PRINCIPLES

UNDERLYING
TEACHING AND
LEARNING
CONTENTS
1. Factors Affecting Cognitive Development of
Children/Student
Gerwin Brenn Abe

2. Biological Factors
Indira Berana

3. Environmental Factors
Don Carlo Bravo B. Cuya

4. Seven Characteristics of Independent

Learners
Erwin Rafael Cabral

5. The Classroom
John Christian Baxa
Angela Bagos

6. The Learning Environment

Anna Belle Bughao

Moderator/Host/Facilitator
Christian Awayan
 Factors
affecting
Cognitive
Development of
Children/Student 1. Home Environment/Family Support
2. Education
Gerwin Brenn B. Abe 3. Nutrition

Source: Jean Piaget's Theory and Stages of Cognitive Development

What is Cognitive
Development ?
Cognitive
Development
Cognitive development is the way children think,
explore, and observe the things around them. It involves
the development of knowledge, disposition, and
problem-solving skills which helps them to get a better
understanding of the world around them. Cognitive
development includes brain development

Children's Cognitive
Development
HOME
ENVIRONMENT/
FAMILY SUPPORT
A child's home environment can also
affect their cognitive development. If
a child is exposed to early learning
experiences, their intellectual
functioning quickens and therefore,
they are able to have relatively faster
cognitive development.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS
Socio-economic status refers to the
social status and economc health of
an individual. A child belonging to a
good socio-economic background is
likely to gain better educational
attainment that someone who
comes from a poor socio-economic
background
HEREDITY
Heredity refers to the transmission
of physical, emotional, cognitive,
and other characteristics from
parents to children. Heredity is
responsible for determining when a
child's cognitive senses are ready
and mature to develop cognitive
skills.
EDUCATION/
LEARNING
OPPORTUNITIES
The learning environment and
opportunities a child is surrounded
with can have a major influence on
their cognitive development. A child
who is given learning opportunities
from an early age can reach
milestones sooner.
NUTRITION

Nutrition plays an important role in

affecting cognitive development. A
nutritious and balanced diet is required
to ensure the proper development of a
child's cognitive development.
BIOLOGICAL
FACTORS
Indira C. Berana
 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Genetic Prenatal Temperament

endowment environment
GENETIC ENDOWMENT

Much improvement in field thanks to molecular genetics,

decoding the genome and mapping certain behaviors and
developmental traits to certain genes
Helps to validate theoretical constructs for developmental
psychologists
Attempts to match genetics to neurobiology (all
development & behavior originates in the brain!)
GENETIC ENDOWMENT
Evidence of genetic influence for personality traits,
intelligence, and disorders
DRD4 dopamine receptor gene linked to novelty-
seeking, such as drug abuse and AD/HD
5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter gene linked to
neuroticism and harm avoidance.
GENETIC ENDOWMENT

Hereditary influences are polygenic and multifactorial,

with multiple genes coacting with environment
Genetic effects increase likelihood that certain
characteristics will occur
 Brain development begins within a week
PRENATAL of conception. By the time a baby is
born, about 100 billion neurons or brain
ENVIRONMENTS cells have been produced, migrated to
their final destinations and begin
synaptic connections

While structurally formed during the

prenatal period, the brain is not
completely developed at birth. Much of
the connecting strengthening of those
connections takes place after birth;
influenced by the newborn's experiences
with child-care providers and with the
environment.
 Maximal neuronal density in 25-
BRAIN 28th week of gestation
DEVELOPMENT
Neurons begin death soon after
birth

Synaptic connections begin 3rd

trimester, increase first 2 years

Pruning and refining of

synapses after puberty till
adulthood
 BRAIN
Maternal Toxic Influences
DEVELOPMENT
Environment Medications:
Maternal Hormones: teratogens
thyroid

Illicit Drugs: opiates,
Maternal Health cocaine, smoking
conditions (diabetes) ALCOHOL
Maternal nutrition: folic Environmental toxins:
acid e.g.. Mercury from fish;
Maternal infections: PCBs, Aspartame
STDs (syphilis etc) Radiation: Xrays
SEQUELAE OF PRENATAL
INFLUENCES
TEMPERAMENT

Individual differences in emotion, motor reactivity and

self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across
situations & time
Biologically based: Heredity, neural, and hormonal factors
affect response to the environment.
It can be modulated by environmental factors such as
parental response.
TEMPERAMENT
Thomas and Chess’ Temperament Types
Easy babies: 40% of infants; adjust easily to new
situations, quickly establish routines, generally cheerful
and easy to calm.
Difficult babies: 10% of infants; slow to adjust to new
experiences, likely to react negatively and intensely to
stimuli and events.
Slow-to-warm-up babies: 15% of infants; somewhat
difficult at first but become easier over time.
TEMPERAMENT & SOCIAL
ADJUSTMENT

Goodness of fit”: the degree to which individual’s

temperament is compatible with demands and expectations
of social environment
Parents can modulate children’s temperament by their
influences on the environment.
Dynamic is one of mutual influences and bidirectional effects
 Factors Affecting Cognitive
Development of Children/Student

ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
1. HOUSING
2. BASIC SAFETY
3. MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT

DON CARLO BRAVO CUYA

Reporter
 HOUSING
Factors Influencing Housing:
A child's ability to thrive can be
greatly enhanced by stable and 1. Geographic Moves
familiar surroundings. 2. Inadequate Housing
3. Homelessness

1. GEOGRAPHIC MOVES

Risk for problems with

Academics
Behavior
Emotions
Health
2. INADEQUATE HOUSING

Often poses health risks

Problematic in substandard or overcrowded housing
Greater risks of involvement in criminal behavior

3. HOMELESSNESS
Extreme manifestation of poverty
Higher rates of developmental delays
Higher rates of depression
 BASIC SAFETY
Particularly important in young children who are
exploring environment and more significant for
developmentally delayed children

1. HOME SAFETY

Installed devices enhance child's ability to explore the

environment in a safe manner.

2. PERSONAL SAFETY

Vehicular (seatbelts, etc.)

Recreation (Helmets, etc.)
MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Acute Medical Illnesses

2. Chronic Medical Illnesses
3. Prematurity
1. ACUTE MEDICAL ILLNESSES

Every illness, no matter how minor is a stressor for a child.

Account for only a small portion of chronic behavioral variations

2. CHRONIC MEDICAL ILLNESSES

Usually defined as illness that lasts > 3 months

Medical interventions excessive in what is usually appropriate for a child

3. PREMATURITY

Predisposes the infant to pathological events that directly injure the brain
Interrupts the normal process of intrauterine brain development
7 Characteristics
of Independent
Learners

Erwin Rafael Cabral

7 Characteristics of 1. "The capacity to learn is a gift; the ability to learn is a skill; the willingness to learn
"The capacity to learn is a gift..
is a choice." - Brian Herbert

Independent Learners

the ability to learn is a skill..

the willingness to learn is a choice.."
1. Curiosity
Brian Herbert
2. Self-motivation
3. Self-discipline
4. Time management skills
5. Persistence
6. Critical thinking skills
7. Self-reflection
Curiosity
Independent learners are curious about
the world around them and actively seek
out new knowledge and experiences.

I have no special talent.

I am only passionately curious.

Albert Einstein
 Self-motivation
Independent learners
are driven by their
own internal
motivations rather
than external
rewards or
pressures.
Self-discipline
Independent learners have
the ability to focus on their
goals and work consistently
toward achieving them.
Time Management Skills
Independent
learners are able to
effectively manage
their time and
prioritize tasks in
order to achieve
their goals.
Persistence
Independent learners
persevere through
challenges and
setbacks and don't
give up easily.
 Critical
Thinking
Independent learners
are able to analyze
information and think
critically about the
world around them.
 Self-reflection
Independent learners
are able to reflect on
their own learning
process and make
adjustments as needed
to continue growing and
improving.
"Besides the duty of everyone to
seek his perfection, there is in
every man an innate desire to
cultivate his intelligence."

Jose Rizal
(1861 - 1896)
Filipino, Hero,
Independent Learner
TRADITIONAL
VS. MODERN
CLASSROOM

by Miss Aya
 TRADITIONAL MODERN
- where a teacher moderates and regulates
- model, designed by teachers, helps

the flow of information and knowledge students stay engaged and connected

- offers a low cost, straightforward

approach to blended instruction that other

- students' main resource is their instructor

teachers can adopt and customize with

who only teaches them face to face

relatively little expense or administrative

coordination

- involves a standard curriculum delivered

--------------------
by a teacher in person
 CLASSROOM QUALITIES
20th Century 21st Century
TIME-BASED OUTCOME-BASED

FOCUS:
FOCUS:
What students know, can do and
memorization of discrete facts
are like after all the details are forgotten.

Lessons focus on the lower level of Bloom’s

Learning is designed on upper levels of Blooms’

Taxonomy knowledge, comprehension and

synthesis, analysis and evaluation
application. (and include lower levels as curriculum is

designed down from the top.)

Textbook driven (content comes Research driven (content comes

from textbooks) from student research)
 20th Century 21st Century
PASSIVE learning ACTIVE Learning

Learners work collaboratively with

Learners work in isolation --

classmates and others around the world the

classroom within 4 walls

Global Classroom

Teacher centered: Student-centered:

teacher is center of attention and teacher is facilitator/coach
provider of information

Little to no student freedom Great deal of student freedom

 20th Century 21st Century
No “discipline problems” students &

“Discipline problems" educators do

teachers have mutually respectful

not trust students and vice versa.

relationship as co learners; students are

No student motivation.
highly motivated.

Performances, projects, and multiple forms

Print is the primary vehicle of

of media are used for learning and

learning and assessment.

assessment

Curriculum and instruction address

Diversity in students is ignored.
student diversity
 20th Century 21st Century
Multiple literacies of the 21st century

Literacy is the 3 R’s

aligned to living and working in a

reading, writing and math

globalized new millennium.

Driven by the NCLB and standardized

Driven by the NCLB and testing mania. Standardized testing has its

standardized testing mania. place. Education is not driven by the NCLB

and standardized testing mania.

Curriculum and instruction address

Diversity in students is ignored.
student diversity
LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT
By: Anabelle M. Bughao
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
A learning environment is more than just a classroom—it’s a space in which
students feel safe and supported in their pursuit of knowledge, as well as
inspired by their surroundings
Learning environment refers to the diverse physical locations, contexts, and
cultures in which students learn. Since students may learn in a wide variety of
settings, such as outside-of-school locations and outdoor environments, the
term is often used as a more accurate or preferred alternative to classroom,
which has more limited and traditional connotations—a room with rows of desks
and a chalkboard, for example.
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

There are different types of landscapes

or categories that impact our learning,
including our physical environment,
psychological environment, and
emotional environment.
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Physical Environment
the design of a classroom, including how it’s laid out to
influence learning, and which spaces are designated for
learning activities. This can include the furniture that’s
used to fill the space and even the equipment a teacher
relies on to enhance the learning experience.
clean and orderly
natural light and fresh flowing air
Free from noise
Windows and doors can be opened with less
difficulty and noise
ARRANGEMENT OF FURNITURES
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Psychological Environment
A positive psychological environment can encourage
students to engage with the curriculum—and their fellow
students—in ways that can enhance their personal and
professional development.
By building trust with students and creating a safe space
that feels welcoming for all, teachers create a positive
learning environment and make sure students have more
opportunities to participate, ask questions, take risks,
and receive feedback.

LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Emotional Environment
Part of creating the psychological environment’s safe space
means addressing the emotional environment’s need for self-
expression and the freedom to express emotions.
By supporting student’s emotional needs and feelings, teachers
help enhance their students’ emotional intelligence—which, in
turn, gives them confidence.
Teachers can also create a supportive emotional learning
environment by creating routines students can rely on,
encouraging diversity and choices, and celebrating their
achievements.
WHAT IS A CONDUCIVE LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT?

A setting which allows for a free exchange of ideas, thoughts and skills
among the teachers and learners to achieve the expected educational
goals by considering the physical, psychological, social, and cultural
needs of all the learners.
 CHILD-FRIENDLY SCHOOL
A ‘Child-friendly School’
has the following five traits:
1. inclusive, gender-sensitive, and non-discriminating.
2. effective with children.
3. healthy for children.
4. caring and protective of all children
5. involves children’s families and the community
SOCIO-EMOTIONAL LEARNING

Social-emotional learning (SEL) is the process of developing the self-

awareness, self-control, and interpersonal skills that are vital for school,
work, and life success.
People with strong social-emotional skills are better able to cope with
everyday challenges and benefit academically, professionally, and socially.
From effective problem-solving to self-discipline, from impulse control to
emotion management and more, SEL provides a foundation for positive,
long-term effects on kids, adults, and communities.
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT THAT FACILATES
LEARNING (Pine & Horne)

Which encourages people to be active- a psychological classroom which supportive learnings engages in the
learning process
Which promotes and facilitates the individual’s discovery of the personal meaning of idea - it means that it is not
imposed by the teacher rather than by the learners through their experiences considering the uniqueness of
individuals.
Which emphasizes the uniquely personal and subjective nature of learning -Every learner is unique.
In which difference is good and desirable- there is respect for diversity
Which consistently recognizes people’s right to make mistakes -- Learners feel at ease and learn beast when
mistake are welcome because they recognize as part of the learning process
Which tolerates ambiguity-- this leads to openness to ideas and prevents teachers and learners alike to be
judgmental.
In which evaluation is a cooperative process with emphasis on self-evaluation -·this makes evaluation less
threatening. The learners are not alone when he evaluates learning. He is with a group. His or her progress is seen
against his or her targets not against the performance of his or her classmates.
 WHEN IS LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
FACILITATIVE? (Pine & Horne)

Which encourages openness of self rather than concealment of self- People feel at ease and so
aren’t be afraid to be transparent.
In which people are encouraged to trust in themselves as well as in external sources- there is a
strong social support and it is not difficult to trust others.
In which people feel they are respected -- Everyone is convinced of the inner or dignity of each
individual and so it is easy to respect everyone.
In which people feel they are accepted -·- There is a sense of self belongingness.
Which permits confrontation-Since learners feel at ease and feel they are accepted, they are not
afraid to confront themselves.
provides conducive learning environment necessary in the full development of the cognitive and
appetitive faculties of the learner.
COMPONENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT (Bates)

the characteristics of the learners;

the goals for teaching and learning;
the activities that will best support
learning;
the assessment strategies that will best
measure and drive learning
the culture that infuses the learning
environment.
COMPONENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT (Bates)

The learners must do the learning. We need to make sure that learners
are able to work within an environment that helps them do this. In other
words, our job as teachers is to create the conditions for success.