.

The Teacher and the

School Curriculum
Modules and Activities

Submitted by:
Cadion,Marjorie P.
Submitted to:
Prof. Dothy Asistio Lorenzo
 MODULE 1: CURRICULUM ESSENTIALS
Lesson 1. The Concept of Curriculum
SELF-CHECK:
a. Differentiate prescriptive definitions of curriculum from descriptive definitions
of curriculum.
Prescriptive curriculum provides us with what “ought” to happen, and they more often than not
take the form of a plan, an intended program, or some kind of expert opinion about what needs
to take place in course of study while the descriptive definitions of curriculum go beyond the
prescriptive terms as they force thought about curriculum “not merely in terms of how things
ought to be, but how things are in real classrooms”. It also provides “glimpses” of the
curriculum in action.
b. Define the term “curriculum” as you understand it. Make a concept web that
shows the different concepts of a curriculum.
entire range of
experiences
planned interaction of pupils with
instructional content, materials, Gives learners
resources, and processes for evaluating development
the attainment of educational
objectives. process or

written plan outlining what

Curriculum procedure

students will be taught

learning experiences planned
planned learning to attain school’s educational
outcomes sequence of goals.
content units
Lesson 2. Types of Curricula in Schools
SELF-CHECK:
Read each statement carefully and decide whether you Agree or Disagree. Write
your answer before each number.
1. Agree 6. Agree
2. Agree 7. Agree
3. Agree 8. Disagree
4. Agree 9. Agree
5. Agree 10. Disagree

Lesson 3. The Elements of Curriculum

SELF-CHECK:
The four elements that make up a curriculum are surrounded by a context that
affects different aspects of the elements.
a. Name the components of the context in which a curriculum is designed and
implemented.
 Purpose (goals and objectives)
 Content or subject matter
 Methods or learning experiences
 Evaluation
b. Explain elaborately the interaction among these elements by giving an
example.
A teacher sets goals on what outcome she wants to see on her students in-lined with her
subject matter. She uses her available materials such as textbooks and activities to support
the lesson she prepared. She uses different teaching strategies that will help her attain the
goals she already set at the beginning. In the end, she evaluated her students using a
performance task to see if the goals set at the beginning were properly met. She also assessed
her teaching strategies to improve her teaching.

c. Can a school curriculum succeed without a clear vision? Clearly explain your
answer.
Vision is very important. It is like the “objective” we are making at the beginning of every
lesson we prepare. So, I think, my answer is no because a school’s vision is the goal or
objective that they want to set before they operate as an institution until the rest of their
 service. Without a clear vision, the institution will not be able to effectively and efficiently
operate. It’s like riding a vehicle without knowing where you are heading. They will also not
be able to produce an ideal and effective citizen that will contribute to the betterment of our
society.

d. As a student of curriculum, will you put equal emphasis on the four

curricular components? Why?
Yes, because each component of this curriculum has a very important role in achieving the
best in an educational system. Starting from planning what outcome you want to see in the
end, resources to present learning to the learners, strengthening the teaching strategies down
to an evaluation of how effective the lesson presented was.

ACTIVITY: Instructions: Search for and secure a copy of a sample Lesson Plan
(detailed/semi-detailed), then, using the matrix below, analyze the sample you have and
write your comments and suggestions based on the principles and concepts you have
learned in this module.

COMPONENT COPY FROM THE COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS

Title of the Lesson Plan
Intended Learning
Outcomes/Objectives
Content/Subject Matter
SAMPLE
Using Regular Adjective in The title is well stated.
Making Comparison
References
At the end of the lesson, the The learning goals/outcomes
students are expected to: were properly enumerated.
a. compose clear and
coherent sentences using
appropriate grammatical
structures regarding order
and degrees of regular
adjectives;
b. use positive,
comparative and superlative
form of regular adjective;
c. identify adjective and its
degree of comparison in a
sentence; and
d. show tactfulness when
communicating with others.
Activity Sheet in English 6 The content and materials were
Quarter 2 Week 1- Day 2 clearly indicated .
 Materials : PPT, Activity
Sheets, Word Card 
Methods/Strategies  A. Preliminary Activities There is an integration of other
a. Drill The teacher will subject.
ask the student to
dance the Zumba
b. Review
Evaluation/Assessment Direction: Fill in the blank Good quality and easy way of
the correct form of adjective assessing students’ learnings.
to complete the sentence.
(tall)
1. She is the ___________
among all of the girls. (smart)
2. Andrew is ____________
than his brother. (small)
3. Which is the ___________
planet in the solar system?
(wise)
4. I made a __________
decision today. (large)
5. Davao City is the
____________ city in
Mindanao.

Lesson 4. Approaches About School Curriculum

SELF-CHECK:
Match the column II with the CHOICES in Column III. Write the letter of your
ANSWER in Column I.
1.I 6.G
2.B 7. H
3. F 8.C
4.D 9.J
5.A 10. E
ACTIVITY: Instructions: Choose and reflect on one (1) of the following statements.
Write your answer on the space below.

REFLECTION PAPER
‘Schools that approach curriculum as subject-centered make robots out of
students.’’
As a student, I agree with the statement presented above. A subject-centered
curriculum has pros and cons. In this kind of curriculum, the learners tend to strengthen the
self-discipline of the learner. They were taught and expected to respect and follow the
authorities such as the teacher, and other school personnel. I believe this will also contribute a
FDFSFDF
lot to have a well-disciplined citizen of the society. This I believe is one of the advantages of the
said curriculum. On the other hand, a subject-centered curriculum makes a learner a passive
receiver of all the information the teacher is imparting to them. It focuses more on the content
of the curriculum and corresponds mostly to the textbooks and other resources. Maybe that
was the reason why in the said curriculum, they compared the learners to robots for the
students are just receivers of knowledge and information being imparted to them. They were
not trained and encouraged well to think on their own and express themselves well. The skills
and strengths of individual learners, do not hasten as well.

Lesson 5. Curriculum Development: Processes and Models

SELF-CHECK:
a. Describe the model of curriculum development which you understand well.
Write in two paragraphs.

Galen Saylor and William Alexander Curriculum Model

Galen Saylor and William Alexander viewed curriculum as “a plan for providing sets
of learning opportunities to achieve broad educational goals and related specific objectives
for an identifiable population served by a single school center”. (Saylor and Alexander,
1974). They perceived that a curriculum is composed of four (4) steps. They are Goals,
Objectives and Domains Curriculum Designing; Curriculum Implementation, and lastly
Evaluation: 
The goals or objectives were composed of the major educational goals specified
objectives they want to accomplish. Each one of these goals should advocate four (4) major
 goal domains: personal development, human relations, learning skills and specialization. The
next one is the curriculum designing, this is the decision-making stage. Here, the decision
whether the curriculum will be designed according to students’ needs and interests or along
with themes. The third step is curriculum implementation. In this step, the teachers will
conduct and specify different instructional objectives in-lined with the objectives set on the
first step for them to attain it. And lastly, Evaluation. In this final step, the teachers will
assess if the goals set in the first part were attained or not. It also measures the effectiveness
of instructional objectives and teaching strategies they conducted on the previous step.

b. What phase of the curriculum phase do you find very important as a teacher?
Why?
The phase of the curriculum phase I find very important is the Curriculum Evaluation. It
is because it determines whether desired outcomes or objectives set have been achieved. It
also assesses the progress of students' learning and the mastery of their learning using
formative and summative tests. It will also determine where improvement can be made. The
result of the evaluation is very important both for the learners and for the curriculum
implementors because this is where they can measure the effectiveness of the instructional
objectives and teachings strategies they conducted.

c. What curriculum design do you think your previous schools utilized? Identify
and give explanation to the design you have identified.
The curriculum design that my previous school is utilizing is student-centered curriculum
design. In this kind of curriculum, the teacher acts as a facilitator only, and the learners were
expected to reflect on their own, make some inquiries, discuss a specific topic, collaborate, be
accountable, and create outputs on their own. This is the total opposite of the previous
curriculum we had way back on our primary days wherein, the teacher does it all and the learner
just act as the receiver of all the information taught to them. In the student-centered curriculum,
the abilities and skills of each type of learners were properly utilized. It also brings out the best
in every learner an institution has.
MODULE 2: MAJOR FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM
Lesson 1. Philosophical Foundations of Curriculum
SELF-CHECK:
1. Why is it important to study the philosophical foundations of curriculum?
Philosophy is said to be the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and
existence especially when we are considering academic discipline. So, studying the
philosophical foundation of a curriculum is very important because it provides
information about the teaching-learning process. They also contribute to achieving the
optimum level of learning a learner can acquire to attain the desired outcome of the goals
set at the beginning. These philosophical foundations also concern the learners’ physical,
mental, emotional, and even social needs allowing the educators to conduct the most
effective teaching strategy for each kind of learner.

2. Which of the following statements reflect the four philosophical traditions

that have been discussed? Mark E for essentialism, P for progressivism, PN
for perennialism and R for reconstructivism.
1.PN 6.E 11.P
2.PN 7.R 12.E
3.P 8.P 13.R
4.E 9.E 14.P
5.P 10. PN 15. R

Lesson 2. Historical Foundations of Curriculum

1. Explain how history and society influenced curriculum.
The curriculum of one’s country has strong historical roots. It can affect the country’s
educational system and the kind of curriculum it has. History involves culture or people’s
expression of their collective learning. It was rooted in their personal experiences and
secondhand experiences of their elders passed on. So, in developing a curriculum, history is
one of the things greatly considered. Because it will reflect what kind of citizens a certain
country wants to produce based on their culture and tradition. For example, in Japan instead
 of teaching basic academic lessons to their primary pupils, they tend to teach them the way of
living up to the third grade preparing each child to be independent in the future. I believe the
culture and tradition of these Japanese people is the reason why they have this kind of
educational system.
On the other hand, society also has a huge impact on the curriculum. One and the most
common example of this is the inclusion of computer subjects in an academic setup. Way
back in the 1800s, there was no computer subject, but because of our changing and
developing society, the extensive use of the internet, the educational system of almost all of
the countries include computer as one of their academic subjects.

2. In your opinion, who among those personalities has the most significant
contribution in the foundation of the curriculum? Why?
. I In my own opinion, Werret Charters has the most significant contribution to the
foundation of the curriculum. It is because his contributions are the ones that I can observe on the
curriculum we are having right now. Charters and Bobbit viewed curriculum the same way as a
science of emphasizing on the learners’ needs. Charters also gave a point on the alignment of the
objectives and teaching strategies. He also stated that the teachers should plan the subject matter
and the activities ahead of time. I believe it is for the educators to provide the most effective
educational instructions that fit each learner’s needs and interests that will lead to the desired
outcome set at the beginning.

Lesson 3. Psychological Foundations of Curriculum

SELF-CHECK:

a) Select at least three proponents of psychological foundation of curriculum.

 Behaviorism
 Cognitivism
 Humanistic Psychology
b) Discuss how the proponents influence what you have learned in school as a
college student.
The three (3) proponents of psychological foundation in a curriculum such as
Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Humanism are the things needed to be considered to
acknowledge learners’ conditions. These proponents influenced me to better understand the
learners’ needs and conditions and come up with the most suitable teaching strategy for each
type of learner I will have in the future.
Lesson 4. Sociological Foundations of Curriculum
SELF-CHECK:

1. Explain how John Dewey and Alvin Toffler influenced curriculum.

John Dewey and Alvin Toffler were said to be outstanding people in developing a
curriculum. It is because of their contributions and influences to it. Let’s start with John
Dewey, he gave a progressive outlook on education. He proposed living and doing itself is
education. He also gave emphasized on the preparation of life through life experiences. I
believe, this is why we are applying the “real-life application” in every subject matter we are
teaching nowadays. He is also the one who proposed child-centered education which brings
out the best in every learner not making them just a receiver of the information but a doer of
it.

Same with John Dewey, Toffler also acknowledge the individualism of every learner. That
each learner has different needs, interests, and abilities and educators have to deal with that.
He also influenced the curriculum to teach hands-on skills that the learners will be able to use
in the long run.

2. To what extent should curriculum consider the world outside of school?

The curriculum should consider the world outside the school, because as one of the most
common statements says, “learning is not just inside the 4 corners of the school”, the world
outside of it contributes a lot to the learning and experiences of an individual. It is also the
place which is called “the outside world” wherein the learners will apply all the knowledge,
learning, and experiences they learned in school. This is also where we can evaluate the
quality of citizens an educational institution made.

3. How do changes in society affect curriculum?

Society has a strong influence on the curriculum. This is one of the things the
curriculum is considering upon developing it. It is because society is constantly
changing and developing. For example, in the past decade, there has been a great
reliance on technology particularly in using computers, mobile phones, and the
internet. One good and timely example is when our society experienced a pandemic
due to COVID-19. The curriculum has to adjust to it and conduct online and modular
classes.
4. How has the school curriculum in your country responded to different
societal demands?
Just like what I have mentioned in the previous question, the pandemic affected
the school curriculum that we have here in our country. Starting from the usual
opening and closing of the school year, activities we are celebrating, approach in
classes, everything adjusted! If before, we are conducting face-to-face classes in a
usual educational institution, now we have to adjust and offer online classes for those
who can afford it and modular classes for those who cannot. It is because our country
gives importance to education. That not a certain virus can stop us from giving the
learners the education that they deserve.

5. When you were in school, were the concerns of society regarding the
curriculum similar or different from the concerns today?
During my school days, there was a suppression of inquiry and expression for the
curriculum implemented that time was teacher-centered learning which strengthens
self-discipline and ethics. Unlike today, the curriculum focuses more on the abilities
and needs of the learner making it more effective and efficient. This kind of
curriculum we are dealing with right now is known as a student-centered curriculum.
6. Interview individuals who were in primary or secondary school during the
1960s. What was schooling like during that period? Has it changed or in
many respects still the same today?
As I interviewed Mr. Alex Pampolina, he said that the curriculum they had during
their time was teacher-centered curriculum and gives a huge emphasis on self-
discipline. The authorities they had way back then also uses a reward and punishment
system. Yes, it changed a lot for the priority of an educational system nowadays are
the learners themselves, there was also a law that has been passed against corporal
punishment in favor of the learners Unlike before, they tolerate the corporal
punishment as a kind of discipline to the learners.

ACTIVITY: Tweet him! Instructions: In140-characters or less, think of and write a

practical teaching-learning activity/example relevant to their significant contribution.
(Choose only five (5) persons to tweet.)
@ Lev Vygotski
  In a high school laboratory science class, a coach might provide scaffolding by
first giving students detailed guides to ending experiments, then at the moment, by
giving them brief outlines that they may use to the structure experiments, and
eventually asking them to line up experiments entirely on their own.
@Daniel Goleman
Ina theater class, the trainer is developing his actors’ personalities. He said, “Act sort
of a fog! Imagine you're a fog. When people throw rocks at you, you have to absorb
those rocks without throwing them back. this can be an awfully easy and effective
technique to use against folks that keep criticizing you repeatedly.”

@Abraham Maslow
In order to support our learners' physiological needs, we have to ensure that all
learners have an access to water in their classrooms. Water bottles are an easy solution
and research shows the various benefits of hydrated students. it's because it'll increase
the learners' performance physically and mentally. it'll also improve their energy and
brain function.

@Carl Rogers
A person who is fascinated by becoming rich might search out books or classes
on economics, investment, great financiers, banking, etc. Such a personal would
perceive and ty to be told any information provided on this subject in a very much
different fashion than someone who is assigned a reading or class.

@Howard Gardner
A learner excels excellently in Math, Science, English, and Arts. He is also a member
of campus choir and dance troupe. That learner is possessing multiple intelligences.