Once the test is finished, switch off the system. To this end, close the valves of the fuel feeding
system, and switch off the electrical systems and equipment.

Clean and tidy up the material.

3.2 - Calculations and Report

Calculate the engine cylinder capacity and for the maximum engine rotational speed determine
the mean piston speed.

For each point that you measured, do the following calculations:

– from the characteristics of the air consumption meter and the ∆p measured calculate the air
&a ;
flow rate, m
– from the volume of the fuel (8.0 ml or 16.0 ml) and time ∆t measured, as well as from the
fuel density ρ fu calculate the hourly fuel consumption, Ch ;
– calculate the air-to-fuel ratio, A F ;
– calculate the relative air-to-fuel ratio, λ ;
– calculate the volumetric efficiency, ηv . Comment whether the values of the pair (λ, ηv ) are
acceptable;
– calculate the mean effective pressure, pe (bmep);
– calculate the specific brake fuel consumption, Ce (bsfc or specific effective fuel
consumption);
– calculate the engine’s efficiency, ηe .
If there is anything else that you believe should be calculated, do it!

Present your final results in a table, where you clearly show the input data and output.

Present the following diagrams:

– pe and Pe vs n;
– Ce and Ch vs n;
– ηe vs n;
– ηv vs n;
– λ vs n;
– Exhaust temperature vs n;
– Exhaust temperature vs pe ;
Explain/justify the various curves of the diagrams.

Your report should have a maximum number of five pages, written only on one side.