Historical Antecedents which Changed the Course
of Science and Technology maintaining the peace, harmony and
Prehistoric time (2.3 mya)
 Shaped stones used for chopping and
scraping, found primarily in Eastern Africa.
 Information on treatment of wounds and
diseases.
 Mathematical calculations: angles, rectangles,
triangles, and the volume of the portion of a
pyramid.
Sumerian Civilization
CUNEIFORM
 The First Writing System.
 A set of word pictures represented in
symbols made of triangular marks.
 Sumerians wrote their history and culture
using a tool or gadget with a wedge-shape tip
and symbols pressed into a wet clay tablet
and airdried.
DIKES and CANALS ‒
 Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals
to bring water to farmlands. ‒
 They plant crops and raised some livestock
for their own family consumption and for
trade.
SAILBOAT
 Sumerians are also credited for the invention
of the sailboat.
 They use this seacraft in their trading system
of their product to neighboring places.
SEXAGYSIMAL SYSTEM
 A standard system of counting in units and
intervals of (60) sixty which served as the
basis for graduating the circumference of a
circle to 360 degrees and the (60) sixty
minutes equal graduations to an hour duration
in time.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
HAMMURABI (1792 - 1750 BCE)
 Remembered for the law he created, the Code
of Hammurabi.
 This code of law was a vital instrument in
prosperity in the empire.
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II (604 - 562 BCE)
 One of the mightiest monarchs of all time.
 Possess the attribute and talent of a structural
builder.
 Built the famous Hanging Gardens of
Babylon.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Egyptian Civilization
TWO CALENDARS
1. Based on the reappearance and disappearance of
the brightest star seen in their horizon.
2. Based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29
and 1/2 days.
 They developed pottery items of various
shapes and sizes, and work on metals to
produce tool implements, weapon and
agricultural implements.
 They construct their houses using reeds and
airdried mud.
THE GREAT PYRAMID –
It was constructed during the Golden Age by
thousands of slaves, peasants and prisoners of war
using their bare hands, ropes, ramps, and sledges.
Period of New Kingdom (1567 - 1085 BCE)
 Egyptian products in the form of pottery,
earthenware, linens, perfumes oils, ointments,
and jewelry were traded with foreign goods.
 During this period, Egyptians did not use
money or any form of currency, trading was
being done by exchanging goods based on
agreed appropriate equal value.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
SOCRATES (470 - 399 BCE)
 One of the founders of Western philosophy
and contributed big in knowing oneself
philosophically.
 Proposed the method of inquiry also known as
"Socratic Method."
Hippocrates (400 bc)
 Also known as the father of Medicine.
 He taught that human body is capable of
healing itself.
 Credited for the oath prescribing physicians
ethical responsibility.
ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 BCE) ‒
 He is the student of Plato.
 He described the structure and behavior of
plants, animals and their identification,
description and classification.
ARCHIMEDES (287 - 212 BCE) ‒
 Discovered the "Law of the Lever" and the
"Law of Buoyancy."
 When an object is placed in liquid, it
displaces a volume of liquid whose weight is
equal the weight of the object.
PTOLEMY (100 BCE) ‒
 One of the greatest astronomers of the ancient
times.
 He studied the motions of planets.
 Main proponent of the "Geocentric Theory."
Medieval Times
In Western Europe, the Catholic monasteries
became the centers of learning and source of relief for
the sick and the needy. ‒ Scholars put more emphasis
in studying theology rather than science.
In Middle East, Arabs were able to
demonstrate important scientific achievements in the
field of astronomy, medicine and mathematics.
Renaissance Period
Renaissance refers to the period of the rebirth
as age of preparation for the 17th century scientific
developments and achievements.
One significant achievement was the
technology of printing books and other documents. –
Significantly accelerated the spread and transfer of
knowledge and the preservation of culture.
Leonarda da Vinci (1452-1519)
Considered one of the greatest artists of his time.
From his files of important notes, some historians
found prepared plans considered as preparatory
documents that served as some basis for inventions of
motorcar, machine gun and submarine.
Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564)
 A surgeon and anatomist who laid out in
detail the first scientifically accurate
description of human anatomy in his book
"On the Fabric of the Human Body."
 The Founder of Modern Medicine.
Industrial Revolution
The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work
by human hands and feet to the use of machines.
James Watt (1975)
 Scottish Engineer.
 Improved the steam engine by inventing the
condensing steam engine.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Invented the lightning rod, a device that
prevents houses from burning when struck by a
lightning.
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)
Invented the electric battery in 1800. The unit
of electromagnetic force which drives current called
volts was derived from his name.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Conducted experimental work on
electromagnetism and discovered the electromagnetic
conduction.
Hans Oersted (1777-1851)
Demonstrated the connection between
electricity and magnetism by deflecting a magnetic
needle with an electric current.
The combined research efforts of Faraday and
Oersted led to the invention of the electric motor, a
device for converting electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
Andre Ampere (1775-1836)
 Developed the first dynamo, a devise used to
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Joseph Henry (1797-1878)
Used power electromagnets for lifting heavy
loads.
Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872)
 Developed the first practical telegraph.
 In 1838, he developed the Morse Code, a
system of signals composed of dots and
dashes combined to represent letters of the
alphabet used in wire telegraph.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)
– Invented the telephone.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
Invented the electric bulb, storage battery, the
phonograph and equipment for motion pictures.
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937)
 Adopted the findings of Hertz on radio waves
and developed the wireless telegraph
apparatus which he patented in 1900.
 He was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Physician 1909 in recognition to his
outstanding accomplishment and contribution
to the advancement of worldwide
communication.

Intellectual Revolutions That Defined

Society

Intellectual Revolution