OL WAVES LIGHT

AND LENSES
 General Wave Properties
Definition
It is a disturbance in
OR
It is a mode
of transferring
a medium
energy from
without the
one
point to another
transfer of
medium .

CLASSIFICATION OF WAVES

On the medium
I . basis
of
Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic waves

I
,
These waves need a medium I , these waves dorrit need a

to to
travel
from one
point medium to travel
from one

another .

point to another .

Ii cannot both
.
They travel in vacuum .
ii.
They can travel in vacuum
and medium .

Iii water waves waves in and iii. Gamma rays X rays , Ultraviolet
rope
-

, , , ,

spring ,
seismic waves
,
sound waves lightInfrared
, ,
Microwaves ,

Radiowaves .
Ii Vibration
,
and
energy transfer
Transverse Waves Longitudinal waves
crest
transfer energy transfer
-

energy , compression
"

"
111111111111111111111111111
!
✓ '-
trough c s

direction
of rarefaction
direction
vibration of
vibration

I , waves in which direction

vibration is
of to I. Waves
vibration
in which the direction
of
perpendicular is
parallel to The
the direction
of energy transfer direction
of energy transfer
-

. .

Ii It crests troughs Ii It
.
comprises of and .
comprises of compressions and

rarefactions
iii. Example Electromagnetic
:
waves ,
Iii .
Example :
Sound waves
water
ripples / waves
 CHARACTERIZATION OF WAVES

HM
tf
amplitude
i.
n • a- s
;
↳ i i
no -
- - -
• - - - - -
• - - - - -
-

֥
I
✓
• ,

I >
crest
x dlm -

compression
trough rarefaction
-

-
a

-
Fm Dls P -
DIST Graph 1 .

Displacement ( n ) : the distance

its
of point
a on a wave
from
mean
position
HM
^
( no) : the
I 2 .

Amplitude maximum

displacement of a
point on a

wave .

'
Note It is crest and
T
tis : same
for
trough and is measured
IT
from mean to extreme
-
Fm DISP -
TIME
Graph
3.
Wavelength ( x) : The distance 5 .

Frequency If ) :
the no .

of waves

between two consecutive unit time

crests
produced per .

or lniryhs .

1St is the
length of one wave ) ( same example ) SI Unit : Hertz ( Hz )

4 .
Time Period l T) : Time taken to 50 waves -
IOS 50×1=10 xn

Is 5 Hz
produce one
complete wane x a
-
=
.

i. e . 5 waves in I. second .

in
e.
g .
50 waves are
produced Los .

What is the time The Nxt t

period of N t
-
.
-
- xx

wave .
x -
I x
-
-

f -
-
I
t
50 waves IOS 10×1 t t T
0.2
if N so
-
a s
- -

= -
-

1. wave -
K 50
f
-
-

Nz
=

¥
hence
f- =

IT
N -
t TXN -
-
txt
*
total time
-

I -
l T -
-

I
-1

N No
of
- .

waves
6 .
Waves
peed t .

Wavefront
The distance travelled

by a
waveform per An
imaginary
unit time line that
.

The
joins X
all crests ' '

or troughs of
X t
travelling
d -
-
-
O
waves
-

"
i i "
I
to
parallel
-

←
'
.
"
-

i
i one
"
:
"
i t
-
-
T another .
Wavefront

dq It
✓ =
or v= Formula # I

f It so v

It
X
-

as -
-
-

V -
-

ft Formula # 2
/
 ( water )
Reflection of Waves waves

It is the in direction
change
collide with
of
waves as
They
a barrier .

prawn as
An
dotted a 9 imaginary line
perpendicular
normal to
-
line
surface .

y l

surface
= i
. .

T
( barrier )
- -

Gj t y
30
<
-
-

>
r -
"
named
= = I
zoo
ganger

f
Dotted line
imaginary line
• :

•
Solid line : real line During Reflection
1.
Wavespeed same

Example # t X, ha 2.
Wavelength same
. -

incident
-

µ
a

Frequency
"i k. 3.
n .
same
,→ ↳
.

u
,
\ ,
,
.

Amplitude DMM
i as is lost
energy
. .

'
\

reflected
on
reflection
'

'
 ^

"

'
>
'

:÷ :

*_-
an

÷¥¥ m
 reflected In the
Example #2 v
^
wave . case when * waves travelling
horizontal will
plane is at an

travel
angle of
45
, reflect
vertical
and

The angle between

It
I
*

>
in:ffua isao

incident 1450 -

wave
barrier
'

111
 >

/
Refraction of waves

I 'mmiinn
' :

in
'

Change speed of waves as

They travel :

from one
depth to another .

If change
the
of depth is at deep region shallow
-

• an

msn.tw refrain results in the resin

bending of water waves .

As
v=fX and
f is constant

•
depth > wavelength , waves
peed so Vat .
As ✗ decreases so

increase increase v also decreases .

✗ z

• depth > Wavelength warespeed

,
→

decrease decrease ←
xp
>
"
FREQUENCY REMAINS v=fX so f ,

UNCHANGED ! f- =L
Xz 2cm ,
X, -_
5cm
v=fX =

Yi ? ?
15=1-15) v=fX fz
f,
¥ ¥
V, =
151ms
"
=
__

f- ? ? f--31-12
=

vi. = 3×2 ,

vi. =
Gems "
 {
" "" "" "
"" "
"

11
'

/ 1
'

> .

>

deep shallow shallow deep

/ II
>

'
> '

1 , ,
 LIGHT
Part 100ms
of electromagnetic spectrum Speed of light '
• •
=
3.0 ✗ -

in vacuum

•
White
light made up of seven

different components .

V1 B GY OR
Violet like / Yellowfined
Indigo Green Orange
•
Violet has the highest frequency hence
bends the most
Red has the lowest
frequency hence

fit
•

bends the least .

①
V1 B GY OR
,
inc.li

deaf
 it
Reflection of light :
change
strikes
in direction
of light ray as

a
reflecting surface .

the
Law # 1 The incident ray the law # 2 angle of incidence
: :
,

normal and the the

reflected is
equal to
angle
-

in the same
of reflection
all lie
ray . .

plane
ANGLE OF LIGHT RAY IS MEASURED FROM NORMAL ,
NOT FROM
normal SURFACE !

incident
,
go
i go
.
, reflected ,

ray , ray mirror

40 / i N
ao
>
qj - 40° =
50° zoo I

word y 20°

÷%¥± angle
angle
of
incidence

of reflection
:

:
70°
70
Mirror
image formation and
Ray Diagram

object /
'
'
ist '
? E I
\ . .

l
zo
l
l
30C
•
3rd a
• image . . . .

-
I
\
300
L
>

nd
< Dotted lines
<
show that
-

①
th
4
light rays Properties of Mirror
Image
'

mirror don 'd exist

virtual
eye surface over here .
to
Image
2 .

Upright ( Right side up )

Laterally inverted
3 .

4.
Image size Object size =

5. Image and object are

equidistant from mirror.

 Refraction of light

The in it travels
from
medium
change speed of light as one

to another
of
a
different optical density .

•
A more dense medium higher optical density )
( bend light more '

( lower
optical density )
° A less dense medium bends light less .

light enters other it does not bend

Df The medium ALONG THE NORMAL
•

other
•

Of light enter the medium oil an

angle ,
it bends .

emergent
Normal
ray normal
of
t a
ite
n >
i
i
circular
,
i i
, semi -

i ,

like
glass
i
n : is

seki
Kasia omatFht'
" "
n i -
i'
.
. . .
-

Lr

÷
circle
i

^
T
,

incident
ray
 Move dense medium Less dense medium
→
speed decreases →
speed increases
→
wavelength decreases →
wavelength increases
→
angle decreases →
angle increases

towards normal normal

It bends It bends
away from
L
'

in air in
>

air
i i

i
: glass it .

glass

Law # 1
laws
of Refraction Law # 2

incident the The ratio angle of

-

The
ofto sine
of
Li
ray ,
.

normal and the Vacuum incidence the sine

all lie
of
refracted
in the
ray , .
glass
( medium )
angle
constant
of refraction
and
is

equal to
'

same
plane yr
the
refractive
medium
index
of
.
 3.0×108 Ms
- i

f.
n = Sin Li n =
speed of light in vacuum

speed of light in medium

sin
L.ir
n

Rules
for using n Sinti
-

Index
n
Refractive sin
:
Lr

This idea
gives an

light
of The value and
much bends
of must
how 1 .
n Lr
it enters the medium ! be the medium
as
of
-

same .

will be
Large value
of n → more
bending 2 . The
layer angle in

small value bending numerator value

of
of less
n as n
→

for more dense medium is

always greater than I

-

.
 500 L r
420 : '
i 600L
i
r,
'
to > ~
N i
l
i

l
N
l l zoo l
130
i ol I
glass glass glass glass
' '

+ u 50 c L
351
30 !
'
L r -14001
20 i v

sins n
glass
-

sink n sin 70 Sin Goo

ng hgiass
-

glass
: = -

,as ,
-

sin 20
-
'

sin 350 400

300--1.34
sin sin

=
1.96 I 46 1.73
=
= -

Example
A ray light enters
glass calculate the
speed of light
ofat
a
L
in
3.0×108 )
'
boo 1600 in
glass (
prism angle of
-

an i . c -
- ms

The
from the
surface light !
glass
-
.

and the 5200

prequels angle sinai I
on
-

n
-
- -

is 20 the sinter
produced from
v

normal to the
surface .
 '
a-

s;÷¥ n
g-
so
1.46=3.4×1-0
-
-

n : 1.46 V : 2.05 ✗ 108 ms

"

critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection

light ray travels parallel to
surface
÷
' '
'

÷ ÷
-
,
>
i
- i >
" -1
< i > Lc
"

Li ✓
,

weak

reflections TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

light travels into incidence

When critical Angle is the
9f angle of becomes
a less dense medium
, angle of incidence
greater than critical angle , all
some light rays are at which the light rags are
reflected back
-

90°
reflected back and
of refraction and
refraction occurs
is
some
angle no

refract .
 critical 50° critical 400
angle
:
angle -_

"
"
Li > Lc
> " >
ago 450 ! Yes total internal
45°
>
reflection .

Li < Lc v n
-
-
sin 90°
No total internal since

reflection n=1_
since
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

A combination Electromagnetic radiations which comprises of

of
seven

different type of
radiations .

107m 106m 10 -2m 100m

10 -12m 1010m 10-8m
Gamma X-rays Ultraviolet Visible
Infrared Microwaves Radio waves

rays Light
V1 BGYOR
>

INCREASING WAVELENGTH DECREASING FREQUENCY .

 General Properties of Electromagnetic Spectrum
1 .

They are all transverse waves

2
They all can travel in vacuum
-

.
.

They all have the in 3.0×108 '

3 same
speed vacuum i.
-

.
e . ms .

4 .

They are neutral radiations .

They obey of reflection refraction

5 .
the laws and .
 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Name Source Detected by Properties
Gamma Rays Radioactive Photographic plates 1. Can penetrate matter
nuclei and ionization 2. Cause fluorescence
X-Rays X-ray tubes chamber 3. Gamma rays are used for
cancer treatment and
detecting cracks in metals.
4. X-rays are used to detect
fractures in bones, detecting
cracks in metals, treating
cancerous cells.
Ultraviolet The Sun Photoelectric cell 1. A source for conducting
Halogen lamps chemical reactions
2. Used for sterilizing
purposes e.g. medical
equipment
3. Sunbeds
4. Fluorescent tubes
Y Visible Light The sun Photographic plates 1. Used in optical fiber for
B
Human eye telecommunication
2. Used for chemical

✓
Yo reactions , vision
R Infra-red Warm or hot Photoconductive 1. Produced due to the
bodies cell (PbS) presence of heat.
2. Used for explaining
molecular structure
3. Household electrical
appliances
4. Intruder alarms
5. Television controllers
Microwaves Microwave Microwave 1. Radar Communication.
transmitters receivers 2. Used in telephone
communication e.g. mobile
communication.
3. Used in heating food,
microwave ovens
Radio waves Radio wave Radio receivers 1. Radar communication
transmitters 2. Radio telescopes

89/116
 LENSES
An
optical instrument that is
to bend
used
light rays .

lenses
Types of
1.
Conveying lens ( convex )
It bends light rays such that

they at
-

converge
a common

point
( Concave )
2.
Diverging lens
It bends light rays such that
-

they diverge from a common

point .

other
types
• Plano convex
a
Concave convex

•
Plano concave . Convex o concave
 Characteristics lens
of
Center
1 .

Optical
It is the
geometric
center
All the
of the lens .

light rays
travelling through
the
optical
underrated
center

.
pass
7

2 .

Principle Axis
passing through
i
An imaginary
line the
-

e i
center and is
perpendicular
. '

opticalthe in
.
.

E
'
:
-

w
-

lens axis principle

-
i
.

'
a
axis ;
 ( Focal Point )
3 .

Principle focus

The
point at which all the
light rays travelling parallel to
- -

the
principle axis
, converge .

i
4 Focal Focal Point
.

length >
:
,
a
the distance
from the
optical !
-

F >

center to the
principle focus aft .

O
'
s

focal length
called
,

is .
I
> 1

!
f focal length
:

thick lenses have small

focal lengths thin lenses have
long focal lengths
• -
.
5 . Focal Plane
The It is the
217
plane where the
light rays converge .

plane
focal point
at
produced the .
 Lenses
Three rays can be used to draw ray diagrams.
'
'

The
light ray passing through O passes undeviated
1. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
the lighttravelling to
Principle Axis
parallel
2. ________________________________________________________________________

through focus
________________________________________________________________________
passes
.

The light that already passes through

3. ________________________________________________________________________ focus
the lens
becomes
parallelto
Principle
Axis
after
________________________________________________________________________ .

: J

J s

9
>

Magnification factor/Linear Magnification

Lenses are sometimes used to produce an enlarged image of the object.

ratio
The
of height
image to
object
height
______________________________________________________________________________ .

OR
The ratio 's distance to
of image 's
object
distance
______________________________________________________________________________

from lens (
optical h; q ←
image 's distance
cent )
= -
-

ho P ←
object is distance
57/116
 Lenses

similar

ho
q
7 l
l L

hi

p= 4.4cm
hi 3.0cm Nl : hi M I
______________________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
-

5.5cm ho 2.5cm ho P
______________________________________________________________________________
-

q=
Answer should be same
______________________________________________________________________________

Characteristics of images formed by lenses

Image produced by Lenses have the following properties

Real Virtual
Inverted Upright
Opposite side of lens as object Same side of lens as object
Enlarged M> 1 Same size M -
- I Diminished ML 't

hi > h . hi -
-
h . ( small in size
) hi Cho

59/116
 Lenses
O
→ e-
I -
I
'
a B e
E!
•
I E
Ez
'
- e
EE E- in '
w
←
ni ni
'
si t
s
^
r
÷
of
7
g
±
8
Case 1: Object at infinity

.
F
E
S
E
or
7 I
d
got
J
es
7
J
-
s
BEE
'
"
S '
g f
3 Ee
3 I
§ -3 u
'
f I
ii. so
<
±

±
BE
61/116
 Lenses
so
I
-
-
es
f
E IE is
←8
E Effi
-
si

-
ni

E
m
'
j

!÷
^
7
£
÷
Case 2: Object beyond 2F

: I
⇐
O
63/116
Lenses
P
f d s
S
-
s is
Eod I
!oE3e§
e
go if d
EI .

E ! -
a- o
J
in
Es
i
-
÷
Case 3: Object at 2F

:
65/116
 Case 4: Object between F and 2F

Lenses
i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
:
<

E
-
7

s
67/116
Lenses
£
Do
is e
f or
S
ing § I
is÷÷÷⇐
a-
I w
i

e⇐
o
¥
Case 5: Object at F

÷
'
n
,
'
i
'
i .
-
' '
' ,
' '
,
'
'
.
,
'
'
,
'
.
.
,
69/116
 Case 6: Object between F and O

Lenses
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷¥¥
-
-
E
B
71/116
 Find the position of LENS, OPTICAL CENTER,

Lenses
FOCAL POINT AND FOCAL LENGTH

w
§
r
7

1-1
-
-
O

-
-
t
u

1-

-
y
73/116
 Lenses
Image formation by a Diverging Lens (Concave lens)
9

*
J
.

÷
image

light spreads out as it is coming from focus

______________________________________________________________________________
o

______________________________________________________________________________
✓ Same

Upright virtual Diminished

✓ -
side
______________________________________________________________________________
lens as
of
______________________________________________________________________________

object
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

75/116
 Lenses
Image formation by a Diverging Lens (Concave lens)

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

75/116