ORGANIC

LEDS

Presented by -
Nitin Kumar
(2022MS11908)
 WHAT A R E L E D S?
• LED stands for light emitting diode.
• LED lighting products produce light up to 90%
more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.
• How do they work?
• An electrical current passes through a
microchip, which illuminates the tiny light
sources we call LEDs, and the result is visible
light.
• To create white light, a combination of
phosphor coatings is applied to a blue diode.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=uwmQ3oXVV2w
 HOW D OE S L E D WOR K?
The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a
specially doped diode and made up of a special type of
semiconductors. When the light emits in the forward biased,
then it is called a light-emitting diode.
When the diode is forward biased, then the electrons &
holes are moving fast across the junction and they are
combined constantly, removing one another out. Soon after
the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type
silicon, it combines with the holes, then it disappears.
Hence it makes the complete atom & more stable and it
gives the little burst of energy in the form of a tiny packet
or photon of light. Source: elprocus.com
 WHAT IS OL E D T E C HN OL OGY ?

• OLED stands for Organic Light Emitting diode.

• Since OLEDs are organic LEDs, their key building blocks
are organic (i.e., carbon-based) materials. Unlike
LEDs, which are small-point light sources, OLEDs are
made in sheets that are diffuse-area light sources.
• OLED technology is comprised of organic
semiconductor materials that emit light when
electrically energized. The OLED materials emit all
wavelengths of interest directly and do not need a
phosphor conversion to achieve the desired spectrum.
B R IE F HISTORY OF OL E D
 ST R U C T U R E OF OL E D
• OLEDs work in a similar way to conventional
diodes and LEDs, but instead of using layers of n-
type and p-type semiconductors, they use organic
molecules to produce their electrons and holes.
• A simple OLED is made up of six different layers.
On the top and bottom there are layers of protective
glass or plastic. The top layer is called the seal
and the bottom layer the substrate.
• In between those layers, there's a negative terminal (sometimes called the cathode) and
a positive terminal (called the anode).
• Finally, in between the anode and cathode are two layers made from organic molecules
called the emissive layer (where the light is produced) and the conductive layer.
• Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate
supports the OLED.
• Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons
(adds electron "holes") when a current flows through
the device.
• Organic layers - These layers are made of organic
molecules or polymers.
• Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic
plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode.
One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
• Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic
molecules (different ones from the conducting layer)
that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where
light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is
polyfluorene.
• Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on
the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when
a current flows through the device.
H O W D O E S T H I S S A N D W I C H O F L AY E R S M A K E L I G H T ?

• To make an OLED light up, we simply attach a voltage (potential difference) across
the anode and cathode.
• As the electricity starts to flow, the cathode receives electrons from the power
source and the anode loses them (or it receives holes).
• Now we have a situation where the added electrons are making the emissive layer
negatively charged (similar to the n-type layer in a junction diode), while the
conductive layer is becoming positively charged (similar to p-type material).
• Positive holes are much more mobile than negative electrons, so they jump across
the boundary from the conductive layer to the emissive layer.
• When a hole (a lack of electron) meets an electron, the two things cancel out and
release a brief burst of energy in the form of a particle of light—a photon
• This process is called recombination, and because it's happening many times a
second the OLED produces continuous light for as long as the current keeps
flowing.
Source:
http://electronics.howstuff
works.com/oled1.htm
• Source: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Trends-in-Research-and-Development-of-OLED-Shimizu-Fukagawa/
f0aabf8eeefe86aa7c1dd8336f94a93c0c9d6303
 TECHNICAL
CHARACTERISTI
C OF OLED

• To evaluate the efficiency of

the OLED more than 10
parameters are used.
 OL E D D ISP L AY A N D L IGHT IN G
• Both devices are based on the same solid-state physics principles. Simply put, OLED
technology is comprised of organic semiconductor materials that emit light when
electrically energized. The OLED materials emit all wavelengths of interest directly and
do not need a phosphor conversion to achieve the desired spectrum.
• OLED’s unique light quality serves both applications superbly.
• For lighting, the naturally diffuse output positions OLED fixtures as the glare-free, full
color experience that is highly desired for visual comfort.
• For display, the direct color emission allows for a high color gamut including true black.
 MANUFACTURING OLED
• The process of manufacturing of OLEDs involves four basic steps:
1. Preparation of the substrate with the anode layer
2. Applying polymer layers
3. Applying cathode layer and
4. Encapsulation, i.e., coating the device with dense chemical resistant material layer
or gluing between glass plates to isolate from the surrounding atmosphere.

• FABRICATION - OLEDs are attractive because of their efficient film forming

properties and can be easily applied over big surfaces using simple and economically
viable coating techniques like inkjet printing [98]. The basic part of manufacturing
OLEDs is application of the organic layers to the substrate.
 FA BR IC AT ION ME T HOD S
• Physical vapor deposition:
• In this method, the polymer layers of the
device formed by evaporating material with a
thermal resistive evaporator at high vacuum (at
least 5 • 10^-4 Pa) and its condensation on the
substrate installed above the evaporator at a
distance of 10-20 cm.
• Chemical vapor deposition (CVD):
• In CVD, a substrate is placed in a vacuum and
a chemical is introduced causing the film to
condense onto the substrate.
 FA BR IC AT ION ME T HOD S

• Spin Coating:
• In spin- coating method the organic materials are
deposited in liquid form.
• The substrate is mounted in the centre of the
centrifuge and one or more drops of solution are
dropped on it.
• The substrate is rotated at high-speed causing the
liquid to spread out and dry. The liquid will uniform
thin solid layer of dissolved compounds.
 FA BR IC AT ION ME T HOD S

• Ink-jet printing:
• This technology involves a solution which
is dispensed onto substrate using inkjet
nozzles. Drops of few picolitres are injected
at inkjet head. It is a very commonly used
technique which is the cheapest. It has very
high efficiency and decreases the cost of
OLED manufacturing.
• With this, an OLED can print on very large
films for big displays like dashboards, TV
screens.
 FA BR IC AT ION ME T HOD S

• Roll to roll printing:

• In this method, the cathode material is a
polymer film or metal foil with deposited
cathode, electron injection and emission
layers. The anode material is a polymer film
deposited with anode and hole transport
layers. Then two components are combined to
form a multi-layered OLED flexible material.
 TYPES OF OLED
• Passive Matrix OLEDs (PMOLEDs):
• They have strips of cathode, organic layers and stripes
of anode. Anode and cathode stripes are placed
perpendicular each other.
• Pixels are generated at the region where cathode and
anode are intersected with the emitted light. A current is
applied to some strips of cathode and anode to
determine pixels whether on or off.

• Although this type of OLED is easy to produce; compared to others, they consume more power
which is because of the supplied current.
• However, power consumption is still less than LCDs and they are suitable for text or icon based
small screens around 2-3 inches. For instance, some cell phones and MP3 players have this type of
OLEDs.
 TYPES OF OLED
• Active Matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs):
• They have full layers of cathode, organic
molecules and anode.
• However, there is a thin film transistor (TFT)
which forms a matrix on the anode layer. This
array sets pixels on or off to generate an image.
• This type consumes power less than PMOLEDs
just because TFT array therefore AMOLEDs are
preferred in large displays. Large screen TV’s,
monitors and billboards are some products that
this type is used.
 TYPES OF OLED
• Foldable OLEDs:
• They have substrates made of very flexible metallic
foils or plastics.
• They are very lightweight and durable. Their use
in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce
breakage
• Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached
to fabrics to create "smart” clothing, such as
outdoor survival clothing with an integrated
computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED
display sewn into it.
 TYPES OF OLED
• Transparent OLEDs:
• Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-
transparent contacts on both sides of the device to
create displays that can be made to be both top and
bottom emitting (transparent).
• TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it
much easier to view displays in bright sunlight.
• This technology can be used in Head-up displays,
smart windows or augmented reality applications.
 TYPES OF OLED

• Top-emitting OLEDs:
• They have opaque or reflective substrates.
• A reflective anode, and a transparent (or more
often semi-transparent) cathode are used so that
the light emits from the cathode side, and this
configuration is called top-emission OLED (TE-
OLED)
• They have mostly active-matrix design since it
fits best.
• This type is used in smart cards.
 TYPES OF OLED
• White OLEDs :
• They emit white light that is brighter, more uniform
and more energy efficient than that emitted by
fluorescent lights.
• They have the true-colour qualities of incandescent
lighting.
• Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they
can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used
in homes and buildings.
• Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for
lighting.
 TYPES OF OLED
• Phosphorescent OLED (PHOLEDs):
• PHOLEDs decreases heat generation. Thus, we find
its application in a large-sized OLED TV or lamps.
• Because it is energy- efficient, PHOLEDs can
decrease temperature substantially. It also reduces the
quantity of air conditioning needed to remove the
produced heat making such a technology a necessary
element in environmental building strategy.
• PHOLEDs have applications in computer monitors
and TV screens or light panels.
 A D VA N TA GES OF OL E D OV E R L E D /L C D
• OLEDs are thinner, lighter, brighter, more flexible and better artificial contrast ratio
compared to the crystalline layers in LCD’s or LED’s.
• They have a much faster response time than an LCD. According to LG, OLED response
times are up to 1,000 times faster than LCD, putting conservative estimates at under 10 μs
(0.01 ms)
• Because the organic layers of an OLED is much thinner than the corresponding inorganic
crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-
layered and does not require glass which absorbs some part of light.
• An OLED does not require backlight as in the case of an LCD. This in turn reduces the
power consumption by an OLED.
• Process of producing an OLED is easier and it can be made into large thin sheets. It is
much more difficult to grow so many liquid crystal layers.
• OLED’s have wider viewing angles compared to LCDs as an OLED pixel emits light
directly. OLED pixel colours are not shifted as we change the angle of observation to 90°
from normal.
 D ISA D VA N TA GE S A N D C HA L L E N GE S
• Lifespan - Lifetime of an OLED is lesser than LCD. Red and green OLED films have
longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue OLED’s currently have much shorter
lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours).
• Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
• Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.
• Expensive (10-20 times costlier than the same performing LED)
• Lack of wide range of commercially available products
• Light efficiency is low
• High capacitance thus limiting the device modulation bandwidth (100’s kHz)
 A P P L IC AT ION S A N D FU T U R E PR OSP E C T S
• OLEDs are used to build digital displays in TV screens, cell phones, PDAs, monitors,
car radios, digital cameras etc.
• OLEDs also have wide applications in lightning.
• It is also used in displays of digital watches.
• OLEDs are also used in multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) wireless optical
channels.
• High transmission speed of OLED’s can be used in visible optical communications.
• Its ability to be foldable and flexible makes it weight and space saving technology. This
can be to create "smart” clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated
computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
• The newspaper of the future might be an OLED display automotive dashboards,
billboard-type displays, home and office lighting.
Source:
precedenceresearch.com
MAJOR
OLED
MATERIAL
COMPANIE
S
 NUMBER OF RESEARCH PAPERS PUBLISHED PER YEAR
800

705 697
700 674
650 661
646
601
600 583 573
544

500
459

400

300

200 179

100

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
 R E S E A R C H PA P E R S P U B L I S H E D B Y D I F F E R E N T C O U N T R I E S

3500

2967
3000

2520
2500

2000

1500

1050
1000 894 883
685
523
500 348
270 215 174 158

0
CHINA SOUTH USA JAPAN TAIWAN GERMANY INDIA ENGLAND FRANCE CANADA ITALY RUSSIA
KOREA
 REFEREN CES
• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled6.html
• “Introduction and basic OLED Information”, Available Online at:
http://www.oled-info.com/introduction
• Navaneetha CM, Chikkar, Barakov, Onur Can (2014, May 31) Organic Light Emitting Diodes
(OLEDs)-Hochschule Bremen City University of Applied Science
• Nikhil Sain, Deepesh Sharma, Priya Choudhary (March 2020 )A REVIEW PAPER ON: ORGANIC
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (OLED) TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS-International Journal
of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020
• ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED) – 2015 - Aririguzo Marvis Ijeaku, Madu Hilary
Chidubem, Emerole Kelechi Chukwunonyerem, Nwogu Uchenna Obioma - Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria)
• https://www.energy.gov/eere/ssl/oledbasics#:~:text=OLEDs%20are%20organic%20LEDs%2C
%20which,are%20diffuse%2Darea%20light%20sources.