MLS 402 – LECTURE: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM oxygen and waste carbon dioxide is

removed through exhaling or the

process of exhalation
Key Points/Terms: o The network of organs and tissues that
Antecubital Fossa A region in the arm where the help us to breathe
3 major veins for venipuncture
is located
- Basilic vein II. Systemic System
- Cephalic vein o Supplies the cells with oxygen, fats,
- Median Cubital vein
carbs, and other energy sources while
 The most
at the same time removing waste
preferred vein
for blood products
extraction o Carries oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle of the heart through the
Centrifuge A machine that separates the arteries to the capillaries of the tissues
blood components in the body
Diastolic The blood pressure when the
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
heart is at rest
Systolic The blood pressure when the Bone Marrow
heart is fully contracted
Endocarditis Infection of the inner veins of - The primary organ for blood cell production
the heart - The process called “Hemo” or “Hematopoiesis”
Erythrocytes Also known as RBC
5 Liters
Leukocytes Also known as WBC
Thrombocytes Also known as Platelets - The normal adult blood volume
Hemopoiesis Formation or production of - No more than 5% of the total blood volume can
blood cells be taken
Occluded Meaning blocked or normal
flow of the blood is prevented Blood
Plasma Blood fluid that contains blood
- Carries oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
clotting agents and seen in the
anticoagulated blood and to remove the waste product carbon
Serum Blood fluid without clotting dioxide and toxic metabolites
factors and is seen in the - Also carries nutrients to all parts of the bodies
coagulated blood and moves the products to the lungs, kidneys,
Pulmonary System Essential for the circulatory liver, and skin
system - Contains formed elements and liquid portion:
Systemic System Essential for the circulatory
system Solid Portion or Erythrocytes (RBC’s) –
Formed Elements 45%
(45% of the whole Leukocytes (WBC’s)
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM blood) Thrombocytes
(Platelets)
- Transportation system for the body to transfer - Leukocytes and
substances and wastes from one system to Thrombocytes
another are also known
as BUFFY COAT
2 Parts of Circulatory System: and is < 1% of
I. Pulmonary System the total blood
o Circulates blood through the lungs Liquid Portion Plasma – 55%
(55% of the whole
where the blood is enriched with
 blood)
PLASMA VS. SERUM
MULTIPOTENTIAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL
Plasma - Liquid portion of
the
anticoagulated
blood Hemocytoblast

- Has clotting Common

factors / agents Common Myeloid
Progenitor
Lymphoid
Progenitor
Serum - Liquid portion of
Ntural Killer Cell
the coagulated Megakaryocyte (Large Granular
Lymphocyte)
Small Lymphocyte

blood
B
- Has no clotting Thrombocyte Thrombocyte
Lymphocyte

factors / agents
Eryhtrocyte Plasma Cell

Mast Cells
CENTRIFUGE
Myeloblast
- An instrument used to speed up the separation
of the blood components Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil Monocyte

- It must be balanced
Macrophage Dendritic Cell
- Carrier holds the tube in an upright position and
the carrier spins a circle
- Blood components separates according to
weight

CELLULAR ELEMENTS OF BLOOD

RBC WBC Platelets

Function: Transport Body Stoppage of
of oxygen defense bleeding
&carbon
dioxide
Formation: Bone Bone Bone marrow
marrow marrow,
lymphatic
tissue
Size/ 6 to 7 9 to 6 1 to 4
Shape: micrometer micrometer micrometer,
, biconcave , different fragments of
disc, size, shape, megakaryocyt
anucleate and color of e
in mature nucleus
form
Lifespan: 100 to 120 Varies; 24 9 12 days
days hours to
years
Reference 3.8 to 5.9 x 3.5 to 11 x 150 to 450 x
Values: 1012 per 109 per liter 109 per liter
liter
CELLULAR ELEMENTS (Detailed Part) MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BODY

Erythrocytes/RBC Arteries - Carries blood

away from the
- Lives about 120 days once they enter the heart
bloodstream - Carries
- Consists membrane that encases Hemoglobin oxygenated
- Contains antigens on the surface that determine blood
blood type (except
pulmonary
 Hemoglobin artery)
 Iron containing pigment - Bright red
 Holds oxygen molecules - Elastic walls that
 Releases oxygen to tissue and brings expand with the
surge of blood
carbon dioxide to lungs
- No valves
- Has pulse
 Polycythemia - Have strong thick
 The body has too much Hemoglobin walls constantly
expanding and
contracting
Leukocytes/WBC - Forms branches
called
- Vary greatly in size “Arterioles” that
- Appears as large white blood cells with purple branch even
centers or nuclei when viewed in a stained more to become
smear capillaries
- Some have granules that stain pink, blue, and Veins - Carries blood
orange towards the
- Medtech performs differential count that can heart
help in the identification of disease - Carries
deoxygenated
blood (expect
pulmonary vein)
Thrombocytes/Platelets
- Dark red
- Smallest of the formed elements - Less elastic
- Fragments of the Megakaryocyte - Thin walls
- Has valves to
- Aid in clotting process by sticking together
prevent backflow
of blood
- No pulse
- Majority are
small or medium
sized with < 1 cm
diameter
- Consist of semi-
lunar folds of
tunica intima
3 LAYERS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS Endocarditis

1) Tunica Intima - Infection of the endocardium

o Inner layer
Occlusion
o Lined by endothelium, areolar, and
elastic tissue - When coronary arteries are blocked, it leads to
o Regulates blood pressure myocardial infection (heart attack)
o Prevents blood clot
2) Tunica Media
o Middle layer of circular smooth muscles EXAMPLES OF TESTS FOR HEART DISEASE:
o Consists of elastic fibers
 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
3) Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Externa
 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
o Outer layer
 Blood Gases
o Contains nerves and vessels
 Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
o Consists primarily of collagen and elastic
 Creatinine Kinase MB (CK-MB)
fibers
 Complete Blood Count (CBC)
 C-reactive Protein (CRP)
 Lactate Dehydrogenase 1 (LDH 1)
Heart
 Myoglobin
- The organ that keeps all blood flowing  Troponin – I (most common ordered during
- Rhythmically contracting emergencies)
- Is a muscle that has 4 chambers:
 Right atrium
 Right ventricle BLOOD FLOW
 Left atrium
 Left ventricle - Deoxygenated blood enters the..
- Weighs in normal adult for about: 1. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
 250 – 300 g (Female) 2. Right Atrium
 300 – 350 g (Male)  Tricuspid Valve
3. Right Ventricle
Septum  Pulmonary Valve
4. Pulmonary Artery
- Muscular wall that divides the heart into right
5. Blood enters the lungs (blood becomes
and left sides
oxygenated) it leaves the lungs and
enters..
6. Pulmonary Vein
STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
7. Left Atrium
Pericardium The sac that encloses the  Bicuspid Valve
heart 8. Left Ventricle
Endocardium Membrane layer that  Aortic Valve
lines the inner chambers 9. Aorta
of the heart and the 10. Oxygenated blood is then distributed in
valves the arteries, capillaries, and all
Myocardium Middle layer that is throughout the body. Then it loses its
muscle of the heart itself oxygen and gains carbon dioxide which
(cardiac muscle)
makes it become deoxygenated again
Epicardium Outermost membrane
and would enter back to the
that reduces friction
superior/inferior vena cava.
VEINS AND ARTERIES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FOR Veins on the Feet
THE PHLEBOTOMISTS
- Alternative when veins in arms aren’t available
Antecubital Fossa - Need permission from the physician
- Bend of the arm - Prone to clot formation that may cause blockage
- Back of the hand in other body parts.
- Wrist
- Ankle or foot

1. Median Cubital Vein

 Used majority of the time
 Easiest to palpate and less tendency to
roll
 Forms a bridge pathway between
cephalic and basilic veins
2. Cephalic Vein
 The second choice
 Follows along the thumb side of the
arm
 Not prone to rolling but slightly more
difficult to feel
3. Basilic Vein
 The third choice
 More difficult to feel
 Has a tendency to roll
 Underlying this vein is the brachial
artery and median cutaneous nerve

Note!

- Choose the above mentioned sites upon

extraction of blood since veins are more
prominent and they are near in the surface in
those areas
- They frequently form “M” or “H” shaped
patterns in those areas
- Arteries may also be used in blood extraction
but it requires special training

Brachial Artery

- Arm
- Located under the basilic vein

Radial and Ulnar Arteries

- Wrist
- For blood gas analysis
- Puncturing these requires special techniques