Problem 3.

2 :

Determine zero input response for following second order difference equation.
yn   3yn  1  4 yn  2  0

Solution :
Step I :

y h n   r
n

n 1 n 2
 r  3r  4r 0
n

r 
n 2 2
r  3r  4  0

Step II :

r  1 and r  4
 r  1r  4  0

Step III :
 y h n   c1r n1  c 2 r n 2
 c1  1  c 2 4 
n n

Step IV : Take

n0  y0  c1  c 2
n 1  y1  c1  4c 2

Step V : Take original equation.

n0 y0   3y 1  4 y 2

n 1 y1  3y0  4 y 1
 33y 1  4 y 2  4 y 1
 9 y 1  12y 2  4 y 1
 13y 1  12y 2

Step VI : Now equate equation in step IV and V.

 We get

c1  c 2  3y 1  4 y 2
 c1  4c 2  13y 1  12y 2
Solving this we get
y 1  y 2 
1 4
c1 
5 5
y 1  y 2 
16 16
c2 
5 5
If y 1 & y 2 values are given simply put it and find c1 and c 2 .

Problem 3.3

Find out homogeneous equation for given Fig. 3.3.

Solution :

Step I : Write difference equation

y n   x n   5yn  1  6 yn  2
yn   5yn  1  6 yn  2  x n   0

Step II :

y h n   r
n

n 1 n2
r  5r  6r 0
n

r
n2
r  5r  6
2
 0
r  3r  2 0

Step III :

y h n   c1r  c2r
n n
1 2

 c1 2  c 2 3
n n

Step IV :

n0 y 0   c1  c 2
n 1 y1  2c1  3c 2

Step V :
Take original equation

n0 y 0   y 1  6 y 2

n 1 y1  5y0  6 y 1
 55y 1  6 y 2  6 y 1
 25y 1  30y 2  6 y 1
19y 1  30y 2

Step VI :
Equate equation in step IV and V

 c1  c 2  5y 1  6 y 2
2c1  3c 2  19y 1  30y 2
 c1  4 y 1  12y 2
 c2  9 y 1  18y 2
Now simply put values of y 1 and y 2  to get c 1 and c 2.

Problem 3.4

Determine homogeneous solution of system described by

yn   a 1 yn  1  x n 

Solution :

Step I :

y n   r
n

 x n 
n 1
r  a 1r
n

 0x n   0
r
n 1
r  a  1 0
r  a 1

Step II :

 y h n   c1r  c1  a 1 
n n
1

Step III :

n0 y 0   c1 (from equation in Step II)

Step IV : Take original equation

n0 y0   a 1 y 1  0

 y0   a 1 y 1

Step V : Equate step in III & IV

C  a 1 y 1

Step VI : Final answer

y z i n   c a 1 
n

  a 1 y 1 a 1 
n
 y z i n    a 1  y 1
n 1

Particular Solution :

y p n   p  particular solution, is required to satisfy difference equation for in

specific input signal x n for n  0. i.e.

N m

 a k y p n  k    b x n  k 
k
k 0 k 0
We have already developed rules for choosing particular solutions.

Input signal x n  Particular solution y p n 

1) A constant k
n n
2) AM kM
M 1
k 0 n  k 1n  ........  k m
M M
3) An
4)
n
A n
M
A k0n
n
 M
 k 1n
M 1
 .......... .k M 
A cos 0 n 
5)   k 1 cos 0 n  k 2 sin 0 n
A sin 0 n 
Table 3.1 Rules for choosing particular solution

Note : If a term in any of the particular solution in this column is a part of complementry
solution. It is necessary to modify the corresponding choice by multiplying it by n before using it.
If such a ferm appears r times in the complementry solution the corresponding choice must be
multiplied by n

Problem 3.5
Determine particular solution for following difference equation
yn   a 1 yn  1  x n 
Here x n   u n 
Solution :

Particular solution leads us to zero state response or forced response, here x n   u n ,

which is constant so referring table 3.1. we can say particular solution is

y p n   ku n  k  scale factor .......... ....A 

Now replace yn , yn  1, yn  2 by equation A 
Referring to original equation, we can write
yn   a 1 yn  1  x n   original
  
ku n   a 1 nk n  1  u n   using particular solution
Determine k n  1 u n   1 n  0

 k  a 1k  1
1
 k 
1  a1

y p n   u n 
1

1  a1

Problem 3.6
Find out particular solution for following example.

Input  x n   3n n0

Solution :

Step I :
Input is x n   3n for n  0
Refer table 3.1 particular solution from table we get is y p n   k 2 n
(Point 2 in the table).

Step II :

Substitute y p n  in equation.
 y n   x n   y n  1  y n  2 
5 1
6 6
k 3 u n   3  u n  1  u n  2 
n 2 5 n 1 1 n2
k3 k3
6 6
The determine value of k evaluate equation for n  2.

k 3  k 3 k 3
5 2 1 1 22
3  
2 2

6 6
5 1
9k 9 k3  k
6 6
5 1
9k 9 k k
2 6
5 1
9k  k k 9
2 6
27
k 
20
y p n  
27
n0
n
3
20

Now we are going to determine two component of the solution i.e. homogeneous and
particular yn   y h n   y p n 

Problem 3.7
Find out total solution of difference equation
yn   yn  1  yn  2   5 n  0
5 1 n

6 6
With initial condition y 2  25. and y 1  6

Solution :

Part A :

First we will concentrate on finding homogeneous equation. Refer problem 3.1. We have
already found homogeneous equation.

y h n   1 / 2 n 1 / 3n
7 13
 
2 3

Part B :
Now we have to find particular equation
 x n 
n
5
y p n  from table 3.1. is equal to k5 n
 Substituting in original equation we get

  n  5    n  1  1   n  2   n
k 5   5   5  5
  6   6  
Dividing both side equations by 5  n we obtain

  5   1  2
k 1   5   5   1
  6   6  
 25 25 
 k  1    1
 6 6 
 k 1
 y p n   k5
n

n n
 1 5 5
 Total solution
y n   y h n   y p n 

y n  
3
2
2  
n 2
3
3   5
n n

Problem 3.7
Find zero state response and zero input response yn   a 1 yn  1  x n 
x n   u n , y 1 is initial condition.

Solution :

Part A :

Find homogeneous solution.

Refer P.3.4 we have already found homogeneous solution.

 y n  
7
2
2  
n 13
3
3   5
n n

Part B :

For particular equation. Refer P. 3.5.

 y p n   u n 
1
1  a1
1
 for n  0
1  a1
 Total y n   y h n   y p n 

 C a 1   .......... .....A 

1
for n  0
n

1  a1

Part C :

Now define constant c to satisfy condition y 1. To have zero state response set
y 1  0
 from original equation at n  0 we get
y0   a 1 y 1 1

y 0   1 …………..(B)
Put the same in equation (A).
we get

y 0  c a 1   1 / 1  a 1 .......... .C 

0

1
 c |
1  a1
Now equate equation (B) and (C)

1
 1  c |
1  a1

a1
 c 
1  a1

 y n  
a1
 a  n

1
1  a1 1  a1
1

 y n   yz s
n 
1   a 1 
n 1

1  a1

Part D :
 But if y 1  0
y0   a 1 y 1  1
y0   a 1 y 1  1 .......... .......... .D 
From equation A we get
y 0   c  .......... .......... .......... E 
1
1  a1
Equate equation (D) and (E)
 a 1 y 1  1  c 
1
1  a1

 a 1 y 1 
a1
 c
1  a1

Substitute c in equation (A)

1   a 1 
n 1

y n    a 1  y 1 
n 1
n0
  1  a1
y zi  n  
y  zs   n 

Problem 3.8
Solve second order difference equation.

yn   yn  1  yn  2   1  3 n  0 with initial condition

3 1 n

2 2
y 2  0 and y 1  2

Solution :

Part A :

First find out homogeneous part

y n   r
n

3 n 1 1 n2
r   0
n
r r
2 2
n2  2 3 1 
 r  r  r  0
 2 2 
1
 r  and r  1 (Roots)
2
 n
 1 
y h n  c1    c 2 1n
 2 
y h n  n
 c1 2  c 2 .......... ....A 

Part B :

Particular Solution :

On R. H. S. We have two terms i.e. 1 and 3  n

‘1’ is constant. Refer table 3.1, we conclude from point 1 and 2, that we will have ‘ k 1 ’
and ' k 2 ' 3 n.
n
 Particular solution is k 1  k 2 3

If we compare with this solution, equation (A) and read carefully note given below table
n n
3.1. We conclude that we have to modify our choice from k 1  k 2 3 to k 1n  k 2 3 .

Substituting k 1n  k 2 3 n in original equation we get

n 3 3 9 n 1 9 n n
k 1n  k 2 3  k 1n  k1  k23  k 1n  k 1  k23 3 1
2 2 2 2 2

1
Solving we get, k1  1
2
 9 9  n n
And k 2 1   3 3
 2 2 
 k1 2 k 2 1
y n 
n n
  c1 2  c 2  2n  3 .......... ...... eq.( B)

Part C :

To evaluate c 1 and c 2 we have to use initial condition y 1 and y 2 . This leads to
simultaneous equation

4 c1  c 2
 5
2 c1  c 2 1
Solving this we obtain c1  3 and c 2  7

y n    32  n 7  2n  3 n n0 Ans.
Problem 3.9
Find general solution of second order difference equation
yn   1.8yn  1  0.81yn  2  2
n
n0
Solution :

Step I :

Find homogeneous equation

y n   r
n

n 1 n2
r  1.8r  0.81r 0
n

r
n2 2

r  1.8r  0.81  0
Roots are

 0.9 r  0.9
2
r1

“Means we got multiple roots”

 From Case II of homogeneous equation we can write

y h n   c1 0.9   c 2 n 0.9 
n n

Step II :
Now go for particular solution
n
Given forcing function i/p signal = 2
from table 3.1 we get

y p n   k 2  n n0
Put y p n  in original equation.
n  n 1 n  2 n
k 2  1.8k 2  0.81k 2 2
k 2 1  1.8  2  0.81  4  2
n n

k1  3.6  3.24  1

1
k  k  25 / 16
0.64
 y h n   yn   y p n 
 25   n
 c1 0.9   c 2 0.9  n    2
n n

 16 
If initial condition were provided one can find out c 1 and c 2 .
Problem 3.10

Find out general solution of first order difference equation

yn   0.9 yn  1  0.5  0.9 n  0 with y 1  5
n 1

Solution :

Step I :

Homogeneous equation :

y n   r
n

n 1
 r  0.9r 
n
0
r r  0.9 
n 1
 0
 r  0.9
 y h n   c1 0.9 
n

Step II :

Particular Solution :
Refer table 3.1 and read point 1 (constant)and point 2 with note
y p n   k 1n 0.9   k 2
n

Substitute y p n  in original equation.

k 2  h 1n 0.9   0.9k 1 n  10.9   0.9k 2  0.5  0.9 
n n 1 n 1

 We get

0.1k 2  0.5
0.9 n k 1  0.9 
n 1

 We get

k2 5 k 1  10 / 9

y p n  n 0.9   5
10
 
n

9
 Total solution
y n   y h n   y p n 

 c1 0.9   n 0.9   5
n 10 n

9
Step III :
Initial condition y 1  5
take original equation
 y0  0.9 y 1  0.5  0.9
1
n0
y 0   0.5  0.9  5  0.9 
1

 5  0.9
1

Now take total solution

y 0   c1 0.9    00.9   5
10
n0
0 0

9
y 0   c1  0  5
Equate both y 0 
5  0.9 
1
 c1  5
1 10
c1  
0.9 9
y n   n  10.9  5
n 1
 n0 Ans.

Problem 3.11

Find particular solution for first order difference equation.

 n 
y n   0.5 y n  1  sin   n  0
 2 

Solution :

Since input is sinfunction we refer table 3.1 point 5.

 n   n 
 y p n   k 1 sin    k 2 cos 
 2   2 
Substitute y p n  in original equation, we get

 n   n   n  1   n  1 
k 1 sin   k 2 cos    0.5k 1 sin    0.5k 2 cos 
 2   2   2   2 

 n 
 sin  
 2 
Use following identities
  n  1   n    n 
sin    sin     cos 
 2   2 2   2 
 n  1   n    n 
cos    cos    sin 
 2   2 2   2 
Using this we get

 n   n   n 
k
 0.5k 2  sin
1
  0.5k 1  k 2  cos   sin 
 2   2   2 
 we get simultaneous equation

n 1 k 1  0.5k 2 1
n0 0.5k 1  k 2 0

Solving we get
k1  4/5 k2  2 / 5

 n   n 
y p n  
4 2
 sin   cos  n  0.
5  2  5  2 
Impulse Response Of LTI System :

Basically impulse response is nothing but response of system when excited with n  i.e.
x n   n . Using homogeneous equation one can find out impulse response considering system
is relaxed initially.

First we will find impulse response of non-recursive system

Problem. 3.12.

Refer Fig. 3.5 and find out impulse response.

Solution :

Equation for Fig. 3.5 is

h n   5n   2n  1  n  2   3n  3

3
2
n  0
h 0   50   20   0   30 
3
2
5
n 1
h 1  51  20    1  3 2 
3
2
3
 5.0  2  1  0  30
2
 2

n 2
h 2   52   21  2  2   3 1
3
2
3
 50  20  1 3 0
2
3

2
n3
h 3  53  22   1  30 
3
2
3
 50  20   0  3  1  3
2
n 4
h 4   54   23  2   31
3
2
3
 50  20  0  30  0
2
  3 
 5, 2, , 3,0 
 h n   2 

Now let’s go for recursive system.

Problem 3.13
Find out impulse response of given system in Fig. 3.6.

Solution :

The equation of the system is

y n   x n   yn  1  yn  2 
3 1
4 8
yn   yn  1  yn  2   x n 
3 1

4 8

Step I :
Homogeneous equation

y n   r
n

3 n 1 1 n2
r   0
n
r r
4 8
n2  2 3 1 
r  r  r  0
 4 8 
r1  1/ 2
1
r2 
4

Now we don’t write y n , we will write h n  to show impulse response.

 c1 1 / 2   c 2 1 / 4 
 n0 
n n

 
h n  
 0  ……(A)
elsewhere 

Step II :

Now let’s find initial condition take yn   h n  and x n   n 

 h n  h n  1  h n  2   n 
3 1

4 8
h 0  h  1  h  2   0  (Initially relaxed)
3 1
n0 
4 8
h 0 
3 1
  0 0 1
4 8
h 0  1
n 1
h 1 h 0   h  1  1
3 1

4 8
3 1
 1 00
4 8
h 1  3/ 4

Using the condition and taking equation (A).

n0 h 0   c1  c 2
n 1 h 1  1 / 2 c1  1 / 4 c 2
Equate both

c1  c 2  1
1 / 2 c1  1 / 4 c 2  3 / 4
Solving simultaneous equation we get

c1  2 c 2  1
21 / 2    11 / 4 
 n 0
n n
 h n  

 0 elsewhere