Display Panels

Unit 5
 LCD (liquid crystal display) panels

• LCD panels use a white backlight (or sidelight).

• They work by shining a bright white light into eyes, while the
rest of the panel is for changing this backlight into individual
pixels.

Types of LCD panels

• TN Panels ( twisted nematic(twist polarization of the light))
• VA Panels (vertical alignment (crystal alignment))
• IPS Panels ( in-plane switching (twist horizontally)
LCD (liquid crystal display) panels
 LCD panels
• LCDs take advantage of a phenomena known as polarization. Polarization is the
direction in which the light wave is oscillating, or swinging back and forth at the
same speed.
• Light comes out of the backlight is unpolarized. It then passes through one
polarizer, which makes all the light oscillate the same way.
• Then there’s the “liquid crystal” part. A liquid crystal structure that can change the
polarization of light passing through it. A liquid crystal in the rest, or off, state is
arranged to not change the polarization of the light.
• Means when the light reaches a second polarizer, oriented oppositely from the
first polarizer, all the light is blocked.
• When a voltage is applied, turn the liquid crystal into some percentage of an “on”
state. This then changes a percentage of the polarization of the light passing
through to meet the orientation of the second polarizer, allowing it to pass
through and become visible to your eye.
• To produce color three color filters are used, red, green and blue, that block all
light other than that color from coming through.
• The difference between different types of LCD panels is mostly in how this in-
between liquid crystal part works.
 OLED Panels

• OLED, or organic light emitting diode, panels, are different

from LCDs. No polarization of light; Instead, each pixel (or
subpixel of red, green, or blue) lights itself up as voltage is
applied to a giant complex molecule.
• The color emitted is dependent on the molecule, and
brightness is dependent on the voltage applied.
• OLEDs provide HDR (High dynamic range) brightness because
their molecules put out the right colors to begin with.
 OLED Panel
Pros and Cons
• Due to its approach to color and brightness, OLEDs have great contrast ratios.
• There’s no need to block a backlight.
• OLEDs can also strobe, or flash off and on quickly to lower persistence.
• They use a trick called rolling scan. This turns blocks of the screen on and off one
at a time, from top to bottom in a roll. This is all done as the image is sent to the
screen, which cuts down on-persistence blur a lot.
• OLEDs can even be flexible, so can be used in foldable phones and tablets.
However,
• Refresh rates of OLED panels are high.
• They’re quite expensive.
• The molecules used in OLEDs also degrade relatively quickly over time, especially
those used for the color blue , making the screen less and less bright.
• OLEDs use comparable power as LCDs
 Other panels : AMOLED, TFT
• AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) displays are made of
tiny organic light-emitting diodes.
• Regulate the flow of electricity to the display using a matrix of tiny
transistors, made of organic components that emit light when an electric
current is passed through them.
• TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) displays use inorganic thin-film transistors.
• TFT screens have been around for an extended time and are available
more widely than AMOLED screens. TFT screens are more frequently
found in electronics like TVs and monitors, where image quality is more
important.
• AMOLED screens are typically used in electronics like phones and
wearables where power consumption is a concern.
 Comparison: AMOLED and TFT
1. The way AMOLED and TFT displays are lit are one of the key distinctions between
them. TFT screens require a backlight, whereas AMOLED screens are self-
illuminating. As a result, TFT displays consume more energy than AMOLED
displays.

2. The refresh rate is another crucial distinction between TFT and AMOLED displays.
The refresh rate determines how frequently the screen image is updated. AMOLED
screens can display images more quickly and smoothly because they have a higher
refresh rate than TFT screens.

3. TFT screens have longer response time (How long it takes for pixels to switch
from one color to another is known as the response time) than AMOLED screens.

4. AMOLED screens are better at displaying colors with accuracy. This is because
each pixel on an AMOLED display emits light, making the colors appear more vivid
and accurate to life. On the other hand, the pixels on TFT screens are illuminated
by a backlight, which can make the colors appear muted or less vibrant.
 Comparison: AMOLED and TFT
5. Viewing Direction The angle at which we see the screen is known as the viewing
angle. Compared to TFT screens, AMOLED screens have a wider viewing angle,
allowing for more viewing angles without distorted colors.

6. Power One of their main advantages is that AMOLED displays use less power than
TFT displays. This is because while the backlight continuously illuminates the pixels
on a TFT screen, those on an AMOLED screen only light up when necessary.

7. Production Cost AMOLED screens cost more than TFT screens in terms of
production costs. This is because AMOLED screens require more expensive and
complex manufacturing processes and materials.

8. Because the organic materials used in AMOLED screens can deteriorate over
time, they have a shorter lifespan than TFT screens.