BIN3023-N

UG Business Project

BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONS) INTERNATIONAL TOURISM MANAGEMENT (TOP-UP)

TRIMENTER 2 – (BIN3023) – DISSERTATION

RESEARCH TITLE:

Can a High Volume of Tourists have a Negative Effect on the

Environment of India?

STUDENT NAME JOSEPH ROBIN

STUDENT NUMBER P1134321
PROGRAMME BA TOURISM MANAGEMENT (TOP-UP)
MODULE NAME RESEARCH METHODS (40 CREDITS)
MODULE CODE BIN 3023-N
MODULE ASSESSMENT DISSERTATION
MODULE ADJUNCT LECTURER / SUPERVISOR SALLY LO
WORD COUNT 8000
SUBMISSION DATE 21/10/2022

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A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Arts (Hons) International Tourism
Management Top Up

Dissertation certificate

Teesside University
Teesside University Business School

Undergraduate Studies
Dissertation
Dissertation Certification

1. I confirm that the work in this Dissertation is original and has been carried out by me as part of my programme
of study.

2. I confirm that all secondary material has been properly acknowledged by me and referenced in this work.

Signed:

Name: JOSEPH ROBIN

Date: 21 - 10 - 2022

Course/Programme of Study: Bachelor of Arts (Hons) International Tourism Management

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 Abstract

The aim of the research project is to recognise the negative effects of a huge number of tourists on the India’s
Environment along with its positive sides. The different segments such as India’s Society & Culture, Economy, and
Environment are considered for analysing. The researcher has conducted this research for analysing the different
critical issues that introduce opposing results in India Society and Traditional Culture. The overpopulation
consequences of tourism harm the India’s environment while also boosting GDP growth in India. Without sacrificing
their beneficial effects on the expansion of the India economy, this study will concentrate on those negative aspects.
Ecotourism needs to be promoted to conserve and safeguard the variety of India's cultural and natural environments.
India vacation industry should be promoted in a way that protects and promotes the cultural traditions of the regions in
which it operates in order to host and amuse tourists while minimising environmental damage. This study focuses on
both internal (such as internal research) and external (often, statistical data from the government or online resources)
sources. Secondary research can be done using a variety of sources, including freely available databases, internet
articles, and publications pertaining to the travel and tourist sectors. Additionally, it is accessible from libraries and
websites devoted to the travel industry. Researchers gather, verify, assess, and incorporate secondary information to
support their intended research topics for the study period. Here, 20 journals were collected based on the exclusion
keywords to gather the final outcomes for accomplishing the research objectives. The change and degradation of
ethical, moral, and spiritual principles are the main adverse consequences of tourism on India culture. Along with the
potential loss of financial gains, local, lesser qualified workers can be hostile. In areas with a high number of tourist
and appealing natural resources, sewage treatment is a major problem. The ecology is significantly harmed by
improper disposal, particularly waterways, scenic vistas, and vegetation by the sides of roads.

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 Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my professor (Name of the teacher) and our principal (Name of the
principal) for providing me with the wonderful opportunity to complete this wonderful project on the topic of (Write the
topic name). They also assisted me in conducting extensive research, and I am very appreciative of them.

Finally, I would want to acknowledge my family and friends who greatly contributed to the timely completion of this
project.

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 Contents
Dissertation certificate..................................................................................................................................................... 2

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................................... 4

List of Tables................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 1 Introduction and background.......................................................................................................................... 8

Background of the Research....................................................................................................................................... 8

Rationale..................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Research Aim and Objectives..................................................................................................................................... 8

Research Questions.................................................................................................................................................... 8

Significance of the Research....................................................................................................................................... 9

Summary..................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Chapter 2 Literature review............................................................................................................................................. 9

RO1: To identify the impacts of the huge number of tourists on the Social and Cultural Environment of India...........9

RO2: To recognize the impacts of a massive number of tourists on the Economic Environment of India.................10

RO3: To know the influences of enormous tourists on the India’s Environment........................................................11

Mitigate Issues with Tourism in the Environment of India.........................................................................................12

Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................... 12

Chapter 3 Research design and methodology.............................................................................................................. 13

Secondary research.................................................................................................................................................. 13

Research ethics........................................................................................................................................................ 16

Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................... 16

Chapter 4 Findings and analysis................................................................................................................................... 17

Findings and Analysis.................................................................................................................................................... 17

RO1: To identify the impacts of the huge number of tourists on the India’s Social and Cultural Environment..........20

RO2: To recognize the impacts of a massive number of tourists on the India’s Economic Environment..................21

RO3 To know the influences of enormous tourists on the Environment of India.......................................................22

Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................... 23

Chapter 5 Conclusions, recommendations, and self-reflection......................................................................................24

Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................... 24
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 Recommendations.................................................................................................................................................... 25

Self-reflection............................................................................................................................................................ 26

References.................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Appendices.................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Appendix 1................................................................................................................................................................ 30

Appendix 2................................................................................................................................................................ 30

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 List of Tables
Table 1: Total Resources............................................................................................................................................ 18
Table 2. Resources with Year of Publications.......................................................................................................... 19
Table 3: Investigation Factors.................................................................................................................................... 19
Table 4: Methodology used in this Research............................................................................................................ 19
Table 5: Key Findings................................................................................................................................................. 20
Table 6: Key Findings for Objective 1........................................................................................................................ 21
Table 7: Key Findings for Objective 2........................................................................................................................ 22
Table 8: Key Findings for Objective 3........................................................................................................................ 22

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Chapter 1 Introduction and background
Many areas and nations rely heavily on tourism as a source of income in the Economy of India. Tourism's importance
has increased due to more free time, altered lifestyles, and increased consumerism. Several complex and difficult
questions raised due to the issues of political participation, social justice, economic transformation, belonging, identity,
and meaning are present at the intersection of Culture and tourism in India. However, it also creates adverse effects
on the Environment in India.
Background of the Research
Socio-cultural Environment of India has encountered many cross-culture issues due to tourism management
problems. Many times, the traditional cultural events of India are led to pseudo-cultural performances to attract more
foreign tourists. Similarly, the socio-cultural values of India may be sacrificed to enhance additional economic value.
Thus, it brings adverse effects on conventional society and religious beliefs. Besides this, an increase in transportation
and hotel buildings for tourist services is directed at deforestation. Therefore, the intensity of pollution gradually
increases in the northern regions of India. Besides this, unequal distributions of employee benefits in the tourism
sectors of India force them to migrate to other regions. Thus, the manpower got reduced, and high wages need to pay
foreign workers in this hospitality sector. Most tourism sectors have revised their infrastructure to maintain those
areas. A continuous monitoring cycle for this tourism sector is quite useful to minimize the potential challenges in the
Environment of India.
Rationale
Tourism sectors of India have numerous positive sides to the economy and developing socio-culture of India.
However, some critical issues that introduce opposing results in Society and Traditional Culture of India are still
unpredictable. The overcrowding effects of tourism rundown the Environment of India as well as it enhances the GDP
growth of India. This research will focus on those dark sides without compromising their positive impacts on economic
growth of India.

Research Aim and Objectives

This research aims to recognize the negative effects of a huge number of tourists on the Environment of India along
with its positive sides. The different segments such as Society & Culture of India, Economy, and Environment are
considered for analysing.
The objectives are developed according to the research aim and purposes described above.
 To identify the impacts of the huge number of tourists on the Social and Cultural Environment of India.
 To recognize the impacts of a massive number of tourists on the Economic Environment of India.
 To know the influences of enormous tourists on the Environment of India.

Research Questions
 What are the impacts of a huge number of tourists on Culture of India?
 What are the adverse results to the Economy of India due to a massive number of tourists?
 How can numerous tourists bring adverse effects on the Environment of India?

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Significance of the Research
Due to the diversity in tourism of India, many foreign visitors come to India and spend their leisure time. This research
will effectively identify the adverse effects of congestion in tourism. The researcher will understand the factors that
create negative impacts on the overcrowding situation in the tourism environment. However, the positive sides of
tourist tourism have been discussed along with it to understand the main attractions of tourism of India. Besides this,
all the responsible factors for negative consequences will be critically discussed to mitigate them further. The research
successfully identifies the situations of Culture and Economy of India due to overcrowding in tourism, which could be
helpful in future research.
Summary
This chapter discusses the background of the research study along with research significance that is very effective for
the Environment of India. Besides this, the clearly defined different positive and adverse effects of India Tourism have
been outlined through the research aim and objectives. So, the development of the chapter could bring flawless
effects on the research study in future.

Chapter 2 Literature review

India is one of the few nations with a very old culture and civilisation. On the other hand, India's cultural history spans
several thousand years (Hole and Snehal, 2019). It exhibits a subtle but powerful thread of continuity, exemplified in
the Culture's capacity for assimilation and its singular demonstration of "unity in variety."
RO1: To identify the impacts of the huge number of tourists on the Social and Cultural
Environment of India
If area specificities, ancestral legacy, and the surrounding cultural Environment are honoured, tourism may revive
regional architectural traditions. In the best scenarios, tourism may even provide a means of reviving the socio-cultural
life of the local populace, strengthening the local neighbourhood, fostering relationships within the nation, luring young
people, and promoting local activities (Cerchione and Bansal, 2020).
It impacts the income of the regional craftspeople and artists since tourism offers financial incentives for the growth of
numerous local crafts and cultures. Cultural heritages of India are also preserved, retained, and enhanced by tourism,
especially by inviting more tourists (Balsalobre-Lorente et al. 2020). Additionally, tourism will widen the scope of multi-
sociocultural pursuits. Through tourism, images and movies of Culture, subcultures, and micro-cultures were
transmitted to remote locations.
Besides its constructive impacts on Culture of India, a high volume of tourists has several negative impacts. The social
infrastructure of a community can occasionally be destroyed by tourism; the more visitors a location receives, the
greater the perceived risk that it will lose its identity.
Morale and Social Issues
The perversion of value systems, which leads to enormous moral and social issues, is another adverse effect of
biological immigration on tourist-oriented cultural sites. The alteration and decline of social and moral norms are the
most significant detrimental effect of the tourist industry on Culture of India. Tourism has a significant impact on
traditional ways of life, including music and folklore, as well as everyday routines and rituals. Values may change
when different groups of people are combined, even if this only sometimes happens. This phenomenon is known as

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the "demonstration effect” (Alrawadieh et al. 2019). Moreover, each country has its own Culture. There are also
subcultures inside each country. Every subculture differs from the national Culture in several ways. Tourists may have
contributed to the demise of certain cultures and subcultures by failing to preserve or appreciate them. For instance, in
tribal tourism, visitors stay in tribal communities among the tribes to learn about their language, customs, traditions,
and eating preferences. Such tourism frequently seriously harmed the native Culture (Hole and Snehal, 2019).
Additionally, tourism promoted prostitution and drug usage, which seriously harmed our Culture.
Problems in Resource Accessibilities
Communities fail to access their amenities and may grow antagonistic toward tourism if local attractions, such as
beaches, are kept for the sole benefit of visitors and locked off to the general public. This problem happens when
foreign visitors often come to India and spend their holidays (Adedoyin et al. 2022). The problem will worsen if
obstructions are built between citizens of India and foreign visitors. Similar to electricity, roads, and water supplies, the
infrastructure is designed to meet the needs of foreigners and local elites while completely excluding the general
populace. The peasants lack access to electricity and water, while the tourists enjoy all the amenities of the opulent
hotels.

RO2: To recognize the impacts of a massive number of tourists on the Economic

Environment of India
In India, tourism has become a tool for generating revenue and jobs, reducing poverty, and fostering long-term human
development. It accounts for 8.78% of all employment in India and 6.23% of the country's GDP. Approximately
25 million people are currently employed in India's tourist sector. In India, tourism is a significant source of foreign
currency exchange revenues.
This has a positive effect on the nation's balance of payments. At a 9.5% annual growth rate, the India’s tourism
sector is projected to earn US$275.9 billion by 2018, up from US$110 billion in 2008 ( Tiwari et al. 2019). In 2020, the
contribution of the travel & tourism industry was lower due to the pandemic. As lockdowns were going on, all the
India’s tourist spots were closed for India and foreign visitors like in other countries (Dash and Sharma, 2021). It
minimizes the number of tourists’ event after the withdrawal of the lockdown period. Thus, like a developing country,
India can bring positive effects to the India’s Economy through tourism attraction mechanisms.
Geographical and economic distortions
Besides its constructive outcome, several negative results of the tourist crowd raise questions about the economic
aspects. Since the tourism business requires a lot of capital investment, local participation is not feasible. Therefore,
government or private businesses bring in the substantial resources needed to quickly construct tourism attractions,
an airline, service roads, and other facilities (Menon et al. 2021). Unaware villagers are subject to extensive exterior
visits and alterations without their consent. If tourism is concentrated on only one or a limited number of locations of
India or a region without corresponding growth in other areas, geographic and economic distortions may result.
Residents in impoverished areas could get dissatisfied as a result of this situation, claim Sundriyal et al. (2018). Even
among locals in tourist destinations, there could be animosity toward people who work in the sector and earn a decent
life.
Inconsistent Employment Patterns

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According to 2020 statistics, it has been seen that Tamil Nadu earned approximately $140.65 million from the tourism
sector, whereas West Bengal's domestic tourism sector earned only $28.84 million (Lee et al. 2021). Thus, unequal
distributions of incomes often adversely affect the India’s economy. Employment patterns may become distorted if
personnel from other socioeconomic sectors like agriculture and fishing are drawn to the India tourism industry. If
foreign labourers are hired to work in the tourism industry, there can be hostility from locals, especially if they continue
once they are no longer required. It also results in the loss of potential economic benefits. Hiring foreign managers
and technical staff at pay significantly higher than all those paid domestically could enrage local, less-skilled workers
in addition to preventing potential economic advantages.
RO3: To know the influences of enormous tourists on the India’s Environment
As the number of tourists increases gradually, the India Government has taken initiatives to improve environmental
awareness. When tourism connects people to nature, both the public's esteem for the ecosystem and knowledge of
potential environmental issues can be enhanced. This conflict raises environmental protection awareness among the
general people and encourages environmentally friendly behaviour (Mikayilov et al. 2019). The preservation and
recovery of biological diversity, as well as the efficient management of natural resources, may all be significantly aided
by tourism. The requirement to preserve the value of original landscapes and natural areas may lead to the
establishment of wildlife parks and natural areas because of their allure. The preservation and rebuilding of biological
diversity, and the sustainable application of natural resources, may all be significantly aided by tourism.
Pure locations and wilderness features are prized for their beauty, and the necessity to protect them may lead to the
establishment of regional wildlife sanctuaries (Kongbuamai et al. 2020). To safeguard indigenous species and
maintain the forest, new legislation and regulations have been adopted in India. Additionally protected are the coral
reefs that encircle coastal zones and the marine organisms that depend on them for survival.
Garbage Disposal Problem
Apart from those positive results, some negative environmental effects have been seen due to a lack of people's
awareness. Disposal is a significant issue in regions with busy tourism industries and appealing natural resources.
Poor disposal can have a significant negative effect on the environment, notably on streams, beautiful views, and
plants along the roadways.
For instance, trekking visitors produce a lot of rubbish in the Himalayas and Darjeeling's mountainous regions (Koens
et al. 2018). Tourists often leave trash, oxygen cylinders, and camping gear on their expeditions. Due to the lack of
garbage collection or disposal services in isolated places, such actions harm the ecosystem there in particular.
Water Supply Issue
Water, especially fresh water, is one of the most important natural resources. Water resources are typically overused
by the tourism sector, supporting things like cafes, water parks, and domestic water use by visitors (Ren et al. 2019).
This could lead to resource deterioration, a rise in water usage, and water shortages.
Sewage Facility in Hotels
The unexpected effect of establishing restaurants, entertainment venues, and other structures is frequently increased
sewage contamination. Sewage has harmed the local species by poisoning the waterways and beaches close to well-
known tourist destinations. Sewage runoff damages coral reefs by encouraging the growth of algae, which covers
filtration corals and lowers their survival rates (Liu et al. 2019). Variations in salinity and siltation can affect coastal
habitats in a number of ways. Additionally, sewage contamination endangers both human and animal health.
Coastline states with high pollution levels include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala.
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Effects on Human and Animal Life
A geographic area is referred to as an ecosystem if it contains all living things, including microorganisms, their
physical Environment and the natural variability that keeps them alive. Beautiful landscape locations like riverbanks,
mountain summits, and slopes are frequently transitional zones with diverse ecosystems ( Khayrulloevna, 2020).
Because these locations appeal to tourists and developers, these ecosystems frequently have serious dangers and
strains. Concerns about the degradation of the desert ecosystem as a result of an increase in tourist activity in the
desert have also surfaced in Jaisalmer.
Mitigate Issues with Tourism in the Environment of India
To handle the issues that may arise due to the overcrowding of tourists, tourism development in India should enhance
awareness and improve the overall infrastructure. In most cases, lack of infrastructure is responsible, whereas the
accommodation issues for the tourist employees are another problem for the tourism sector (Festivalia et al. 2019). If
the depth analysis has been done, it can be found that in-expertise manpower fails to tackle over-capabilities. Besides
this, the hotels need to enhance awareness about their internal infrastructure without ignoring the residential benefits
of people both from rural and urban areas.

Conclusions
The India tourism industry is expanding and has great potential to create jobs, earn significant foreign exchange, and
boost the nation's overall growth of the Economy and social development. But there is still a lot to be done. To
preserve and protect the richness of India's natural and cultural settings, eco-tourism needs to be promoted. To
accommodate and amuse tourists while minimising environmental damage, India tourism should be promoted in a
manner that safeguards and promotes the local cultures of the regions in which it operates.

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Chapter 3 Research design and methodology
The researchers must specify the steps used during the research investigation in this methodology. Additionally, the
required datasets for the data analyses will be gathered from reliable secondary sources. The topic "Can a High
Volume of Tourists Have a Negative Effect on the India’s Environment?" is considered for the use of a research
technique to identify datasets and analyse the data accordingly. In this research methodology, only the secondary
research methodology will be used to perform this research and complete it within the limited timeframe.

Secondary research

The researchers need to proceed the secondary research methodology though several steps and it is important to
avail the key findings of the research. Therefore, this secondary research will be followed three significant steps to
achieve the project goals.
Identification
In the secondary search technique, online databases were used instead of the appropriate online data gathering
resources. The best secondary sources for finding all the pertinent case studies and their critical views are Emerald
Insights, Direct Science, and Sage Journals. To guarantee that all research publications were incorporated into the
first search, Google Scholar was additionally employed.
On the subject of "Negative Impacts of High Volume of Tourists on the India’s Environment?" more than 1,200
research publications could be located. Applying Boolean operators to each database's subject area allowed for the
selection of certain pertinent resources. If not, the duplicates were eliminated from the sequence of data that had been
gathered.
To collect the data, the different keywords have been used to make the research more specific and authentic. The
keywords that the researcher used to identify the research topic and analyse the data are stated below with their
necessary descriptions.
The Keywords are:
 Tourism
 Social Impacts of India
 Cultural Impacts of India
 Impacts on Environment
 Tourist Destinations
 Economic Growth
 Sustainable Tourism Policy Implications
The research elimination procedure is structured so that it first chooses just publications that were either published or
written between the years of 2015 and 2022. 5,252 research articles were eliminated from this search in total.
However, the intent behind this study methodology is to solely gather information relevant to the current state of
India’s tourism. Additionally, the data from this time period will be useful for examining how India’s tourism affects the
country's various socio-cultural and economic environments.

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Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, only home-based learning is currently possible, hence the complete report required to
be made available online (Dogra and Karri, 2021). There were 3500 reports that were eliminated because they were
not online or available as journal articles. Peer reviews were necessary for every journal. From the acquired data
resources, more than 1000 journals were deleted. To obtain the appropriate and allowed resources, every journal that
was left was checked again. It was very beneficial to start the screening process in the right way.
Screening Process:
The secondary resources were evaluated to provide the real resources using internet bibliography and reference
management techniques. This area allows the researcher to create a customized database by importing citations from
text files, internet databases, and other sources because only the relevant resources are filtered out (Parid, Bhardwaj
and Chowdhury, 2017). The researcher used these references as a result when composing papers, and the document
and list of references were formatted instantly and automatically.
However, both the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria are used to distinguish all the articles separately. The
qualities that probable volunteers must own to be selected for the survey are recognized as inclusion criteria. These
traits, referred to as exclusion criteria, prohibit potential study participants from taking part.
 The online available journals and articles in full-text versions.
 All the articles which are written in English and the topic is only related to the tourisms and impacts of tourists
in India’s environment.
 By engaging the Keywords linked to this topic.
Only English-language papers that are specifically related to the consequences of tourism congestion on India’s social
economic and culture were taken into consideration for the review, and the research approach for inclusion was
restricted to full-text journals that were available online (Parid, Bhardwaj and Chowdhury, 2017). All journal articles
from 2015 appeared in sources that Google Scholar indexes. Different academic journals are built on  peer review
mechanisms that receives notifications from citation statistics. A wide range of subjects were covered by the search
phrases used to find journal articles, including tourism, India’s vacation destinations, and economic, sociocultural, and
environmental implications.
The exclusion words are used to eliminate further records which are not linked to the topic.
The Exclusion keywords are stated below.
 Tourism
 India’s Tourist Destinations
 Financial
 Cultural Diversity and Inclusion
 Pollution
 Resource Accessibilities
 Negative impacts of Tourist congestions
The above keywords were useful to exclude the journals related to the reasons behind the tourism issues. Moreover,
all the resources were removed which are not impacted due to the number of tourists. So, it is quite useful to minimize
the data redundancy and get the exact number of the articles that are useful to reach the research goal ( Akadiri et al.
2020). For example, the tourism, tourist destinations, and the resource accessibilities were used to identify the
necessary resources that are useful to meet the research study at initial stage. In the initial stage, it is required to

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analyse the number of tourists and determination of India’s tourist destinations are the primary requirements. Once the
research is done critically, each environmental factors that are affected by the tourism congestions are recognized.
Thus, total 650 articles were removed from the collected resource series. Here, only 5-6 journals were collected based
on the exclusion keywords.
Eligibility:
Once the screening process is done, then the next step is to check the eligibility of the available resources. This is the
final step to extract only topic-related articles through important key terms.
Subject Terms
 Tourism
 Tourists
 Economics
 Pollution
 Natural Resources
 Cultures and Social Effects
 India
 Political
400 Journals were excluded from the subject terms procedure. Any publications not published on authorized  website
were eliminated as the last eligibility criterion. Thus, it develops a roadmap for scholarly journals. Peer review
procedures are the foundation of all academic journals and are guided by citation statistics. 
Included Journals/Articles
In this elimination strategy, only a few number of articles were selected to perform this research. Total 20 number of
journals and online articles are considered as relevant and properly matched with this topic especially in the context of
the significance of tourism-congestions. However, all the searched journals are relevant and all the internet resources
are available in full-text versions. So, all the relevant journals and peer articles were stored into the researcher’s
database and they are recorded in the data section of this report.
Analysis
The study approach requires the use of content analysis in order to quantify qualitative information, analyse enormous
amounts of open-ended information, and condense it into manageable amounts for evaluation. The retrieval from both
the qualitative and quantitative data has simplified the research investigation. The general objective is to group the
homogeneous data and separate other data to make another group. This is none other than a cost-effective technique
to minimise the complexity of the research. 
The following subcategories were used to perform more specific research and its analysis.
 Author and Year of Publication
 Regions
 Research Approach
 Sample
 Key Findings

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To improve comprehension of the communication, the facts of each section are detailed. The information was further
assessed using statistics under a positivist paradigm, and it was helpful to extract the optimum dataset in accordance
with various criteria. The analysis of the output statistics from this study may be helpful to travel-related businesses in
India. Stakeholders from numerous nations to examine and address any safety issues brought up.

Research ethics

The Data Protection Act's guiding principles, which state that information should be used in a transparent and lawful
manner, were adhered to in order to ensure data protection. It is applied for clear, explicit objectives in a manner that
is acceptable, topical, and restricted to precisely what is required. The core security, comprising defense against
unlawful or unlawful operations, acquisition, loss, degradation, or damage, must be governed and maintained for no
longer than is necessary (Akadiri et al. 2020). The use of any journals ensured privacy and confidentiality because
they were all kept in strict secrecy and were never shared with third parties.
Only the researcher had access to the journals, which were kept on a password-protected computer. The idea of
protecting the privacy of persons taking part in this research project is linked to or driven by the following principles:
data confidentiality, anonymity management, user-data accountability in the evaluation of information and
broadcasting of findings, and conformity in the handling of data statistics and facts.
Conclusions

The steps taken even during research study in this methodology must be specified by the researchers. Additionally,
trustworthy secondary sources will be used to compile the necessary information for the data analyses. The usage of
a study technique to discover databases and analyse the data in accordance with the subject "Can a Large Volume of
Visitors Have a Negative Impact on Environment of India?" is taken into consideration. To carry out this research and
finish it within the constrained timeframe, only the secondary methodology will be used.
The process of acquiring data that has already been gathered from a variety of sources is known as secondary
research, sometimes known to as research methodology both internal and external.
This draws on both internal (such as research) and external (often, statistical data from the government or online
resources) sources. Secondary research can be done using a variety of sources, including freely available databases,
online articles, and periodicals pertaining to the aviation and tourist sectors. The secondary research approach must
be carried out in several steps, and it is crucial to provide the major research findings. To accomplish the project's
objectives, this secondary research will be accompanied by three crucial procedures.

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 Chapter 4 Findings and analysis

To carry out this study using the secondary research methodology, a total of 20 publications were found. The
researcher will first present a number of papers and group them by year of publication before storing them in a tabular
style. Next, several secondary data gathering techniques has been employed to separate each research-related
publication. The data has been stored using the key phrases that were explored.

Findings and Analysis

Key Terms Journal/Article Details No. of Articles Author/Year
Tourism and Hospitality The tourism and 4 Hole, Y. & Snehal, P.
Sectors in India hospitality industry in (2019), Bharwani, S., &
India Mathews, D. (2016),
Sanjeev, G. M., & Birdie,
A. K. (2019), Cerchione,
R., & Bansal, H. (2020)
Tourist Destinations in Prominence of organic 3 Rautela, P., Joshi, G. C.,
India image in tourist Bhaisora, B., Dhyani, C.,
destinations Ghildiyal, S., & Rawat, A.
(2015), Dogra, J., & Karri,
V. R. S. (2021), Shinde, K.
(2022)
Tourist Attraction Impact of responsible 4 Mathew, P. V., &
Factors in India tourism on destination Sreejesh, S. (2017), Kala,
sustainability and quality D. (2020), Dastane, S. R.,
of life & Thakkar, S. (2015),
Mathew, P. V., &
Sreejesh, S. (2017)
Impacts of Tourism on Socio-economic and 9 PS, P. (2017), Rout, H. B.,
Environment of India Environmental impacts Mishra, P. K., & Pradhan,
of tourism in India B. B. (2016), Parida, Y.,
Bhardwaj, P., &
Chowdhury, J. R. (2017),
Fauzel, S., Seetanah, B.,
& Sannassee, R. V.
(2017), Akadiri, S. S.,
Lasisi, T. T., Uzuner, G.,
& Akadiri, A. C. (2020),
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 Pratt, S. (2015), Dey, J.,
Sakhre, S., Gupta, V.,
Vijay, R., Pathak, S.,
Biniwale, R., & Kumar, R.
(2018), Guzzella, L.,
Salerno, F., Freppaz, M.,
Roscioli, C., Pisanello, F.,
& Poma, G. (2016),
Anderson, L. G., Rocliffe,
S., Haddaway, N. R., &
Dunn, A. M. (2015)
Total No. of Articles 20
Table 1: Total Resources

(Source: Created by Researcher)

In the above table, all the data are related to the research topic and it includes the journal/online article names along
with number of articles. Besides this, respective authors and years of publications are also attached into this tabular
format.
Data Analysis
The data analysis was completed in accordance with the study's specified criteria. The resource articles are organised
according to the date a journal was released as well as the methodology applied in the aforementioned publications in
order to determine the data. In this research study, those papers and journals are also categorised into categories
based on their applications. To carry out this study using the secondary research methodology, a total of 20
publications were found. The researcher will first present a number of papers and group them by year of publication
before storing them in a tabular style. Next, several secondary data gathering techniques has been employed to
separate each research-related publication. The data has been stored using the key phrases that were explored.
Year of Publication Number of Journals/Online Data/Articles
2022 1
2021 1
2020 3
2019 2
2018 1
2017 5
2016 3
2015 4
Table 2. Resources with Year of Publications

(Source: Created by Researcher)

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In this research study, the years of publications is considered as the specific criteria to distinguish all the articles. The
researcher has used the most recent data on the study's issue, as shown in Table 2. It was observed that 15 online
journals and articles, respectively, were engaged in 2018 and 2022. In addition, data from the dataset on India’s
tourists in terms of the number of visitors and the attractions visited in the years 2015 and 2019–2021 after the
epidemic have been examined to evaluate the past and present situations of tourism and predict number of tourists
appropriately. Therefore, it is much simpler for the researcher to assess how the tourism industry has affected India’s
socio-culture and economics.
Investigated Aspects Number of Articles/Journals
Tourism 5
Tourists of India 3
Tourist Destinations 3
Tourist Attractions 4
Cultural Impacts 2
Social Impacts 2
Economic Impacts 2
Environmental Impacts 2
Table 3: Investigation Factors

(Source: Created by Researcher)

According to the above table, it has been found that most of the online articles and journals related to the research
topic. Here, the topic is further divided into several meaningful key terms and it was useful to evaluate each of the
sections of this research study in critical ways. Major number of articles were found on India’s tourism and its impacts
on environment of India. The significant sections related to this research is to find out the impacts of increasing of
tourists in environment of India. Therefore, 4 articles were found to know about the tourist attractions where the
tourism destinations can be found from 3 distinct articles. Therefore, it is quite easier to recognize the impacts of
tourism sectors on India’s different segments. Moreover, total 6 articles are found to evaluate critically the impacts of
tourist-congestions for socio-economic growth of India.
Methods Used
Method Number of Articles/Journals
Quantitative 4
Qualitative 2
Dataset 2
Mixed Method 4
Literature Review 6
Table 4: Methodology used in this Research

(Source: Created by Researcher)

In this table, it has been seen that most of the articles are related to the literature review sections which is quite useful
to identify the key findings. However, this research study covers the areas of the research topic where the qualitative
study has been initiated along with quantitative research study. Total 8 articles were used to perform research

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analysis on the research topic. Therefore, it gets easier to get an idea to collect data and analyse it. Similarly, mixed
methods are used here to collect data where exact 4 articles are used for this mix methodology. However, the
literature review is one of the major section of any research and in this research study, it is not an exception. So, the
researcher has focused on the literature review to get all the details on the main findings. In that case, 6 major articles
and online journals on the topic has been applied for this research. Among those articles, the “influences of enormous
tourists on the Environment of India”, “impacts of a massive number of tourists on the Economic Environment of
India”, and “impacts of the huge number of tourists on the Social and Cultural Environment of India” have been
highlighted where 2 articles for each segment has been used to evaluate them further.
Key Findings

Key Findings Number of Articles/Journals

Tourism of India and Tourists 8
Tourisms of India and Impacts on India’s Culture 2
Tourisms of India and Impacts on India’s Society 2
Tourisms of India and Impacts on India’s Economy 2
Tourisms of India and Impacts on India’s Environment 2
Impacts of India’s Tourist-Congestions on India’s Society 2
Table 5: Key Findings

(Source: Created by Researcher)

Since the researcher conducted this research using deductive methods, the key fact has been taken into
consideration. The primary research factors for tourism of India and the influence of rising visitor numbers on India's
overall environment have thus been introduced. Making the research more focused quickly is highly beneficial. Thus,
14 of the 20 publications and online journals are used to pinpoint the research's key conclusions on the subject.
Besides this, 3-5 web papers are included among them to analyse the subject. This key findings are useful to meet the
research objectives of the project.

RO1: To identify the impacts of the huge number of tourists on the India’s Social and Cultural
Environment
This study's main objective was to explain how India's sociocultural tourism industry was impacted by the country's
enormous flood of visitors. This objective was achieved by compiling the statistics out of a total of 10  journal articles
and by examining each one to determine the dominant theme. The main themes found suggest that India tourism's
cultural effect is concentrated on maintaining and protecting cultural heritage in addition to specific associated issues.
The distinctive cultural practises of each country and, sporadically, each region are potentially at risk. The most major
negative effects of sight-seeing on India’s culture is the alteration and degradation of spiritual, economic, and ethical
values.
Findings for Objective 1 Number of Articles/Journals
Cultural norms of various areas of India 5
Bad Impact on Tribal 1

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 Perceived risk of the location losing its identity 2
Adverse effects on Traditional Culture of India 2
Table 6: Key Findings for Objective 1

(Source: Created by Researcher)

Analysis
India does still adhere to several deeply ingrained conservative cultural traditions and Victorian ideals. India's culture,
which is diverse in nature, is primarily a manifestation of peoples' primal drives and accumulated beliefs built up over
many generations of experience. The nation's power, character, and ability to endure as an unified dynamic reality
against overwhelming odds and to go ahead on the path of advancement are all determined by the having a
consistent of this cultural stream. India’s cultural values have reportedly been studied using journals connected to
India’s tourism and its effects on India’s culture. These 5-6 articles serve as a guide to identifying the cultural norms of
various areas of India.
After that, 2 journals are used to know both the negative and positive impacts of India Tourism in socio-culture
environment of India. However, the researcher has been focused on the negative sides of the tourism-congestions on
the society of India. According to those journals, it has been found that numerous unfavourable social and cultural
changes might result from a huge number of tourists. The social fabric of the community of India has occasionally
been torn apart by tourism; the more the quantity of visitors, the more the perceived peril of the location losing its
identity. The distortion of value systems is another harmful effect of biological inflow on tourist and cultural centres.
For instance, in India, tribal tourism seriously harmed the tribal way of life. Additionally, prostitution and drug use were
fostered by the tourism industry, seriously harming traditional folk culture of India.

RO2: To recognize the impacts of a massive number of tourists on the India’s Economic
Environment
If tourism is concentrated in only one or a limited number of regions within a country or region without corresponding
growth in other areas, geographic economic distortions may result. People in developing countries like India starts to
feel dissatisfied because of this situation.
Findings for Objective 2 Number of Articles/Journals
Reduce potential foreign exchange gains 1
Loss of Employment 1
Import Foreign workers and Unemployment 2
Adverse effects on Overcrowding in Different 3
Regions
Table 7: Key Findings for Objective 2

(Source: Created by Researcher)

The trend in Goa and Orissa makes it clear that greater tourism has not resulted in more jobs, but rather job losses. A
shocking 72% of fisherman in coastal areas have switched from rural to urban sources of income, according to several
recent research (Bharwani & Mathews, 2016). Overcrowding in parking lots, a lack of water, and an increase in price
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all occur during the tourist season. Shimla and Nainital are two examples of this type of hill station. However, if
indigenous funds are extremely low in the first stages of growth, there may not be many choices for outside
ownership. When imported goods and services are used in tourism, potential foreign exchange gains are decreased
(Fauzel, Seetanah & Sannassee, 2017). However, since more than 40% of managers and technical employees in the
tourism industry are foreigners and are paid significantly higher rates than those paid to locals, there may be animosity
among local, less qualified workers in addition to the potential loss of economic gains.

RO3 To know the influences of enormous tourists on the Environment of India

Findings for Objective 3 Number of Articles/Journals
Air Pollution Issues and GHG emissions 2
Waste Disposal and Sewage system Problem 2
Effects of global warming for traffic 3
Region-wise negative effects on natural resources of 3
India
Table 8: Key Findings for Objective 3

(Source: Created by Researcher)

Waste disposal is a significant issue in regions with a high tourist population and attractive natural resources. Poor
disposal can have a significant negative effect on the environment, especially on streams, beautiful views, and flora
around roadways. Tourists who go trekking in the Himalayas and Darjeeling mountains generate a lot of waste.
Participants in expeditions discard their trash, oxygen cylinders, and even camping equipment.
Travel by train, road, and air has steadily increased as a result of the booming tourist industry in India. Acid
deposition, climate change, and photochemical pollution are all related to rising GHG emissions through energy
consumption and production. The effects on the global scale are particularly noticeable in the air pollution brought on
by tourism, which results in a rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions linked to energy use in transportation (Cerchione
& Bansal, 2020). The average yearly PM2.5 levels across India reached the pre-quarantine levels seen in 2019. In
hilly areas, building roads on slopes causes a multitude of issues, such as soil erosion, which upsets the natural
balance (Guzzella et al. 2016). The environment is being harmed by the loss of plants and other vegetation. Moreover,
it may suggestively worsen neighboring air pollution. Some of such influences are quite exclusive to tourist activities at
remote tourist destinations like the Ajanta and Ellora caves.
Conclusions
The analysis of the data was finished in compliance with the requirements laid out in the study. The source articles are
arranged in accordance with both the date that a journal was published, and the methods used in the abovementioned
publications to gather the data. These papers and publications are also divided into categories in this research study
depending on their applications. Twenty papers in all were found using the secondary methodology to conduct this
investigation. Before saving data in a tabular format, the investigator will first show a selection of articles and group
them according to the year they were published. Next, various secondary data collection strategies have been used to
differentiate each publication that is relevant to research. Utilizing the investigated key phrases, the data has indeed
been stored. The main goal of this study was to describe how India's sociological and cultural tourism business was
Page | 22
affected by the huge influx of tourists that the nation experienced. This goal was accomplished by gathering the data
from a total of 10 published journals and by analysing each one to identify the main subject.
Geographical economic distortions may occur if tourism is focused in only one or a small number of places within a
nation or region without a comparable increase in other areas. Because of this circumstance, people in emerging
nations like India tend to feel unhappy.

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 Chapter 5 Conclusions, recommendations, and self-reflection

Conclusions

This segment of the study will be concentrating on summarising the overall activities conducted within the study. The
most important objective of this research was to recognise the negative effects of a huge number of tourists on the
India Environment along with its positive sides. The different segments such as Society & Culture of India, Economy,
and Environment have been considered for analysing. A total of five chapters have been included in the project. The
first chapter describes the research study's history and its importance, which is particularly useful for the India
environment. Additionally, the goals and purpose of the research have detailed the many clearly defined good and
negative aspects of tourism of India. Therefore, the chapter's development may have perfect consequences for the
research study in the future.
5.1 Summary of the research
The major summary of the research project includes

● impacts of a huge number of tourists on Culture of India

● Adverse results to the Economy of India due to a massive number of tourists?
● How can numerous tourists bring adverse effects on the Environment of India?

5.2 Conclusion linked with objective 1

The study has helped accomplish the first objective of the research project which analyses the impact of tourists on
the culture of India. There could be a lot of negative social and cultural changes as a result of many visitors. Tourism
has on occasion torn apart the communal fabric of the India; the more the tourists a location receives, the more the
perceived danger that it would lose its identity. Added negative impact of biological immigration on tourism and cultural
centres is the distortion of value systems. For example, tribal tourism severely impacted the tribal way of life in India.
Additionally, the tourism sector encouraged drug use and prostitution, gravely hurting India’s traditional folk culture.
The cultural impact of tourism in India is focused on upholding and safeguarding cultural assets as well as specific
related challenges. There is a chance that each country's and, occasionally, each region's unique cultural practices
could be in danger. The alteration and deterioration of religious, economic, as well as moral values are the most
significant adverse effects of tourism on culture of India.
5.3 Conclusion linked with objective 2
The study has been able to accomplish the second objective of the research project which identifies the adverse
outcomes to the India’s economy due to a massive number of tourists. On the basis of the data analysis obtained, it
can be said that geographical economic distortions may occur if tourism is focused on only one or a small number of
places within a nation or region without a comparable increase in other areas. Because of this circumstance, people in
emerging nations like India tends to feel unhappy. The pattern in Goa and Orissa shows that increased tourism has
not led to an increase in jobs but rather a decrease in jobs. According to various recent studies, a startling 72% of
fishermen in coastal areas have shifted from rural to urban sources of income. During the tourist season, there are
Page | 24
congestion issues in parking lots, water shortages, and pricing increases. These kinds of hill stations include Shimla
and Nainital, for instance. There might not be many options to outside ownership, though, if local funds are extremely
scarce in the early stages of development. Potential gains in foreign exchange are reduced when tourists use
imported products and services. On the other hand, in addition to the possible loss of economic gains, there may be
resentment among local, less skilled workers as more than 40% of managers and technical staff in the tourism
business are foreigners and are paid much higher rates than those paid to locals.

5.4 Conclusion linked with objective 3

The study has been able to accomplish the second objective of the research project which helps in analysing how
numerous tourists bring adverse effects on the Environment of India. Based on the data gathered, it can be concluded
that garbage disposal is a significant issue in regions with a high tourist and attractive natural resources. Improper
disposal has a significant negative influence on the environment, especially on streams, beautiful vistas, and flora
along the sides of roadways. The slopes of Darjeeling and the Himalayas are popular destinations for tourists who go
hiking. Expedition participants throw away their trash, oxygen tanks, and perhaps even camping supplies. India's
burgeoning tourist economy has led to a continuous increase in air, road, and train travel. Global warming, acid rain,
and photochemical pollution are all associated with increased GHG emissions from both energy consumption and
production. Air pollution brought on by tourism, which causes an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions linked to
energy use in transportation, is one aspect of the consequences that are particularly obvious on a worldwide scale.
Additionally, it can make the local air pollution even worse. Ajanta and Ellora caves are two isolated tourist attractions
where some of these effects are quite unique to tourist activities.

Recommendations

The major recommendations that will help in mitigating the different identified negative impacts due to the tourism
operations within the culture of India. Some of the potential recommendations are stated below.
Facilitating the surrounding environment
To enable businesses to optimise resource use, save operating costs, and boost efficiency while enhancing
environmental performance and combating climate change, guidelines include implementing low-emission
technologies and changing visitor behaviour. By 2050, plastic pollution may be responsible for 13% of the world's
carbon budget. Suggestions for the Tourism Industry to continually take action on, a report from the Worldwide
Tourism Plastics Initiative by the Plastic Pollution During COVID-19 Recovery in 2020 as part of the global movement
toward sustainable tourism (UNEP, n.d.). In order to move the industry toward circularity, there is a need for
coordinated initiatives, regulations, and infrastructures, according to a recently published joint research from UNEP
and the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). These historic initiatives seek to bring the tourism industry
together under a shared vision to combat pollution and climate change. As a result, it can be stated that te tourism
companies should follow these regulations to facilitate the environmental scenario within India.
Improving the cultural contributions from tourism to India
It is encouraged to adopt cultural tourism because it would help India's culture develop. Preserving monuments, spots
of worship, ancient monuments, and historic sites should receive special attention. Museums should also be
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modernised so that visitors may easily access them. All tourism laws and practises should be based on respect for the
artistic, historical, and customary cultures that should be preserved and passed on to future generations. Resources
are available from the UNWTO to enhance informed choice in the field of cultural tourist and to enhance the
relationship between the two industries (UNWTO, n.d.). Additionally, it encourages the sharing of best practices that
highlight inclusive management structures and creative cultural tourist experiences. This will help the tourism industry
draw tourists to India and encourage them to experience, engage with, and purchase both intangible and tangible
cultural products and attractions. They include literary works, music, the creative fields, increase the quality of life with
their border control, moral codes, and beliefs, as well as artwork and architecture, historical and cultural heritage,
culinary, and literature. These attractions and products represent the distinctive material, philosophical, religious, and
emotional qualities of a society.

Self-reflection
I will reflect on the writing of my dissertation using Gibbs' (1988) reflective cycle. The assignment's instructions called
for us to conduct research on an issue in the field of our choice. Prior to writing goals and objectives, one needed to
select an interesting topic. I recognized I wanted to ask another question that was more tourism-related. Since I was
still in the beginning stages, it was okay that my mentor had to be changed. My mentor had to be changed once more
later on in the process owing to staffing changes. However, after amending it two months into the writing process,
even though I was a little behind, I felt in-depth and engaged in my original question. I was more inspired to research.
The process of conducting a literature study took a lot of time, and I felt overwhelmed. However, following my initial
mentor shift, I was apprehensive. However, when I met with him, I understood there was no reason for me to be
worried and that this was a positive thing. The process that gave me the most trouble was technique; at first, I found it
to be quite confusing and overpowering. After spending so much time reading as well as selecting information, I found
that the data analysis was the most interesting aspect. It felt satisfying to get the answers to my queries. I experienced
frequent feelings of overwhelm when conducting research for my dissertation and discovered that in order to reduce
these feelings, I needed to be organised and conduct short bursts of research frequently. I also realised I was not
giving myself enough time to complete my research because it moves so rapidly. I believe I need to develop better
time management skills in order to give myself adequate time to complete projects after thinking on the experience of
writing my dissertation. I also need to brush up on the approach since sometimes I feel like I just scribbled it without
making sure it was formatted correctly. Going forward, I will create a strategy and allot extra time for research and
reading while writing any form of assignment work. I'll organise the format and make sure due dates are honoured. If a
deadline is set, even by myself, I can work to it. I develop plans around it and make sure I finish on time.

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a) Your initial bibliography list – this will be developed for your actual proposal.

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 Appendices

Appendix 1
Investigation Factors

Appendix 2
Methods used

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